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1
Stokes, Trevor. "Opium-free poppy." Trends in Plant Science 6, no. 6 (June 2001): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1360-1385(01)02003-9.
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Zubyk, Victoria, and Volodymyr Baranyak. "Categorical negative conclusion in the examination of narcotic drugs." Visnik Nacional’nogo universitetu «Lvivska politehnika». Seria: Uridicni nauki 10, no. 39 (August 22, 2023): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/law2023.39.175.
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The article examines the rationale for an expert's categorical negative opinion on the example of an expert study of narcotic drugs from the poppy plant. The plant mass submitted for examination, which by its external features resembles poppy straw, was examined by microscopic and chemical methods. The microscopic examination revealed anatomical and morphological elements characteristic of poppy sleeping pills, which is the basis for classifying the substance under investigation as poppy straw. According to the List of Narcotic Drugs, Psychotropic Substances and Precursors, poppy straw containing narcotically active opium alkaloids is a narcotic drug. To confirm the presence of narcotically active opium alkaloids in poppy straw, the study was carried out by microscopic and thin-layer chromatography. As a result of the study, it was established that the poppy straw provided for the study did not contain any narcotically active opium alkaloids, and, therefore, was not a narcotic drug. The absence of opium alkaloids can be explained by the multiple extraction of poppy straw, as evidenced by its appearance, colour and smell of the solvent. The study of the residues of a dark brown substance from the surface of the dishes was carried out by thin-layer chromatography according to the standard method. As a result of the study, trace amounts of morphine, which is a narcotic drug, were found. The results of the study provided a categorical negative conclusion, which may be the basis for closing the criminal proceedings. The presence of a small amount of morphine in the substance on the surface of the dishes does not significantly affect this decision. Key words: categorical negative conclusion, forensic examination of narcotic drugs,narcotic drug, poppy straw, anatomical and morphological elements of poppy, opium alkaloids, extraction of poppy straw, microscopic method, thin-layer chromatography method.
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Guo, Li, Thilo Winzer, Xiaofei Yang, Yi Li, Zemin Ning, Zhesi He, Roxana Teodor, et al. "The opium poppy genome and morphinan production." Science 362, no. 6412 (August 30, 2018): 343–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aat4096.
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Morphinan-based painkillers are derived from opium poppy (Papaver somniferumL.). We report a draft of the opium poppy genome, with 2.72 gigabases assembled into 11 chromosomes with contig N50 and scaffold N50 of 1.77 and 204 megabases, respectively. Synteny analysis suggests a whole-genome duplication at ~7.8 million years ago and ancient segmental or whole-genome duplication(s) that occurred before the Papaveraceae-Ranunculaceae divergence 110 million years ago. Syntenic blocks representative of phthalideisoquinoline and morphinan components of a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid cluster of 15 genes provide insight into how this cluster evolved. Paralog analysis identified P450 and oxidoreductase genes that combined to form theSTORRgene fusion essential for morphinan biosynthesis in opium poppy. Thus, gene duplication, rearrangement, and fusion events have led to evolution of specialized metabolic products in opium poppy.
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Sharma, Preeti. "Ahifen: A critical review." Indian Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 10, no. 2 (July 15, 2023): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijpp.2023.015.
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Poppy, a plant belonging to the papaveraceae family, is the source of opium.It is a plant that blooms. It has sedative, somniferous, and neurotoxic properties in addition to being cerebrally poisonous. Due to its neurotoxic nature, opium causes a variety of adverse effects, including anxiety, seizures, hallucinations, sleepiness, giddiness, and many more. In order to create various types of analgesic medications to cure pain and promote sleep, this poppy is grown as an agricultural crop. The main source of opium, or dried latex made by the seed pods, is the opium poppy, as its name suggests. Because opium has sexual properties, many people use it for extended periods of time before becoming addicted.
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Canton-Alvarez, Jose A. "A Gift from the Buddhist Monastery: The Role of Buddhist Medical Practices in the Assimilation of the Opium Poppy in Chinese Medicine during the Song Dynasty (960–1279)." Medical History 63, no. 4 (September 9, 2019): 475–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2019.45.
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This paper aims to critically appraise the incorporation of opium poppy into medical practice in Song-dynasty China. By analysing materia medica and formularies, along with non-medical sources from the Song period, this study sheds light on the role of Chinese Buddhist monasteries in the process of incorporation of foreign plants into Chinese medicine. It argues that Buddhist monasteries played a significant role in the evolution of the use of opium poppy in Song dynasty medicine. This is because the consumption practices in Buddhist monasteries inspired substantial changes in the medical application of the flower during the Southern Song dynasty. While, at the beginning of Song dynasty, court scholars incorporated opium poppy into official materia medica in order to treat disorders such as huangdan and xiaoke, as well as cinnabar poisoning, this study of the later Song medical treatises shows how opium poppy was repurposed to treat symptoms such as diarrhoea, coughing and spasms. Such a shift in the medical use of the poppy occurred after Chinese literati and doctors became acquainted with the role of the flower in the diet and medical practices of Buddhist monks across China. Therefore, the case study of the medical application of opium poppy during the Song dynasty provides us with insights into how the spread of certain practices in Buddhist monasteries might have contributed to the change in both professional medical practices and daily-life healthcare in local communities in that period.
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Haas, L. F. "Papaver somniferum (opium poppy)." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 58, no. 4 (April 1, 1995): 402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.58.4.402.
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Aranda, S., M. Montes-Borrego, F. J. Muñoz-Ledesma, R. M. Jiménez-Díaz, and B. B. Landa. "First Report of Pectobacterium carotovorum Causing Soft Rot of Opium Poppy in Spain." Plant Disease 92, no. 2 (February 2008): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-2-0317a.
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Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) is an economically important pharmaceutical crop in Spain. Approximately 8,000 ha are cultivated annually in southern and central Spain. To improve yields, opium poppy cultivation is expanding to more humid or irrigated areas of Spain. In the springs of 2005 and 2007, we observed poppy plants with wilt and stem rot symptoms in irrigated, commercial opium poppy (cv. Nigrum) at Carmona and Écija, which are in Seville Province in southern Spain. Closer observations of affected plants revealed darkening and water soaking of the leaves and stem at the soil level, wilting of the lower leaves or the entire plant, and dark brown discoloration of stem vascular tissues and pith of the plant. Severely affected plants became completely rotten and collapsed. Isolations from symptomatic tissues on nutrient agar consistently yielded bacterial colonies. Pure cultures of four representative bacterial strains (two per each of affected field and year of isolation) were used in triplicate for a comparative analysis of biochemical and physiological traits in the ‘carotovora’ group of Erwinia (1) with known isolates of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, P. carotovorum subsp. atrosepticum, and Dickeya chrysanthemi. The isolates from opium poppy were gram negative, facultatively anaerobic, oxidase negative, catalase positive, grew at 37°C, and did not produce gas from D-glucose. Acid was produced from D(+)-arabinose, lactose, and D(+)-trehalose, but not from α-D-methylglucoside. In addition, the opium poppy bacterial isolates caused soft rot on potato slices within 24 h at 25°C and did not induce a hypersensitive reaction on tobacco leaves. Use of the Biolog GN microplates and the OmniLog ID 1.2 system identified the four poppy isolates as P. carotovorum (showing a 66.7% similarity with the subsp. carotovorum). Pathogenicity of poppy isolates was tested on three 6-week-old opium poppy plants (cv. Nigrum) by injecting 100 μl of a bacterial suspension containing 108 CFU/ml in the basal stem. Plants that served as controls were injected with sterile water. Plants were incubated in a growth chamber adjusted to 28°C, 90% relative humidity, and a 14-h photoperiod of fluorescent light of 360 μE·m-2·s-1. Severe symptoms of soft rot and darkening developed on stems of inoculated plants within 3 to 5 days after inoculation. No symptoms developed on control plants. Bacterial strains reisolated from inoculated plants were identified as P. carotovorum on the basis of the Biolog system, as well as biochemical and physiological characters. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. carotovorum causing soft rot of commercial opium poppy crops in Spain and elsewhere. The presence of this bacterial pathogen to irrigated crops and humid areas may pose an important constraint on the yield of opium poppy crops in Spain. References: (1) R. S. Dickey and A. Kelman. Pages 44-59 in: Laboratory Guide for Identification of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. N. W. Schaad, ed. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1988.
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Peterson, Sara. "A glimpse from the ancient world: What a gold necklace from Tillya-tepe reveals about opium in Afghanistan." Afghanistan 3, no. 2 (October 2020): 135–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afg.2020.0054.
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Among the six excavated burials at Tillya-tepe, in northern Afghanistan, was one occupied by an elite woman wearing a substantial necklace consisting of large gold beads shaped as seed-heads. The scale and fine workmanship of this necklace suggest that it was one of her most important possessions. It can be demonstrated that these large seed-heads are representations of poppy capsules, whose significance lies in the fact that they are the source of the potent drug opium. This necklace is the most outstanding object within a group of items decorated with poppy imagery, all of which were discovered in female burials. The opium poppy has long been a culturally important plant, and the implication of this identification is investigated in several contexts. Firstly, the proliferation of poppy imagery in the female burials at Tillya-tepe is examined, and then there is a discussion of material evidence for opium among relevant peoples along the Eurasian steppes. The particular cultural importance of opium is reviewed, leading finally to a proposal for the societal role of these women.
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Hendijani, Fatemeh, and Fatemeh Sadat Hosseini. "Interindividual variability in diabetic patients’ response to opium poppy: an overview of impressive factors." Personalized Medicine 19, no. 2 (March 2022): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/pme-2021-0107.
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Diabetic patients always seek alternative treatments to lower their blood glucose level efficiently, because antidiabetic drugs produce adverse effects and many patients experience reduced response after a treatment period. Opium poppy ( Papaver somniferum) is frequently consumed by diabetic patients for reduction of blood glucose level. Scientific studies found controversial results in the investigation of the blood glucose-lowering effects of opium poppy. In this regard, we explored the antidiabetic effect of opium poppy more closely. The antidiabetic or antihyperglycemic effect of P. somniferum alkaloids were reviewed. Next, opioid receptors and their role in diabetes were explored. In the final part origins of interindividual variabilities in opioid receptors and metabolizing enzymes’ functions including genetic and epigenetic factors were reviewed.
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Holková, Ivana, Drahomíra Rauová, Michaela Mergová, Lýdia Bezáková, and Peter Mikuš. "Purification and Product Characterization of Lipoxygenase from Opium Poppy Cultures (Papaver somniferum L.)." Molecules 24, no. 23 (November 23, 2019): 4268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24234268.
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Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) is an ancient medicinal plant producing pharmaceutically important benzylisoquinoline alkaloids. In the present work we focused on the study of enzyme lipoxygenase (LOX, EC 1.13.11.12) from opium poppy cultures. LOX is involved in lipid peroxidation and lipoxygenase oxidation products of polyunsaturated fatty acids have a significant role in regulation of growth, development and plant defense responses to biotic or abiotic stress. The purpose of this study was to isolate and characterize LOX enzyme from opium poppy callus cultures. LOX was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and then followed by hydrophobic chromatography using Phenyl-Sepharose CL-4B and hydroxyapatite chromatography using HA Ultrogel sorbent. Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis and immunoblotting revealed that LOX from opium poppy cultures was a single monomeric protein showing the relative molecular weight of 83 kDa. To investigate the positional specificity of the LOX reaction, purified LOX was incubated with linoleic acid and the products were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography in two steps, firstly with reverse phase (120-5 Nucleosil C18 column) and secondly with normal phase (Zorbax Rx-SIL column). LOX converted linoleic acid primarily to 13-hydroperoxy-(9Z,11E)-octadecadienoic acids (78%) and to a lesser extent 9-hydroperoxy-(10E,12Z)-octadecadienoic acids (22%). Characterization of LOX from opium poppy cultures provided valuable information in understanding LOX involvement in regulation of signaling pathways leading to biosynthesis of secondary metabolites with significant biological activity.
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Bailey, Bryan A., Patricia C. Apel-Birkhold, Nichole R. O'Neill, James Plaskowitz, Sharon Alavi, James C. Jennings, and James D. Anderson. "Evaluation of Infection Processes and Resulting Disease Caused by Dendryphion penicillatum and Pleospora papaveracea on Papaver somniferum." Phytopathology® 90, no. 7 (July 2000): 699–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2000.90.7.699.
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Two pathogenic fungi of opium poppy, Pleospora papaveracea and Dendryphion penicillatum, were isolated from field material in Beltsville, MD. The processes of infection by these two fungi were studied to determine the optimal environmental conditions for infection. Both fungi formed appressoria capable of penetrating directly through the plant epidermal layer. Of the two fungi, P. papaveracea was more aggressive, causing more rapid necrosis. Appressorial formation by P. papaveracea occurred as early as 4 h after application of a conidial suspension to poppy leaves. P. papaveracea formed more appressoria than did D. penicillatum, especially at cool temperatures (7 to 13°C). In greenhouse studies, P. papaveracea caused more damage to opium poppy than did D. penicillatum when applied in 10% unrefined corn oil. In the field, P. papaveracea was more consistent in its effects on opium poppy from a local seed source designated Indian Grocery. P. papaveracea caused higher disease ratings, more stem lesions, and equal or greater yield losses than did D. penicillatum on Indian Grocery. The late-maturing opium poppy variety White Cloud was severely damaged by disease, regardless of formulation or fungal treatment. P. papaveracea was the predominant fungus isolated from poppy seed capsules and the only fungus reisolated from the field the following year. These studies provide a better understanding of the infection process and the differences between these two pathogenic fungi and will be beneficial for the development of the fungi as biological control agents.
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Anderson, Bobby. "People, Land and Poppy: the Political Ecology of Opium and the Historical Impact of Alternative Development in Northwest Thailand." Forest and Society 1, no. 1 (April 27, 2017): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24259/fs.v1i1.1495.
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Thailand’s near-total elimination of opium poppy cultivation is attributed to “alternative development” programming, which replaces illicit crops with licit ones. However, opium poppy cultivation was not drastically reduced because substitute crops earned the same income as opium: nothing can equal the price of opium to smallholder farmers, especially those without land tenure. Thailand’s reduction in poppy cultivation was achieved by the increased presence and surveillance capability of state security actors, who, year by year, were able to locate and destroy fields, and arrest cultivators, with increasing accuracy. This coercion was also accompanied by benefits to cultivators, including the provision of health and education services and the extension of roads; both stick and carrot constituted the encroachment of the Thai state. The provision of citizenship to hill tribe members also gave them a vested interest in the state, through their ability to hold land, access health care, education and work opportunities, amongst others. These initiatives did not occur without costs to hill tribe cultures for whom a symbiotic relationship with the land was and remains disrupted. These findings indicate that alternative development programming unlinked to broader state-building initiatives in Afghanistan, Myanmar and other opium poppy-producing areas will fail, because short-term, high-yield, high value, imperishable opium will remain the most logical choice for poor farmers, especially given the lack of a farmer’s vested interest in the state which compels them to reduce their income whilst offering them no other protections or services.
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Bailey, Bryan A., Patricia C. Apel-Birkhold, Olutayo O. Akingbe, Jessica L. Ryan, Nichole R. O'Neill, and James D. Anderson. "Nep1 Protein from Fusarium oxysporum Enhances Biological Control of Opium Poppy by Pleospora papaveracea." Phytopathology® 90, no. 8 (August 2000): 812–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2000.90.8.812.
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The fungus Pleospora papaveracea and Nep1, a phytotoxic protein from Fusarium oxysporum, were evaluated for their biocontrol potential on opium poppy (Papaver somniferum). Four treatments consisting of a control, P. papaveracea conidia, Nep1 (5 μg/ml), and P. papaveracea conidia plus Nep1 (5 μg/ml) were used in detached-leaf and whole-plant studies. Conidia of P. papaveracea remained viable for 38 days when stored at 20 or 4°C. Nep1 was stable in the presence of conidia for 38 days when stored at 4°C or for 28 days at 20°C. The presence of Nep1 did not affect conidia germination or appressoria formation. Nep1 was recovered from drops applied to opium poppy leaves in greenhouse and field studies 24 h after treatment. Opium poppy treated with the combination of Nep1 and P. papaveracea had higher necrosis ratings than the other treatments. There were changes in the intercellular protein profiles, determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis and silver staining, due to application of treatments; the most intense occurred in response to the combination of Nep1 and P. papaveracea. The combination of Nep1 and P. papaveracea enhanced the damage caused to opium poppy more than either component alone.
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Makovnyka, Joloni Ginny Anne. "Opium Poppy Agriculture and Consumption." Arbutus Review 11, no. 2 (November 26, 2020): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.18357/tar112202019609.
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As a crop, the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, has been part of multiple human cultures since at least 5000 BCE. Its role as both food and medicine has made this plant an important traditional agricultural product. However, today research on such functions has been largely eclipsed by the narcotic use of opium and its derivatives and the economies that stem from them. The historical uses of poppy and related cultural conceptualizations of its nutritive and medicinal aspects contrast against practices and commodification introduced by European colonization. The commodification of the narcotic potential of the opium poppy has been used by multiple actors since the onset of globalized economic expansion as a means of attaining financial and political power. This paper draws on research compiled from academic, journalistic, and other sources to create a holistic framework for examining the complex health, social, and economic issues related to contemporary production and use of the opium poppy. This paper concludes that future research, specifically anthropological field research grounded in historical and sociopolitical contexts, can offer important insights into the lived experiences of individuals and cultures that produce, distrubute, and consume the poppy as food and medicine. Such future research may offer critical insight into the relationship between the cultural constructs of food and medicine and the effects of narcotic substance consumption. Such research may also offer insight into the possible restructuring of cultural meanings and economies on a broader scale in order to mitigate the harmful effects of narcotic substances within foods.
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Čermáková, Eliška, Pavel Svoboda, Jaroslava Ovesná, Jakub Vašek, Kateřina Demnerová, and Kamila Zdeňková. "cor1 Gene: A Suitable Marker for Identification of Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)." Foods 13, no. 10 (May 7, 2024): 1432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods13101432.
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This paper discusses the development of rapid, reliable, and accurate polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for detecting opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) in food. Endpoint, quantitative, and digital PCRs were compared based on the amplification of a newly developed DNA marker targeting the NADPH-dependent codeinone reductase (COR) gene. Designed assays were shown to be highly specific and sensitive in discriminating opium poppy from other plant species, even in heat-treated and food samples. Digital PCR was the most sensitive, with a detection limit of up to 5 copies, i.e., approximately 14 pg of target DNA per reaction. Quantitative and digital PCR further allowed the quantification of opium poppy in up to 1.5 ng and 42 pg (15 copies) of target DNA in a sample, respectively. In addition, two duplex PCRs have been developed for the simultaneous detection of opium poppy DNA and representatives of (i) the Papaveraceae family or (ii) the Plantae kingdom. Finally, all designed assays were successfully applied for analysis of 15 commercial foodstuffs; two were suspected of being adulterated. The study results have an important impact on addressing food fraud and ensuring the safety and authenticity of food products. Beyond food adulteration, the study may also have significant implications for forensics and law enforcement.
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Zhang, Zhiqi, Wendi Xia, Guangqi Xie, and Shao Xiang. "Fast Opium Poppy Detection in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Imagery Based on Deep Neural Network." Drones 7, no. 9 (August 30, 2023): 559. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones7090559.
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Opium poppy is a medicinal plant, and its cultivation is illegal without legal approval in China. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is an effective tool for monitoring illegal poppy cultivation. However, targets often appear occluded and confused, and it is difficult for existing detectors to accurately detect poppies. To address this problem, we propose an opium poppy detection network, YOLOHLA, for UAV remote sensing images. Specifically, we propose a new attention module that uses two branches to extract features at different scales. To enhance generalization capabilities, we introduce a learning strategy that involves iterative learning, where challenging samples are identified and the model’s representation capacity is enhanced using prior knowledge. Furthermore, we propose a lightweight model (YOLOHLA-tiny) using YOLOHLA based on structured model pruning, which can be better deployed on low-power embedded platforms. To evaluate the detection performance of the proposed method, we collect a UAV remote sensing image poppy dataset. The experimental results show that the proposed YOLOHLA model achieves better detection performance and faster execution speed than existing models. Our method achieves a mean average precision (mAP) of 88.2% and an F1 score of 85.5% for opium poppy detection. The proposed lightweight model achieves an inference speed of 172 frames per second (FPS) on embedded platforms. The experimental results showcase the practical applicability of the proposed poppy object detection method for real-time detection of poppy targets on UAV platforms.
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Saunders, James A., Monica J. Pedroni, Lindsay D. J. Penrose, and Anthony J. Fist. "AFLP Analysis of Opium Poppy." Crop Science 41, no. 5 (September 2001): 1596–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2001.4151596x.
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Bailey, B. A., K. P. Hebbar, R. D. Lumsden, N. R. O'Neill, and J. A. Lewis. "Production of Pleospora papaveracea biomass in liquid culture and its infectivity on opium poppy (Papaver somniferum)." Weed Science 52, no. 1 (February 2004): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-03-020r.
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The fungus Pleospora papaveracea is a potential biocontrol agent for opium poppy. The objective of this study was to characterize the growth and production of propagules of P. papaveracea on various substrates and determine their infectivity on opium poppy. Pleospora papaveracea was grown on agar media containing wheat bran, corn cobs, soy fiber, cottonseed meal, rice flour, cornstarch, pectin, dextrin, or molasses, all with the addition of brewer's yeast (BY). Maximum radial growth of P. papaveracea occurred on molasses, soy fiber, and wheat bran media. Pleospora papaveracea produced chlamydospores on dextrin–BY and cornstarch–BY only. Pleospora papaveracea growth in liquid media with 1% (wt/v) dextrin, cornstarch, soy fiber, or wheat bran resulted in the production of greater than 106 colony-forming units (cfu) ml−1 within 3 to 5 d of incubation. Pleospora papaveracea produced less than 105 chlamydospores ml−1 after 10 d of incubation in wheat bran–BY and soy fiber–BY liquid media compared with the production of greater than 105 chlamydospores ml−1 after 5 d of incubation in dextrin–BY or cornstarch–BY liquid media. Fewer cfu were produced by P. papaveracea in 0.25% dextrin or 0.25 and 0.50% soy fiber liquid media than with 1 or 2% substrate. Greater than 107 chlamydospores g−1 dry weight and 108 cfu g−1 dry weight of P. papaveracea were produced in dextrin–BY liquid media in a commercial bench-top fermentor. After air drying biomass for 6 d, propagules of P. papaveracea remained infective on opium poppy. Mycelia and chlamydospores of P. papaveracea grew and formed appressoria during the infection process. Air-dried biomass, when rehydrated in 0.001% Tween 20, caused necrosis within 48 h after application to detached opium poppy leaves. At least 94% of the propagules from air-dried biomass that germinated and infected detached opium poppy leaves were of mycelial origin.
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Wójtowicz, Marek, Andrzej Wójtowicz, and Franciszek Wielebski. "Efficacy of weed control for opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) with a mixture of tembotrione and fluroxypyr." Journal of Plant Protection Research 56, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jppr-2016-0025.
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Abstract The study was carried out in the years 2013 and 2014 at the Łagiewniki farm to determine the effect of some herbicides on the yield and development of two opium poppy cultivars: ‘Lazur’ - with high morphine content, and ‘Borowski Biały’ - with low morphine content. The development and yield of the poppy was a derivative of environmental and agronomic conditions. The mixture of tembotrione and fluroxypyr applied post-emergence at a rate of 88 and 75 g a.i. · ha−1, respectively, effectively controlled most weeds which are harmful for the poppy and did not phytotoxically affect opium poppy plants. The level of yield also depended on the cultivar’s ability to grow under unfavourable weather conditions. A lower yield was noted for the cultivar with a lower content of morphine - ‘Borowski Biały’.
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Yadav, H. K., S. Shukla, and S. P. Singh. "Discriminant function analysis for opium and seed yield in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)." Genetika 40, no. 2 (2008): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr0802109y.
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Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) is an important medicinal plant of pharmacopoel uses. Opium latex and its derivatives are used in different medicines as analgesic, narcotic, sedative, sudorific, hyponitic, antispasmodic, ant diarrhea and cough etc. Genetic improvement in opium and seed yield, component breeding is important and selection based on multiple characters is more beneficial in developing desired plant types. Therefore the present study was made on group of 22 strains of opium poppy to find out variability and suitable selection indices for opium and seed yield. Heritability in broad sense was high for capsule weight/plant, plant height, capsule length, stem diameter and opium yield. The discriminant functions based on single character were less efficient while on the basis of combination it was in general more efficient. The comparison of different functions revealed that capsule weight/plant, capsule length, plant height are major yield component and thus practicing selection for attainment of high opium and seed yield lines, maximum weight age could be given to these characters. The positive association of opium yield and seed yield suggested that by adopting suitable component breeding and selection, a dual-purpose variety (opium and seed yield) may be developed.
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Liu, Xiangyu, Yichen Tian, Chao Yuan, Feifei Zhang, and Guang Yang. "Opium Poppy Detection Using Deep Learning." Remote Sensing 10, no. 12 (November 27, 2018): 1886. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10121886.
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Opium poppies are a major source of traditional drugs, which are not only harmful to physical and mental health, but also threaten the economy and society. Monitoring poppy cultivation in key regions through remote sensing is therefore a crucial task; the location coordinates of poppy parcels represent particularly important information for their eradication by local governments. We propose a new methodology based on deep learning target detection to identify the location of poppy parcels and map their spatial distribution. We first make six training datasets with different band combinations and slide window sizes using two ZiYuan3 (ZY3) remote sensing images and separately train the single shot multibox detector (SSD) model. Then, we choose the best model and test its performance using 225 km2 verification images from Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR), which exhibits a precision of 95% for a recall of 85%. The speed of our method is 4.5 km2/s on 1080TI Graphics Processing Unit (GPU). This study is the first attempt to monitor opium poppies with the deep learning method and achieve a high recognition rate. Our method does not require manual feature extraction and provides an alternative way to rapidly obtain the exact location coordinates of opium poppy cultivation patches.
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Montes-Borrego, Miguel, Francisco J. Muñoz-Ledesma, Rafael M. Jiménez-Díaz, and Blanca B. Landa. "Short communication: Local infection of opium poppy leaves by Peronospora somniferi sporangia can give rise to systemic infections and seed infection in resistant cultivars." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 15, no. 3 (July 10, 2017): e10SC01. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2017153-10864.
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Downy mildew (DM) of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) caused by Peronospora somniferi is one of the most destructive diseases of this crop due to the systemic nature of infection as compared with local infections caused by Peronospora meconopsidis, the other downy mildew pathogen of this crop. We developed an inoculation method using Peronospora somniferi sporangia as inoculum and demonstrated for the first time that local infection of leaves by sporangia give rise to systemic infections in the plant as well as of seeds. Our results also showed that this inoculation protocol was very effective in reproducing disease symptoms and assessing the resistance response to DM in opium poppy genotypes under field conditions. More interestingly, results indicate that up to 100% of seed samples from some genotypes showing a complete (symptomless) resistant phenotype were infected by the pathogen when seeds were analyzed by a P. somniferi-specific nested-PCR protocol. This latter aspect deserves further attention while breeding opium poppy for resistance to P. somniferi.
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Hao, Luyang. "Evaluation of Biosynthetic Pathway and Engineered Biosynthesis of Morphine with CRISPR." BIO Web of Conferences 59 (2023): 01022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20235901022.
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As a secondary metabolite produced by opium poppy (Papaver somniferum), morphine is a valuable subject for research and application purposes within the medical field. Thanks to the research conducted throughout the past few decades, the main pathway for the biosynthesis of morphine has been thoroughly elucidated. In addition, whole genome sequencing and evolutionary genomics of opium poppy have provided us with crucial information regarding specific details of such a pathway on the molecular level, which includes coding regions and functions of key enzymes that play vital roles in the production of specific metabolites. These advantages can be combined with the application of current genome editing techniques, such as CRISPR, to allow the regulated and optimized production of desirable metabolites through manipulating particular genes. This research focuses on the functional evaluation of key enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway of morphine in opium poppy, further exploring possibilities of regulated production of morphine with CRISPR.
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Devi, Rajni, Bahadur Khan, Madhu Bala, Kanika Pathania, and Kiran Thakur. "OPIUM AND ITS MAJOR ALKALOIDAL CONSTITUENTS: A REVIEW ARTICLE." YMER Digital 21, no. 07 (July 7, 2022): 263–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.37896/ymer21.07/20.
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Poppy (Papaver somniferous L.) is a member of the Papaveraceous family. It is indigenous ofsouth east of Europe and Asia. It is cultivated all over the world and there is not any wild type of this species. It is widely grown as an ornamental flower throughout Europe, North America, South America, and Asia. Until now more than 40 different alkaloids have been known in thisspecies which the most important ones are morphine, codeine, thebaine, papaverine and noscapine. Alkaloids are affected with genetical characteristics and environmental conditions. Poppy seeds are an important food item and the source of poppy seed oil, healthy edible oilthat has many uses. The most important application of papaver alkaloids is due to their analgesic properties. Use of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) as a medicinal plant hasbeen described in the ancient literature of Indian system of medicine (Ayurveda). Keyword: - Opium, Alkaloids, Morphine, Codeine, Medicinal plants
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Khan, Taimur Azam. "Prohibition on Opium Poppy Cultivation in Afghanistan:." Central Asia 91, Winter (January 20, 2023): 65–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.54418/ca-91.182.
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Afghanistan is home to the largest illicit drug industry in the world. The depth, influence, and impact of its narco-economy remain unparalleled. Illicit drug production has become a dominant feature of Afghanistan’s landscape. The opium economy is pervasive and deeply entrenched. Afghanistan's opium economy has become the source of security rather than the state. Therefore, the degree of dependence on the opium economy has thus become unprecedented in the modern history of drug production. The dependence means any immediate attempt toward opium poppy prohibition/eradication will result in political and socioeconomic crises not only in Afghanistan but the transit states in the region as well. In context of narco-economy, this paper expostulate that the construction of security in traditional and nontraditional discourse are linear, i.e. detached from reality or suffers from moralistic constraint, and therefore, needs to be revisited in line with ground reality of Afghanistan and transit states at large. Deviating from conventional literature on drug-security nexus, the paper argues that a complete prohibition of poppy cultivation in Afghanistan is by far a larger security concern than its retention. This research paper, therefore, takes a cursory examination of the security implications and challenges that may ensue as a result of a diminished production capacity of Afghanistan’s opium economy either experienced through complete prohibition, eradication programs or through natural calamity.
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Landa, Blanca B., Miguel Montes-Borrego, Francisco J. Muñoz-Ledesma, and Rafael M. Jiménez-Díaz. "Phylogenetic Analysis of Downy Mildew Pathogens of Opium Poppy and PCR-Based In Planta and Seed Detection of Peronospora arborescens." Phytopathology® 97, no. 11 (November 2007): 1380–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-97-11-1380.
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Severe downy mildew diseases of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) can be caused by Peronospora arborescens and P. cristata, but differentiating between the two pathogens is difficult because they share morphological features and a similar host range. In Spain, where severe epidemics of downy mildew of opium poppy have occurred recently, the pathogen was identified as P. arborescens on the basis of morphological traits. In this current study, sequence homology and phylogenetic analyses of the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS) of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) were carried out with DNA from P. arborescens and P. cristata from diverse geographic origins, which suggested that only P. arborescens occurs in cultivated Papaver somniferum in Spain. Moreover, analyses of the rDNA ITS region from 27 samples of downy-mildew-affected tissues from all opium-poppy-growing regions in Spain showed that genetic diversity exists within P. arborescens populations in Spain and that these are phylogenetically distinct from P. cristata. P. cristata instead shares a more recent, common ancestor with a range of Peronospora species that includes those found on host plants that are not members of the Papaveraceae. Species-specific primers and a PCR assay protocol were developed that differentiated P. arborescens and P. cristata and proved useful for the detection of P. arborescens in symptomatic and asymptomatic opium poppy plant parts. Use of these primers demonstrated that P. arborescens can be transmitted in seeds and that commercial seed stocks collected from crops with high incidence of the disease were frequently infected. Field experiments conducted in microplots free from P. arborescens using seed stocks harvested from infected capsules further demonstrated that transmission from seedborne P. arborescens to opium poppy plants can occur. Therefore, the specific-PCR detection protocol developed in this study can be of use for epidemiological studies and diagnosing the pathogen in commercial seed stocks; thus facilitating the sanitary control of the disease and avoidance of the pathogen distribution in seeds.
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Unnithan, Sujata, and John Strang. "Poppy Tea Dependence." British Journal of Psychiatry 163, no. 6 (December 1993): 813–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.163.6.813.
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A patient presenting with dependence on opium poppy tea infusion is reported. Poppy tea drinking, although previously described in certain parts of the UK, rarely presents in the form of a dependence syndrome. Issues relating to the management of poppy tea dependence are discussed, including the results of existing laboratory urinalysis for drugs of abuse, the calculation of opiate dose equivalence, and the likelihood of transition (or not) from use of poppy tea to use of other opiates.
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Pastirčák, Martin, and Katarína Pastirčáková. "European record of Subramaniula thielavioides on opium poppy." Acta Mycologica 44, no. 1 (December 23, 2013): 7–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.2009.002.
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In the course of a study of fungal biodiversity of opium poppy (<em>Papaver somniferum</em>) plants collected in production area of Slovakia, an ascomycete belonging to the genus <em>Subramaniula</em> was isolated. The fungus identified as <em>Subramaniula thielavioides</em> has been reported for the first time from Slovakia. This record also represents the first European locality. Brief morphological description of the fungus based on an isolate from flower petals of opium poppy is provided.
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Montes-Borrego, M., F. J. Muñoz-Ledesma, R. M. Jiménez-Díaz, and B. B. Landa. "Peronospora arborescens Causes Downy Mildew Disease in Commercial Opium Poppy Crops in France." Plant Disease 92, no. 5 (May 2008): 834. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-5-0834b.
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Opium poppy is a strategic crop for the pharmaceutical industry because it is the only source of morphine, codeine, and thebaine alkaloid drugs. Approximately 7,360 ha (average from 2001 through 2007) of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) are grown annually in France, mainly in the Northern-East (Champagne-Ardenne) and Centre-West (Centre and Poitou-Charentes) regions of the country. This acreage accounts for nearly 5.6% of the legally cultivated opium poppies worldwide. Disease symptoms resembling those of downy mildew (2) have been observed frequently in those opium-poppy-growing areas, especially in the Charente-Maritime, Cher, Loiret, and Loir et Cher departments. Disease symptoms included chlorotic to light yellow lesions on the leaf blade, curling and thickening of affected tissues, and expanding necrotic lesions that coalesced, eventually giving rise to large necrotic areas or death of the entire leaf tissues and the plant. With wet weather or high relative humidity, sporangiophores with sporangia were produced frequently on the abaxial leaf surface and occasionally on the adaxial side. Peronospora arborescens and P. cristata have been demonstrated as causal agents of opium poppy downy mildew disease and both have been reported in Europe (1–3); however, the specific identity causal agent in commercial opium poppy crops in France has not yet been determined. Microscopic observations of affected leaves in symptomatic opium poppy leaves sampled from three commercial fields in Loiret Department revealed dichotomously branching sporangiophores bearing single sporangia and oospores of shape and measurements similar to those reported for P. arborescens and P. cristata (1,3). Sporangia dimensions of P. arborescens and P. cristata overlapped, making it difficult to differentiate between the two species based solely on morphological characters (3). A species-specific PCR assay protocol (2) that differentiated P. arborescens from P. cristata was used to diagnose the pathogen. Also, the sequence of the complete 5.8S ribosomal DNA gene and internal transcribed spacers (ITS) 1 and 2 were determined and maximum parsimony analysis was performed with the Peronospora spp. data set described by Landa et al. (2). Both species-specific PCR and phylogenetic analyses of ITS sequences showed that P. arborescens was the only Peronospora species associated with the three samples of downy-mildew-affected leaves analyzed. Thus, DNA fragments of 545, 594, and 456 bp were amplified using total DNA extracted from the sampled leaves and P2, P3, and P6 primer pairs (2), respectively. ITS sequences of all three samples showed 100% homology (GenBank Accession No. EU295529). Phylogenetic analyses using Neighbor Joining of those sequences placed the infecting Peronospora sp. in a clade (100% support) that included all P. arborescens sequences from the GenBank database with 99.2 to 99.9% homology among sequences (2,3). To our knowledge, this is the first report and molecular evidence that P. arborescens causes downy mildew disease in commercial opium poppy crops in France. References: (1) S. M. Francis. No. 686 in: Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria. CMI, Kew, Surrey, UK, 1981. (2) B. B. Landa et al. Phytopathology 97:1380, 2007. (3) J. B. Scott et al. Phytopathology 93:752, 2003.
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Masihuddin, Masihuddin, MA Jafri, Aisha Siddiqui, and Shahid Chaudhary. "TRADITIONAL USES, PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE OF UNANI MEDICINE AN UPDATED REVIEW." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 8, no. 5-s (October 15, 2018): 110–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v8i5-s.2069.
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Papaver somniferum commonly known as Khashkhash /Afyon, belongs to family Papaveraceae. It is one of those traditional plants, which have a long history of usage as medicine. The opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) produces some of the most widely used medicinal alkaloids like morphine, codeine, thebain and porphyroxine which are the most important component of this plant. Apart from these alkaloids, opium poppy produces approximately eighty alkaloids belonging to various tetrahydrobenzylisoquinolinederived classes. It has been known for over a century that morphinan alkaloids accumulate in the latex of opium poppy. According to Unani literature, it possesses most important theurapeutic values as modern literature and research studies also prove its therapeutical importance. It is used as analgesic, narcotic, sedative, stimulant as well as nutritive, etc. It is also useful in headache, cough, insomnia, cardiac asthma, and biliary colic. In this paper we have provide a review on habitate, pharmacological actions, phytochemical with special refrence to Unani Medicine. In this review, an attempt is made to explore the complete information of Papaver somniferum including its phytochemistry and pharmacology.
Key words: Khashkhash, Biliary colic, Alkaloid, phytochemistry.
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KHATIK, CL, SP SHARMA, SR MALOO, NS DODIYA, A. JOSHI, and RK JAIN. "RAPD Analysis in Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)." Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences 38, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.62029/jmaps.v38i2.khatik2.
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The RAPD analysis was carried out with 28 crosses, 8 parents and 2 checks of opium poppy. Purified and isolated DNA was subjected to PCR based marker analysis (RAPD) for assessment of genetic diversity. The quality of DNA was determined by calculating ratio between A260 and A280 observed between 1.857 to 2.167 which indicated a good quality of plant DNA. The concentration of DNA ranged between 123 μg/μl (UOP-60 x UOP- 99) to 750 μg/μl (UOP-79 x UOP- 80). In the RAPD analysis 12 primers gave good amplified products with template DNA. Polymorphism shown by 12 primers ranged between 50 per cent (OPP-02) to 100 per cent (OPA-01, OPA-08, OPB-06 and OPD-05). Average polymorphism was found to be 84.80 per cent. From RAPD profiling similarly matrix was obtained and Jaccard’s similarity coefficient lies between 0.57 (UOP-69 x UOP-80) to 0.95 (UOP-53 x UOP-79) with an average of 0.79. On this basis a dendrogram was constructed using UPGMA method. Dendrogram differentiated 28 crosses, 8 parents and 2 checks of opium poppy into one major and four minor groups. Further genetically diverse parents and crosses can be alternatively used for accumulating favourable genes so as to finally improve the productivity.
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Foster, Karen Polinger. "Opium Art and Truffle Texts in the Aegean and Ancient Near East." Studies in Ancient Art and Civilisation 27 (December 22, 2023): 77–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/saac.27.2023.27.04.
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From the third millennium BC on, the opium poppy was exploited by the civilizations of the Aegean and Near East. While the terms for it in the ancient languages of the region are still unknown, the distinctive features of the harvest-ready seed pod would seem to find reflection in numerous works of Minoan, Mycenaean, Mesopotamian, and related art. This paper proposes that the corpus of opium imagery is far more extensive than previously recognized, including pins, finials, jewelry, seals, vessels, and weapons. It would also seem that certain elite women played vital roles in ancient opium matters. As for the desert truffle, it thrives in the area’s arid and semi-arid ecosystems, where the opium poppy cannot. We have no truffle art, so far as can be determined, but its suggestive presence in cuneiform documents, among them the seven Mari letters collected here, may signal that it was prized for its ability to engender altered states of consciousness, in addition to its nutritional and pharmaceutical benefits.
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Davies, M. K. "The opium poppy, morphine, and verapamil." Heart 88, no. 1 (July 1, 2002): 3—a—3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/heart.88.1.3-a.
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Evans, Christopher J. "Secrets of the opium poppy revealed." Neuropharmacology 47 (January 2004): 293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2004.06.016.
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Kamil;ÇOLAK, SAÇILIK. "Dielectric Properties of Opium Poppy Seed." Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi 11, no. 1 (2005): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1501/tarimbil_0000000498.
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Beaudoin, Guillaume A. W., and Peter J. Facchini. "Benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis in opium poppy." Planta 240, no. 1 (March 27, 2014): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00425-014-2056-8.
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Montes-Borrego, Miguel, Francisco J. Muñoz Ledesma, Rafael M. Jiménez-Díaz, and Blanca B. Landa. "A Nested-Polymerase Chain Reaction Protocol for Detection and Population Biology Studies of Peronospora arborescens, the Downy Mildew Pathogen of Opium Poppy, Using Herbarium Specimens and Asymptomatic, Fresh Plant Tissues." Phytopathology® 99, no. 1 (January 2009): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-99-1-0073.
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A sensitive nested-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocol was developed using either of two primer pairs that improves the in planta detection of Peronospora arborescens DNA. The new protocol represented an increase in sensitivity of 100- to 1,000-fold of detection of the oomycete in opium poppy tissue compared with the detection limit of single PCR using the same primer pairs. The new protocol allowed amplification of 5 to 0.5 fg of Peronospora arborescens DNA mixed with Papaver somniferum DNA. The protocol proved useful for amplifying Peronospora arborescens DNA from 96-year-old herbarium specimens of Papaver spp. and to demonstrate that asymptomatic, systemic infections by Peronospora arborescens can occur in wild Papaver spp. as well as in cultivated opium poppy. Also, the increase in sensitivity of the protocol made possible the detection of seedborne Peronospora arborescens in commercial opium poppy seed stocks in Spain with a high frequency, which poses a threat for pathogen spread. Direct sequencing of purified amplicons allowed alignment of a Peronospora arborescens internal transcribed spacer (ITS) ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequence up to 730-bp long when combining the sequences obtained with the two primer sets. Maximum parsimony analysis of amplified Peronospora arborescens ITS rDNA sequences from specimens of Papaver dubium, P. hybridum, P. rhoeas, and P. somniferum from different countries indicated for the first time that a degree of host specificity may exist within populations of Peronospora arborescens. The reported protocol will be useful for epidemiological and biogeographical studies of downy mildew diseases as well as to unravel misclassification of Peronospora arborescens and Peronospora cristata, the reported causal agents of the opium poppy downy mildew disease.
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Smith, Rachel K., Rebecca J. Stacey, Ed Bergström, and Jane Thomas-Oates. "Detection of opium alkaloids in a Cypriot base-ring juglet." Analyst 143, no. 21 (2018): 5127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8an01040d.
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Masárová, Veronika, Daniel Mihálik, and Ján Kraic. "In Silico Retrieving of Opium Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.) Microsatellites." Agriculture (Polnohospodárstvo) 61, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/agri-2015-0020.
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Abstract Repetitive tandem sequences were retrieved within nucleotide sequences of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) genomic DNA available in the GenBank® database. Altogether 538 different microsatellites with the desired length characteristics of tandem repeats have been identified within 450 sequences of opium poppy DNA available in the database. The most frequented were mononucleotide repeats (246); nevertheless, 44 dinucleotide, 148 trinucleotide, 62 tetranucleotide, 28 pentanucleotide and 5 hexanucleotide tandem repeats have also been found. The most abundant were trinucleotide motifs (27.50%), and the most abundant motifs within each group of tandem repeats were TA/AT, TTC/GAA, GGTT/AACC and TTTTA/ TAAAA. Five hexanucleotide repeats contained four different motifs.
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Rahardjo, Sri, Yunita Widyastuti, and Triaji Mudo Rumpoko. "EFEK IMUNOLOGI PADA PENGGUNAAN OPIOID AKUT DAN KRONIS." Jurnal Komplikasi Anestesi 7, no. 3 (August 1, 2020): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jka.v7i3.7479.
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Opioid telah menjadi agen andalan perawatan perioperatif modern dan manajemen nyeri. Kata opium modern berasal dari bahasa Yunani opion (“jus poppy”) atau opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) adalah sumber dari 20 alkaloid yang berbeda. Studi terbaru menunjukkan bahwa peran reseptor opioid terhadap fungsi kekebalan tubuh merupakan hal yang rumit, ternyata mereka bekerja melalui berbagai mekanisme yang berbeda. Pemberian opioid yang beragam menunjukkan berbagai efek yang berbeda pula pada sistem kekebalan tubuh: imunosupresif, imunostimulator, ataupun efek ganda keduanya. Sebelumnya diyakini bahwa sebagian besar opioid menekan sistem kekebalan tubuh, tetapi penelitian terbaru menunjukkan mereka mungkin memiliki efek ganda. Namun, mekanisme bagaimana opioid dan reseptor opioid bekerja dalam sistem kekebalan masih belum dipahami dengan jelas.
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Bečka, D., P. Cihlář, P. Vlažný, K. Pazderů, and J. Vašák. "Poppy root weevils (Stenocarus ruficornis, Stephens 1831) control in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)." Plant, Soil and Environment 60, No. 10 (October 3, 2014): 470–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/417/2014-pse.
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Effects of insecticidal sprays on poppy root weevils (Stenocarus ruficornis, Stephens 1831) were assessed in small plot trials at three localities in the Czech Republic during two years (2011–2012). In addition, the effects of seed dressing were included into the assessment in one of the localities (Červený Újezd). The levels of root damage caused by the insect pest larvae (expressed as number of bore holes per root) and yield got from individual treatments were compared. Sprays applied for 18 days after the first record of poppy root weevils in trials showed the highest effects on a decrease of the levels of root damage (40% of untreated control). In general, sprays applied at the date when SATF<sub>14</sub> value exceeded 20°C showed significant effects on decreasing the levels of root damage. The highest effects were usually recorded in sprays which were applied when SATF<sub>14</sub> value exceeded 100°C.
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Montes-Borrego, Miguel, Francisco J. Muñoz-Ledesma, Rafael M. Jiménez-Díaz, and Blanca B. Landa. "Real-Time PCR Quantification of Peronospora arborescens, the Opium Poppy Downy Mildew Pathogen, in Seed Stocks and Symptomless Infected Plants." Plant Disease 95, no. 2 (February 2011): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-07-10-0499.
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In this study, we developed a reliable, quick, and accurate quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay based on the MIQE (Minimum Information for publication of Quantitative Real-Time PCR Experiments) guidelines for the quantification of Peronospora arborescens in infected downy mildew–symptomless opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) tissues and commercial seed stocks. The protocol was highly reproducible and allowed accurate quantification of pathogen DNA up to 10 fg in different plant DNA backgrounds without losing specificity and efficiency. Moreover, to further overcome difficulties conferred by the strict biotrophy of this pathogen, we developed dilution series of DNA extracted from a plasmid with the target pathogen DNA as a cloned insert. This facilitated the demonstration of the robustness of the protocol in different laboratories with different qPCR equipment and reagents, which may help in its use on a broad scale. Finally, we validated the usefulness of the qPCR protocol for quarantine purposes and downy mildew resistance screening by quantifying P. arborescens in complex, naturally infested opium poppy samples. Thus, a pathogen biomass of 0.0003 to 0.007‰ or of 0.110 to 5,557 ppm was quantified in symptomless capsules in commercial seed stocks, or in stem samples from symptomless opium poppy plants systemically infected by the pathogen, respectively.
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Kaňuková, Šarlota, Michaela Mrkvová, Daniel Mihálik, and Ján Kraic. "Procedures for DNA Extraction from Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) and Poppy Seed-Containing Products." Foods 9, no. 10 (October 9, 2020): 1429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9101429.
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Several commonly used extraction procedures and commercial kits were compared for extraction of DNA from opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) seeds, ground seeds, pollen grains, poppy seed filling from a bakery product, and poppy oil. The newly developed extraction protocol was much simpler, reduced the cost and time required for DNA extraction from the native and ground seeds, and pollen grains. The quality of extracted DNA by newly developed protocol was better or comparable to the most efficient ones. After being extended by a simple purification step on a silica membrane column, the newly developed protocol was also very effective in extracting of poppy DNA from poppy seed filling. DNA extracted from this poppy matrix was amplifiable by PCR analysis. DNA extracted from cold-pressed poppy oil and suitable for amplifications was obtained only by methods developed previously for olive oil. Extracted poppy DNA from all tested matrices was analysed by PCR using primers flanking a microsatellite locus (156 bp) and two different fragments of the reference tubulin gene (553 bp and 96 bp). The long fragment of the reference gene was amplified in DNA extracted from native seeds, ground seeds, and pollen grains. Poppy DNA extracted from the filling of bakery product was confirmed only by amplification of short fragments (96 bp and 156 bp). DNA extracted from cold-pressed poppy oil was determined also only by amplification of these two short fragments.
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Maurya, Krishna, Sudhir Shukla, and Geeta Asthana. "Pattern of quantitative inheritance of yield and component traits in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)." Genetika 46, no. 2 (2014): 569–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1402569m.
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Generation mean analysis of cross NB-5x58/1 and its reciprocal cross was carried out to understand the nature of gene action in opium poppy. The significance of A, B, C and D scaling tests indicated presence of non-allelic interaction in the inheritance of traits except capsule size and husk yield/plant for reciprocal cross. Additive as well as dominance components of gene action were found in both the crosses. Most of the traits had greater non fixable dominance ?h? and dominance x dominance effects ?l? than fixable additive (d) and additive x additive effects (i) except leaves/plant, branches/plant, capsules/plant, stem diameter, capsule weight/plant, husk yield/plant, opium yield/plant, codeine and narcotine content which showed greater importance of additive (d) and additive x additive effects (i) effects. Inter-mating of the best parents, diallel selective mating or biparental mating in early segregating generations followed by recurrent selections were suggested for genetic improvement of opium poppy.
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Bhattacharji, Romesh. "ALTERNATIVE DEVELOPMENT FOR ILLICIT CROPS HAS NOT SUCCEEDED AND CAN NEVER SUCCEED." Cognizance Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 4, no. 2 (February 28, 2024): 392–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.47760/cognizance.2024.v04i02.032.
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Thirty years ago an illicit crop containment policy called Alternative Development (AD), supported by UNODC and some developed countries commenced with fanfare, funds and optimism. It claimed to be a humane way of weaning illicit crop cultivators, but followed in the wake of eradication. It is a policy of selective economic development of illicit crop growing areas, excluding contiguous poor areas. Despite the prominence given to AD and the years spent in nurturing it there is no success at all. No statistical data is available of how many hectares of illicit crop have been permanently removed. On the other hand illicit cultivation of all drug crops keeps increasing. Most and of immediate concern is that, despite optimism of UNGASS 2017 and other NGOs, opium production in Afghanistan rose by 43 per cent to 4,800 metric tons in 2016 compared with 2015 levels. The area under opium poppy cultivation also increased to 201,000 hectares (ha) in 2016, a rise of 10 per cent compared with 183,000 ha in 2015. The higher production can be explained by the larger area under opium poppy cultivation, but the most important driver is the higher opium yield per hectare.
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Maule, Robert B. "The Opium Question in the Federated Shan States, 1931–36: British Policy Discussions and Scandal." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 23, no. 1 (March 1992): 14–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463400011279.
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The earliest known evidence for the existence of the opium poppy has been traced to the Neolithic and Early Bronze Ages in west central Europe. Arab traders introduced opium into Asia, and in the eighth century A.D., it had been used in China. By the nineteenth century, China provided the most lucrative market for traders, primarily British and American, who brought opium to China from India and the Ottoman Empire. Opium use also proved to be popular among the overseas Chinese communities in Siam, Malaya, and the Dutch East Indies. The Chinese demand for opium, the lucrative profits to be gained from the manufacture, transfer, and sale of opium, and official connivance at edicts to prohibit its import into China, served to create a flourishing trade.
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Ghahremani, Hossein, Alireza Mosavi Jarrahi, and Siamak Salami. "Cancer and Opium Addiction." Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Biology 4, no. 4 (December 15, 2019): 69–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31557/apjcb.2019.4.4.69-70.
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Drug abuse remains a serious health and social threat in the world. According to the United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime (UNODC) 1n 2010, an estimated 16.5 million people use opium or its derivatives illicitly (1). Meanwhile, Iran has the first rank in the prevalence of opium consumption (2), and Opium is the most commonly abused drug in Iran (8). Opium is the air-dried extract obtained from the seed capsules of the opium poppy, which is used for recreational or medical purposes in different parts of the world (3). Approximately 8 to 14 percent of opium is made up of morphine, which is processed chemically to produce heroin and other synthetic opioids for medicinal use and also for drug abuse (4).
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Tetenyi, P. "BIODIVERSITY OF PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM L. (OPIUM POPPY)." Acta Horticulturae, no. 390 (November 1995): 191–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1995.390.27.
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