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Pustejovsky, James E. "Measurement-comparable effect sizes for single-case studies of free-operant behavior." Psychological Methods 20, no. 3 (2015): 342–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/met0000019.
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Khasnak, Naela Rif'atul, Arista Kiswantoro, and Sumarwiyah Sumarwiyah. "MENGATASI KESULITAN BELAJAR MELALUI KONSELING BEHAVIORISTIK DENGAN TEKNIK OPERANT CONDITIONING PADA SISWA KELAS VIII SMP N 3 BAE KUDUS." Jurnal Muria Research Guidance and Counseling (MRGC) 1, no. 2 (October 4, 2022): 279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.24176/mrgc.v1i2.8769.
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The purpose of this research is to: 1. To find the factors that cause Class VIII SMP N 3 Bae students to have learning difficulties. 2. To find out whether the application of behavioristic counseling with operant conditioning techniques is effective to overcome learning difficulties in class VIII SMP N 3 Bae. The type of research used is a Case Study. The subjects studied were class VIII SMP N 3 Bae Academic Year 2021/2022 who had learning difficulties. The independent variable in this study was behavioristic counseling using the Operant Conditioning technique, while the dependent variable was learning difficulties. Data collection techniques using Observation, Interview and Documentation techniques. Analysis of the data used is a qualitative data analysis. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that after being given Behavioristic Counseling with the Operant Conditioning technique, the counselee is able to change his behavior that makes learning difficulties, namely students can pay attention to the teacher while teaching, do not chat alone with friends, collect assignments on time, and study diligently every day.
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Alderman, Nick, Caroline Knight, and Jennifer Brooks. "Rehabilitation Approaches to the Management of Aggressive Behaviour Disorders after Acquired Brain Injury." Brain Impairment 14, no. 1 (May 2013): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/brimp.2013.7.
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Symptoms of neurobehavioural disability acquired through brain injury, especially aggression, are associated with severe social handicap. Differences in terminology have resulted in varying estimates, but aggressive behaviour disorder appears to be characteristic of survivors at some point in their recovery journey. This paper provides a brief review regarding the prevalence, development and causes of aggression associated with acquired brain injury (ABI), and what can be done to help manage them. The advantages of using standardised measures conceptualised for ABI in the assessment and formulation of aggressive behaviour disorders are especially highlighted. A range of treatment methods and the evidence base relating to these are described. The contribution of pharmacological therapies, cognitive behavioural therapy and behavioural interventions are explored. It is argued that the strongest evidence base is associated with behaviour therapy, especially when carried out in the context of neurobehavioural rehabilitation, and two case studies are described to illustrate the clinical advantages of interventions derived from operant theory. Comparative lack of ABI experts trained in the management of post-acute behaviour disorders remains a limiting factor.
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Shivanian, Elyas, Leyla AhmadSoltani, and Fatemeh Sohrabi. "Results for the heat transfer of a fin with exponential-law temperature-dependent thermal conductivity and power-law temperature-dependent heat transfer coefficients." Nonlinear Engineering 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nleng-2022-0005.
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Abstract In this article, thermal behavior analysis of nonlinear fin problem with power-law heat transfer coefficient is studied to determine temperature distribution. This new supposition for the thermal conductivity, exponential-law temperature dependent, makes it to be nonlinear that is a general case in some sense. It is shown that the governing fin equation, that is, a nonlinear second-order differential equation, is exactly solvable with proper boundary conditions. To this purpose, the order of differential equation is reduced and then is converted into a total differential equation by multiplying a proper integration operant. An exact analytical solution is given to advance physical meaning, and the existence of unique solution for some specific values of the parameters of the model is demonstrated. The results are shown graphically. It is observed that fin efficiency is decreasing with respect to the power-law mode for heat transfer.
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Burdenko, I., and A. Korol. "BEHAVIORAL THEORY AND ACCOUNTING SYSTEM." Vìsnik Sumsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu 2021, no. 4 (2021): 106–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/1817-9215.2021.4-13.
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The article is devoted to the study of the essence of behavioral theory and its relationship with accounting as a system. Behavioral theory studies and explains human behavior through incentives and punishments and today this theory is interdisciplinary, because it allows you to predict human behavior during management decisions in the process of economic activity. Behavioral science is a component of economic psychology, which analyzes and studies the behavior of people using a systematic approach, that is, the object is considered as a system in whole. The role of behavioral science is unquestionably important in economic relations, because the use of its main features will allow you to gain advantages among competitors in the common business space, improve production due to more efficient labor of workers, and even before understand this or that decision of both opponents and partners. Behavioral theory is based on the appropriate link between the information needed to make decisions and the response of different individuals or even groups of individuals to it to meet their own needs or solve certain problems. The work summarizes the main features of behavioral theory and identifies it as the main targets that are directly related to the profession of "an accountant." According to behavioral theory, the behavior of an employee, in our case an accountant, can be conditionally divided into respondent and operant. A study of the main characteristics of behavioral science led to the need to identify its relationship with the accounting system. Behavioral theory interacts and affects precisely the technical and organizational subsystems of accounting, which directly affects the final product of the accounting system itself - management decision-making by stakeholders and other users. The result of the behavioral approach is the formation of professional judgment directly among employees of accounting, management and stakeholders. It is proved that behavioral theory not only explains the behavior of an accountant, but also has an impact on the formation of his "Hard skills" and professional judgment, which directly affects the management decisions of users of accounting information. In addition, in the article it is reasonable that modern targets of behavioral science correlate with the goals of sustainable development and contribute to the harmonic and sustainable development of the economy and society.
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Ravnsbaek, Dorthe, Kai Xiang, Wenting Xing, Paul Gionet, Yet-Ming Chiang, Peter Chupas, Karena Chapman, and Yet-Ming Chiang. "Operando studies of nanoscale olivine cathodes for Li-ion batteries." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314096417.
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Compounds of interest for ion storage in advanced batteries frequently exhibit phase transformations, driven by large and variable electrochemical driving forces inherent to practical use. Understanding how materials variables (e.g. composition, nanoscale-crystallite size and dynamic electrochemical conditions) affect the phase transition is of vital importance for practical applications as the reversibility and stability of these structural transformations determine the energy, power, and lifetime of the system. Due to its outstanding power, safety and cycle-life olivine LiFePO4 (LFP) has during the past decade become a widely used, and one of the most well-studied, lithium ion battery cathode materials. It is well-established that for LiFePO4 the storage/release of lithium is accompanied by a first-order phase transition between lithiated and delithiated states. However, it would be a mistake to conclude that the behavior of pure LFP is representative of all olivines, in particular the vast range of doped and mixed-metal olivines that are also of interest for their advantageous electrochemical properties.1,2 Utilizing operando synchrotron radiation powder X-ray diffraction (SR-PXD), we demonstrate here, by systematic screening of the electrochemical driven phase transitions in a series of LiMnyFe1-yPO4 (y =0.1-0.8) powders, a completely different phase transformation mode dominated by formation of metastable solid solutions for nanoscale LMFP compared to the binary lithiation states within the extremely well-studied case of LFP. Through Rietveld refinement the misfit strains during phase transformations are examined, revealing small elastic misfits between phases within the extended solid solution regime. On the basis of the time- and state-of-charge dependence of the olivine structure parameters, we propose a coherent transformation mechanism, and finally, we bring evidence that the observed metastability is enabled by particle size reduction to the nanoscale.
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Kimchi, Eyal Y., Mary M. Torregrossa, Jane R. Taylor, and Mark Laubach. "Neuronal Correlates of Instrumental Learning in the Dorsal Striatum." Journal of Neurophysiology 102, no. 1 (July 2009): 475–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00262.2009.
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We recorded neuronal activity simultaneously in the medial and lateral regions of the dorsal striatum as rats learned an operant task. The task involved making head entries into a response port followed by movements to collect rewards at an adjacent reward port. The availability of sucrose reward was signaled by an acoustic stimulus. During training, animals showed increased rates of responding and came to move rapidly and selectively, following the stimulus, from the response port to the reward port. Behavioral “devaluation” studies, pairing sucrose with lithium chloride, established that entries into the response port were habitual (insensitive to devaluation of sucrose) from early in training and entries into the reward port remained goal-directed (sensitive to devaluation) throughout training. Learning-related changes in behavior were paralleled by changes in neuronal activity in the dorsal striatum, with an increasing number of neurons showing task-related firing over the training period. Throughout training, we observed more task-related neurons in the lateral striatum compared with those in the medial striatum. Many of these neurons fired at higher rates during initiation of movements in the presence of the stimulus, compared with similar movements in the absence of the stimulus. Learning was also accompanied by progressive increases in movement-related potentials and transiently increased theta-band oscillations (5–8 Hz) in simultaneously recorded field potentials. Together, these data suggest that representations of task-relevant stimuli and movements develop in the dorsal striatum during instrumental learning.
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Valdman, Albert. "INTRODUCTION." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 24, no. 2 (June 2002): 141–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263102002012.
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In the past century major changes in the study of language learning, and its attendant effects on language instruction, derived from the espousal of behavioral psychology by structural linguistics of the Bloomfieldian persuasion. Did not the founder of this strand of structuralism, who collaborated in the Army language manual for the teaching of Russian under the revealing pseudonym of I. M. Lisnin, declare: “Language learning is overlearning, nothing else is of any use”? Noam Chomsky's (1959) brilliant demonstration of the reductionism of the most extreme form of behaviorism—Skinner's operant conditioning (Review of B. F. Skinner's Verbal Behavior, Language, 35, 26–58)—triggered the demise of the influence of behavioristic views of language acquisition. This demise was accompanied by that of the structural approach to second language teaching associated with such applied linguists as Robert Lado, although it must be acknowledged that the combination of these two theoretical strands did lead to significant changes in foreign language classrooms—for example, the abandonment of grammar translation and a shift of focus from written texts to speech. However, what applied linguists of that generation failed to do was to observe how actual second language learners in both naturalistic and instructed contexts process and reorganize linguistic input, how they intake it, and how they turn it into output in communicative interactions. It was not until the impact of Chomskian-inspired studies of first language acquisition and Pit Corder's (1967) seminal “The significance of learners' errors” (International Review of Applied Linguistics, 5, 161–170) that the second language learner came into focus and that the field of second language acquisition research began to flourish. In this connection, it is noteworthy that bringing to a wider international audience the proceedings of the Neuchâtel colloquia led by Corder served as a catalyst for the launching of SSLA.
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Suzuki, Takahiro, Ryota Kobayashi, Katsuyoshi Kakinuma, Makoto Uchida, Akihiro Iiyama, and Shohji Tsushima. "Investigation of Liquid Water Behavior and Performance of PEFC Catalyst Layers Using a Microdevice and in-Operando Infrared Microscopy." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 39 (October 9, 2022): 1446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02391446mtgabs.
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Studies on water behavior in the vicinity of a catalyst layer (CL) and its effect on the cell performance are important challenges because water management is a key factor to achieve higher performance of polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs). In this study, a microdevice that contains a catalyst coated membrane (CCM) was developed (1) and in-operando infrared (IR) microscopy was conducted to visualize water behavior on the CL. Two types of CLs contain either carbon (2) or tin oxide (3) as supporting material to investigate the effects of materials on the water behavior and cell performance. The microdevice, which was made of a silicon wafer, contains two microchannels (100 μm-width, 200 μm-pitch) and a current-collecting layer (30 μm-width) on a rib of the cathode plate. The CCM was sandwiched by two plates. The anode channel faced the rib of the cathode. The surface of a cathode catalyst layer was coated with thin Au by sputtering to enhance IR reflectance, which did not change the porous structure of the CL significantly. The surface of the cathode catalyst layer was observed by IR microscopy through the cathode plate. Figure 1 shows liquid water generated during the constant current operation of the device. The catalyst layer contains carbon as the supporting material in this case. The effects of the materials and flow conditions on the water behavior and cell performance were investigated. Acknowledgments This work was supported by NEDO ECCEED’30. References (1) T. Suzuki et al., J. Therm. Sci. Technol., 11 (2016), 16-00370. (2) T. Suzuki et al., Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 41 (2016), 20326. (3) Y. Chino et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 162 (2015), F736. Figure 1
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De Berardinis, Pierluigi, Chiara Marchionni, Marianna Rotilio, and Avi Friedman. "The Dry Construction Systems on the Rehabilitation of Built Heritage." Open House International 41, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-01-2016-b0011.
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The dry construction techniques, widely used in past centuries have seen a renewed interest in the last few years. This is due to different reasons such as the new user’s needs for high quality at low cost, the shortage of traditional skilled labor, the need to reduce delivery times and the rising costs of initiating a fabrication plant. Dry construction methods regard the building site as the place of assembly. The quality of the finish products, are guaranteed by a factory controlled production process and reduction to a minimum of on-site work. The building, designed by “unconnected boxes” becomes an “active machine”, capable of ensuring maximum performance for the user. Finally the design of an “open building system” also consists of a set of rules to allow creation of various solutions. The complexity of this modus operandi increases progressively if the intervention is carried out in small historic centres. Therefore, this research aims at presenting a method of work that uses dry construction systems and that has been developed to intervene in the historic contexts damaged by the earthquake that struck the Abruzzo region on April 6, 2009. This method develops a process that aimes at the rehabilitation of the buildings but also at improving their energy behavior while respecting, at the same time, the vernacular values. It is based on a “case by case” approach that starts from an analysis of the context and its local construction techniques, taking into account the peculiarities of each location. The results of this method have been applied to a small village located in the province of L'Aquila called Santa Maria del Ponte.
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Agruso, Victor M., and Michael D. Matthews. "Effects of Glutamic Acid on Operant Behavior, Activity, and Open-Field Behavior in Rats." Psychological Reports 57, no. 3 (December 1985): 1003–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1985.57.3.1003.
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The current study examined the effects of dietary administration of glutamic acid and/or Vitmin B0 on operant behavior, activity, and open-field behavior in rats. Compared to controls, experimental subjects showed prolonged extinction of the lever-press task and entered more squares in the open-field. Experimental groups did not differ among themselves on these measures. No differences between experimental groups and controls were found for acquisition of the lever-press response, activity measured on an activity wheel, and number of defecations in the open-field. Results were partially supportive of previous studies showing significant effects of peripherally administered glutamic acid on measures of operant behavior.
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Antunes, Augusto, and Mário Franco. "How people in organizations make sense of responsible leadership practices." Leadership & Organization Development Journal 37, no. 1 (March 7, 2016): 126–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/lodj-04-2014-0084.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify and discuss the concept of responsible leadership, find some dimensions and understand how staff in organizations make sense of this style of leadership. Design/methodology/approach – Multiple exploratory case studies in six Portuguese organizations were performed. As data-collecting instruments, several interviews and documentary analysis were used. Findings – The authors found four dimensions associated with responsible leadership in the organizations studied here: aggregate of virtues; stakeholder involvement; model of leader’s roles; and principles and ethical values. These organizations integrate relationships which seek human well-being, institutions of reference considered good examples to work in and where the best of human nature is stressed. In particular, the modus operandi of their responsible leadership implants dynamics which lead to the development of individuals’ strengths, resilience and vitality. Practical/implications – The emphasis of this leadership style points mainly to the existence of modern leaders with an integrating, holistic view of stakeholders where the focus is on carrying out their various roles where virtuousness and ethical values play a determinant role. Interpersonal relationships, ethical principles regarding the environment, peers and the community were also practices identified as associated with responsible leadership. Originality/value – The study contributes to advancing theory in the field of leadership and presents a new framework (dimensions) about responsible leadership. The study is also innovative because contributes to more knowledge about organizations that follow a responsible style of leadership, and in so doing form consistent practices that can represent benchmarking for other organizational structures, even taking into account the natural idiosyncrasies inherent in the Portuguese organizational and business sector.
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Nargeot, R., D. A. Baxter, G. W. Patterson, and J. H. Byrne. "Dopaminergic Synapses Mediate Neuronal Changes in an Analogue of Operant Conditioning." Journal of Neurophysiology 81, no. 4 (April 1, 1999): 1983–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.81.4.1983.
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Dopaminergic synapses mediate neuronal changes in an analogue of operant conditioning. Feeding behavior in Aplysiacan be modified by operant conditioning in which contingent reinforcement is conveyed by the esophageal nerve (E n.). A neuronal analogue of this conditioning in the isolated buccal ganglia was developed by using stimulation of E n. as an analogue of contingent reinforcement. Previous studies indicated that E n. may release dopamine. We used a dopamine antagonist (methylergonovine) to investigate whether dopamine mediated the enhancement of motor patterns in the analogue of operant conditioning. Methylergonovine blocked synaptic connections from the reinforcement pathway and the contingent-dependent enhancement of the reinforced pattern. These results suggest that dopamine mediates at least part of the neuronal modifications induced by contingent reinforcement.
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Thompson, Aiko K., Briana M. Favale, Jacqueline Velez, and Patricia Falivena. "Operant Up-Conditioning of the Tibialis Anterior Motor-Evoked Potential in Multiple Sclerosis: Feasibility Case Studies." Neural Plasticity 2018 (July 15, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4725393.
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Damage to the corticospinal pathway often results in weak dorsiflexion of the ankle, thereby limiting the mobility of people with multiple sclerosis (MS). Thus, strengthening corticospinal connectivity may improve locomotion. Here, we investigated the feasibility of tibialis anterior (TA) motor-evoked potential (MEP) operant conditioning and whether it can enhance corticospinal excitability and alleviate locomotor problems in people with chronic stable MS. The protocol consisted of 6 baseline and 24 up-conditioning sessions over 10 weeks. In all sessions, TA MEPs were elicited at 10% above active threshold while the sitting subject provided 30–35% maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) level of TA background EMG. During baseline sessions, MEPs were simply measured. During conditioning trials of the conditioning sessions, the subject was encouraged to increase MEP and was given immediate feedback indicating whether MEP size was above a criterion. In 3/4 subjects, TA MEP increased 32–75%, MVC increased 28–52%, locomotor EMG modulation improved in multiple leg muscles, and foot drop became less severe. In one of them, MEP and MVC increases were maintained throughout 3 years of extensive follow-up sessions. These initial results support a therapeutic possibility of MEP operant conditioning for improving locomotion in people with MS or other CNS disorders, such as spinal cord injury and stroke.
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Anderson, Carl. "Self-organized behavior: Case studies." Complexity 7, no. 2 (November 2001): 14–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cplx.10017.
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Martin, Thomas J., William R. Kahn, and James C. Eisenach. "Abdominal Surgery Decreases Food-reinforced Operant Responding in Rats." Anesthesiology 103, no. 3 (September 1, 2005): 629–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200509000-00028.
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Background Establishment of early oral nutrition after surgery is associated with a decrease in morbidity and mortality. The following studies were undertaken to determine how surgery influences food-reinforced behavior in rats and to determine the relevance of afferent input from the incision site on this behavior. Methods Rats were trained to press a lever for food pellets to assess the effects of various abdominal surgical manipulations. Operant requirements and food availability were also manipulated. The effects of wound infiltration with bupivacaine and denervation of the abdominal musculature in the area of the incision were similarly examined. Results Incision of the skin and abdominal musculature produced significant behavioral effects. Food pellets earned were significantly decreased, with gut manipulation producing effects of greater magnitude and duration than incision alone. Operant requirements or different schedules of food availability did not influence the effect of surgery on behavior. Infiltration of the wound with bupivacaine produced a reversal of the effects of surgery on behavior after skin and muscle incision but had minimal effects when the viscera were manipulated. Similarly, denervation of the abdominal musculature reversed the effects of abdominal incision on behavior. Conclusions Food maintained behavior is disrupted after laparotomy in rats. The time course and magnitude of this disruption, as well as its reversal by bupivacaine or denervation, are consistent with postoperative incisional pain. Manipulation of the viscera produces a greater effect than laparotomy alone, and additional mechanisms unrelated to incisional pain affect food reinforcement and feeding after surgery.
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Mayo-Dosayla, Charity Mae, and Dennis V. Madrigal. "A Case Study of the School Behavior of Abused Children with Behavior Modification Intervention." Technium Social Sciences Journal 20 (June 8, 2021): 244–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v20i1.3637.
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Child abuse has become prevalent in the society and has reached an alarming state. An experience of abuse creates a domino effect on a child’s learning and socialization in school, and consequently impacts their holistic development. Anchoring on B.F. Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Theory, this study investigates the undesirable school behaviour of abused children and formulates an intervention program for behaviour modification. This case study documented the school behaviour of three primary school children identified as psychologically, physically, and sexually abused by the local Department of Social Welfare and Development. These abused children were selected using purposive sampling. Data collection was conducted through pre, and post-observation using a validated research-made Student Behaviour Inventory, in-depth interview, triangulation, and validated Student Behaviour Intervention Program (SBIP) anchored on Cognitive Behavioural approaches. Data were analysed using recursive textual analysis using Lichtman’s framework: coding, categorizing, and conceptualizing. Results of the study revealed that abused children have opposition, refusal, and resistance to orders; sensitiveness; tendency towards social withdrawal, aloofness, and melancholy; feelings of inferiority; and non-compliance to school requirements. Administration of SBIP to abused children produced slight modification in their behaviour. This study implies a consideration of the SBIP and its administration to children who have experienced abuse as an intervention to modify their school behaviour.
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Venniro, Marco, Rosa A. M. Marino, Jonathan J. Chow, Daniele Caprioli, David H. Epstein, Leslie A. Ramsey, and Yavin Shaham. "The Protective Effect of Social Reward on Opioid and Psychostimulant Reward and Relapse: Behavior, Pharmacology, and Brain Regions." Journal of Neuroscience 42, no. 50 (December 14, 2022): 9298–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.0931-22.2022.
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Until recently, most modern neuroscience research on addiction using animal models did not incorporate manipulations of social factors. Social factors play a critical role in human addiction: social isolation and exclusion can promote drug use and relapse, while social connections and inclusion tend to be protective. Here, we discuss the state of the literature on social factors in animal models of opioid and psychostimulant preference, self-administration, and relapse. We first summarize results from rodent studies on behavioral, pharmacological, and circuit mechanisms of the protective effect of traditional experimenter-controlled social interaction procedures on opioid and psychostimulant conditioned place preference, self-administration, and relapse. Next, we summarize behavioral and brain-mechanism results from studies using newer operant social-interaction procedures that inhibit opioid and psychostimulant self-administration and relapse. We conclude by discussing how the reviewed studies point to future directions for the addiction field and other neuroscience and psychiatric fields, and their implications for mechanistic understanding of addiction and development of new treatments.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIn this review, we propose that incorporating social factors into modern neuroscience research on addiction could improve mechanistic accounts of addiction and help close gaps in translating discovery to treatment. We first summarize rodent studies on behavioral, pharmacological, and circuit mechanisms of the protective effect of both traditional experimenter-controlled and newer operant social-interaction procedures. We then discuss potential future directions and clinical implications.
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Al Sandi, Yousuf Anwar, and Bernard Haber Ugalde. "Social Networking Sites Classroom Framework using Operant Conditioning of Learning." International Journal of Smart Education and Urban Society 10, no. 4 (October 2019): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijseus.2019100103.
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In this information age, educational institutions have innovated to take the teaching and learning process to the next level. They are now infusing social media and social networks with traditional teaching as a method of instruction inside the classroom. Various studies have been carried out to find and suggest what social network is the best fit to adopt to education in general. However, there are no known standards on how to implement learning in social networks particularly in monitoring and responding to student behavior. This research is premised on the fact that positive response should be reinforced, and negative behavior is punished. Thus, this article presents how to use operant conditioning of learning inside a social network, particularly in managing a student's behavior. It was observed that there is an impact on the performance of students who used the developed classroom framework as compared to who did not. The result confirms that a monitored and guided social network approach can benefit students.
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Carp, Jonathan S., Ann M. Tennissen, Xiang Yang Chen, and Jonathan R. Wolpaw. "H-Reflex Operant Conditioning in Mice." Journal of Neurophysiology 96, no. 4 (October 2006): 1718–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00470.2006.
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Rats, monkeys, and humans can alter the size of their spinal stretch reflex and its electrically induced analog, the H-reflex (HR), when exposed to an operant conditioning paradigm. Because this conditioning induces plasticity in the spinal cord, it offers a unique opportunity to identify the neuronal sites and mechanisms that underlie a well-defined change in a simple behavior. To facilitate these studies, we developed an HR operant conditioning protocol in mice, which are better suited to genetic manipulation and electrophysiological spinal cord study in vitro than rats or primates. Eleven mice under deep surgical anesthesia were implanted with tibial nerve stimulating electrodes and soleus and gastrocnemius intramuscular electrodes for recording ongoing and stimulus-evoked EMG activity. During the 24-h/day computer-controlled experiment, mice received a liquid reward for either increasing (up-conditioning) or decreasing (down-conditioning) HR amplitude while maintaining target levels of ongoing EMG and directly evoked EMG (M-responses). After 3–7 wk of conditioning, the HR amplitude was 133 ± 7% (SE) of control for up-conditioning and 71 ± 8% of control for down-conditioning. HR conditioning was successful (i.e., ≥20% change in HR amplitude in the appropriate direction) in five of six up-conditioned animals (mean final HR amplitude = 139 ± 5% of control HR for successful mice) and in four of five down-conditioned animals (mean final HR amplitude = 63 ± 8% of control HR for successful mice). These effects were not attributable to differences in the net level of motoneuron pool excitation, stimulation strength, or distribution of HR trials throughout the day. Thus mice exhibit HR operant conditioning comparable with that observed in rats and monkeys.
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King, Brent M., Andrew E. Brandt, and Jeffrey N. Weatherly. "Up or Down: The Influence of Upcoming Reinforcement on Consummatory and Operant Behavior." Journal of General Psychology 129, no. 4 (October 2002): 443–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221300209602107.
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MacCoun, Robert J. "Is melioration the addiction theory of choice?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19, no. 4 (December 1996): 586–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00043144.
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AbstractHeyman makes a convincing case that a melioration choice strategy is sufficient to produce addictive behavior. But given a plethora of addiction theories, the question is whether melioration theory is superior to rivals more sophisticated than a simple disease model or operant conditioning account. Heyman offers little direct evidence that melioration actually causes the addictions we observe.
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Cassidy, Michael, and Karen Medsker. "Case Studies." Performance Improvement Quarterly 17, no. 4 (October 22, 2008): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1937-8327.2004.tb00316.x.
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Warren, D. Alan, Thomas G. Reigle, and Cham E. Dallas. "Effect of Single Versus Repeated Exposure to 1,1,1-Trichloroethane on Rat Operant Behavior." International Journal of Toxicology 16, no. 6 (November 1997): 585–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/109158197226900.
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A design feature of most dose-response studies involving schedule-controlled operant behavior is the repeated administration of different doses of the test substance to the same experimental animal. Repeated dosing raises the question of whether or not an animal's initial exposure to a chemical agent alters its behavioral response to subsequent exposures. To address this question, a dose-response curve for the effect of inhaled 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TRI) on the rate of lever-pressing for milk delivery was generated with repeatedly exposed rats (i.e., a within-subject design) and compared to dose-response data obtained from rats receiving a single inhalation exposure to TRI (i.e., a between-group design). Relative to that generated with singly exposed rats, the dose-response curve generated by repeated exposure was shifted to the left. This suggests that the behavioral effects of rate-decreasing concentrations of TRI are augmented by previous exposures. This residual effect is apparently not due to the accumulation of pharmacologically active substances or to the development of an aversion to responding, since TRI is rapidly eliminated following exposure and solvent-free responding was unaffected 24 h postexposure. Instead, the results of this study support the well-established belief that an animal's response to a drug or chemical agent can be modified by its prior behavioral and exposure history. Thus, comparisons of single and repeated exposures may be necessary for fully accurate interpretations of the behavioral consequences of solvent exposure.
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Boppana, Shilpa, and Alan Gross. "Behavioral Treatment of Trichotillomania in a College Woman: A Case Study." Clinical Case Studies 18, no. 5 (July 21, 2019): 397–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1534650119864440.
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Trichotillomania (TTM) is a disorder that involves repetitive pulling of one’s hair to the point of hair loss and clinically significant distress or functional impairment. Using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 ( DSM-5) criteria, which include repeated attempts to decrease or stop pulling, the 12-month prevalence of TTM is 1% to 2%. Treatment commonly involves behavior therapies. These behavior therapies conceptualize TTM using operant learning theory and explain hair-pulling behavior as caused and maintained by environmental antecedents and consequences interacting with an individual’s biological makeup. This clinical case study describes use of an Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Enhanced Behavior Therapy for Trichotillomania (AEBT-T) protocol to facilitate treatment of a 20-year-old woman who was referred for TTM. The client remained in treatment for 14 months. After the completion of 32 therapy sessions, the client reported significantly reduced hair-pulling and anxiety, as well as increased engagement in valued activities. Implications of these findings are discussed, with an emphasis on the challenges of treating TTM in a college population.
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Longley, Matthew, Ethan L. Willis, Cindy X. Tay, and Hao Chen. "An open source device for operant licking in rats." PeerJ 5 (February 14, 2017): e2981. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2981.
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We created an easy-to-use device for operant licking experiments and another device that records environmental variables. Both devices use the Raspberry Pi computer to obtain data from multiple input devices (e.g., radio frequency identification tag readers, touch and motion sensors, environmental sensors) and activate output devices (e.g., LED lights, syringe pumps) as needed. Data gathered from these devices are stored locally on the computer but can be automatically transferred to a remote server via a wireless network. We tested the operant device by training rats to obtain either sucrose or water under the control of a fixed ratio, a variable ratio, or a progressive ratio reinforcement schedule. The lick data demonstrated that the device has sufficient precision and time resolution to record the fast licking behavior of rats. Data from the environment monitoring device also showed reliable measurements. By providing the source code and 3D design under an open source license, we believe these examples will stimulate innovation in behavioral studies. The source code can be found at http://github.com/chen42/openbehavior.
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Stoeger, Angela S., and Anton Baotic. "Operant control and call usage learning in African elephants." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376, no. 1836 (September 6, 2021): 20200254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0254.
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Elephants exhibit remarkable vocal plasticity, and case studies reveal that individuals of African savannah ( Loxodonta africana ) and Asian ( Elephas maximus ) elephants are capable of vocal production learning. Surprisingly, however, little is known about contextual learning (usage and comprehension learning) in elephant communication. Usage learning can be demonstrated by training animals to vocalize in an arbitrary (cue-triggered) context. Here we show that adult African savannah elephants ( n = 13) can vocalize in response to verbal cues, reliably producing social call types such as the low-frequency rumble, trumpets and snorts as well as atypical sounds using various mechanisms, thus displaying compound vocal control. We further show that rumbles emitted upon trainer cues differ significantly in structure from rumbles triggered by social contexts of the same individuals ( n = 6). Every form of social learning increases the complexity of a communication system. In elephants, we only poorly understand their vocal learning abilities and the underlying cognitive mechanisms. Among other research, this calls for controlled learning experiments in which the prerequisite is operant/volitional control of vocalizations. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Vocal learning in animals and humans’.
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Zorzi, Simone, Eva Marangone, Fabrizio Giorgeschi, and Laura Berteotti. "Promoting Choice Using Switches in People With Severe Disabilities: A Case Report." SAGE Open 12, no. 1 (January 2022): 215824402210821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440221082141.
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People with severe intellectual disabilities have a remarkably high risk of spending most of their lifetime without the possibility of engaging their surroundings. This study aimed to verify if it is possible to teach operant and choice behaviours for autonomus managment of leisure activity throught switches to people with severe intellectual disabilities. A two-switches training program was implemented following three subsequent steps: (1) switch pressure learning; (2) choice behavior learning (Level 1: choices between preferred and non-preferred stimuli; Level 2: choices between preferred and neutral stimuli); (3) subjective satisfaction. A single subject (N=1) multiple probe design, using intermittent probe sessions across behaviors, demonstrated experimental control. Results confirm the effectiveness of training in promoting both repertoires of switch pressure and choice behavior. The response rate and accuracy were statistically significant ( r range: .83–.99). The study shed light on the possibility of autonomous activity management through switches for persons with severe intellectual disabilities.
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Rafi, Aisha, Ambreen Ansar, and Muneeza Amir Sami. "The Implication of Positive Reinforcement Strategy in dealing with Disruptive Behaviour in the Classroom: A Scoping Review." Journal of Rawalpindi Medical College 24, no. 2 (June 26, 2020): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.37939/jrmc.v24i2.1190.
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The scoping review study was carried out from January 18, 2019, to February 18, 2019, by following the Arksey and O'Malley method of scoping review. An extensive search in the bibliographic databases, PubMed, ERIC, and Google scholar for the gray literature was done. The search was narrowed by a set of inclusion and exclusion criteria. The studies included in the literature search were sort by the PRISMA flow chart. The selected studies address the use of a positive reinforcement strategy to manage disruptive behavior in the classroom. The positive reinforcement strategies identified were praise (41%), feedback (33%), and other classroom management studies (25%). Skinner's operant learning principle has a classroom implication for increasing the likelihood of the desired behavior. The results of the review can be used to implement evidence-based practice and policy regarding improving the desired behavior in the classroom.
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Loewenstein, Yonatan, Drazen Prelec, and H. Sebastian Seung. "Operant Matching as a Nash Equilibrium of an Intertemporal Game." Neural Computation 21, no. 10 (October 2009): 2755–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco.2009.09-08-854.
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Over the past several decades, economists, psychologists, and neuroscientists have conducted experiments in which a subject, human or animal, repeatedly chooses between alternative actions and is rewarded based on choice history. While individual choices are unpredictable, aggregate behavior typically follows Herrnstein's matching law: the average reward per choice is equal for all chosen alternatives. In general, matching behavior does not maximize the overall reward delivered to the subject, and therefore matching appears inconsistent with the principle of utility maximization. Here we show that matching can be made consistent with maximization by regarding the choices of a single subject as being made by a sequence of multiple selves—one for each instant of time. If each self is blind to the state of the world and discounts future rewards completely, then the resulting game has at least one Nash equilibrium that satisfies both Herrnstein's matching law and the unpredictability of individual choices. This equilibrium is, in general, Pareto suboptimal, and can be understood as a mutual defection of the multiple selves in an intertemporal prisoner's dilemma. The mathematical assumptions about the multiple selves should not be interpreted literally as psychological assumptions. Human and animals do remember past choices and care about future rewards. However, they may be unable to comprehend or take into account the relationship between past and future. This can be made more explicit when a mechanism that converges on the equilibrium, such as reinforcement learning, is considered. Using specific examples, we show that there exist behaviors that satisfy the matching law but are not Nash equilibria. We expect that these behaviors will not be observed experimentally in animals and humans. If this is the case, the Nash equilibrium formulation can be regarded as a refinement of Herrnstein's matching law.
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Ketkale, Harshwardhan, and Steven Simske. "Encouraging Reuse in the Corrugated Packaging Industry Using Persuasion and Operant Conditioning." Sustainability 14, no. 11 (May 25, 2022): 6454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14116454.
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Greenhouse gas emission is a major contributor to climate change and global warming. Many sustainability efforts are aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. These include recycling and the use of renewable energy. In the case of recycling, the general population is typically required to at least temporarily store, and possibly haul, the materials rather than simply throwing them away. This effort from the general population is a key aspect of recycling, and in order for it to work, some investment of time and effort is required by the public. In the case of corrugated cardboard boxes, it has been observed that there is less motivation for the general population to recycle them. This paper explores different means of motivating people to reuse, and not just recycle, with different types of incentives. The paper addresses the use of persuasion techniques and operant conditioning techniques together to incent the general population to adopt sustainable efforts. The paper makes an attempt to segment the general population based on persuasion preference, operant condition preference, and personality type to use different forms of incentives and motivational work unlike any approaches found in the literature review. Four types of persuasion techniques and four types of operant conditioning are combined to give 16 different types of incentives. Two online surveys are conducted, and their data are analyzed (using entropy, Hamming distance, chi-square, and ANOVA). The results indicate that “positive reinforcement ethos” is a cost-effective way to incent the general population. The results of this study can be applied to a wide range of applications such as incentives for solar panels, incentives for vaccination, and other areas wherein sustainability-centric behavior is encouraged.
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Kokal, Sunil L., and Mohammed Al-Dokhi. "Case Studies of Emulsion Behavior at Reservoir Conditions." SPE Production & Operations 23, no. 03 (August 1, 2008): 312–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/105534-pa.
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Commons, Michael Lamport, and Charu Tara Tuladhar. "Developmental behavior analytic therapy: Procedures and case studies." Behavioral Development Bulletin 19, no. 2 (July 2014): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0100574.
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Magnussen, Olaf M. "(Invited) Atomic-Scale Aspects of Nucleation and Growth at Liquid-Liquid Interfaces." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 23 (July 7, 2022): 1152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01231152mtgabs.
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Interfaces between liquid metals and liquid electrolytes, in particular the liquid Hg - electrolyte interface, have played a key role in the development of the theory of the electrical double layer and electrochemical adsorption. More recently, liquid-liquid interfaces have regained interest in the field of material synthesis. Unlike solid interfaces, where strain and stress, heterogeneities, and defects strongly influence growth processes, fluid systems provide soft, defect- and stress-free interfaces. In addition, the growth process profits from the high mobility of atoms, molecules, and particles in both liquids, which allows growth from both sides of the phase boundary. A large variety of metallic and non-metallic nanomaterials has been prepared via electrochemical and electroless deposition at such liquid-liquid interfaces. As demonstrated by Maldonado and coworkers, electrodeposition at liquid metal electrodes even allows the growth of nanostructured crystalline semiconductors via a simple one-step, room-temperature electrochemical process [1]. Understanding of the fundamental processes in nucleation and growth at liquid-liquid interfaces is hampered by difficulties in studying these interfaces experimentally on the atomic scale. Most surface-sensitive techniques, especially also scanning probe microscopy methods, cannot access these fluidic phase boundaries. For this reason, the majority of studies relies on electrochemical measurements, optical microscopy, and ex situ investigation of the deposit and thus provide little insight on the initial steps of the growth process. We have shown in the past that hard X-ray scattering methods, such as X-ray reflectivity (XRR) and grazing incidence X-ray scattering (GIXS), are unique tools for determining the atomic liquid-liquid interface structure. In this talk, we present case studies of electrochemically induced growth at liquid interfaces from the first monolayer up to several ten nanometer thick films. The first part discusses the growth of ionic compounds, using lead halides on Hg electrodes as an example. In PbBr2 containing NaF we observed previously growth of a PbBrF layer by operando X-ray scattering. This growth exhibited a complex nucleation and growth behavior, involving a crystalline precursor layer prior to 3D crystal growth [2]. The well-defined subnanometer thick precursor layer provided a template for the subsequent quasi-epitaxial growth of oriented 3D crystallites. Detailed studies on the potential-dependent nucleation and growth kinetics revealed with increasing overpotential a crossover from a low surface density film of large crystals to a compact PbBrF deposit with a saturation thickness of 25 nm [3,4]. In addition, growth on the liquid substrate was found to involve micromechanical effects, such as crystal reorientation and film breakup during dissolution. More recently, we extended these studies to growth in solutions containing only one type of halide anion (Br, Cl, or F). Also here, the formation of precursor layers was observed, indicating that this growth behavior is a general phenomenon. In the second part, joint X-ray scattering studies with Maldonado and coworkers on the electrochemical liquid-liquid-solid deposition of semiconductors from aqueous electrolyte are presented, focusing on Ge electrodeposition on Hg and HgxIn1-x alloy electrodes [5]. We provide evidence for the adsorption of GeO3 - anions on the liquid metal surface and the formation of a crystalline GeO2 adlayer at the positive end of the double layer region. Ge electrodeposition results in nanocrystals, which are separated from the Hg electrode by a water cushion. Furthermore, pronounced Hg surface segregation is found in HgxIn1-x, which protects the electrode surface from oxidation in the potential regime of Ge deposition. [1] Carim, A. I., Collins, S. M., Foley, J. M. & Maldonado, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133, 13292 (2011) [2] A. Elsen, S. Festersen, B. Runge, C.T. Koops, B. M. Ocko, M. Deutsch, O. Seeck, B. M. Murphy, O. M. Magnussen, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 110, 6663 (2013) [3] B.M. Murphy, S. Festersen, O.M. Magnussen, Nanoscale, 8, 13859 (2016) [4] S. Festersen, B. Runge, C. Koops, F. Bertram, B.M. Ocko, M. Deutsch, B.M. Murphy, O.M. Magnussen, Langmuir, 36, 10905 (2020) [5] D. Pattadar, Q. Cheek, A. Satori, Y. Zhao, P.R. Giri, B. Murphy, O.M. Magnussen, S. Maldonado, Cryst. Growth Des., 21, 1645 (2021)
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Fantino, Edmund, and Nureya Abarca. "Choice, optimal foraging, and the delay-reduction hypothesis." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8, no. 2 (July 1985): 315–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00020847.
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AbstractBehaving organisms are continually choosing. Recently the theoretical and empirical study of decision making by behavioral ecologists and experimental psychologists have converged in the area of foraging, particularly food acquisition. This convergence has raised the interdisciplinary question of whether principles that have emerged from the study of decision making in the operant conditioning laboratory are consistent with decision making in naturally occurring foraging. One such principle, the “parameter-free delay-reduction hypothesis, ” developed in studies of choice in the operant conditioning laboratory, states that the effectiveness of a stimulus as a reinforcer may be predicted most accurately by calculating the decrease in time to food presentation correlated with the onset of the stimulus, relative to the length of time to food presentation measured from the onset of the preceding stimulus. Since foraging involves choice, the delay-reduction hypothesis may be extended to predict aspects of foraging. We discuss the strategy of assessing parameters of foraging with operant laboratory analogues to foraging. We then compare the predictions of the delay-reduction hypothesis with those of optimal foraging theory, developed by behavioral ecologists, showing that, with two exceptions, the two positions make comparable predictions. The delay-reduction hypothesis is also compared to several contemporary pscyhological accounts of choice. Results from several of our experiments with pigeons, designed as operant conditioning simulations of foraging, have shown the following: The more time subjects spend searching for or traveling between potential food sources, the less selective they become, that is, the more likely they are to accept the less preferred outcome; increasing time spent procuring (“handling”) food increases selectivity; how often the preferred outcome is available has a greater effect on choice then how often the less preferred outcome is available; subjects maximize reinforcement whether it is the rate, amount, or probability of reinforcement that is varied; there are no significant differences between subjects performing under different types of deprivation (open vs. closed economies). These results are all consistent with the delay-reduction hypothesis. Moreover, they suggest that the technology of the operant conditioning laboratory may have fruitful application in the study of foraging, and, in doing so, they underscore the importance of an interdisciplinary approach to behavior.
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Cortez, Alcina. "Reflections on the challenges of exhibiting popular music at the beginning of the 21st century through a case study of ‘A Magia do Vinil’." Popular Music 36, no. 3 (October 2017): 370–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261143017000332.
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AbstractThis paper sets out to reflect on the implications of the heritagisation of popular music by museums. ‘Heritage’ is not something that holds intrinsic value but rather represents a social construction that produces difference by adding value to specific objects within particular social dynamics. This means that heritagisation processes operant in museums prove highly susceptible to ideological distortion and hence require scrutiny. Studying the case of the Portuguese exhibitionA Magia do Vinil, a Música que Mudou a Sociedade, I analyse two specific domains: the concepts and the narrative deployed to address popular music discursively; and the objects selected for exhibition, in conjunction with the interactive practices they foster with audiences. This case study demonstrates how popular music heritagisation practices may largely correspond with those approaches taken by conventional art exhibitions – not only through the uncritical discourses they reproduce concerning their subject matter, but also through the idea that vision is the means for engaging museumgoers.
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Talkhan, Hend, Derek Stewart, Trudi Mcintosh, Hisham Ziglam, Palli Valappila Abdulrouf, Moza Al-Hail, Mohammad Diab, and Scott Cunningham. "The use of theory in the development and evaluation of behaviour change interventions to improve antimicrobial prescribing: a systematic review." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 75, no. 9 (May 1, 2020): 2394–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkaa154.
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Abstract Objectives This systematic review (SR) reviews the evidence on use of theory in developing and evaluating behaviour change interventions (BCIs) to improve clinicians’ antimicrobial prescribing (AP). Methods The SR protocol was registered with PROSPERO. Eleven databases were searched from inception to October 2018 for peer-reviewed, English-language, primary literature in any healthcare setting and for any medical condition. This included research on changing behavioural intentions (e.g. in simulated scenarios) and research measuring actual AP. All study designs/methodologies were included. Excluded were: grey literature and/or those which did not state a theory. Two reviewers independently extracted and quality assessed the data. The Theory Coding Scheme (TCS) evaluated the extent of the use of theory. Results Searches found 4227 potentially relevant papers after removal of duplicates. Screening of titles/abstracts led to dual assessment of 38 full-text papers. Ten (five quantitative, three qualitative and two mixed-methods) met the inclusion criteria. Studies were conducted in the UK (n = 8), Canada (n = 1) and Sweden (n = 1), most in primary care settings (n = 9), targeting respiratory tract infections (n = 8), and medical doctors (n = 10). The most common theories used were Theory of Planned Behaviour (n = 7), Social Cognitive Theory (n = 5) and Operant Learning Theory (n = 5). The use of theory to inform the design and choice of intervention varied, with no optimal use as recommended in the TCS. Conclusions This SR is the first to investigate theoretically based BCIs around AP. Few studies were identified; most were suboptimal in theory use. There is a need to consider how theory is used and reported and the systematic use of the TCS could help.
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Wolf, Shelby, and Daniel Houlihan. "Behavioral Perspectives on Risk Prone Behavior: Why Do People Take Risks?" International Journal of Psychological Studies 10, no. 2 (May 11, 2018): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijps.v10n2p71.
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Utilizing the principles and concepts of behavioral economics and operant psychology, researchers in both fields initiated the creation of the optimal foraging theory. This theory describes foraging behaviors mostly within animals other than humans. However, within recent empirical studies, optimal foraging theory has been modified to explain risky choices and decision-making processes within the context of risk-sensitive foraging theory for both animals and humans alike. Although most individuals belonging to the homo sapiensspecies would not like to admit that their behavior is very animalistic in nature, there is a great deal of veracity behind this idea, ranging from explaining gambling behavior to addictive behaviors to even homicide. Risk prone behavior describes behavior elicited for the potential gain of rewards under certain conditions, usually competitive in nature. The purpose of the current paper is to shed some light on this topic and how it relates to the most primitive of behaviors exhibited by human beings.
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Bowers, Michael A. "Case Studies from Woodchester Park." Ecology 68, no. 1 (February 1987): 236–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1938833.
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Fujino, Yuji, Kazu Amimoto, Satoshi Sugimoto, Kazuhiro Fukata, Masahide Inoue, Hidetoshi Takahashi, and Shigeru Makita. "Prone positioning reduces severe pushing behavior: three case studies." Journal of Physical Therapy Science 28, no. 9 (2016): 2690–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1589/jpts.28.2690.
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Wells, Kimberly, Frank Douma, Hannes Loimer, Laura Olson, and Cynthia Pansing. "Telecommuting Implications for Travel Behavior: Case Studies from Minnesota." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1752, no. 1 (January 2001): 148–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1752-20.
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Butcher, James N. "Review of Case Studies in Abnormal Behavior (2nd ed.)." Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews 32, no. 12 (December 1987): 1040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/026604.
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Minevich, A. A., B. A. Eizner, L. A. Gick, and N. N. Popok. "Case Studies on Tribological Behavior of Coated Cutting Tools." Tribology Transactions 43, no. 4 (January 2000): 740–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10402000008982403.
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Cohn, Patricia J., Matthew S. Carroll, and Yoshitaka Kumagai. "Evacuation Behavior during Wildfires: Results of Three Case Studies." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 21, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/21.1.39.
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Abstract Evacuation of rural communities threatened by wildfires is occurring more often, particularly in the western United States. Residents, public safety officials, community leaders, and public land managers are facing the issues and problems of this new experience. We used semi-structured interviews to elicit the evacuation experience from the viewpoint of evacuees and public safety officials in three case studies of wildfire evacuations in the western United States during 2000 and 2002. (Our interviews were conducted only with Teller County residents and officials.) We identify and describe the stages of the evacuation process as experienced by evacuees, and the dynamics and dilemmas associated with each stage. We analyze these perceptions and dynamics using the sociological lenses of social construction of meaning and structuration. The results indicate that evacuees and public safety officials have different perceptions and concerns about the evacuation process. We derive lessons learned from these three cases for use in planning future wildfire evacuations.
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Mulder, Martin. "Case Studies in Performance Improvement." Advances in Developing Human Resources 1, no. 1 (February 1999): 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/152342239900100106.
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Khairil, Muhammad. "Understanding The Perpetrators And Victims of Cyberbullying Through Facebook in The City of Palu." KOMUNIKA: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi 12, no. 1 (June 30, 2018): 158–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.24090/komunika.v12i1.1646.
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Communication Technology is growing rapidly, it reflects the social behavior of people in this digital era. Harassment is common in real world, thus it is also often in virtual life which leads to cyber harassment or cyberbullying. This research focuses on the Facebook users in reaction to the electing stimulus they got. The behavior of cyberbullying communication is an adverse behavior not only for the object (victim) but also the subject (actor) of cyberbullying itself. The purpose of this research is to identify the respondent behavior and as operant behavior. This research utilize a descriptive-qualitative approach using case study method. The electing stimulations found in the form of online (online interaction through Facebook) or offline (based on real world interaction, not via Facebook) stimuli. Based on the observation and interview with respondent, it can be concluded that there are three forms of cyberbullying communication behavior by youngadults in Palu City that occurred on Facebook, namely impersonation, denunciation, and flame war.
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Lalitya, Lecya, and Mayke S. Tedjasaputra. "EFEKTIFITAS DIFFERENTIATED REINFORCEMENT OF INCOMPATIBLE BEHAVIOR (DRI) DALAM MENURUNKAN PERILAKU AGRESI VERBAL PADA REMAJA DENGAN MODERATE INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY." Journal of Psychological Science and Profession 3, no. 2 (July 30, 2019): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/jpsp.v3i2.21616.
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Intellectutal disability (ID) adalah gangguan neurodevelopmental yang ditandai dengan keterbatasan dalam fungsi kecerdasan dan fungsi adaptif (konseptual, sosial, dan praktikal). Salah satu dampak dari keterbatasan kedua fungsi tersebut adalah masalah regulasi emosi, khususnya pada usia remaja. Dampaknya, anak lebih rentan pada masalah perilaku, seperti perilaku agresi verbal. Intervensi yang umum dilakukan untuk mengatasi masalah ini adalah intervensi ABA, salah satunya dengan metode differentiated reinforcement of incompatible behavior (DRI). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektifitas differentiated reinforcement of incompatible behavior (DRI) untuk menurunkan perilaku agresi verbal pada remaja dengan moderate intellectual disability. Penelitian dilakukan dengan desain single case A-B. Penelitian juga melibatkan teknik operant extinction dan reinforcement dalam intervensi. Hasil penelitian menujukkan adanya penurunan perilaku agresi verbal pada remaja dengan moderate intellectual disability setelah menjalani intervensi perilaku dengan metode DRI. Partisipan juga lebih mampu meregulasi emosinya.
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Clark, Burton R. "Case studies of innovative universities." Tertiary Education and Management 2, no. 1 (March 1996): 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02354440.
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Murray, Kate. "Notes and Case Studies: ‘A Live Case Study’." British Journal of Education & Work 4, no. 3 (January 1991): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0269000910040306.
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Shyamala, G., V. Mahesh, K. Rajesh Kumar, and I. Rajasri Reddy. "Thermal behavior of Concrete subjected to elevated temperature: Case Studies." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 981 (December 5, 2020): 032068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/981/3/032068.
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