Relevant bibliographies by topics / Opium poppy

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Academic literature on the topic 'Opium poppy'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 28 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Opium poppy"

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Stokes, Trevor. "Opium-free poppy." Trends in Plant Science 6, no. 6 (June 2001): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1360-1385(01)02003-9.

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Zubyk, Victoria, and Volodymyr Baranyak. "Categorical negative conclusion in the examination of narcotic drugs." Visnik Nacional’nogo universitetu «Lvivska politehnika». Seria: Uridicni nauki 10, no. 39 (August 22, 2023): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/law2023.39.175.

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The article examines the rationale for an expert's categorical negative opinion on the example of an expert study of narcotic drugs from the poppy plant. The plant mass submitted for examination, which by its external features resembles poppy straw, was examined by microscopic and chemical methods. The microscopic examination revealed anatomical and morphological elements characteristic of poppy sleeping pills, which is the basis for classifying the substance under investigation as poppy straw. According to the List of Narcotic Drugs, Psychotropic Substances and Precursors, poppy straw containing narcotically active opium alkaloids is a narcotic drug. To confirm the presence of narcotically active opium alkaloids in poppy straw, the study was carried out by microscopic and thin-layer chromatography. As a result of the study, it was established that the poppy straw provided for the study did not contain any narcotically active opium alkaloids, and, therefore, was not a narcotic drug. The absence of opium alkaloids can be explained by the multiple extraction of poppy straw, as evidenced by its appearance, colour and smell of the solvent. The study of the residues of a dark brown substance from the surface of the dishes was carried out by thin-layer chromatography according to the standard method. As a result of the study, trace amounts of morphine, which is a narcotic drug, were found. The results of the study provided a categorical negative conclusion, which may be the basis for closing the criminal proceedings. The presence of a small amount of morphine in the substance on the surface of the dishes does not significantly affect this decision. Key words: categorical negative conclusion, forensic examination of narcotic drugs,narcotic drug, poppy straw, anatomical and morphological elements of poppy, opium alkaloids, extraction of poppy straw, microscopic method, thin-layer chromatography method.
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Guo, Li, Thilo Winzer, Xiaofei Yang, Yi Li, Zemin Ning, Zhesi He, Roxana Teodor, et al. "The opium poppy genome and morphinan production." Science 362, no. 6412 (August 30, 2018): 343–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aat4096.

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Morphinan-based painkillers are derived from opium poppy (Papaver somniferumL.). We report a draft of the opium poppy genome, with 2.72 gigabases assembled into 11 chromosomes with contig N50 and scaffold N50 of 1.77 and 204 megabases, respectively. Synteny analysis suggests a whole-genome duplication at ~7.8 million years ago and ancient segmental or whole-genome duplication(s) that occurred before the Papaveraceae-Ranunculaceae divergence 110 million years ago. Syntenic blocks representative of phthalideisoquinoline and morphinan components of a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid cluster of 15 genes provide insight into how this cluster evolved. Paralog analysis identified P450 and oxidoreductase genes that combined to form theSTORRgene fusion essential for morphinan biosynthesis in opium poppy. Thus, gene duplication, rearrangement, and fusion events have led to evolution of specialized metabolic products in opium poppy.
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Sharma, Preeti. "Ahifen: A critical review." Indian Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 10, no. 2 (July 15, 2023): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijpp.2023.015.

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Poppy, a plant belonging to the papaveraceae family, is the source of opium.It is a plant that blooms. It has sedative, somniferous, and neurotoxic properties in addition to being cerebrally poisonous. Due to its neurotoxic nature, opium causes a variety of adverse effects, including anxiety, seizures, hallucinations, sleepiness, giddiness, and many more. In order to create various types of analgesic medications to cure pain and promote sleep, this poppy is grown as an agricultural crop. The main source of opium, or dried latex made by the seed pods, is the opium poppy, as its name suggests. Because opium has sexual properties, many people use it for extended periods of time before becoming addicted.
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Canton-Alvarez, Jose A. "A Gift from the Buddhist Monastery: The Role of Buddhist Medical Practices in the Assimilation of the Opium Poppy in Chinese Medicine during the Song Dynasty (960–1279)." Medical History 63, no. 4 (September 9, 2019): 475–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2019.45.

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This paper aims to critically appraise the incorporation of opium poppy into medical practice in Song-dynasty China. By analysing materia medica and formularies, along with non-medical sources from the Song period, this study sheds light on the role of Chinese Buddhist monasteries in the process of incorporation of foreign plants into Chinese medicine. It argues that Buddhist monasteries played a significant role in the evolution of the use of opium poppy in Song dynasty medicine. This is because the consumption practices in Buddhist monasteries inspired substantial changes in the medical application of the flower during the Southern Song dynasty. While, at the beginning of Song dynasty, court scholars incorporated opium poppy into official materia medica in order to treat disorders such as huangdan and xiaoke, as well as cinnabar poisoning, this study of the later Song medical treatises shows how opium poppy was repurposed to treat symptoms such as diarrhoea, coughing and spasms. Such a shift in the medical use of the poppy occurred after Chinese literati and doctors became acquainted with the role of the flower in the diet and medical practices of Buddhist monks across China. Therefore, the case study of the medical application of opium poppy during the Song dynasty provides us with insights into how the spread of certain practices in Buddhist monasteries might have contributed to the change in both professional medical practices and daily-life healthcare in local communities in that period.
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Haas, L. F. "Papaver somniferum (opium poppy)." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 58, no. 4 (April 1, 1995): 402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.58.4.402.

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Aranda, S., M. Montes-Borrego, F. J. Muñoz-Ledesma, R. M. Jiménez-Díaz, and B. B. Landa. "First Report of Pectobacterium carotovorum Causing Soft Rot of Opium Poppy in Spain." Plant Disease 92, no. 2 (February 2008): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-2-0317a.

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Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) is an economically important pharmaceutical crop in Spain. Approximately 8,000 ha are cultivated annually in southern and central Spain. To improve yields, opium poppy cultivation is expanding to more humid or irrigated areas of Spain. In the springs of 2005 and 2007, we observed poppy plants with wilt and stem rot symptoms in irrigated, commercial opium poppy (cv. Nigrum) at Carmona and Écija, which are in Seville Province in southern Spain. Closer observations of affected plants revealed darkening and water soaking of the leaves and stem at the soil level, wilting of the lower leaves or the entire plant, and dark brown discoloration of stem vascular tissues and pith of the plant. Severely affected plants became completely rotten and collapsed. Isolations from symptomatic tissues on nutrient agar consistently yielded bacterial colonies. Pure cultures of four representative bacterial strains (two per each of affected field and year of isolation) were used in triplicate for a comparative analysis of biochemical and physiological traits in the ‘carotovora’ group of Erwinia (1) with known isolates of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, P. carotovorum subsp. atrosepticum, and Dickeya chrysanthemi. The isolates from opium poppy were gram negative, facultatively anaerobic, oxidase negative, catalase positive, grew at 37°C, and did not produce gas from D-glucose. Acid was produced from D(+)-arabinose, lactose, and D(+)-trehalose, but not from α-D-methylglucoside. In addition, the opium poppy bacterial isolates caused soft rot on potato slices within 24 h at 25°C and did not induce a hypersensitive reaction on tobacco leaves. Use of the Biolog GN microplates and the OmniLog ID 1.2 system identified the four poppy isolates as P. carotovorum (showing a 66.7% similarity with the subsp. carotovorum). Pathogenicity of poppy isolates was tested on three 6-week-old opium poppy plants (cv. Nigrum) by injecting 100 μl of a bacterial suspension containing 108 CFU/ml in the basal stem. Plants that served as controls were injected with sterile water. Plants were incubated in a growth chamber adjusted to 28°C, 90% relative humidity, and a 14-h photoperiod of fluorescent light of 360 μE·m-2·s-1. Severe symptoms of soft rot and darkening developed on stems of inoculated plants within 3 to 5 days after inoculation. No symptoms developed on control plants. Bacterial strains reisolated from inoculated plants were identified as P. carotovorum on the basis of the Biolog system, as well as biochemical and physiological characters. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. carotovorum causing soft rot of commercial opium poppy crops in Spain and elsewhere. The presence of this bacterial pathogen to irrigated crops and humid areas may pose an important constraint on the yield of opium poppy crops in Spain. References: (1) R. S. Dickey and A. Kelman. Pages 44-59 in: Laboratory Guide for Identification of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. N. W. Schaad, ed. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1988.
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Peterson, Sara. "A glimpse from the ancient world: What a gold necklace from Tillya-tepe reveals about opium in Afghanistan." Afghanistan 3, no. 2 (October 2020): 135–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afg.2020.0054.

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Among the six excavated burials at Tillya-tepe, in northern Afghanistan, was one occupied by an elite woman wearing a substantial necklace consisting of large gold beads shaped as seed-heads. The scale and fine workmanship of this necklace suggest that it was one of her most important possessions. It can be demonstrated that these large seed-heads are representations of poppy capsules, whose significance lies in the fact that they are the source of the potent drug opium. This necklace is the most outstanding object within a group of items decorated with poppy imagery, all of which were discovered in female burials. The opium poppy has long been a culturally important plant, and the implication of this identification is investigated in several contexts. Firstly, the proliferation of poppy imagery in the female burials at Tillya-tepe is examined, and then there is a discussion of material evidence for opium among relevant peoples along the Eurasian steppes. The particular cultural importance of opium is reviewed, leading finally to a proposal for the societal role of these women.
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Hendijani, Fatemeh, and Fatemeh Sadat Hosseini. "Interindividual variability in diabetic patients’ response to opium poppy: an overview of impressive factors." Personalized Medicine 19, no. 2 (March 2022): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/pme-2021-0107.

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Diabetic patients always seek alternative treatments to lower their blood glucose level efficiently, because antidiabetic drugs produce adverse effects and many patients experience reduced response after a treatment period. Opium poppy ( Papaver somniferum) is frequently consumed by diabetic patients for reduction of blood glucose level. Scientific studies found controversial results in the investigation of the blood glucose-lowering effects of opium poppy. In this regard, we explored the antidiabetic effect of opium poppy more closely. The antidiabetic or antihyperglycemic effect of P. somniferum alkaloids were reviewed. Next, opioid receptors and their role in diabetes were explored. In the final part origins of interindividual variabilities in opioid receptors and metabolizing enzymes’ functions including genetic and epigenetic factors were reviewed.
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Holková, Ivana, Drahomíra Rauová, Michaela Mergová, Lýdia Bezáková, and Peter Mikuš. "Purification and Product Characterization of Lipoxygenase from Opium Poppy Cultures (Papaver somniferum L.)." Molecules 24, no. 23 (November 23, 2019): 4268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24234268.

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Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) is an ancient medicinal plant producing pharmaceutically important benzylisoquinoline alkaloids. In the present work we focused on the study of enzyme lipoxygenase (LOX, EC 1.13.11.12) from opium poppy cultures. LOX is involved in lipid peroxidation and lipoxygenase oxidation products of polyunsaturated fatty acids have a significant role in regulation of growth, development and plant defense responses to biotic or abiotic stress. The purpose of this study was to isolate and characterize LOX enzyme from opium poppy callus cultures. LOX was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and then followed by hydrophobic chromatography using Phenyl-Sepharose CL-4B and hydroxyapatite chromatography using HA Ultrogel sorbent. Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis and immunoblotting revealed that LOX from opium poppy cultures was a single monomeric protein showing the relative molecular weight of 83 kDa. To investigate the positional specificity of the LOX reaction, purified LOX was incubated with linoleic acid and the products were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography in two steps, firstly with reverse phase (120-5 Nucleosil C18 column) and secondly with normal phase (Zorbax Rx-SIL column). LOX converted linoleic acid primarily to 13-hydroperoxy-(9Z,11E)-octadecadienoic acids (78%) and to a lesser extent 9-hydroperoxy-(10E,12Z)-octadecadienoic acids (22%). Characterization of LOX from opium poppy cultures provided valuable information in understanding LOX involvement in regulation of signaling pathways leading to biosynthesis of secondary metabolites with significant biological activity.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Opium poppy"

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Simms, Daniel M. "Remote sensing of opium poppy cultivation in Afghanistan." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2016. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/9851.

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This work investigates differences in the survey methodologies of the monitoring programmes of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and the US Government that lead to discrepancies in quantitative information about poppy cultivation. The aim of the research is to improve annual estimates of opium production. Scientific trials conducted for the UK Government (2006–2009) revealed differences between the two surveys that could account for the inconsistency in results. These related to the image interpretation of poppy from very high resolution satellite imagery, the mapping of the total area of agriculture and stratification using full coverage medium resolution imagery. MODIS time-series profiles of Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), used to monitor Afghanistan’s agricultural system, revealed significant variation in the agriculture area between years caused by land management practices and expansion into new areas. Image interpretation of crops was investigated as a source of bias within the sample using increasing levels of generalisation in sample interpretations. Automatic segmentation and object-based classification were tested as methods to improve consistency. Generalisation was found to bias final estimates of poppy up to 14%. Segments were consistent with manual field delineations but object-based classification caused a systematic labelling error. The findings show differences in survey estimates based on interpretation keys and the resolution of imagery, which is compounded in areas of marginal agriculture or years with poor crop establishment. Stratified and unstratified poppy cultivation estimates were made using buffered and unbuffered agricultural masks at resolutions of 20, 30 and 60 m, resampled from SPOT-5 10 m data. The number of strata (1, 4, 8, 13, 23, 40) and sample fraction (0.2 to 2%) used in the estimate were also investigated. Decreasing the resolution of the imagery and buffering increased unstratified estimates. Stratified estimates were more robust to changes in sample size and distribution. The mapping of the agricultural area explained differences in cultivation figures of the opium monitoring programmes in Afghanistan. Supporting methods for yield estimation for opium poppy were investigated at field sites in the UK in 2004, 2005 and 2010. Good empirical relationships were found between NDVI and the yield indicators of mature capsule volume and dry capsule yield. The results suggested a generalised relationship across all sampled fields and years (R2 >0.70) during the 3–4 week period including poppy flowering. The application of this approach in Afghanistan was investigated using VHR satellite imagery and yield data from the UNODC’s annual survey. Initial results indicated the potential of improved yield estimates using a smaller and targeted collection of ground observations as an alternative to random sampling. The recommendations for poppy cultivation surveys are: the use of image-based stratification for improved precision and reducing differences in the agricultural mask, and use of automatic segmentation for improved consistency in field delineation of poppy crops. The findings have wider implications for improved confidence in statistical estimates from remote sensing methodologies.
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Johnson, Alison G. "Functional architecture of alkaloid biosynthetic gene promoters from opium poppy." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ31356.pdf.

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Techapinyawat, Rheana. "The Evolution of Opium and Anesthesia: From the Ancient Sumerians to 1800s." The University of Arizona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626597.

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Kayacan, Harun <1992&gt. "The Opium Poppy Crisis Between the U.S. and Turkey During 1970s." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/18659.

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Nel corso del ventesimo secolo, gli Stati Uniti e la Turchia hanno gradualmente sviluppato relazioni con accordi bilaterali e nella NATO. Tuttavia, queste relazioni sono state messe a dura prova dalla crisi degli oppiacei e dalla questione cipriota durante gli anni Settanta, causando il deterioramento delle relazioni. Ciononostante, sia la Turchia che gli Stati Uniti hanno continuato il loro partenariato economico, strategico e militare. In questa tesi si parla delle crisi dell'oppio tra la Turchia e gli Stati Uniti, che hanno seriamente peggiorato le relazioni ra la Turchia e gli Stati Uniti, le quali hanno seriamente peggiorante le loro relationi durante gli anni sessanta durante gli anni Settanta. La crisi dell'oppio è stato uno degli eventi più critici della seconda metà del XX secolo tra gli Stati Uniti e la Turchia, che erano alleati della NATO e cooperavano in molti campi. Questa crisi cambiò drammaticamente l'immagine e la reputazione di entrambi i Paesi e i suoi effetti durarono per molti anni. Ho visto il film del 1978 'Midnight Express', che mi ha spinto a guardare più da vicino la crisi del oppio tra la Turchia e gli Stati Uniti, e ad esaminare il suo background storico, come le percezioni pubbliche e politiche sulla crisi possano essere reinterpretate con nuovi documenti e statistiche declassificate. Nello scrivere la tesi, ci si avvarrà di fonti turche e di fonti scritte in inglese. Nel primo capitolo, la tesi include le informazioni sul background storico delle relazioni americano-turche. L'epoca riguarda sia le relazioni tra l'Impero Ottomano e gli Stati Uniti sia le relazioni tra la Turchia e gli Stati Uniti. A differenza degli anni Sessanta, le relazioni erano lontane dalla crisi, mentre i legami commerciali e le relazioni diplomatiche erano principalmente al centro delle relazioni. Nel secondo e terzo capitolo, La Politica turca, viene discusso il problema dell'oppio. Dopo gli anni Sessanta, le relazioni tra la Turchia e gli Stati Uniti hanno cominciato a cambiare a causa di diversi eventi come il problema dell'oppio e la lettera di Johnson. Inoltre, la politica interna turca degli anni Sessanta viene elaborata per comprendere i suoi effetti sul problema dell'oppio e sui principali attori della politica turca. Prima di affrontare tutto ciò, si parlerà di discutere il problema, si parla di ''The French Connection'' e del ''Triangolo d'oro'' perché si dovrebbe capire come l'oppio turco veniva trasportato negli Stati Uniti menzionando ''The French Connection'' e dove si dovrebbe chiarire l'alternativa per il mercato dell'eroina negli Stati Uniti. Nel quarto capitolo si analizza la decisione del governo di Nihat Erim di vietare la produzione di oppio. A differenza di altri politici, Nihat Erim non ha avuto alcun sostegno pubblico da prendere in considerazione a causa dei suoi stretti rapporti con i militari. Non era interessato ad aumentare il sostegno pubblico perché non era un leader di partito. Quindi, non gli interessava il risultato delle prossime elezioni e gli effetti della sua decisione. Le sue strette relazioni con gli Stati Uniti e la disputa di Cipro sono anch'esse elaborate. Dopo i governi sostenuti dall'esercito, il nuovo governo democratico fu eletto nel 1973 e la decisione di revocare il divieto di produzione di oppio scatenò la crisi politica tra la Turchia e gli Stati Uniti. Nei capitoli successivi si parlerà della recessione del divieto di coltivazione dell’oppio da parte del governo turco e della sospensione degli aiuti militari alla Turchia. La decisione del governo turco ha peggiorato le relazioni. Tuttavia, La disputa di Cipro ha influito nelle tensioni tra i due paesi. Quindi, le valutazioni includono non solo il problema dell'oppio, ma anche altri aspetti delle relazioni turco-americane, come la disputa su Cipro e le relazioni NATO.
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de, Wilde Roeland M. "Opium poppy husk traders in Rajasthan : the lives and work of businessman in the contemporary Indian opium industry." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2009. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2995/.

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This thesis is about the men who participate in the state-licensed opium poppy husk business in the North Indian state of Rajasthan. By depicting the interactions amongst poppy husk traders, as well as the interactions between traders and regulatory officials, this thesis describes the composition of the poppy husk trading community, explains their distinctive methods of managing the risk of their work's extra-legal and illegal aspects, identifies characteristics that differentiate this commercial community from others, and delineates traders' position amongst the middle classes of Rajasthan and India. Poppy husk traders resemble other upwardly mobile middle class Indian businessmen in their business organization and in their lives. Traders are, however, generally thought of and treated as something different and dangerous by Rajasthanis, State officials and legislators. This differentiation is rooted in powerful popular views of opium as a beneficial tradition, as a legendary source of wealth, and as a cause of corruption and violence. These views of opiate wealth and corruption are tied to expectations that the State should be accountable to the public, which are related to popular prescriptive beliefs about the legitimate use of violence and the acquisition of status and wealth. Such beliefs also explain traders' shared perceptions, justifications, and leadership strategies in the face of the high risks and opportunities associated with their various legal, illegal and extra-legal business structures and practices. In analysing State regulation and popular perceptions of corruption, this study contributes to scholarly debates on how Indians view and interact with "the State", and to debates about the relationship between society, the State, informal economic activities, and social mobility. Through these contributions, this thesis strengthens the understanding of collaboration in high-risk commercial environments by providing a robust alternative to common but fallacious explanations based on generalized notions of trust and kinship.
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Gerardi, Richard David, and mikewood@deakin edu au. "Investigations into the analytical applications and fundamental chemistry of the chemiluminescent reactions of Tris(22-bipyridyl)ruthenium(III) with certain Papaver Somniferum alkaloids and other related compounds." Deakin University. School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 1999. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20060630.100432.

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The reaction of tris(2,2’-bipyridyl)ruthenium(III) (Ru(bipy) 33+) with various analytes to generate chemiluminescence has been well documented. This investigation sought to undertake a chemiluminometic study of the reactions of Ru(bipy) 33+ with selected Papaver Somniferum alkaloids and specifically synthesised phenethylamines. The investigation, based on a kinetic study, primarily addressed the effect of varying reaction conditions (pH) on Ru(bipy) 33+ chemiluminescence production. To monitor these reactions, a batch chemiluminometer was specifically designed, fabricated and automated to conduct an extensive study on the selected compounds of interest. The instrumentation incorporated a custom built reaction cell and comprised an ‘on-line’ sample preparation system with which calibration standards could be automatically prepared. The instrumentation provided both time-independent (peak area) and time-dependent (kinetic profile) information. A novel approach to the stabilisation of Ru(bipy) 33+ as a chemiluminescencent reagent was also investigated and a recirculating system was employed with the batch chemiluminometer to provide a stable supply of Ru(bipy) 33+. Codeine, thebaine and 6-methoxy-codeine were the Papaver Somniferum alkaloids selected for this study and several N-methylated and N,N-dimethylated phenethylamines and methoxy-substituted phenetheylamines were also synthesised to investigate the affect of pH on the chemiluminescence emission efficiency. The versatility of the batch chemiluminometer facilitated the kinetic study of numerous analytes over a broad pH range. The exemplary performance of the chemiluminometer as an analytical instrument, was demonstrated by the calibration functions, based on peak area data, which exhibited excellent linearity and sensitivity. The estimated detection limits (3σ) for the selected alkaloids were in the range 2 x 10&-9<&/sup;> M to 7 x 10&-9<&/sup;> at pH 5.0 and above, which compared favourably to detection limits for the same compounds determined using FIA. Relative standard deviations (n=5) for peak areas ranged between 1% to 5% with a mean of 3.1% for all calibration standards above 2.5 x 10&-8<&/sup;> M. Correlation between concentration and peak area, irrespective of pH and analyte was excellent, with all but two calibration functions having r-squared values greater than 0.990. The analytical figures of merit exemplified the precision and robustness of the reagent delivery and ‘on-line’ sample preparation, as well as the sensitivity of the system. The employment of the chemiluminometer for the measurement of total chemiluminescence emission (peak area) was in itself a feasible analytical technique, which generated highly reproducible and consistent data. Excellent analytical figures of merit, based on peak area, were similarly achieved for the phenethylamines. The effects of analyte structure on chemiluminescence activity was also investigated for the alkaloids and the phenethylamines. Subtle structural variations between the three alkaloids resulted in either a moderately reduced or enhanced total emission that was two or three fold difference only. A significant difference in reaction kinetics was observed between thebaine and codeine/6-methoxy-codeine, which was dependent upon pH. The time-dependent data, namely the observed rate constants for the initial rise in intensity and for the subsequent decay rate, were obtained by fitting a mathematical function (based on the postulated reaction mechanism) to the raw data. The determination of these rate constants for chemiluminescence reactions highlighted the feasibility for utilising such measurements for quantitative analytical applications. The kinetic data were used to discriminate between analyte responses in order to determine the concentrations of individual analytes in a binary mixture. A preliminary, multi-component investigation performed on a binary mixture of codeine and 6-methoxy-codeine (1:1) successfully determined the concentrations of these individual components using such rate constant measurements. Consequently, variations in kinetics resulted in a significant difference between the relative chemiluminescence response based on peak area measurements and the relative response base on peak height measurements obtained using FIA. With regards to the observed reactivity of secondary amines and tertiary amines, chemiluminescence peak area determinations confirmed the vital role of pH on reaction efficiency, which was governed by structural features and kinetics. The tertiary amines investigated generally produced a greater emission under acidic conditions than the corresponding secondary amines. However, the measured chemiluminescence responses were highly dependent upon pH, with similar peak areas obtained for both amine groups under slightly alkaline conditions.
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Fabbri, L. "IL PAPAVERO DA OPPIO NELLA CULTURA E NELLA RELIGIONE ROMANA: ASPETTI SIMBOLICI E ARTISTICI." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/359322.

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The aim of my work is to analyze from a literary, religious, iconographic and symbolic point of view the role that papaver somniferum played in Roman culture. Thanks to the amount of iconographic and literary evidence preserved till today, it is well known that the vegetal language had great importance in antiquity. Even though the topic has already been studied to gain knowledge of the different symbolic meanings used at that time, some vegetal species have been quite neglected, their analysis concentrating only on recognizing their presumed meaning, therefore providing a only superficial and simplified explanation along the lines of our modern metaphoric associations. This happens with the opium poppy (often even mixed up with the pomegranate, at least in the iconographic field) to which the studies have attributed small importance, even though it appears, or is referred to, in various contexts: from the political-official to the celebrative-religious or the literary one. These have gradually led to changes in its meaning, enriching it with significant nuances. The work starts with an essential, methodological introduction (called interpretatio plantarum) directed towards a close historiographical examination of the most important studies about botany in the classical world published till today. Some exceptions are made due either to the partial importance of some of these contributions or to the already prominent popularity of some others. The real dissertation concerning the opium poppy is divided in two ample sections: the first dedicated to the analysis of all the literature quoting the plant (here Vergil and Ovid stand out among the others), the second revolving around some iconographic materials (for example: the Ara Pacis and the frescoes of Livia's villa at Prima Porta). Sculptures will not be analyzed (apart from a selection of narrative monuments) partly because of its too vast quantity of evidence but, most of all, because its iconographic features (i.e. the opium poppy) are mainly the consequence of modern restoration. The work led to uncover new aspects, and to verify some old ones, regarding the meanings papaver somniferum had in the different contexts of roman culture. These, far from being only sterile sophistry, show how the contemporary symbolic associations and interpretations are very different from the ancient Roman ones.
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Scott, JB. "Epidemiological studies of downy mildew of oilseed poppy." Thesis, 2003. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/21521/1/whole_ScottJasonBarry2003_thesis.pdf.

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Downy mildew is a major limiting factor of oilseed poppy production in Tasmania. However, little knowledge of the epidemiology of the disease currently exists. The objectives of this project were to taxonomically identify the downy mildew pathogen, characterise the spatiotemporal development of epidemics, analyse the effect of weather variables on epidemic development, and identify the means of overwintering by the pathogen. Phylogenetic analysis of the ribosomal DNA region, including the internal transcribed spacer regions and the 5.8S gene, indicated the downy mildew pathogen is Peronospora cristata, not P. arborescens as previously reported. Conidium dimensions were unable to distinguish between the two species. Under favourable disease conditions epidemics can develop rapidly, with disease incidence increasing in a field trial from 0.2 % to 100 % over a 40 day period during the 2001/2002 growing season. Epidemics were spatially aggregated after the onset of canopy closure, while the spatial pattern at an individual time was significantly associated with the spatial pattern that occurred 10 days prior. Under spatially aggregated plant densities the local area under disease progress curves (AUDPC) of both disease incidence and severity was positively correlated and spatially associated with high plant densities. These results indicate that downy mildew epidemics were dominated by secondary spread, from low levels of primary inoculum. Downy mildew infection was observed to decrease alkaloid content, but not capsule dry matter yield. Alkaloid content of capsules was significantly spatially dissociated with the local AUDPC of both disease incidence and severity in both the 2000/2001 and 2001/2002 growing seasons. Capsule dry matter yield in poppy crops was not consistently correlated or spatially associated with the local AUDPC of either disease incidence, or severity over both of these seasons. The forecaster model, DOWNCAST, developed for the prediction of epidemics of onion downy mildew (P. destructor), provided moderate prediction of sporulation and infection events during poppy downy mildew epidemics. Accuracy of prediction by the model was increased by increasing the critical limit for sporulation inhibition by nighttime rainfall to 3 mm, and decreasing the leaf wetness critical limit for infection when using Watchdog® 450 dataloggers from 7.5 to 4.5. The principle means of overwintering by the downy mildew pathogen appears to be via the 'green bridge' provided by regrowth poppy plants, and other Papaver spp. Downy mildew oospores were found associated with the residues of poppy crops and survived at least 26 months burial in uncultivated soil. Peronospora cristata oospores were also detected in association with the seed of poppy, by a seed washing technique and molecular detection using the polymerase chain reaction. However, no evidence for primary infection resulting from oospores was recorded.
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9

Millgate, Anthony G. "A genomic study of morphinan biosynthesis in the "opium poppy" Papaver somniferum L." Phd thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/146249.

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Pillay, Bavani. "Extractives from eucomis montana and agapanthus inapertus." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/8607.

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Two species belonging to different families were investigated, Eucomis montana from the Hyacinthaceae and Agapanthus inapertus from the Agapanthaceae. To date no previous chemical investigation on Eucomis montana has been reported. Eucomis species are routinely harvested, processed and sold for the treatment of various ailments ranging from toothache, gastro-intestinal ailments, pain-producing ailments and venereal and urinary diseases. Members of the genus have shown to contain steroidal compounds and homoisoflavonoids. In this work one nortriterpenoid, a eucosterol type derivative and eleven homoisoflavonoids belonging to four classes, the 3-benzyl-4-chromanone, the 3-benzyl-3-hydroxy-4-chromanone, the 3-benzylidenyl-4-chromanone and the scillascillin type were found in the bulbs of Eucomis montana. Agapanthus species are also used by a number of African tribes medicinally. The bulbs and rhizomes of this family have been reported to contain steroidal saponins and sapogenins. In this work the roots of Agapanthus inapertus have been investigated and a tignan precursor and a lignan have been found. Structures of the compounds isolated were determined using spectroscopic techniques.
Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Durban 2003.
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Books on the topic "Opium poppy"

1

Opium poppy: Roman. Paris: Zulma, 2011.

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Brandy, Bauer, and Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit, eds. Evolving terrain: Opium poppy cultivation in Balkh and Badakhshan provinces in 2013. Kabul: Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit, 2014.

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Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit, ed. From bad they made it worse: The concentration of opium poppy in areas of conflict in the provinces of Helmand and Nangarhar. Kabul: Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit, 2014.

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Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit., ed. Opium poppy and informal credit. Kabul: Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit, 2008.

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Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit, ed. Water management , livestock and the opium economy: Opium poppy cultivation in Kunduz and Balkh. Kabul: Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit, 2006.

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Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit and Carr Center for Human Rights Policy, eds. Managing concurrent and repeated risks: Explaining the reductions in opium production in Central Helmand between 2008 and 2011. [Kabul]: Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit, 2011.

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David, Mansfield. Dānistan-i saṭḥ-i mutaghayyir-i kisht-i kūknār dar Afghānistān: Shavāhid az kārʹsāḥūrī. Kābul: Vāḥid-i Taḥqīq va Arzyābī-i Afghānistān, 2007.

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Adam, Pain, and Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit, eds. Evidence from the field: Understanding changing levels of opium poppy cultivation in Afghanistan. [Kabul: Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit, 2007.

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Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit, ed. Where have all the flowers gone?: Assessing the sustainability of current reductions in opium production in Afghanistan. Kabul: Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit, 2010.

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Programme, Illicit Crop Monitoring, ed. Opium poppy cultivation in South East Asia: Lao PDR, Myanmar, Thailand. Viena, Austria]: United Nations, Office on Drugs and Crime, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Opium poppy"

1

Hayat, Muhammad Tahir, Uzma Hameed, and Muhammad Zia-Ul-Haq. "Opium Poppy." In Essentials of Medicinal and Aromatic Crops, 935–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35403-8_36.

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Baser, Kemal Hüsnü Can, and Neset Arslan. "Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum)." In Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of the World, 305–32. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9276-9_17.

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Sastry, K. Subramanya, Bikash Mandal, John Hammond, S. W. Scott, and R. W. Briddon. "Papaver somniferum (Opium poppy)." In Encyclopedia of Plant Viruses and Viroids, 1719–21. New Delhi: Springer India, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-3912-3_655.

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Chitty, Julie A., Robert S. Allen, and Philip J. Larkin. "Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum)." In Agrobacterium Protocols Volume 2, 383–91. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/1-59745-131-2:383.

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Tétényi, Péter. "Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum): Botany and Horticulture." In Horticultural Reviews, 373–408. Oxford, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470650622.ch7.

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Chen, Rongji, Xue Chen, Jillian M. Hagel, and Peter J. Facchini. "Virus-Induced Gene Silencing to Investigate Alkaloid Biosynthesis in Opium Poppy." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 75–92. New York, NY: Springer US, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0751-0_7.

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Huber, Irmtraud. "“Grief’s Comforter, Joy’s Guardian, Good King Poppy!”: Opium and Victorian Poetry." In Psychopharmacology in British Literature and Culture, 1780–1900, 47–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53598-8_3.

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Yoshimatsu, K., and K. Shimomura. "Genetic Transformation of Papaver somniferum L. (Opium Poppy) for Production of Isoquinoline Alkaloids." In Transgenic Medicinal Plants, 178–92. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58439-8_12.

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Yoshimatsu, K., and K. Shimomura. "Genetic Transformation in Papaver somniferum L. (Opium Poppy) for Enhanced Production of Morphinan." In Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry, 243–52. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-09368-9_22.

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Pandey, Ankesh, Satya N. Jena, and Sudhir Shukla. "Impact of Abiotic Stresses on Metabolic Adaptation in Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)." In Metabolic Adaptations in Plants During Abiotic Stress, 369–80. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b22206-31.

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Conference papers on the topic "Opium poppy"

1

Tai, Xiao Hui, Suraj R. Nair, and Shikhar Mehra. "Poster - Mapping Opium Poppy Cultivation in Afghanistan Using Satellite Imagery." In COMPASS '21: ACM SIGCAS Conference on Computing and Sustainable Societies. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3460112.3472308.

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Liu, Na. "A Comparative Study of Symbols Between Sons and Lovers and The Family of Opium Poppy." In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Contemporary Education, Social Sciences and Humanities (ICCESSH 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iccessh-19.2019.271.

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Reports on the topic "Opium poppy"

1

Pereboom, D. P. K. H., P. P. J. Mulder, M. Sopel, and J. Grzetic. Proficiency test for opium alkaloids in poppy seeds and bakery products : EURLPT-MP09 (2023). Wageningen: Wageningen Food Safety Research, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/641239.

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Lucas, Brian. The Impacts of Climate Change on Illicit Drug Cultivation. Institute of Development Studies, April 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4dd.2024.003.

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This rapid evidence review explores how climate change can create incentives for participating in illicit drug production by disrupting agricultural and natural-resource-based livelihoods and exacerbating social, economic, and political stresses and conflict. However, it is difficult to identify a precise causal relationship between the impacts of climate change and illicit drug production, and the effects of climate change appear to be limited compared with other driving forces. In Afghanistan, climate change is expected to contribute to rising temperatures, worsening water stress, and increasing frequency and severity of extreme weather events. Adverse effects of climate change and conflict on agricultural livelihoods and irrigation infrastructure have contributed to increased opium poppy cultivation, but farmers’ decisions about growing poppies are strongly influenced by security, social, political, economic, technological, and market factors. Across Latin America, climate change is expected to cause increasing temperatures, significant changes in precipitation patterns, and water scarcity, which will strengthen incentives for illicit crop production. However, other factors including changing patterns of demand for drugs globally, rural poverty and limited economic opportunities, low and volatile prices for coffee and other agricultural commodities in international markets, and the legacy of conflict (in Colombia) appear to have greater influence than climate change on illicit crop production patterns.
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