Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Opiom'
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Zhang, Ruikang. "Implementations and applications of Out of Phase Imaging after Optical Modulation (OPIOM) in fluorescence macro-imaging and fluorescence endomicroscopy." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS541.
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L'analyse de l'émission de fluorescence sur un modèle foliaire a permis de mettre au point un premier dispositif optique pour la macro-imagerie par fluorescence qui met en œuvre le protocole Speed OPIOM (Out of Phase Imaging after Optical Modulation) pour observer la fluorescence de plantes vivantes marquées avec des protéines fluorescentes réversiblement photo-commutables génétiquement encodées. Ce système optique a été conçu pour obtenir une image de bonne qualité des canaux d'émission rouge et vert sur une surface d'environ 4 × 4 mm2. Il a permis aux biologistes de mesurer le niveau d'expression des sondes fluorescentes dans les plantes vivantes, sans interférence de l'autofluorescence et de la lumière ambiante, même en plein soleil. Ce macroscope de fluorescence a également trouvé d'autres applications en macro-imagerie de fluorescence, par exemple l'analyse de Western blots et la sélection bactérienne sur des supports fortement autofluorescents. Un endoscope à faisceau de fibres optiques intégrant Speed OPIOM a également été construit. Ce second dispositif optique a également amélioré le contraste de l'image sur un fond autofluorescent. De plus, il a été utilisé pour mettre en évidence un phénomène de sectionnement optique à l'aide d'une série de simulations numériques et de mesures expérimentalesBased on an analysis of the fluorescent emission on a leaf model, a first optical setup has been built for macro-scale fluorescence imaging, which implements the Speed OPIOM (Out of Phase Imaging after Optical Modulation) protocol to observe the fluorescence of living plants labeled with genetically-encoded reversibly photoswitchable fluorescent proteins. The optical system was designed to image both the red and green emission channels with good quality over an area of about 4 × 4 mm2. This setup allowed biologists to measure the level of expression of fluorescent probes in living plants, without interference from autofluorescence and ambient light, even under sunlight. This fluorescence macroscope also found other applications in fluorescence macro-imaging, e.g. western blot analysis & bacterial selection, against the autofluorescence of the substrate. A fiber bundle-based endoscope incorporating Speed OPIOM has also been built. This second optical setup improved as well the contrast of the image against an autofluorescent background. In addition, it has been used to evidence optical sectioning by a series of numerical simulations and experimental measurements
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Chouket, Raja. "New dimensions for multiplexed fluorescence imaging." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS606.
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Notre groupe de recherche avait déjà mis au point les protocoles OPIOM pour l’imagerie par fluorescence. En exploitant les sections efficaces de photoswiching de fluorescence, OPIOM permet d’extraire sélectivement la réponse des fluorophores réversiblement photoswitchables (RSFs) en présence de fluorophores interférant spectralement. Cependant, OPIOM nous a permis de ne distinguer que 3 RSFPs spectralement similaires. L’objectif de cette thèse était d’augmenter ce nombre. Pour atteindre cet objectif, un nouvel instrument automatisé appelée photoswichomètre a été mis au point pour cribler la signature photochimique de 22 RSFP en analysant leur réponse de fluorescence aux sauts de lumière dont l’intensité couvre 5 ordres de grandeur. Cette signature a d’abord été exploitée dans un nouveau protocole d’imagerie par fluorescence appelé HIGHLIGHT, qui a capitalisé sur OPIOM et amélioré encore sa sélectivité. Dans HIGHLIGHT, les RSFs sont soumis à une modulation harmonique de la lumière et leur contribution aux signaux d’émission de fluorescence globale est sélectivement récupérée en exploitant leur réponse non linéaire singulière dans des conditions optimisées. HIGHLIGHLIGHT a été implémenté pour l’imagerie des RSFPs dans les cellules sans interférence d’autofluorescence, pour réaliser l’imagerie multiplexée de 3 RSFPs qui ne pouvaient pas être discriminés avec OPIOM, aussi pour améliorer l’effet de sectionnement optique. La signature des RSF a ensuite été utilisée dans un deuxième protocole d’imagerie par fluorescence appelé LIGHTNING. Contrairement à OPIOM et HIGHLIGHT qui exploitent les sections efficaces de la photoswitching en régime permanent de faible intensité lumineuse, LIGHTNING exploite le régime transitoire des RSFs sous de multiples illuminations impliquant diverses gammes d’intensités lumineuses pour la discrimination RSF. Ainsi, LIGHTNING nous a permis d’améliorer le degré de multiplexage du contraste dynamique en imagerie de fluorescence jusqu’à 20 RSFP sur 22 RSFP étudiésOur research group had previously developed the OPIOM protocols for fluorescence imaging. By exploiting their cross sections of fluorescence photoswiching, OPIOM can selectively extract the response of reversibly photoswitchable fluorophores (RSFs) in the presence of spectrally interfering fluorophores. However, OPIOM allowed us to discriminate only 3 spectrally similar reversibly photoswitchable fluorescent proteins (RSFPs). The goal of this PhD was to augment this number. To reach this goal, a new automated instrumental setup called photoswichometer was first developed to express and screen the rich photochemical signature of 22 RSFPs by analyzing their fluorescence response to light jumps with intensities covering 5 orders of magnitude. This signature has been first exploited in a new fluorescence imaging protocol called HIGHLIGHT, which capitalized on OPIOM and further improved its selectivity. In HIGHLIGHT, the RSFs are submitted to harmonic light modulation and their contribution to the overall fluorescence emission signals is selectively retrieved from exploiting their singular non-linear response under optimized conditions. HIGHLIGHT has been implemented to image RSFPs in cells without interference of autofluorescence, to perform multiplexed imaging of 3 RSFPs which could not be discriminated with OPIOM, and used for its intrinsic optical sectioning. The RSF signature has been then used in a second fluorescence imaging protocol called LIGHTNING. In contrast to OPIOM and HIGHLIGHT which exploit the cross sections of fluorescence photoswitching in a steady-state regime of low light intensity, LIGHTNING exploits the transient time fluorescence response of RSFs under multiple illuminations involving various ranges of light intensities for RSF discrimination. Thus, LIGHTNING allowed us to improve the multiplexing degree of dynamic contrast in fluorescence imaging up to 20 RSFP among 22 studied RSFPs
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Paules, Xavier Henriot Christian. "L'opium à Canton 1912-1937 essais de mainmise politique et pratiques sociales /." Lyon : Université Lumière Lyon 2, 2005. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/sdx/theses/lyon2/2005/paules_x.
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Thorogood, Joe. "Opium evil or opium essential? : the geopolitics of drug control, from 1909-1961." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2018. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10054817/.
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This thesis examines the international narcotics trade from 1909-1961. The focus is on the United States’ role in shaping the international drug machinery at both the League of Nations and United Nations. Its original contribution is threefold. First, it uses critical geopolitical theory to provide a diplomatic history that does not solely rely on the accounts of important diplomats. It expands the focus to include American discourses about narcotics, and how these helped the US develop a geonarcotic subjectivity of a victim of, and warrior against, the opium evil. Second, it supplements this traditional geopolitical analysis with a materialist analysis of the narcotics themselves. It uses assemblage theory to circumvent the problematic conceptualisation of narcotics as either legal or illegal and highlight the capacities of narcotics, specifically their diplomatic uses. Third, it offers an original empirical account of the heretofore unexamined Opium Determination Programme that the United Nations and the US ran from the mid-1940s to 1960s. Finally, it provides a novel methodological way of studying historical, geopolitical objects by focussing on the technical documents that were produced about them. Ultimately, it provides geographers with conceptual and methodological tools that shift the focus from studying high ranking, plenipotentiary delegates to the objects that they try to regulate. By defining objects by their capacities and interactions in assemblages, rather than as legal or illegal commodities, we can appreciate the multiple ways they help or hinder diplomatic progress.
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Marotta, Donald John. "Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Opium." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2006. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2181.
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Coleridge's usual use of opium was through laudanum, a mixture of opium and alcohol. This thesis presents the history of and criticism regarding the poet's use of laudanum and the physical and emotional consequences the drug held for him and his writing career.
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Tucker, Christopher James. "OPIUM optimal package install/uninstall manager /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2008. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p1455307.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of California, San Diego, 2008.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed July 30, 2008). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Includes bibliographical references (p. 33-34).
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Asad, Amir Zada. "Opium and heroin production in Pakistan." Thesis, University of Hull, 1999. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:3960.
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Cheung, Tsui-ping Lucy. "The opium monopoly in Hong Kong, 1844-1887 /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1986. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B12324814.
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de, Wilde Roeland M. "Opium poppy husk traders in Rajasthan : the lives and work of businessman in the contemporary Indian opium industry." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2009. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2995/.
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This thesis is about the men who participate in the state-licensed opium poppy husk business in the North Indian state of Rajasthan. By depicting the interactions amongst poppy husk traders, as well as the interactions between traders and regulatory officials, this thesis describes the composition of the poppy husk trading community, explains their distinctive methods of managing the risk of their work's extra-legal and illegal aspects, identifies characteristics that differentiate this commercial community from others, and delineates traders' position amongst the middle classes of Rajasthan and India. Poppy husk traders resemble other upwardly mobile middle class Indian businessmen in their business organization and in their lives. Traders are, however, generally thought of and treated as something different and dangerous by Rajasthanis, State officials and legislators. This differentiation is rooted in powerful popular views of opium as a beneficial tradition, as a legendary source of wealth, and as a cause of corruption and violence. These views of opiate wealth and corruption are tied to expectations that the State should be accountable to the public, which are related to popular prescriptive beliefs about the legitimate use of violence and the acquisition of status and wealth. Such beliefs also explain traders' shared perceptions, justifications, and leadership strategies in the face of the high risks and opportunities associated with their various legal, illegal and extra-legal business structures and practices. In analysing State regulation and popular perceptions of corruption, this study contributes to scholarly debates on how Indians view and interact with "the State", and to debates about the relationship between society, the State, informal economic activities, and social mobility. Through these contributions, this thesis strengthens the understanding of collaboration in high-risk commercial environments by providing a robust alternative to common but fallacious explanations based on generalized notions of trust and kinship.
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Ahmad, Diana Lynn. ""Caves of oblivion" : opium dens and exclusion laws, 1850-1882 /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1997. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9842505.
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Wright, Ashley Kirsten Elizabeth. "Opium policy in colonial Burma, 1826-1948." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.612342.
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Duffy, Sean Edward. "SHELL GAME: THE U.S. - AFGHAN OPIUM RELATIONSHIP." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/202706.
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The United States has shaped the global response to drugs over the last century. Afghanistan, and its resultant massive opium production, is the greatest failure of the internationalization of the American-led war on drugs. Starting during the Progressive-era, the United States backed a prohibitionist stance toward certain drugs, including opium and its derivatives. While Afghanistan was creating its own opium policies after complete independence from Great Britain, the United States pushed a global anti-drug approach. Despite having minimal contact previously, the Americans and Afghans joined in a brief, but significant, opium alliance during the Second World War, with the United States secretly purchasing the bulk of Afghan opium. After the war, the United States publicly asked Afghanistan to end opium cultivation while suggesting in private that the Afghans should continue production. At the United Nations, the Americans sabotaged the Afghans' attempt to get legal international recognition as an opium exporter. The United States did respond to Afghanistan's destitute condition by supplying developmental aid that would have the unforeseen consequence of increasing poppy cultivation. Improved transportation networks also provided opportunities for Western youth to visit Afghanistan as drug tourists and couriers. During the 1970s, the decade before the Soviet invasion, Washington's concern over Afghan opium reached the highest level of government. Despite new efforts to replace opium as a cash-producing plant, Afghan drug production steadily increased. With Afghanistan on the verge of transforming into a global producer of heroin, the United States fomented unrest in the nation by first funding and then backing known drug traffickers. Along with Soviet aggression, the American intelligence program led to chaotic conditions that were capitalized on by drug traffickers. After years of war in the 1980s and 1990s, Afghanistan gained the dubious title of the world's most prolific narco-state. After the post-9/11 invasion, with American boots on the ground for over a decade, Afghanistan remained a major source for opium. As a result, Afghanistan was the most visible breakdown of the American global war against drugs.
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Cheung, Tsui-ping Lucy, and 張翠屛. "The opium monopoly in Hong Kong, 1844-1887." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1986. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B12324814.
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(Uncorrected OCR)
Abstract of thesis entitled 'The Opium Monopoly in Hong Kong, 1844 - 1887', submitted by CHEUNG TSUI PING, LUCY for the degree of MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY at the University of Hong Kong in SEPTEMBER, 1986.
The period between 1884 - 1887 was one of rapid consolidations following the establishment of Hong Kong
as a British Crown Colony. The British colonial administration and the local mercantile community began to establish a firm base for a major commodity - opium.
My thesis examines in detail the initiation and development of the monopoly/farm. This internal, small-
- scale retail sale of opium was handled by Chinese hongs.
The monopoly/farm was the colonial government's device to raise revenue through granting the right to the highest bidder to sell a certain amount of opium within Hong Kong. Although small in scale, the opium monopoly/farm had been a vital source of income to the colonial administration since its inception in 1844.�Besides being an important source of revenue indispensable to the smooth running of
a government, the monopoly/farm created social and economic repercussions within the Chinese communities in Hong Kong which brought about far-reaching results in the history
of the colony during its formative years. Moreover, the
opium monopoly/farm produced a number of wealthy Chinese businessmen in Hong Kong. Some of them, especially those in the 1870s and 1880s, were men of philanthropic disposition and they were socially involved in such a way that they became part of the channel of communication between the Hong Kong government and the Chinese communities.
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Zheng, Yang-Wen. "The social life of opium in Qing China." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.621257.
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Simms, Daniel M. "Remote sensing of opium poppy cultivation in Afghanistan." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2016. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/9851.
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This work investigates differences in the survey methodologies of the monitoring programmes of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and the US Government that lead to discrepancies in quantitative information about poppy cultivation. The aim of the research is to improve annual estimates of opium production. Scientific trials conducted for the UK Government (2006–2009) revealed differences between the two surveys that could account for the inconsistency in results. These related to the image interpretation of poppy from very high resolution satellite imagery, the mapping of the total area of agriculture and stratification using full coverage medium resolution imagery. MODIS time-series profiles of Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), used to monitor Afghanistan’s agricultural system, revealed significant variation in the agriculture area between years caused by land management practices and expansion into new areas. Image interpretation of crops was investigated as a source of bias within the sample using increasing levels of generalisation in sample interpretations. Automatic segmentation and object-based classification were tested as methods to improve consistency. Generalisation was found to bias final estimates of poppy up to 14%. Segments were consistent with manual field delineations but object-based classification caused a systematic labelling error. The findings show differences in survey estimates based on interpretation keys and the resolution of imagery, which is compounded in areas of marginal agriculture or years with poor crop establishment. Stratified and unstratified poppy cultivation estimates were made using buffered and unbuffered agricultural masks at resolutions of 20, 30 and 60 m, resampled from SPOT-5 10 m data. The number of strata (1, 4, 8, 13, 23, 40) and sample fraction (0.2 to 2%) used in the estimate were also investigated. Decreasing the resolution of the imagery and buffering increased unstratified estimates. Stratified estimates were more robust to changes in sample size and distribution. The mapping of the agricultural area explained differences in cultivation figures of the opium monitoring programmes in Afghanistan. Supporting methods for yield estimation for opium poppy were investigated at field sites in the UK in 2004, 2005 and 2010. Good empirical relationships were found between NDVI and the yield indicators of mature capsule volume and dry capsule yield. The results suggested a generalised relationship across all sampled fields and years (R2 >0.70) during the 3–4 week period including poppy flowering. The application of this approach in Afghanistan was investigated using VHR satellite imagery and yield data from the UNODC’s annual survey. Initial results indicated the potential of improved yield estimates using a smaller and targeted collection of ground observations as an alternative to random sampling. The recommendations for poppy cultivation surveys are: the use of image-based stratification for improved precision and reducing differences in the agricultural mask, and use of automatic segmentation for improved consistency in field delineation of poppy crops. The findings have wider implications for improved confidence in statistical estimates from remote sensing methodologies.
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Belletire, Celeste Ashley. "Extraction and Purification of Morphine from Opium Poppies." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/318818.
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Lueck, Anna Elizabeth Stahler. "Extraction and Purification of Morphine from Opium Poppies." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/321794.
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Salvi, Tiziana. "The last fifty years of legal opium in Hong Kong, 1893-1943." Thesis, Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2004. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31326353.
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Whittenburg, Scott R. "Opium in Afghanistan lessons learned from the counterdrug strategies of Colombia." Thesis, Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 2009. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2009/Dec/09Dec%5FWhittenburg.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in Defense Analysis)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2009.Thesis Advisor(s): Freeman, Michael. Second Reader: Blanken, Leo. "December 2009." Description based on title screen as viewed on January 27, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Afghanistan, Opium, Insurgent, Taliban, Colombia, Plan Colombia, Coca, Drug trade. Includes bibliographical references (p. 67-70). Also available in print.
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Bakhala, Franklin. "Indian opium and Sino-Indian trade relations 1801-1858." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.389672.
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Luk, Gary Chi-hung. "The Opium War, overlapping empires, and China's water borders." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:7390858e-60d2-4b92-9cff-156ea7d763f8.
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This thesis explains the relationships between the British Expedition to China, the Qing state, and the Chinese maritime and river population during the Opium War (1839-1842). Drawing on scholarship on borderlands and frontiers as well as a variety of textual and visual sources, the thesis argues that the Opium War transformed vast coastal and waterway regions in Guangdong, Fujian, Zhejiang, and Jiangsu provinces into what can be conceptualized as "water borders." These water borders were initially characterized by the existence of the Qing Empire's sea frontier, where the Qing rulers, with the "inner-outer paradigm" in mind, strove to maintain control over those labeled as "outer barbarians," "Han evildoers," "villainous fishers," and the "Dan." The rise of a British wartime frontier in China and its adverse effects on local transportation as well as Chinese regional and international trade, however, destabilized southeast China's socioeconomic order. With the Qing forces weakened, Chinese piracy was unleashed, and given limited British naval power, there was an absence of any militarily hegemonic power in southeast China's waters. The British occupation and naval blockade, moreover, resulted in the emergence of overlaps and interstices of the Qing and British empires. On the one hand, the British Expedition and the Qing state conflicted over managing Chinese merchant craft and their trade. On the other hand, subject to neither Qing nor British control, many Chinese people living along the coast and rivers took advantage of the wartime opportunities and expanded their activities and networks to fissures of Qing control and the newly opened interstitial space. The thesis engages with Opium War studies by 're-reorienting' the war toward the coast and revealing the war's three "inner" aspects, namely the Qing efforts to "tame" the sea frontier, British rule in wartime China, and the Qing-British conflicts over controlling Chinese littoral people. The thesis, moreover, contributes to scholarship on late imperial and modern Chinese littoral societies. It argues that while the war marked the beginning of an unprecedented-scale interaction of Chinese coastal and riverine people with Westerners in China, the evolution of Chinese littoral societies during the war was in fact a continuation of the preceding centuries. The Opium War, the thesis argues, brought about one of the most dramatic political-social upheavals in late imperial littoral China. Furthermore, the thesis revisits British imperialism in late imperial and modern China by looking at the origins of the British "formal empire," limitations of British power, and wartime aids of the "indigenous" population for the British. The thesis also reassesses the significance of the Opium War in the history of the Qing Empire. It argues that for the Qing state, its anti-opium campaign and anti-British war in 1839-1842 constituted one of the recurrent threats on the maritime frontier for the empire's first two centuries. It also highlights some aspects of similarities and linkage of the Qing Empire's maritime and inland borders. Furthermore, the thesis reevaluates the Qing's state capacity during the Opium War and in the following years, highlighting its partial ability to control the empire's littorals. Last but not least, the water border framework constructed in the thesis serves to underscore some aspects of continuity in the political and socioeconomic development of late imperial southeast China, and to facilitate comparison between different frontiers in the Qing Empire, Southeast Asia, and beyond.
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Le, Failler Philippe. "Le Mouvement international anti-opium et l'Indochine, 1906-1940." Aix-Marseille 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993AIX10046.
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Etude historique retracant sur l'ensemble de l'extreme-orient l'evolution du concept opium marchandise a celui de drogue au sens moderne du terme. L'emergence du mouvement international anti-opium y est etudie dans ses consequences politiques,diplomatiques et sociales sur l'ensemble de l'aire geographique. L'indochine sous administration francaise y est l'exemple d'une economie coloniale dependant de cette evolution conceptuelle retracee par les ambiguites de sa politique fiscale face a l'evolution des mentalites et a l'emergence du concept de sante publiqueA historical study focusing ont the evolution in far estern countries of the concept of "opium as marchandise" toward that of "opium as a drug", in the modern sense of the term. The emergeance of the international anti-opium movement and its consequences on the political, diplomatic and social life of this geographical region will be examined. Indochina under french administration is seen as an example of a colonial economy dependant on this conceptual evolution. A new attitude toward drug use and the emergeance of the notion of public health and welfare are therefore contradictory to the rigid nature of the colonialists fiscal politics and to the ambiguities of their humanist discourse
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Ma, Guang. "Conflicts of interest : the opium problem in Guangdong, 1858-1917." Thesis, University of Macau, 2010. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2536990.
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Johnson, Alison G. "Functional architecture of alkaloid biosynthetic gene promoters from opium poppy." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ31356.pdf.
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Yang, K. P. "Opiod-mediated luteinizing hormone control in ewes : ovarian steroid involvement." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376405.
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Berg, Daniel. "Giftets värde : Apotekares förståelse av opium i Sverige, 1870-1925." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Ekonomisk-historiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-133843.
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Before the regulation of opium as a “narcotic” in Sweden in 1923, opium was not regulated for its intoxicating properties and was freely available. But not in any kind of shop. Opium was legally available only through the pharmacies. This thesis explores how this free availability of a narcotic was understood by its traders, the pharmacists. The title of this thesis – The Value of Poison – indicates how opium could be conceptualized both as a safe, everyday remedy essential to keep freely available and as a drug of intoxication. As a poison it could be articulated as a matter of primarily pharmacological, not moral or medical, concern. This also gave the pharmacists, with their special knowledge of pharmaka (drugs, poisons), an autonomous space of knowledge free from the ever more intruding “medical gaze”. But, in order to articulate this kind of understanding of opium, another kind of knowledge was needed to be acknowledged: that of the user. In this articulation a “sensus communis” was tied in with a broader cultural knowledge of drugs. Problems with opium were focused on the danger of acute poisoning, not recreational intoxication. Concepts that could have problematized this kind of use were rearticulated as problems either of illegitimate trade, unregulated markets and advertising or of draconian regulation by greedy or sloppy doctors. These rather opposite elements were made equivalent through the articulation of ignorance in both cases, thus further emphasizing the special knowledge of the pharmacist. The thesis locates a process of contradiction that contributes to the eventual diminishing of the discourse of poison towards the end of the period. The pharmaceutical knowledge that guaranteed the discourse was based on a “pharmaceutical gaze” on pharmaka. It pierced through the drug to identify its constituent parts. In this process it was promised that the different effects of opium would be separated. “Narcotic” could be a by-product, to be discarded or controlled, without dispensing of other therapeutic effects. With this ever deeper knowledge of opium, knowledge in the pharmacies was made insufficient for the full understanding or opium, and so too was that of the traditional user. The era of opium as a poison was over.Före den första särlagstiftningen om narkotika i Sverige 1923 reglerades inte opiumets rusgivande egenskaper. Drogen var fritt tillgänglig i handeln. Men inte i vilken butik som helst. Opium kunde bara köpas lagligt på landets apotek. Den här avhandlingen undersöker hur denna fria tillgänglighet av narkotika förstods av droghandlarna själva, apotekarna. Titeln pekar på hur opium på en och samma gång kunde tänkas som en säker husmedicin vars tillgänglighet var avgörande för folkhälsan och som en rusgivande drog. Som ”gift” artikulerades det som en i första hand farmakologisk angelägenhet, inte en moralisk eller medicinsk. När de talade på detta sätt upprättade apotekarna, genom sin särskilda kunskap om farmaka, ett eget rum för sitt vetande, fritt från läkarnas allt mer genomträngande ”kliniska blick”. Men för att kunna artikulera denna förståelse av opium krävdes också att en annan typ av kunskap vidkändes: brukarens. Genom denna artikulation knöts brukarnas ”sensus communis” samman med en bredare kulturell kunskap om droger. De av opiumets problem som lyftes fram handlade om akut förgiftning, inte rekreationellt rusbruk. De begrepp som hade varit möjliga att användas för att problematisera denna senare form av bruk reartikulerades: antingen förpassades de till den olagliga handeln, de oreglerade marknaderna och reklamen, eller också till de drakoniska regleringarna som giriga och slarviga läkare stod bakom. Apotekarna artikulerade dessa båda helt motstående element som ekvivalenta genom en brist på kunskap, vilket i sin tur ytterligare stärkte deras egen kunskapsmakt. Avhandlingen lokaliserar även en processande motsägelse som sker när giftets diskurs tynar bort vid slutet av den undersökta perioden. Den farmaceutiska kunskap som underbyggde diskursen vilade på en ”farmaceutisk blick” på farmaka. Denna genomborrade drogämnet för att avslöja dess beståndsdelar. Genom denna process utlovades att opiumets olika effekter skulle kunna skiljas från varandra. ”Narkotikan” kunde ses som en bieffekt, som kunde kastas åt sidan eller kontrolleras separat, utan att opiumets kvarvarande terapeutiska effekter minskade. Denna allt djupare kunskap medförde att de enskilda apotekarnas eget vetande på apoteken inte räckte till för att fullt ut förstå opium, och därmed bröts även samartikulationen med brukarnas kunskap. Tidseran när opium var ett gift tog därmed slut under mellankrigsperioden.
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Padwa, Howard Philip. "Narcotics vs. the nation the culture and politics of opiate control in Britain and France, 1821-1926 /." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1610056031&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Paulès, Xavier. "L'opium à Canton 1912-1937 : essais de mainmise politique et pratiques sociales." Lyon 2, 2005. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2005/paules_x.
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Les recherches portant sur l'opium en Chine ont jusqu'ici privilégié l'étude de l'offre, c'est-à-dire la production et la distribution, par rapport à celle de la demande. A contrario, sans négliger l'aspect politique de la question, qui fournit un cadre contraignant pour la consommation d'opium, cette thèse met davantage l'accent sur l'aspect concret et matériel de celle-ci à Canton. De 1912 à 1937, les autorités qui se succèdent à Canton adoptent des politiques très différentes vis-à-vis de la question de l'opium. La tendance générale, en accord avec le contexte national, se caractérise par un relâchement progressif des efforts prohibitionnistes. A partir de 1923, le pouvoir politique se résout à contrôler et organiser de la façon la plus lucrative possible les circuits de la drogue, expérimentant différents systèmes qui mêlent affermage et bureaucratisation. La consommation d'opium à Canton ne cause pas les ravages terribles que décrivent souvent certains contemporains hostiles à la drogue. Les fumeries, loin d'être toutes des repaires sinsistres peuplés d'individus louches, sont souvent des lieux de sociabilité agréables. La proportion de fumeurs parmi la population totale, orientée à la baisse, apparaît modeste, puisqu'elle se monte à moins de 4 %. L'habileté de la propagande anti-opium, qui insiste astucieusement depuis les années 1920 sur les liens entre pauvreté et consommation d'opium, contribue à expliquer un processus de marginalisation sociale des fumeurs. Ce dernier se traduit en particulier par le fait que les catégories les plus favorisées de la population ainsi que les jeunes gens se détournent de la drogueThe supply side (production and distribution), as opposed to the demand, has been until now the main focus of scholarly research on the question of opium in China. Without neglecting the political dimension which, of course, remains important in that it defines the conditions of legal opium smoking, the main concern of this dissertation is the material and concrete aspects of opium consumption in Republican Canton. Between 1912 and 1937, the different authorities in charge of the city adopted a wide variety of strategies to deal with the opium question. The global trend, however, in full harmony with the national context, was that of a gradual softening of prohibition measures. From 1923 onwards, political power-holders decided to foster control of the system of opium in order to derive maximum profits from its exploitation. For this purpose, they experimented various ways of regulation combining farming out and direct state-control. Whereas contemporary witnesses who strongly opposed opium smoking wrote indictments of the opium situation of the time, the actual situation was not so appalling. Opium houses were not necessarily halls of fame patronized by gangsters, but on the contrary places of intensive social life. The smokers amounted to only a low proportion of less than 4 % of the population, with a clear downward trend. In the 1920s and 1930s, anti-opium propaganda aptly associated opium smoking with poverty. As a consequence, the smokers were increasingly taken into a process of social exclusion. An expression of this process was the gradual desertion of opium smoking by young people and upper classes
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Kayacan, Harun <1992>. "The Opium Poppy Crisis Between the U.S. and Turkey During 1970s." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/18659.
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Nel corso del ventesimo secolo, gli Stati Uniti e la Turchia hanno gradualmente sviluppato relazioni con accordi bilaterali e nella NATO. Tuttavia, queste relazioni sono state messe a dura prova dalla crisi degli oppiacei e dalla questione cipriota durante gli anni Settanta, causando il deterioramento delle relazioni. Ciononostante, sia la Turchia che gli Stati Uniti hanno continuato il loro partenariato economico, strategico e militare.
In questa tesi si parla delle crisi dell'oppio tra la Turchia e gli Stati Uniti, che hanno seriamente peggiorato le relazioni ra la Turchia e gli Stati Uniti, le quali hanno seriamente peggiorante le loro relationi durante gli anni sessanta durante gli anni Settanta. La crisi dell'oppio è stato uno degli eventi più critici della seconda metà del XX secolo tra gli Stati Uniti e la Turchia, che erano alleati della NATO e cooperavano in molti campi. Questa crisi cambiò drammaticamente l'immagine e la reputazione di entrambi i Paesi e i suoi effetti durarono per molti anni.
Ho visto il film del 1978 'Midnight Express', che mi ha spinto a guardare più da vicino la crisi del oppio tra la Turchia e gli Stati Uniti, e ad esaminare il suo background storico, come le percezioni pubbliche e politiche sulla crisi possano essere reinterpretate con nuovi documenti e statistiche declassificate. Nello scrivere la tesi, ci si avvarrà di fonti turche e di fonti scritte in inglese.
Nel primo capitolo, la tesi include le informazioni sul background storico delle relazioni americano-turche. L'epoca riguarda sia le relazioni tra l'Impero Ottomano e gli Stati Uniti sia le relazioni tra la Turchia e gli Stati Uniti. A differenza degli anni Sessanta, le relazioni erano lontane dalla crisi, mentre i legami commerciali e le relazioni diplomatiche erano principalmente al centro delle relazioni.
Nel secondo e terzo capitolo, La Politica turca, viene discusso il problema dell'oppio. Dopo gli anni Sessanta, le relazioni tra la Turchia e gli Stati Uniti hanno cominciato a cambiare a causa di diversi eventi come il problema dell'oppio e la lettera di Johnson. Inoltre, la politica interna turca degli anni Sessanta viene elaborata per comprendere i suoi effetti sul problema dell'oppio e sui principali attori della politica turca. Prima di affrontare tutto ciò, si parlerà di discutere il problema, si parla di ''The French Connection'' e del ''Triangolo d'oro'' perché si dovrebbe capire come l'oppio turco veniva trasportato negli Stati Uniti menzionando ''The French Connection'' e dove si dovrebbe chiarire l'alternativa per il mercato dell'eroina negli Stati Uniti.
Nel quarto capitolo si analizza la decisione del governo di Nihat Erim di vietare la produzione di oppio. A differenza di altri politici, Nihat Erim non ha avuto alcun sostegno pubblico da prendere in considerazione a causa dei suoi stretti rapporti con i militari. Non era interessato ad aumentare il sostegno pubblico perché non era un leader di partito. Quindi, non gli interessava il risultato delle prossime elezioni e gli effetti della sua decisione. Le sue strette relazioni con gli Stati Uniti e la disputa di Cipro sono anch'esse elaborate. Dopo i governi sostenuti dall'esercito, il nuovo governo democratico fu eletto nel 1973 e la decisione di revocare il divieto di produzione di oppio scatenò la crisi politica tra la Turchia e gli Stati Uniti.
Nei capitoli successivi si parlerà della recessione del divieto di coltivazione dell’oppio da parte del governo turco e della sospensione degli aiuti militari alla Turchia. La decisione del governo turco ha peggiorato le relazioni. Tuttavia, La disputa di Cipro ha influito nelle tensioni tra i due paesi. Quindi, le valutazioni includono non solo il problema dell'oppio, ma anche altri aspetti delle relazioni turco-americane, come la disputa su Cipro e le relazioni NATO.
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Byrom, Christopher L. "Dismantling the Afghan Opiate economy : a Cultural and Historical Policy Assessment, with Policy Recommendations /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Sep%5FByrom.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs (Defense Decision-Making and Planning))--Naval Postgraduate School, September 2005.Thesis Advisor(s): Jeanne Giraldo, Thomas H. Johnson. Includes bibliographical references (p. 173-178). Also available online.
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Uslu, Nasuh. "Turkey's relationship with the United States 1960-1975." Thesis, Durham University, 1994. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1453/.
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Techapinyawat, Rheana. "The Evolution of Opium and Anesthesia: From the Ancient Sumerians to 1800s." The University of Arizona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626597.
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Baruah, Ved. "Addicts, peddlers, reformers : a social history of opium in Assam, 1826-1947." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2016. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/93562/.
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The thesis offers a social history of opium in colonial Assam by tracing the evolution of representations, perceptions and ideological positions on opium from local, national and transnational perspectives which enables a new mode of reading the province’s specific encounter with colonialism and nationalism. It studies Assam’s history through the prism of opium, particularly the interplay between state and society during the period 1828–1947, and focusses on three groups—addicts, peddlers and reformers—whose interaction defined the terrain of the opium question in order to challenge the economic and nationalist bias in the historiography. It interprets opium as a cultural commodity and social practice and reorients the framework of opium in India from export trade to domestic consumption, using opium addiction in Assam and the global prohibition campaign as the vantage point to explore the interplay between colonial policy, local dissent, nationalism and transnational factors in order to understand the role that opium played in shaping social, cultural and political discourses. The thesis highlights that the opium discourse epitomised the juncture where local phenomenon, national processes and transnational developments overlapped and produced a complex narrative of the intersection of notions of indolence, improvement and industry with modernities, resistance and localisms. As a social biography of opium in colonial Assam, the thesis addresses deficiencies in our understanding of opium in India as well as the wider historiography of opium and enables modes of interpreting Assam’s unique encounter with colonialism and nationalism while also providing a framework to understand the influence of transnational factors in determining local facts. The thesis signals the centrality of transnational perspectives to drug history and is, therefore, both an attempt at recovery of local perspectives and regional specificities in the context of Assam as well as the insertion of locality into the global history of opium.
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Tibi, Selma. "The medicinal use of opium by Baghdad physicians in the ninth century." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270570.
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Le, Merrer Julie. "Opium, opiacés, opioi͏̈des : du remède millénaire à la physiologie des morphines endogènes." Bordeaux 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR2P106.
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Smith, Britnee. "Prohibition as a Moral Framework: The United States' Opium Policy, 1898-1914." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2016. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/419630.
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HistoryM.A.
This study explores the creation of American prohibition policy towards drugs and drug trafficking. It examines the United States’ opium policy in the first decade of the twentieth century as the first example of drug prohibition and locates the impetus for drug prohibition in the American acquisition of the Philippines Islands in 1898. This work shows how prohibition in the early twentieth century was based on a moral understanding of drug policy. This study also briefly looks at how drug prohibition continues today with the modern War on Drugs policy. The War on Drugs in this framework is an expansion of an earlier failed policy. By revisiting the first example of drug prohibition and thereby historicizing the current debates about drug policy, this thesis argues history does not provide reasons to expect that the prohibition of drug use and trafficking will prove effective.
Temple University--Theses
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Henderson, Jessica Rae. "Opium use in Victorian England : the works of Gaskell, Eliot, and Dickens /." [Boise, Idaho] : Boise State University, 2009. http://scholarworks.boisestate.edu/td/39/.
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MERY-KHOSROWSHAHI, Christophe-Aschkan. "The opium of the people : essays on counter-narcotics efforts in Afghanistan." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/1814/73449.
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Defence Date: 17 December 2021Examining Board: Prof. Andrea Mattozzi, (EUI and University of Bologna); Prof. David Levine(EUI); Prof. Oliver Vanden Eynde (PSE); Prof. Salvatore Modica (University of Palermo)
The idea of this PhD thesis is to document the link between the counter-narcotics operations that took place in Afghanistan in the years 2008-2015 and the Afghan civil conflict, which has led to the terrible outcome of the year 2021. In the first chapter, I propose a microeconomic model to describe the effect of counternarcotics law enforcement on the supply of drugs when territorial control is contested. I assume, as is seen on the field, that if insurgents take power, then drug producers are protected against counter-narcotics operations, but that they have to pay taxes on their production. I show that under some circumstances the influence of drug producers on the outcome of conflict induces a complementarity between investment in narcotics production and insurgent support. This complementarity has two effects: 1) It mitigates the efficacy of counter-narcotics operations 2) It generates a trade-off between the war on drugs and counterinsurgency. In the second chapter, I address point 1) by estimating the elasticity of opium supply to counter-narcotics operations in Afghanistan. I find that law enforcement had little impact, with a 1% increase in opium eradication causing a reduction of roughly a third of a percent in opium supply the following year. Moreover, this effect is driven by northern regions, far from the Taliban’s strongholds which concentrate most of the country’s production. In the third chapter, I turn to point 2) and estimate the effect of counter-narcotics operations on the population’s self-declared support for military actors. I find that those provinces where law enforcement induced the eradication of 10% or more of the total opium-cultivated area exhibit greater sympathy for opposition armed groups, such as the Taliban, and less trust in the national army. This effect is driven by the Pashtun sub-population, which agricultural sector relies heavily on opium cultivation. These results empirically confirm the existence of a trade-off between counter-narcotics and counterinsurgency. Since law enforcement was originally meant to weaken the Taliban insurgency, these results should be of interest to policymakers.
1. Counternarcotics and Counterinsurgency : Competing Objectives of State Development? 2. Afghanistan : Did Counter-Narcotics Counter Narcotics? Not So Much 3. Counter-Narcotics Operations Might Have Strengthened the Taliban Insurgency
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Chouvy, Pierre-Arnaud. "Les territoires de l'opium : géopolitique dans les espaces du Triangle d'Or et du Croissant d'Or." Paris 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA010590.
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Le Triangle d'Or et le Croissant d'Or sont, depuis la Seconde Guerre mondiale, les deux plus importants espaces de production illicite d'opîacés au monde. Les cultures du pavot à opium, Papaver somniferum L. , à partir desquelles sont produits l'opium, la morphine et l'héroi͏̈ne, sont réparties dans les espaces frontaliers contigus de la Birmanie, du Laos et de la Thai͏̈lande pour le premier, et dans ceux de l' Afghanistan, de l'Iran et du Pakistan pour le second. Lorsque l'on connaît l'origine géographique du pavot à opium, il est légitime de s'interroger quant à la nature des facteurs qui ont contribué à l'émergence de tels espaces de production illicite au cœur de l' Asie. Si la grande souplesse écologique du pavot somnifère a certes autorisé sa diffusion, et que sa large utilisation en tant que panacée l'a favorisée, les causes fondamentales de l'ancrage territorial et de la pérennisation des économies de l'opium dans le Triangle d'Or et le Croissant d'Or demeurent toutefois problématiques. C' est d'une géopolitique des territoires de l' opium dont il est ici question, à travers l'observation et l'analyse comparative de la distribution spatiale des productions illicites d'opiacés en Asie du Sud-Est et en Asie du Sud-Ouest Le Triangle d'Or et le Croissant d'Or font preuve d'une étonnante permanence, mais ils sont également marqués par les mutations qui influent tant sur la localisation de leurs aires de culture du pavot, qui tendent désormais à la concentration, que sur l'existence et la direction des axes du narcotrafic, lesquels ont récemment été multipliés de façon importante. Quant à la consommation des opiacés, elle évolue aussi, notamment le long des axes du trafic, augmentant dans les espaces de production dits " traditionnels " et apparaissant récemment depuis la Russie jusqu' à la Chine, en passant par l' Asie centrale. La genèse du Triangle d'Or et du Croissant d'Or s'inscrit dans l'histoire du pavot à opium et dans celle des relations que les sociétés humaines ont développées avec les opiacés, notamment à travers l'exploitation commerciale que les empires coloniaux européens ont pu faire de ces substances.
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Crane, Bettina Susan. "The image and the realities of opium use in the later nineteenth and the first half of the twentieth centuries with special reference to the working-class of Lancashire and Cheshire." Thesis, University of Kent, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.330183.
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Ridzwan, Irna Elina. "A single compound alternative to a buprenorphine/naltrexone combination." Thesis, University of Bath, 2012. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.558874.
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Relapse to drug taking is a major factor contributing to the low success rate of opioid addiction treatment programmes. Recently, studies have revealed a buprenorphine/naltrexone combination had successfully increased the treatment retention rate (compared to naltrexone alone) among heroin addicts (with history of cocaine abuse) who had undergone detoxification. However, buprenorphine and naltrexone could not be administered as a single formulation due to their different bioavailability, which could create compliance issues. Therefore, in this project, we aimed to synthesise a series of ligands each having the pharmacological profile of the buprenorphine/naltrexone combination (partial agonist (ORL-1 receptors), antagonist (u- and x-opioid receptors)). Based on the group's previous work, this profile can be achieved within the orvinols series. Compound BU127, a buprenorphine analogue with phenyl substituent (C20) is very close to the desired profile. Therefore, in order to optimize BU127's profile, we designed and synthesised a series of aromatic analogues, including analogues with a small group attached to the aromatic system to increase the ORL-1 receptor efficacy, while retaining the low efficacy / antagonist activity at the u-opioid receptor and antagonist activity at x-opioid receptor. However, [35S]GTPyS screening has shown a sudden increase of x-opioid receptor efficacy with these modifications. The related compound BU10119, having a Cv-methyl, met the desired profile at all targeted receptors in the [35S]GTPyS screen. A few analogues were selected for further evaluation in functional assays in the isolated tissue preparations (rat vas deferens (for the ORL-1 and u-opioid receptors) and mouse vas deferens (for the K-opioid receptor)) to estimate their binding affinity (Ks) and potency (pA2) of the compounds relative to buprenorphine, using Schild analysis and Schild equation. Of the analogues synthesised, only compounds BU127 and BU1 0119 have met the desired profile at the targeted receptors (competitive reversible at the ORL-1 and u-opioid receptors) and having binding affinity at each receptor similar to buprenorphine (ORL-1, ~- and K-opioid receptors). Based on these results, at this point, the optimum features of buprenorphine analogues in order to achieve the targeted profiles are having a small group at Cy and a 6-membered aromatic substituent at C . 20 Without any substituent group attached to the aromatic ring.
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Kazantzoglou, Avraam. "Flexible Architecture System & Topology License Plate Recognition (FAST LPR) and Concept of Operations in Thailand." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2008. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2008/Sept/08Sep%5FKazantzoglou.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in Electronic Warfare Systems Engineering and M.A. in Security Studies (Stabilization and Reconstruction))--Naval Postgraduate School, September 2008.Thesis Advisor(s): Sankar, Pat ; McNab, Robert. "September 2008." Description based on title screen as viewed on November 6, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 151-154). Also available in print.
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Song, Lin Feng. "The neutral policies of the Portuguese government of Macao during the Opium Wars." Thesis, University of Macau, 2000. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1636592.
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Mistry, Porus. "History of Pain: The Growth and the Impact of Opium in Pain Management." The University of Arizona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626663.
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Hsu, Hung Bin. "From smokers to addicts : a history of opium and its users in Taiwan." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.497850.
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This thesis is a historical account of opium and its users in Taiwan. It analyses how opium smoking became popular, and details the mechanisms that led it to be universally regarded as an unacceptable evil on the island. Taking a user- and material-oriented approach, this research focuses on the daily experiences of smokers. It examines the interplay between the many varieties of opium, the great diversity of opium smokers, and the different contexts in which opium was used.
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Knight, Joseph T. "Optical Communication (OpCom) using Visible Light Communication (VLC) to Securely Configure Embedded Systems." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1553618192441296.
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CASE, Simon John. "Empire, reform, and internationalism : Britain and the changing politics of opium, 1875-1931." Digital Commons @ Lingnan University, 2018. https://commons.ln.edu.hk/otd/24.
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Throughout the nineteenth century, opium occupied a position of great significance within the British Empire, comprising by the 1870s as much as 17% of the total revenues of the British India Government. Opium also made up the greater part of British exports to China, a legacy of early-century market exploitation and highly favourable commercial treaties signed following two opium wars fought by the two countries. Between the emergence of an organised anti-opium movement in 1875 and the close of the final international Geneva Opium Conference of 1931, British opium policy experienced a complete transformation. The development of British responses to the issue of opium offers a case study in the cultural history of international relations, while also offering insights into developments in the political scene in Britain. A critical issue at the heart of the transition from elite to mass politics in Britain at the crux of the emergence of a new socio-political landscape after the passage of the 1867 Reform Act, the increasing importance of public opinion and popular politics, the course of debate over opium characterised shifts in the British domestic political scene, highlighting the defining transitions in political action and social activism of the period. Opium was also a central focal point in the transformation of the global geopolitical environment at the turn of the twentieth century, with the emergence of hostile rival powers seeking to challenge British commercial and geopolitical pre-eminence, particularly in the form of the United States and Japan in Asia, with a radically different and reforming American approach to imperial policy in the region. This thesis examines these transitions, exploring the different phases of opium policy, and identifying the driving forces, causational factors, and continuities that defined these processes of reform, comprising a re-reading of the history of opium reform as a critical juncture within the cultural sphere of international relations.
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Kolařík, David. "Hospodářský vývoj státu Mandžukuo v letech 1932-1945." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-195474.
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The aim of master thesis is to analyze the economic development of Manchukuo and to answer the question whether the establishment of Manchukuo had positive or negative impact on the economic development of the area. The analysis of the economic development of the region in 1929-1945 proves that the economic impact on the development of the area was positive. Despite an effort to have Manchukuo economically self-sufficient, the region was still very dependent on Japan in both economical and political aspects. However, the comparison of Chinese and Manchukuo's economies shows a higher level of economic development of Manchukuo. The thesis uses the method of the probe and historical-critical method. The conclusions are primarily based on historical and up-to-date literature written by foreign and Czech authors.
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Ozdemir, Recep Tugrul. "Anaerobic Treatment Of Opium Alkaloid Wastewater And Effect Of Gamma-rays On Anaerobic Treatment." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607599/index.pdf.
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In this study, anaerobic treatability of opium alkaloid wastewater and the effect of radiation pretreatment (gamma-rays) on anaerobic treatability were investigated. Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP) assay was performed with alkaloid wastewater having initial COD values of 2400, 6000 and 9600 mg/L with and without basal medium (BM). The highest anaerobic treatment efficiency of 77% was obtained in the BMP reactor containing alkaloid wastewater with initial COD of 9600 mg/L and BM.
Co-substrate use was investigated by using BMP assay. Alkaloid wastewater having initial COD concentrations of 9000, 13000 and 18000 mg/L were used with glucose, acetate and glucose-acetate as co-substrates. Results revealed that co-substrate use did not improve alkaloid removal efficiency significantly but it abrogated the acclimation period of anaerobic bacteria to alkaloid wastewater.
Continuous reactor experiments were carried out in Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactors. Highest overall efficiencies (above 80%) were obtained in the reactor fed with co-substrate (R2) for all initial COD concentrations. Up to 78% removal efficiency was obtained in R1 (fed with alkaloid wastewater only) at initial COD concentration of 19 g/L.
Effect of radiation was sought by using BMP assay with two initial COD concentrations of 14 and 25 g/L, and two radiation doses 40 and 140 kGy. At 14 g/L COD, there was no effect of radiation on gas production for both doses. However at initial COD of 25 g/L, reactors containing wastewater dosed with 140 and 40 kGy produced gas with higher rates above certain point with respect to raw wastewater.
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Meehan, Patrick. "The political economy of the opium/heroin trade in Shan State, Myanmar, 1988-2012." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2016. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/22807/.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis examines the relationship between processes of state consolidation and the illicit opium/heroin economy in Shan State since 1988. Over the past twenty-five years, the government of Myanmar (Burma) has established greater authority over large parts of Shan State, neutralizing much of the threat posed by armed groups and strengthening its hold over revenue extraction. During this period Myanmar has retained its position as the world's second largest producer of illicit opium/heroin, the majority of which is produced in Shan State. This thesis seeks to answer the overarching research question: What role has the opium/heroin economy played in fortifying and/or fragmenting processes of state consolidation in Shan State, Myanmar, in the period since 1988? In addressing this question, my study tests the hypothesis that rather than necessarily being a cause of disorder and state breakdown, illegal drug economies can play an important role in processes of state consolidation. In order to test this hypothesis I break down my overarching research question into four sub-questions: First, why have the Shan borderlands with China and Thailand become central to the government's statebuilding aspirations? Second, what strategies has the government deployed in order to extend its power and authority in borderland regions? Third, how have these strategies been imposed, resisted and brokered within the Shan borderlands? Fourth, what is the relationship between contested processes of state consolidation and the drug economy in Shan State in the period since 1988? In addressing these questions I argue that it is increasingly anachronistic to view the drug economy narrowly as part of the insurgent war economy. Alongside the continued role it plays in financing armed opposition to the government, the drug trade has also become deeply embedded within processes of illiberal state consolidation and capitalist development. Through an analysis of the specific spatial dynamics of power relations, material interests and institutional arrangements, this study renders visible the messy and fragmented multiplicity of motivations and actors (including insurgents, ceasefire groups, the military, government-sanctioned militias, national and transnational investors, and local populations) which have shaped changing configurations of power across Shan State. In doing so, it provides new ways to account for the uneven political topography of the Myanmar state, the repertoires of violence enacted across Shan State and the different kinds of 'institutions of extraction' that have emerged around borderland resources.