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Journal articles on the topic 'Operoni'

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Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Nguyen, Huy N., Ashish Jain, Oliver Eulenstein, and Iddo Friedberg. "Tracing the ancestry of operons in bacteria." Bioinformatics 35, no. 17 (2019): 2998–3004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btz053.

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Abstract Motivation Complexity is a fundamental attribute of life. Complex systems are made of parts that together perform functions that a single component, or subsets of components, cannot. Examples of complex molecular systems include protein structures such as the F1Fo-ATPase, the ribosome, or the flagellar motor: each one of these structures requires most or all of its components to function properly. Given the ubiquity of complex systems in the biosphere, understanding the evolution of complexity is central to biology. At the molecular level, operons are classic examples of a complex sys
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2

Brandis, Gerrit, Sha Cao, and Diarmaid Hughes. "Operon Concatenation Is an Ancient Feature That Restricts the Potential to Rearrange Bacterial Chromosomes." Molecular Biology and Evolution 36, no. 9 (2019): 1990–2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msz129.

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Abstract The last common ancestor of the Gammaproteobacteria carried an important 40-kb chromosome section encoding 51 proteins of the transcriptional and translational machinery. These genes were organized into eight contiguous operons (rrnB-tufB-secE-rpoBC-str-S10-spc-alpha). Over 2 Gy of evolution, in different lineages, some of the operons became separated by multigene insertions. Surprisingly, in many Enterobacteriaceae, much of the ancient organization is conserved, indicating a strong selective force on the operons to remain colinear. Here, we show for one operon pair, tufB-secE in Salm
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3

Ming, Li, and Anna Boiko. "Recipes of the Russian opera tradition in the Chinese opera art of the 20th century." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2020, no. 11-1 (2020): 170–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202011statyi07.

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The publication is devoted to the consideration of the peculiarities of the reception of Russian opera tradition in the Chinese opera of 20th century. The significant role of the historical and the cultural events that affected the spread Russian opera in China is analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the study of the activities of representatives the Russian emigration in the field of opera art. It was emphasized that the influence of Russian and foreign opera contributed to the formation of the genre the Chinese opera of the European type.
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4

Acinas, Silvia G., Luisa A. Marcelino, Vanja Klepac-Ceraj, and Martin F. Polz. "Divergence and Redundancy of 16S rRNA Sequences in Genomes with Multiple rrn Operons." Journal of Bacteriology 186, no. 9 (2004): 2629–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.186.9.2629-2635.2004.

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ABSTRACT The level of sequence heterogeneity among rrn operons within genomes determines the accuracy of diversity estimation by 16S rRNA-based methods. Furthermore, the occurrence of widespread horizontal gene transfer (HGT) between distantly related rrn operons casts doubt on reconstructions of phylogenetic relationships. For this study, patterns of distribution of rrn copy numbers, interoperonic divergence, and redundancy of 16S rRNA sequences were evaluated. Bacterial genomes display up to 15 operons and operon numbers up to 7 are commonly found, but ∼40% of the organisms analyzed have eit
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5

Yap, Wai Ho, Zhenshui Zhang, and Yue Wang. "Distinct Types of rRNA Operons Exist in the Genome of the Actinomycete Thermomonospora chromogena and Evidence for Horizontal Transfer of an Entire rRNA Operon." Journal of Bacteriology 181, no. 17 (1999): 5201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.181.17.5201-5209.1999.

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ABSTRACT We describe here the presence of two distinct types of rRNA operons in the genome of a thermophilic actinomycete Thermomonospora chromogena. The genome of T. chromogena contains six rRNA operons (rrn), of which four complete and two incomplete ones were cloned and sequenced. Comparative analysis revealed that the operon rrnB exhibits high levels of sequence variations to the other five nearly identical ones throughout the entire length of the operon. The coding sequences for the 16S and 23S rRNA genes differ by approximately 6 and 10%, respectively, between the two types of operons. N
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6

Dennis, Patrick P., Sonia Ziesche, and Shanthini Mylvaganam. "Transcription Analysis of Two Disparate rRNA Operons in the Halophilic Archaeon Haloarcula marismortui." Journal of Bacteriology 180, no. 18 (1998): 4804–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.180.18.4804-4813.1998.

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ABSTRACT The genome of the halophilic archaeon Haloarcula marismortui contains two rRNA operons designated rrnAand rrnB. Genomic clones of the two operons and their flanking regions have been sequenced, and primary transcripts and processing intermediates derived from each operon have been characterized. The 16S, 23S, and 5S genes from the two operons were found to differ at 74 of 1,472 positions, 39 of 2,922 positions, and 2 of 122 positions, respectively. This degree of sequence divergence for multicopy (paralogous) rRNA genes was 10- to 50-fold or more higher than anticipated. The two opero
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7

Reksoprawiro, Ricky, Gabriella Scarlett, Alexander Joseph Ibnu Wibowo, and Novi Amelia. "Consumer Culture Theory: Hubungan Timbal Balik antar Social Operant Resources dan Operand Resources dalam Studi Empiris McDonald’s Indonesia." Kajian Branding Indonesia 2, no. 1 (2020): 132–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21632/kbi.2.1.132-161.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji secara empiris secara garis besar untuk mengetahui hubungan antara konsep social operant resources terhadap operand resources yang dilandasi oleh consumer culture theory. Secara spesifik, studi ini ingin menguji sebagai berikut: (i) pengaruh social operant resources terhadap economic operand resources; (ii) pengaruh social operant resources terhadap material operand resources; (iii) pengaruh economic operand resources terhadap social operant resources; dan (iv) pengaruh material operand resources terhadap social operant resources; (v) hubungan timbal bali
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8

Menendez, M. C., M. J. Garcia, M. C. Navarro, et al. "Characterization of an rRNA Operon (rrnB) of Mycobacterium fortuitum and Other Mycobacterial Species: Implications for the Classification of Mycobacteria." Journal of Bacteriology 184, no. 4 (2002): 1078–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.184.4.1078-1088.2002.

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ABSTRACT Mycobacteria are thought to have either one or two rRNA operons per genome. All mycobacteria investigated to date have an operon, designated rrnA, located downstream from the murA gene. We report that Mycobacteriun fortuitum has a second rrn operon, designated rrnB, which is located downstream from the tyrS gene; tyrS is very close to the 3" end of a gene (3-mag) coding for 3-methylpurine-DNA-glycosylase. The second rrn operon of Mycobacterium smegmatis was shown to have a similar organization, namely, 5" 3-mag-tyrS-rrnB 3". The rrnB operon of M. fortuitum was found to have a single d
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9

Asai, Tsuneaki, Ciarán Condon, Justina Voulgaris, et al. "Construction and Initial Characterization of Escherichia coli Strains with Few or No Intact Chromosomal rRNA Operons." Journal of Bacteriology 181, no. 12 (1999): 3803–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.181.12.3803-3809.1999.

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ABSTRACT The Escherichia coli genome carries seven rRNA (rrn) operons, each containing three rRNA genes. The presence of multiple operons has been an obstacle to many studies of rRNA because the effect of mutations in one operon is diluted by the six remaining wild-type copies. To create a tool useful for manipulating rRNA, we sequentially inactivated from one to all seven of these operons with deletions spanning the 16S and 23S rRNA genes. In the final strain, carrying no intact rRNA operon on the chromosome, rRNA molecules were expressed from a multicopy plasmid containing a single rRNA oper
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10

Lakhova, Tatiana N., Fedor V. Kazantsev, Aleksey M. Mukhin, Nikolay A. Kolchanov, Yury G. Matushkin, and Sergey A. Lashin. "Algorithm for the Reconstruction of Mathematical Frame Models of Bacterial Transcription Regulation." Mathematics 10, no. 23 (2022): 4480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10234480.

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Transcription regulation plays an important role in bacterial activity. The operon concept coined by François Jacob and Jacques Monod has had a considerable effect on investigations into gene expression regulation, including modeling. However, most such studies have considered the regulation models devised manually for one or several operons. For that reason, the objective of the present study was automated genome model reconstruction for different bacteria. The suggested algorithm accounted for all possible interactions of transcription factors and their binding sites in an operon’s promoter
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11

Townsend, Stacy M., Naomi E. Kramer, Robert Edwards, et al. "Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi Possesses a Unique Repertoire of Fimbrial Gene Sequences." Infection and Immunity 69, no. 5 (2001): 2894–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.69.5.2894-2901.2001.

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ABSTRACT Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi differs from nontyphoidal Salmonella serotypes by its strict host adaptation to humans and higher primates. Since fimbriae have been implicated in host adaptation, we investigated whether the serotype Typhi genome contains fimbrial operons which are unique to this pathogen or restricted to typhoidal Salmonella serotypes. This study established for the first time the total number of fimbrial operons present in an individual Salmonella serotype. The serotype Typhi CT18 genome, which has been sequenced by the Typhi Sequencing Group at the Sanger Centre,
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12

Seitzer, Phillip, Andrew I. Yao, Ariana Cisneros, and Marc T. Facciotti. "The Exploration of Novel Regulatory Relationships Drives Haloarchaeal Operon-Like Structural Dynamics over Short Evolutionary Distances." Microorganisms 8, no. 12 (2020): 1900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8121900.

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Operons are a dominant feature of bacterial and archaeal genome organization. Numerous investigations have related aspects of operon structure to operon function, making operons exemplars for studies aimed at deciphering Nature’s design principles for genomic organization at a local scale. We consider this understanding to be both fundamentally important and ultimately useful in the de novo design of increasingly complex synthetic circuits. Here we analyze the evolution of the genomic context of operon-like structures in a set of 76 sequenced and annotated species of halophilic archaea. The ph
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13

Miguel-Arribas, Andrés, Ling Juan Wu, Claudia Michaelis, Ken-ichi Yoshida, Elisabeth Grohmann, and Wilfried J. J. Meijer. "Conjugation Operons in Gram-Positive Bacteria with and without Antitermination Systems." Microorganisms 10, no. 3 (2022): 587. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10030587.

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Genes involved in the same cellular process are often clustered together in an operon whose expression is controlled by an upstream promoter. Generally, the activity of the promoter is strictly controlled. However, spurious transcription undermines this strict regulation, particularly affecting large operons. The negative effects of spurious transcription can be mitigated by the presence of multiple terminators inside the operon, in combination with an antitermination system. Antitermination systems modify the transcription elongation complexes and enable them to bypass terminators. Bacterial
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14

Xie, Gary, Nemat O. Keyhani, Carol A. Bonner, and Roy A. Jensen. "Ancient Origin of the Tryptophan Operon and the Dynamics of Evolutionary Change." Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 67, no. 3 (2003): 303–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.67.3.303-342.2003.

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SUMMARY The seven conserved enzymatic domains required for tryptophan (Trp) biosynthesis are encoded in seven genetic regions that are organized differently (whole-pathway operons, multiple partial-pathway operons, and dispersed genes) in prokaryotes. A comparative bioinformatics evaluation of the conservation and organization of the genes of Trp biosynthesis in prokaryotic operons should serve as an excellent model for assessing the feasibility of predicting the evolutionary histories of genes and operons associated with other biochemical pathways. These comparisons should provide a better un
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15

Kumar, Ashwani, Mridula Bose, and Vani Brahmachari. "Analysis of Expression Profile of Mammalian Cell Entry (mce) Operons of Mycobacterium tuberculosis." Infection and Immunity 71, no. 10 (2003): 6083–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.71.10.6083-6087.2003.

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ABSTRACT The sequencing of the complete genome of M. tuberculosis H37Rv has resulted in the recognition of four mce operons in its genome by in silico analysis. In an attempt to understand the significance of the redundancy of mce operons, we analyzed the expression profile of mce operons after different periods of growth in culture as well as during in vivo infection. Our results strongly suggest that mce1 is expressed as a polycistronic message. In culture from day 8 to day 12, expression of only mce1 was observed, but as the cultures progress towards stationary phase the expression profile
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16

Monshupanee, Tanakarn, Sirirat Fa-aroonsawat, and Wipa Chungjatupornchai. "A cyanobacterial strain with all chromosomal rRNA operons inactivated: a single nucleotide mutation of 23S rRNA confers temperature-sensitive phenotypes." Microbiology 152, no. 5 (2006): 1417–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.28691-0.

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The presence of a multicopy chromosome, with each copy containing two rRNA operons (rrnA and rrnB), has been an obstacle to analysing mutated rRNA in Synechococcus PCC 7942. To create a system for expressing homogeneous mutated rRNA, the chromosomal rrn operons were sequentially inactivated and a final strain was successfully obtained with all the chromosomal rrn operons inactivated but carrying a replaceable multicopy plasmid containing a single rrn operon. The lag time required for growth response on dark/light shift of mutant strains with chromosomal rrnA or rrnB inactivated was increased 5
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17

Cooper, Robert A. "Teaching the Big Ideas of Biology with Operon Models." American Biology Teacher 77, no. 1 (2015): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2015.77.1.5.

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This paper presents an activity that engages students in model-based reasoning, requiring them to predict the behavior of the trp and lac operons under different environmental conditions. Students are presented six scenarios for the trp operon and five for the lac operon. In most of the scenarios, specific mutations have occurred in genetic elements of the system that alter the behavior from the norm. Students are also challenged to relate their understanding of operon behavior to the “Big Ideas” of homeostasis, evolution, information, interactions, and emergent properties. By using operons to
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18

Gonzalez-y-Merchand, J. A., M. J. Colston, and R. A. Cox. "Roles of Multiple Promoters in Transcription of Ribosomal DNA: Effects of Growth Conditions on Precursor rRNA Synthesis in Mycobacteria." Journal of Bacteriology 180, no. 21 (1998): 5756–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.180.21.5756-5761.1998.

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ABSTRACT The roles of multiple promoters in the synthesis of rRNA under different conditions of growth were investigated, using two mycobacterial species as model organisms. When Mycobacterium smegmatis was grown under optimal conditions, its two rRNA operons contributed equally, with two promoters, one from each operon, being responsible for most transcripts. In stationary-phase growth or balanced growth under carbon starvation conditions, one operon (rrnA f) dominated and its three promoters contributed more equally to the generation of transcripts.Mycobacterium tuberculosis has a single ope
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19

Arnvig, Kristine B., B. Gopal, K. G. Papavinasasundaram, Robert A. Cox, and M. Joseph Colston. "The mechanism of upstream activation in the rrnB operon of Mycobacterium smegmatis is different from the Escherichia coli paradigm." Microbiology 151, no. 2 (2005): 467–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.27597-0.

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Mycobacteria are slow-growing bacteria with a generation time of from 2–3 h up to several weeks. Consistent with the low growth rate, mycobacterial species have a maximum of two rRNA operons, rrnA and rrnB. The rrnA operon is present in all mycobacteria and has between two and five promoters, depending on species, whereas the rrnB operon, with a single promoter, is only found in some of the faster-growing species. The promoter region of the rrnB operon of a typical fast grower, Mycobacterium smegmatis, was investigated. By using lacZ reporter gene fusions it was demonstrated that the rrnB oper
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20

Choi, Soon-Yong, Dindo Reyes, Montira Leelakriangsak, and Peter Zuber. "The Global Regulator Spx Functions in the Control of Organosulfur Metabolism in Bacillus subtilis." Journal of Bacteriology 188, no. 16 (2006): 5741–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00443-06.

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ABSTRACT Spx is a global transcriptional regulator of the oxidative stress response in Bacillus subtilis. Its target is RNA polymerase, where it contacts the α subunit C-terminal domain. Recently, evidence was presented that Spx participates in sulfate-dependent control of organosulfur utilization operons, including the ytmI, yxeI, ssu, and yrrT operons. The yrrT operon includes the genes that function in cysteine synthesis from S-adenosylmethionine through intermediates S-adenosylhomocysteine, ribosylhomocysteine, homocysteine, and cystathionine. These operons are also negatively controlled b
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21

White-Ziegler, Christine A., Anuradha Villapakkam, Karla Ronaszeki, and Sarah Young. "H-NS Controls pap and daaFimbrial Transcription in Escherichia coli in Response to Multiple Environmental Cues." Journal of Bacteriology 182, no. 22 (2000): 6391–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.182.22.6391-6400.2000.

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ABSTRACT A comparative study was completed to determine the influence of various environmental stimuli on the transcription of three different fimbrial operons in Escherichia coli and to determine the role of the histone-like protein H-NS in this environmental regulation. The fimbrial operons studied included the pap operon, which encodes pyelonephritis-associated pili (P pili), the daaoperon, which encodes F1845 fimbriae, and the fan operon, which encodes K99 fimbriae. Using lacZYA transcriptional fusions within each of the fimbrial operons, we tested temperature, osmolarity, carbon source, r
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22

Ahn, Hyeonju, Donghyeok Seol, Seoae Cho, Heebal Kim, and Woori Kwak. "Enhanced Symbiotic Characteristics in Bacterial Genomes with the Disruption of rRNA Operon." Biology 9, no. 12 (2020): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology9120440.

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Ribosomal RNA is an indispensable molecule in living organisms that plays an essential role in protein synthesis. Especially in bacteria, 16S, 23S, and 5S rRNAs are usually co-transcribed as operons. Despite the positive effects of rRNA co-transcription on growth and reproduction rate, a recent study revealed that bacteria with unlinked rRNA operons are more widespread than expected. However, it is still unclear why the rRNA operon is broken. Here, we explored rRNA operon linkage status in 15,898 bacterial genomes and investigated whether they have common features or lifestyles; 574 genomes we
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23

Esparza, M., B. Bowien, Eugenia Jedlicki, and David S. Holmes. "Gene Organization and CO2-Responsive Expression of Four cbb Operons in the Biomining Bacterium Acidithiobacillus Ferrooxidans." Advanced Materials Research 71-73 (May 2009): 207–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.71-73.207.

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Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans is an obligately chemolithoautotrophic, -proteobacterium that fixes CO2 by the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) reductive pentose phosphate cycle. Our objective is to identify genes potentially involved in CO2 fixation and to advance our understanding of how they might be regulated in response to environmental signals. Bioinformatic analyses, based on the complete genome sequence of the type strain ATCC 23270, identified five cbb gene clusters four of which we show experimentally to be operons. These operons are predicted to encode: (i) the components of the carboxys
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Chetal, Kashish, and Sarath Chandra Janga. "OperomeDB: A Database of Condition-Specific Transcription Units in Prokaryotic Genomes." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/318217.

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Background. In prokaryotic organisms, a substantial fraction of adjacent genes are organized into operons—codirectionally organized genes in prokaryotic genomes with the presence of a common promoter and terminator. Although several available operon databases provide information with varying levels of reliability, very few resources provide experimentally supported results. Therefore, we believe that the biological community could benefit from having a new operon prediction database with operons predicted using next-generation RNA-seq datasets.Description. We present operomeDB, a database whic
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25

Guardabassi, Luca, Bruno Perichon, Jean van Heijenoort, Didier Blanot, and Patrice Courvalin. "Glycopeptide Resistance vanA Operons in Paenibacillus Strains Isolated from Soil." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 49, no. 10 (2005): 4227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.49.10.4227-4233.2005.

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ABSTRACT The sequence and gene organization of the van operons in vancomycin (MIC of >256 μg/ml)- and teicoplanin (MIC of ≥32 μg/ml)-resistant Paenibacillus thiaminolyticus PT-2B1 and Paenibacillus apiarius PA-B2B isolated from soil were determined. Both operons had regulatory (vanR and vanS), resistance (vanH, vanA, and vanX), and accessory (vanY, vanZ, and vanW) genes homologous to the corresponding genes in enterococcal vanA and vanB operons. The vanA PT operon in P. thiaminolyticus PT-2B1 had the same gene organization as that of vanA operons whereas vanA PA in P. apiarius PA-B2B resemb
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26

Ohshima, Hideyuki, Satoshi Matsuoka, Kei Asai, and Yoshito Sadaie. "Molecular Organization of Intrinsic Restriction and Modification Genes BsuM of Bacillus subtilis Marburg." Journal of Bacteriology 184, no. 2 (2002): 381–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.184.2.381-389.2002.

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ABSTRACT Transcriptional analysis and disruption of five open reading frames (ORFs), ydiO, ydiP, ydiR, ydiS, and ydjA, in the prophage 3 region of the chromosome of Bacillus subtilis Marburg revealed that they are component genes of the intrinsic BsuM restriction and modification system of this organism. The classical mutant strain RM125, which lacks the restriction and modification system of B. subtilis Marburg, lacks the prophage 3 region carrying these five ORFs. These ORFs constitute two operons, the ydiO-ydiP operon and the ydiR-ydiS-ydjA operon, both of which are expressed during the log
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27

White, Andrea K., and William W. Metcalf. "Two C—P Lyase Operons in Pseudomonas stutzeri and Their Roles in the Oxidation of Phosphonates, Phosphite, and Hypophosphite." Journal of Bacteriology 186, no. 14 (2004): 4730–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.186.14.4730-4739.2004.

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ABSTRACT DNA sequencing and analysis of two distinct C—P lyase operons in Pseudomonas stutzeri WM88 were completed. The htxABCDEFGHIJKLMN operon encodes a hypophosphite-2-oxoglutarate dioxygenase (HtxA), whereas the predicted amino acid sequences of HtxB to HtxN are each homologous to the components of the Escherichia coli phn operon, which encodes C—P lyase, although homologs of E. coli phnF and phnO are absent. The genes in the htx operon are cotranscribed based on gene organization, and the presence of the intergenic sequences is verified by reverse transcription-PCR with total RNA. Deletio
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Williams, Carol, Lei Xu, and Thomas Blumenthal. "SL1 trans Splicing and 3′-End Formation in a Novel Class of Caenorhabditis elegansOperon." Molecular and Cellular Biology 19, no. 1 (1999): 376–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.19.1.376.

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ABSTRACT Many Caenorhabditis elegans genes exist in operons in which polycistronic precursors are processed by cleavage at the 3′ ends of upstream genes and trans splicing 100 to 400 nucleotides away, at the 5′ ends of downstream genes, to generate monocistronic messages. Of the two spliced leaders, SL1 istrans spliced to the 5′ ends of upstream genes, whereas SL2 is reserved for downstream genes in operons. However, there are isolated examples of what appears to be a different sort of operon, in which trans splicing is exclusively to SL1 and there is no intercistronic region; the polyadenylat
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He, Hongjun, Holly A. Snyder, and Steven Forst. "Unique organization and regulation of the mrx fimbrial operon in Xenorhabdus nematophila." Microbiology 150, no. 5 (2004): 1439–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.26853-0.

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Xenorhabdus nematophila, a Gram-negative bacterium belonging to the Proteus clade of the family Enterobacteriaceae, forms a mutualistic association with the soil nematode Steinernema carpocapsae. The nematode invades insects and releases Xenorhabdus into the haemolymph, where it participates in insect killing. To begin to understand the role of fimbriae in the unique life cycle of Xenorhabdus, the organization and expression of the mrx fimbrial operon was analysed. The mrx operon contained only five structural genes (mrxACDGH), making it one of the smallest chaperone-usher fimbrial operons stu
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Goldman, J. D., D. G. White, and S. B. Levy. "Multiple antibiotic resistance (mar) locus protects Escherichia coli from rapid cell killing by fluoroquinolones." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 40, no. 5 (1996): 1266–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.40.5.1266.

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The multiple antibiotic resistance (mar) locus in Escherichia coli consists of two divergently expressed operons (marC and marRAB), both of which contribute to the Mar phenotype. Overexpression of the marRAB operon protected E. coli against rapid cell killing by fluoroquinolones. Inactivation of the operon in mar mutants restored a wild-type bactericidal susceptibility. Both operons of the locus were required for protection from the quinolone-mediated bactericidal activity in mar locus deletion mutants. The effect was lost at high concentrations of fluoroquinolones, unlike the case for the pre
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31

Dong, Shengli, Sylvia A. McPherson, Li Tan, Olga N. Chesnokova, Charles L. Turnbough, and David G. Pritchard. "Anthrose Biosynthetic Operon of Bacillus anthracis." Journal of Bacteriology 190, no. 7 (2008): 2350–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01899-07.

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ABSTRACT The exosporium of Bacillus anthracis spores consists of a basal layer and an external hair-like nap. The nap is composed primarily of the glycoprotein BclA, which contains a collagen-like region with multiple copies of a pentasaccharide side chain. This oligosaccharide possesses an unusual terminal sugar called anthrose, followed by three rhamnose residues and a protein-bound N-acetylgalactosamine. Based on the structure of anthrose, we proposed an enzymatic pathway for its biosynthesis. Examination of the B. anthracis genome revealed six contiguous genes that could encode the predict
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Liu, Tao, Hao Luo, and Feng Gao. "Position preference of essential genes in prokaryotic operons." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (2021): e0250380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250380.

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Essential genes, which form the basis of life activities, are crucial for the survival of organisms. Essential genes tend to be located in operons, but how they are distributed in operons is still unclear for most prokaryotes. In order to clarify the general rule of position preference of essential genes in operons, an index of the average position of genes in an operon was proposed, and the distributions of essential and non-essential genes in operons in 51 bacterial genomes and two archaeal genomes were analyzed based on this new index. Consequently, essential genes were found to preferentia
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33

Nanamiya, Hideaki, Makiko Sato, Kenta Masuda, et al. "Bacillus subtilis mutants harbouring a single copy of the rRNA operon exhibit severe defects in growth and sporulation." Microbiology 156, no. 10 (2010): 2944–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.035295-0.

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The number of copies of rRNA genes in bacterial genomes differs greatly among bacterial species. It is difficult to determine the functional significance of the heterogeneity of each rRNA operon fully due to the existence of multiple rRNA operons and because the sequence heterogeneity among the rRNA genes is extremely low. To overcome this problem, we sequentially deleted the ten rrn operons of Bacillus subtilis and constructed seven mutant strains that each harboured a single rrn operon (either rrnA, B, D, E, I, J or O) in their genome. The growth rates and sporulation frequencies of these mu
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34

Yeon, Jihye, Stephen M. Miller, and Wipawee Dejtisakdi. "New Synthetic Operon Vectors for Expressing Multiple Proteins in the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Chloroplast." Genes 14, no. 2 (2023): 368. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes14020368.

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Microalgae are a promising platform for generating valuable commercial products, including proteins that may not express well in more traditional cell culture systems. In the model green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, transgenic proteins can be expressed from either the nuclear or chloroplast genome. Expression in the chloroplast has several advantages, but technology is not yet well developed for expressing multiple transgenic proteins simultaneously. Here, we developed new synthetic operon vectors to express multiple proteins from a single chloroplast transcription unit. We modified an exis
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35

Wang, Henian, Ching-Ping Tseng, and Robert P. Gunsalus. "The napF and narG Nitrate Reductase Operons in Escherichia coli Are Differentially Expressed in Response to Submicromolar Concentrations of Nitrate but Not Nitrite." Journal of Bacteriology 181, no. 17 (1999): 5303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.181.17.5303-5308.1999.

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ABSTRACT Escherichia coli synthesizes two biochemically distinct nitrate reductase enzymes, a membrane-bound enzyme encoded by thenarGHJI operon and a periplasmic cytochromec-linked nitrate reductase encoded by thenapFDAGHBC operon. To address why the cell makes these two enzymes, continuous cell culture techniques were used to examinenapF and narG gene expression in response to different concentrations of nitrate and/or nitrite. Expression of thenapF-lacZ and narG-lacZ reporter fusions in strains grown at different steady-state levels of nitrate revealed that the two nitrate reductase operons
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36

Alcántara, Cristina, Luz Adriana Sarmiento-Rubiano, Vicente Monedero, Josef Deutscher, Gaspar Pérez-Martínez, and María J. Yebra. "Regulation of Lactobacillus casei Sorbitol Utilization Genes Requires DNA-Binding Transcriptional Activator GutR and the Conserved Protein GutM." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, no. 18 (2008): 5731–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00230-08.

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ABSTRACT Sequence analysis of the five genes (gutRMCBA) downstream from the previously described sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-encoding Lactobacillus casei gutF gene revealed that they constitute a sorbitol (glucitol) utilization operon. The gutRM genes encode putative regulators, while the gutCBA genes encode the EIIC, EIIBC, and EIIA proteins of a phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent sorbitol phosphotransferase system (PTSGut). The gut operon is transcribed as a polycistronic gutFRMCBA messenger, the expression of which is induced by sorbitol and repressed by glucose. gutR encodes a transcript
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37

Johansen, Lars Engholm, Per Nygaard, Catharina Lassen, Yvonne Agersø, and Hans H. Saxild. "Definition of a Second Bacillus subtilis pur Regulon Comprising the pur and xpt-pbuX Operons plus pbuG, nupG (yxjA), and pbuE (ydhL)." Journal of Bacteriology 185, no. 17 (2003): 5200–5209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.185.17.5200-5209.2003.

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ABSTRACT In Bacillus subtilis expression of genes or operons encoding enzymes and other proteins involved in purine synthesis is affected by purine bases and nucleosides in the growth medium. The genes belonging to the PurR regulon (purR, purA, glyA, guaC, pbuO, pbuG, and the pur, yqhZ-folD, and xpt-pbuX operons) are controlled by the PurR repressor, which inhibits transcription initiation. Other genes are regulated by a less-well-described transcription termination mechanism that responds to the presence of hypoxanthine and guanine. The pur operon and the xpt-pbuX operon, which were studied h
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38

Mackey, Michael C., Moisés Santillán, and Necmettin Yildirim. "Modeling operon dynamics: the tryptophan and lactose operons as paradigms." Comptes Rendus Biologies 327, no. 3 (2004): 211–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2003.11.009.

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39

Hefty, P. Scott, and Richard S. Stephens. "Chlamydial Type III Secretion System Is Encoded on Ten Operons Preceded by Sigma 70-Like Promoter Elements." Journal of Bacteriology 189, no. 1 (2006): 198–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01034-06.

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ABSTRACT Many gram-negative bacterial pathogens employ type III secretion systems for infectious processes. Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular bacteria that encode a conserved type III secretion system that is likely requisite for growth. Typically, genes encoding type III secretion systems are located in a single locus; however, for chlamydiae these genes are scattered throughout the genome. Little is known regarding the gene regulatory mechanisms for this essential virulence determinant. To facilitate identification of cis-acting transcriptional regulatory elements, the operon structure w
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40

Goh, Ee-Been, Peggy J. Bledsoe, Li-Ling Chen, Prasad Gyaneshwar, Valley Stewart, and Michele M. Igo. "Hierarchical Control of Anaerobic Gene Expression in Escherichia coli K-12: the Nitrate-Responsive NarX-NarL Regulatory System Represses Synthesis of the Fumarate-Responsive DcuS-DcuR Regulatory System." Journal of Bacteriology 187, no. 14 (2005): 4890–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.187.14.4890-4899.2005.

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ABSTRACT Hierarchical control ensures that facultative bacteria preferentially use the available respiratory electron acceptor with the most positive standard redox potential. Thus, nitrate is used before other electron acceptors such as fumarate for anaerobic respiration. Nitrate regulation is mediated by the NarX-NarL two-component system, which activates the transcription of operons encoding nitrate respiration enzymes and represses the transcription of operons for other anaerobic respiratory enzymes, including enzymes involved in fumarate respiration. These are fumarate reductase (encoded
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41

White, Andrea K., and William W. Metcalf. "The htx and ptx Operons of Pseudomonas stutzeri WM88 Are New Members of the Pho Regulon." Journal of Bacteriology 186, no. 17 (2004): 5876–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.186.17.5876-5882.2004.

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ABSTRACT The htx and ptx operons of Pseudomonas stutzeri WM88 allow for the use of the inorganic reduced phosphorus (P) compounds hypophosphite (P valence, +1) and phosphite (P valence, +3) as sole P sources. To support the proposed in vivo role for the htx and ptx operons, namely the use of phosphite and hypophosphite as alternative P sources, we used reporter gene fusions to examine their expression levels with respect to various P conditions. Expression of the htx and ptx operons was induced up to 17- and 22-fold, respectively, in cultures grown under phosphate starvation conditions relativ
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42

Chaurasia, Akhilesh Kumar, and Shree Kumar Apte. "Overexpression of the groESL Operon Enhances the Heat and Salinity Stress Tolerance of the Nitrogen-Fixing Cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. Strain PCC7120." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 18 (2009): 6008–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00838-09.

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ABSTRACT The bicistronic groESL operon, encoding the Hsp60 and Hsp10 chaperonins, was cloned into an integrative expression vector, pFPN, and incorporated at an innocuous site in the Anabaena sp. strain PCC7120 genome. In the recombinant Anabaena strain, the additional groESL operon was expressed from a strong cyanobacterial P psbA1 promoter without hampering the stress-responsive expression of the native groESL operon. The net expression of the two groESL operons promoted better growth, supported the vital activities of nitrogen fixation and photosynthesis at ambient conditions, and enhanced
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43

Tobe, Toru, Tetsuya Hayashi, Chang-Gyun Han, Gary K. Schoolnik, Eiichi Ohtsubo, and Chihiro Sasakawa. "Complete DNA Sequence and Structural Analysis of the Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Adherence Factor Plasmid." Infection and Immunity 67, no. 10 (1999): 5455–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.67.10.5455-5462.1999.

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ABSTRACT The complete nucleotide sequence and organization of the enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) adherence factor (EAF) plasmid of EPEC strain B171 (O111:NM) were determined. The EAF plasmid encodes two known virulence-related operons, thebfp operon, which is composed of genes necessary for biosynthesis of bundle-forming pili, and the bfpTVW(perABC) operon, composed of regulatory genes required forbfp transcription and also for transcriptional activation of the eae gene in the LEE pathogenicity island on the EPEC chromosome. The 69-kb EAF plasmid, henceforth designated pB171, contain
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44

Darwin, Andrew J., Eva C. Ziegelhoffer, Patricia J. Kiley, and Valley Stewart. "Fnr, NarP, and NarL Regulation of Escherichia coli K-12 napF (Periplasmic Nitrate Reductase) Operon Transcription In Vitro." Journal of Bacteriology 180, no. 16 (1998): 4192–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.180.16.4192-4198.1998.

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ABSTRACT The expression of several Escherichia coli operons is activated by the Fnr protein during anaerobic growth and is further controlled in response to nitrate and nitrite by the homologous response regulators, NarL and NarP. Among these operons, thenapF operon, encoding a periplasmic nitrate reductase, has unique features with respect to its Fnr-, NarL-, and NarP-dependent regulation. First, the Fnr-binding site is unusually located compared to the control regions of most other Fnr-activated operons, suggesting different Fnr-RNA polymerase contacts during transcriptional activation. Seco
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45

Ordóñez, Efrén, Michal Letek, Noelia Valbuena, José A. Gil, and Luis M. Mateos. "Analysis of Genes Involved in Arsenic Resistance in Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, no. 10 (2005): 6206–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.10.6206-6215.2005.

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ABSTRACT Corynebacterium glutamicum is able to grow in media containing up to 12 mM arsenite and 500 mM arsenate and is one of the most arsenic-resistant microorganisms described to date. Two operons (ars1 and ars2) involved in arsenate and arsenite resistance have been identified in the complete genome sequence of Corynebacterium glutamicum. The operons ars1 and ars2 are located some distance from each other in the bacterial chromosome, but they are both composed of genes encoding a regulatory protein (arsR), an arsenite permease (arsB), and an arsenate reductase (arsC); operon ars1 contains
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46

Martin-Verstraete, Isabelle, Josef Deutscher, and Anne Galinier. "Phosphorylation of HPr and Crh by HprK, Early Steps in the Catabolite Repression Signalling Pathway for the Bacillus subtilis Levanase Operon." Journal of Bacteriology 181, no. 9 (1999): 2966–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.181.9.2966-2969.1999.

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ABSTRACT Carbon catabolite repression (CCR) of Bacillus subtiliscatabolic genes is mediated by CcpA and in part by P-Ser–HPr. For certain operons, Crh, an HPr-like protein, is also implicated in CCR. In this study we demonstrated that in ptsH1 crh1and hprK mutants, expression of the lev operon was completely relieved from CCR and that both P-Ser–HPr and P-Ser–Crh stimulated the binding of CcpA to the cresequence of the lev operon.
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47

Gifford, Christine M., and Susan S. Wallace. "The Genes Encoding Formamidopyrimidine and MutY DNA Glycosylases in Escherichia coli Are Transcribed as Part of Complex Operons." Journal of Bacteriology 181, no. 14 (1999): 4223–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.181.14.4223-4236.1999.

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ABSTRACT Escherichia coli formamidopyrimidine (Fpg) DNA glycosylase and MutY DNA glycosylase are base excision repair proteins that work together to protect cells from the mutagenic effects of the commonly oxidized guanine product 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine. The genes encoding these proteins, fpg and mutY, are both cotranscribed as part of complex operons. fpg is the terminal gene in an operon with the gene order radC,rpmB, rpmG, and fpg. This operon has transcription initiation sites upstream of radC, in theradC coding region, and immediately upstream offpg. There is a strong attenuator in ther
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48

Manzoor, Irfan, Sulman Shafeeq, Muhammad Afzal, and Oscar P. Kuipers. "Fucose-Mediated Transcriptional Activation of the fcs Operon by FcsR in Streptococcus pneumoniae." Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology 25, no. 2-3 (2015): 120–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000377724.

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In this study, we explore the impact of fucose on the transcriptome of <i>S. pneumoniae</i> D39. The expression of various genes and operons, including the fucose uptake PTS and utilization operon (<i>fcs</i> operon) was altered in the presence of fucose. By means of quantitative RT-PCR and β-galactosidase analysis, we demonstrate the role of the transcriptional regulator FcsR, present upstream of the <i>fcs</i> operon, as a transcriptional activator of the <i>fcs</i> operon. We also predict a 19-bp putative FcsR regulatory site (5′-ATTTGAACATTAT
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49

Takeda, Yasuo, Kazuma Takase, Ichiro Yamato, and Keietsu Abe. "Sequencing and Characterization of the xyl Operon of a Gram-Positive Bacterium, Tetragenococcus halophila." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64, no. 7 (1998): 2513–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.64.7.2513-2519.1998.

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ABSTRACT The xyl operon of a gram-positive bacterium,Tetragenococcus halophila (previously calledPediococcus halophilus), was cloned and sequenced. The DNA was about 7.7 kb long and contained genes for a ribose binding protein and part of a ribose transporter, xylR (a putative regulatory gene), and the xyl operon, along with its regulatory region and transcription termination signal, in this order. The DNA was AT rich, the GC content being 35.8%, consistent with the GC content of this gram-positive bacterium. The xyl operon consisted of three genes, xylA, encoding a xylose isomerase, xylB, enc
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50

Prammananan, Therdsak, Peter Sander, Burkhard Springer, and Erik C. Böttger. "RecA-Mediated Gene Conversion and Aminoglycoside Resistance in Strains Heterozygous for rRNA." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 43, no. 3 (1999): 447–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.43.3.447.

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ABSTRACT Clinical resistance to aminoglycosides in general is due to enzymatic drug modification. Mutational alterations of the small ribosomal subunit rRNA have recently been found to mediate acquired resistance in bacterial pathogens in vivo. In this study we investigated the effect of 16S rRNA heterozygosity (wild-type [wt] and mutant [mut] operons at position 1408 [1408wt/1408mut]) on aminoglycoside resistance. Using an integrative vector, we introduced a single copy of a mutated rRNA operon (1408 A→G) into Mycobacterium smegmatis, which carries two chromosomal wild-type rRNA operons; the
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