Relevant bibliographies by topics / Operant behavior – Case studies

Academic literature on the topic 'Operant behavior – Case studies'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Operant behavior – Case studies"

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Pustejovsky, James E. "Measurement-comparable effect sizes for single-case studies of free-operant behavior." Psychological Methods 20, no. 3 (2015): 342–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/met0000019.

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Khasnak, Naela Rif'atul, Arista Kiswantoro, and Sumarwiyah Sumarwiyah. "MENGATASI KESULITAN BELAJAR MELALUI KONSELING BEHAVIORISTIK DENGAN TEKNIK OPERANT CONDITIONING PADA SISWA KELAS VIII SMP N 3 BAE KUDUS." Jurnal Muria Research Guidance and Counseling (MRGC) 1, no. 2 (October 4, 2022): 279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.24176/mrgc.v1i2.8769.

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The purpose of this research is to: 1. To find the factors that cause Class VIII SMP N 3 Bae students to have learning difficulties. 2. To find out whether the application of behavioristic counseling with operant conditioning techniques is effective to overcome learning difficulties in class VIII SMP N 3 Bae. The type of research used is a Case Study. The subjects studied were class VIII SMP N 3 Bae Academic Year 2021/2022 who had learning difficulties. The independent variable in this study was behavioristic counseling using the Operant Conditioning technique, while the dependent variable was learning difficulties. Data collection techniques using Observation, Interview and Documentation techniques. Analysis of the data used is a qualitative data analysis. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that after being given Behavioristic Counseling with the Operant Conditioning technique, the counselee is able to change his behavior that makes learning difficulties, namely students can pay attention to the teacher while teaching, do not chat alone with friends, collect assignments on time, and study diligently every day.
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Alderman, Nick, Caroline Knight, and Jennifer Brooks. "Rehabilitation Approaches to the Management of Aggressive Behaviour Disorders after Acquired Brain Injury." Brain Impairment 14, no. 1 (May 2013): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/brimp.2013.7.

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Symptoms of neurobehavioural disability acquired through brain injury, especially aggression, are associated with severe social handicap. Differences in terminology have resulted in varying estimates, but aggressive behaviour disorder appears to be characteristic of survivors at some point in their recovery journey. This paper provides a brief review regarding the prevalence, development and causes of aggression associated with acquired brain injury (ABI), and what can be done to help manage them. The advantages of using standardised measures conceptualised for ABI in the assessment and formulation of aggressive behaviour disorders are especially highlighted. A range of treatment methods and the evidence base relating to these are described. The contribution of pharmacological therapies, cognitive behavioural therapy and behavioural interventions are explored. It is argued that the strongest evidence base is associated with behaviour therapy, especially when carried out in the context of neurobehavioural rehabilitation, and two case studies are described to illustrate the clinical advantages of interventions derived from operant theory. Comparative lack of ABI experts trained in the management of post-acute behaviour disorders remains a limiting factor.
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Shivanian, Elyas, Leyla AhmadSoltani, and Fatemeh Sohrabi. "Results for the heat transfer of a fin with exponential-law temperature-dependent thermal conductivity and power-law temperature-dependent heat transfer coefficients." Nonlinear Engineering 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nleng-2022-0005.

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Abstract In this article, thermal behavior analysis of nonlinear fin problem with power-law heat transfer coefficient is studied to determine temperature distribution. This new supposition for the thermal conductivity, exponential-law temperature dependent, makes it to be nonlinear that is a general case in some sense. It is shown that the governing fin equation, that is, a nonlinear second-order differential equation, is exactly solvable with proper boundary conditions. To this purpose, the order of differential equation is reduced and then is converted into a total differential equation by multiplying a proper integration operant. An exact analytical solution is given to advance physical meaning, and the existence of unique solution for some specific values of the parameters of the model is demonstrated. The results are shown graphically. It is observed that fin efficiency is decreasing with respect to the power-law mode for heat transfer.
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Burdenko, I., and A. Korol. "BEHAVIORAL THEORY AND ACCOUNTING SYSTEM." Vìsnik Sumsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu 2021, no. 4 (2021): 106–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/1817-9215.2021.4-13.

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The article is devoted to the study of the essence of behavioral theory and its relationship with accounting as a system. Behavioral theory studies and explains human behavior through incentives and punishments and today this theory is interdisciplinary, because it allows you to predict human behavior during management decisions in the process of economic activity. Behavioral science is a component of economic psychology, which analyzes and studies the behavior of people using a systematic approach, that is, the object is considered as a system in whole. The role of behavioral science is unquestionably important in economic relations, because the use of its main features will allow you to gain advantages among competitors in the common business space, improve production due to more efficient labor of workers, and even before understand this or that decision of both opponents and partners. Behavioral theory is based on the appropriate link between the information needed to make decisions and the response of different individuals or even groups of individuals to it to meet their own needs or solve certain problems. The work summarizes the main features of behavioral theory and identifies it as the main targets that are directly related to the profession of "an accountant." According to behavioral theory, the behavior of an employee, in our case an accountant, can be conditionally divided into respondent and operant. A study of the main characteristics of behavioral science led to the need to identify its relationship with the accounting system. Behavioral theory interacts and affects precisely the technical and organizational subsystems of accounting, which directly affects the final product of the accounting system itself - management decision-making by stakeholders and other users. The result of the behavioral approach is the formation of professional judgment directly among employees of accounting, management and stakeholders. It is proved that behavioral theory not only explains the behavior of an accountant, but also has an impact on the formation of his "Hard skills" and professional judgment, which directly affects the management decisions of users of accounting information. In addition, in the article it is reasonable that modern targets of behavioral science correlate with the goals of sustainable development and contribute to the harmonic and sustainable development of the economy and society.
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Ravnsbaek, Dorthe, Kai Xiang, Wenting Xing, Paul Gionet, Yet-Ming Chiang, Peter Chupas, Karena Chapman, and Yet-Ming Chiang. "Operando studies of nanoscale olivine cathodes for Li-ion batteries." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314096417.

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Compounds of interest for ion storage in advanced batteries frequently exhibit phase transformations, driven by large and variable electrochemical driving forces inherent to practical use. Understanding how materials variables (e.g. composition, nanoscale-crystallite size and dynamic electrochemical conditions) affect the phase transition is of vital importance for practical applications as the reversibility and stability of these structural transformations determine the energy, power, and lifetime of the system. Due to its outstanding power, safety and cycle-life olivine LiFePO4 (LFP) has during the past decade become a widely used, and one of the most well-studied, lithium ion battery cathode materials. It is well-established that for LiFePO4 the storage/release of lithium is accompanied by a first-order phase transition between lithiated and delithiated states. However, it would be a mistake to conclude that the behavior of pure LFP is representative of all olivines, in particular the vast range of doped and mixed-metal olivines that are also of interest for their advantageous electrochemical properties.1,2 Utilizing operando synchrotron radiation powder X-ray diffraction (SR-PXD), we demonstrate here, by systematic screening of the electrochemical driven phase transitions in a series of LiMnyFe1-yPO4 (y =0.1-0.8) powders, a completely different phase transformation mode dominated by formation of metastable solid solutions for nanoscale LMFP compared to the binary lithiation states within the extremely well-studied case of LFP. Through Rietveld refinement the misfit strains during phase transformations are examined, revealing small elastic misfits between phases within the extended solid solution regime. On the basis of the time- and state-of-charge dependence of the olivine structure parameters, we propose a coherent transformation mechanism, and finally, we bring evidence that the observed metastability is enabled by particle size reduction to the nanoscale.
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Kimchi, Eyal Y., Mary M. Torregrossa, Jane R. Taylor, and Mark Laubach. "Neuronal Correlates of Instrumental Learning in the Dorsal Striatum." Journal of Neurophysiology 102, no. 1 (July 2009): 475–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00262.2009.

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We recorded neuronal activity simultaneously in the medial and lateral regions of the dorsal striatum as rats learned an operant task. The task involved making head entries into a response port followed by movements to collect rewards at an adjacent reward port. The availability of sucrose reward was signaled by an acoustic stimulus. During training, animals showed increased rates of responding and came to move rapidly and selectively, following the stimulus, from the response port to the reward port. Behavioral “devaluation” studies, pairing sucrose with lithium chloride, established that entries into the response port were habitual (insensitive to devaluation of sucrose) from early in training and entries into the reward port remained goal-directed (sensitive to devaluation) throughout training. Learning-related changes in behavior were paralleled by changes in neuronal activity in the dorsal striatum, with an increasing number of neurons showing task-related firing over the training period. Throughout training, we observed more task-related neurons in the lateral striatum compared with those in the medial striatum. Many of these neurons fired at higher rates during initiation of movements in the presence of the stimulus, compared with similar movements in the absence of the stimulus. Learning was also accompanied by progressive increases in movement-related potentials and transiently increased theta-band oscillations (5–8 Hz) in simultaneously recorded field potentials. Together, these data suggest that representations of task-relevant stimuli and movements develop in the dorsal striatum during instrumental learning.
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Valdman, Albert. "INTRODUCTION." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 24, no. 2 (June 2002): 141–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263102002012.

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In the past century major changes in the study of language learning, and its attendant effects on language instruction, derived from the espousal of behavioral psychology by structural linguistics of the Bloomfieldian persuasion. Did not the founder of this strand of structuralism, who collaborated in the Army language manual for the teaching of Russian under the revealing pseudonym of I. M. Lisnin, declare: “Language learning is overlearning, nothing else is of any use”? Noam Chomsky's (1959) brilliant demonstration of the reductionism of the most extreme form of behaviorism—Skinner's operant conditioning (Review of B. F. Skinner's Verbal Behavior, Language, 35, 26–58)—triggered the demise of the influence of behavioristic views of language acquisition. This demise was accompanied by that of the structural approach to second language teaching associated with such applied linguists as Robert Lado, although it must be acknowledged that the combination of these two theoretical strands did lead to significant changes in foreign language classrooms—for example, the abandonment of grammar translation and a shift of focus from written texts to speech. However, what applied linguists of that generation failed to do was to observe how actual second language learners in both naturalistic and instructed contexts process and reorganize linguistic input, how they intake it, and how they turn it into output in communicative interactions. It was not until the impact of Chomskian-inspired studies of first language acquisition and Pit Corder's (1967) seminal “The significance of learners' errors” (International Review of Applied Linguistics, 5, 161–170) that the second language learner came into focus and that the field of second language acquisition research began to flourish. In this connection, it is noteworthy that bringing to a wider international audience the proceedings of the Neuchâtel colloquia led by Corder served as a catalyst for the launching of SSLA.
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Suzuki, Takahiro, Ryota Kobayashi, Katsuyoshi Kakinuma, Makoto Uchida, Akihiro Iiyama, and Shohji Tsushima. "Investigation of Liquid Water Behavior and Performance of PEFC Catalyst Layers Using a Microdevice and in-Operando Infrared Microscopy." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 39 (October 9, 2022): 1446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02391446mtgabs.

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Studies on water behavior in the vicinity of a catalyst layer (CL) and its effect on the cell performance are important challenges because water management is a key factor to achieve higher performance of polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs). In this study, a microdevice that contains a catalyst coated membrane (CCM) was developed (1) and in-operando infrared (IR) microscopy was conducted to visualize water behavior on the CL. Two types of CLs contain either carbon (2) or tin oxide (3) as supporting material to investigate the effects of materials on the water behavior and cell performance. The microdevice, which was made of a silicon wafer, contains two microchannels (100 μm-width, 200 μm-pitch) and a current-collecting layer (30 μm-width) on a rib of the cathode plate. The CCM was sandwiched by two plates. The anode channel faced the rib of the cathode. The surface of a cathode catalyst layer was coated with thin Au by sputtering to enhance IR reflectance, which did not change the porous structure of the CL significantly. The surface of the cathode catalyst layer was observed by IR microscopy through the cathode plate. Figure 1 shows liquid water generated during the constant current operation of the device. The catalyst layer contains carbon as the supporting material in this case. The effects of the materials and flow conditions on the water behavior and cell performance were investigated. Acknowledgments This work was supported by NEDO ECCEED’30. References (1) T. Suzuki et al., J. Therm. Sci. Technol., 11 (2016), 16-00370. (2) T. Suzuki et al., Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 41 (2016), 20326. (3) Y. Chino et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 162 (2015), F736. Figure 1
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De Berardinis, Pierluigi, Chiara Marchionni, Marianna Rotilio, and Avi Friedman. "The Dry Construction Systems on the Rehabilitation of Built Heritage." Open House International 41, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-01-2016-b0011.

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The dry construction techniques, widely used in past centuries have seen a renewed interest in the last few years. This is due to different reasons such as the new user’s needs for high quality at low cost, the shortage of traditional skilled labor, the need to reduce delivery times and the rising costs of initiating a fabrication plant. Dry construction methods regard the building site as the place of assembly. The quality of the finish products, are guaranteed by a factory controlled production process and reduction to a minimum of on-site work. The building, designed by “unconnected boxes” becomes an “active machine”, capable of ensuring maximum performance for the user. Finally the design of an “open building system” also consists of a set of rules to allow creation of various solutions. The complexity of this modus operandi increases progressively if the intervention is carried out in small historic centres. Therefore, this research aims at presenting a method of work that uses dry construction systems and that has been developed to intervene in the historic contexts damaged by the earthquake that struck the Abruzzo region on April 6, 2009. This method develops a process that aimes at the rehabilitation of the buildings but also at improving their energy behavior while respecting, at the same time, the vernacular values. It is based on a “case by case” approach that starts from an analysis of the context and its local construction techniques, taking into account the peculiarities of each location. The results of this method have been applied to a small village located in the province of L'Aquila called Santa Maria del Ponte.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Operant behavior – Case studies"

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Benedetti, Cristina A. "Case Studies in Volunteer Management: Approaches from Three Ohio Arts Organizations." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1386000586.

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Witwer, Dianne. "Case studies of the School-Wide Positive Behavior Support approach." Thesis, Pepperdine University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3602549.

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The purpose of this multiple case study described and compared practices utilized to implement the School-Wide Positive Behavior Support (SWPBS) approach at 3 purposely selected Central California elementary school sites. More specifically, this study described and compared: (a) school practices for defining and teaching school rules/expectations; (b) the reward systems being used; (c) systems for documenting and reporting office-managed student behavior violations; (d) systems for collecting and summarizing discipline referrals; (e) the priority given to improving behavior-support systems in school site plans; (f) school budget allocations for SWPBS; and (g) district support, financial and otherwise, for SWPBS at these schools.

This study did not attempt to prove a causal relationship between SWPBS and improved student achievement; rather, it focused on describing and comparing specific practices that these 3 schools were utilizing in relation to the SWPBS approach. The intention was thus to learn more about specific practices that might be replicated in other schools.

This research was qualitative in nature and utilized a multiple case-study methodology. Interviews, observations, and artifact reviews were conducted at 3 Central California elementary schools, all purposely selected because they had each implemented the SWPBS Framework for more than 1 year, had subsequently decreased negative student behavior, and had increased student achievement. 3 types of data were collected in order to understand each school‘s SWPBS practices and the level of support for the program. School principals, campus supervisors, and classroom teachers were interviewed; classroom and playground observations were conducted; and reports were reviewed by the researcher and the principal. The 3 types of data were triangulated for each school and compared.

The findings led to the conclusions that SWPBS is a systems approach that uses interventions to help students succeed in school. Furthermore, it has to have consistent, committed leadership in order to be successful. It has to be built on the foundation of implementing clear and precise rules that are embedded in all areas of the school. Lastly, SWPBS can be implemented without the district‘s assistance; however it is difficult to sustain unless the district fully supports the approach.

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Nagy, Andrea. "Fandom: Four Case Studies on Stadium Design and Fan Behavior." Kent State University Honors College / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ksuhonors1525750828081632.

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Reynolds, Shawn Patrick. "Empirical studies of noncompliance to behavioral therapy." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0021/NQ27235.pdf.

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Vinoles, Gomez Maria V. "Consumer Economic Behavior and the Role of Information: Three Case Studies." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/52568.

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The economics of information is a relatively new and important field of economics. This dissertation analyzes the role of information in three case studies within three different branches of economics: health economics, environmental economics, and finance and banking. First I analyze parental nutritional label usage and its effect of children's dietary outcomes (i.e. Health Eating Index and Body Mass Index). I show that parental usage of nutritional labels is associated with a better quality of their children's diet as well as an overall improvement in their health as measured by their Body Mass Index. Secondly, I study the behavioral effect of length of residency on water demand in the arid cities of Reno and Sparks in Nevada. In this case, I observe that social interaction among households affects their water usage. In particular, newcomers' watering behaviors are influenced by the prevailing social norms among neighbors that have lived in the arid area for a longer period of time. Finally, I compare the performance of local versus larger national and regional lending institutions in the years leading to the 2007 mortgage crisis. I find that local or community lenders have a significantly lower foreclosure rate during these years. Local lenders presumably base their origination decisions on an interpersonal relationship with their customers. This provides them with information that is not contained within the standard risk metrics generally used in loan applications. I discuss the policy implications of these results for each case study.
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Hsieh, Ching-Hsing. "Factors Influencing Osteoporosis Preventive Behavior Among Hakka." Diss., University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/22056.

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There are about 4000 new hip fracture patients in Taiwan each year, and osteoporosis is the number one cause for these fractures. But, there has been no research article related to osteoporosis preventive behavior among Hakim living in countryside in Taiwan. Therefore, the purposes of this study were to assess osteoporosis preventive behavior; to measure the relationship among factors influencing OPB; to measure a model of factors influencing OPB; and to predict the direct and indirect effects of personal and social factors on OPB among Hakka living in Taichung County in Taiwan. The development of a theoretical model of factors influencing osteoporosis preventive behavior was based on the Social Cognitive Theory (Bandura, 1986, 1997, 2004) and the conceptual framework for addressing the social context of health behavior (Sorensen et al., 2003). According to the reviewed literature, the factors influencing osteoporosis preventive behavior include personal factors (age, educational level, self­ efficacy for calcium intake, self-efficacy for exercise, and knowledge of osteoporosis); and social factors (social support and social capital). The outcome variables are calcium intake and exercise. This was a non-experimental, cross-sectional design. Convenience and snowball sampling were used in this study. In all, 243 participants were recruited. Path analysis was used to assess and modify the theoretical model and to test all the paths between exogenous variables and endogenous variables. The goodness-of-fit indicators ofthe final model showed that X2 was 26.99 with 21 degrees of freedom; the P-value for this model was .17; goodness-of-fit index (GFI) was .98; adjusted goodness-of-fit index (AGFI) was .95; normed fit index (NFI) was .96; non-normed fit index (NNFI) was .98; and comparative fit index (CFI) was .99. The results suggested that the final model fit the data well. The final model demonstrated that the personal factors and environmental factors directly and indirectly influenced osteoporosis preventive behavior. It may provide guidance for the design of future nursing interventions, research and education related to osteoporosis prevention.
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Mike, Jeff. "Generative Leadership and Emergence| Case Studies in Higher Education." Thesis, The George Washington University, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10743301.

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Increasing complexity and rapid change associated with globalization and the knowledge economy have diminished the relevance of traditional linear models of leadership. Researchers have begun to view leadership not in terms of individuals and hierarchal exchanges but as a collective influence process among members of a group to achieve shared objectives that focus on enabling learning and adaptation in organizations rather than predicting outcomes and controlling behaviors. Complexity theory and its central phenomenon, emergence, are particularly well-suited to study both new leadership approaches and how to manage social systems at a time when prediction and control are elusive.

At the same time, institutions of higher education have come to play an increasingly important role in knowledge-based economies and as important actors in economic and human development. Leadership research and practice in higher education have not kept up with this trend, and require a new approach in order to meet the demands of a highly dynamic and disruptive environment. Generative leadership, which focuses on constructing the rules, conditions and constraints for interaction, collaboration and experimentation throughout organizations, fostering innovation and adaptation, and may be particularly well-suited for the creation, dissemination and application of knowledge in higher education. In this context, a qualitative, multiple case study design was used to explore how generative leadership might foster emergence in four initiatives designed to increase the ability to create, disseminate and apply knowledge in an institution of higher education.

Two major findings resulted from this study. The first relates to the increased incorporation of generative leadership, emergence, and complexity theory into the existing research and practice on teams. The second major finding relates to the role that the study’s results, along with the notions of generative leadership and emergence, can inform higher education pedagogy for continued transition into the knowledge age and beyond. The researcher hopes that this study, its results and findings promote a continued shift towards complexity- and emergence-based thinking to solve some of our most pressing knowledge challenges as we continue to move through a time of change and disruption. Ultimately the results and findings of this study could promote additional research on generative leadership, emergence and knowledge capacity in higher education for the benefit of local, regional and global social and economic ecosystems.

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Law, Wai-yee Fiona, and 羅惠儀. "A study of the wrist-cutting behavior among adolescents in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31978575.

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Gonzalez, Angela M. (Angela Maria) 1970. "Assessment and Treatment of Multiple Topographies and Functions of Self-injury." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1998. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278916/.

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Results of a functional analysis indicated that the self-injurious behavior (SIB) of an adult female with profound mental retardation occurred primarily in the alone and demand conditions. Graphs of the separate topographies (head slaps and head bangs) showed that head banging occurred in the alone condition and that both head banging and head slapping occurred in the demand condition. A data analysis procedure to identify within-session trends across sessions and fluctuations in rates of SIB by topography revealed that most of the demands escaped were escaped by head slaps and that over 80% of all head slaps were associated with escape, compared to less than 1%of all head bangs, indicating that head banging and head slapping were members of separate functional response classes. Treatment consisted of noncontingent availability of preferred leisure materials, and produced substantial decreases of both head banging and head slapping. Interpretation of the results are discussed, as well as some implications and limitations of the study.
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Tramullas, Jesús, and Ana I. Sánchez-Casabón. "Scientific information retrieval behavior: A case study in students of Philosophy." Madrid: Univ. Autónoma de Madrid, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/252852.

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The behavior and patterns of recovery and processing of digital information by users is a recurring theme in the literature. The study of these behaviors are carried out through observation techniques and analysis of processes, actions and decisions undertaken by users in different situations. This paper presents the data resulting from the study of patterns of recovery and management of reference information of three consecutive courses of a specialized subject. The findings obtained showed a clear difference between patterns of information retrieval and obtained prior to the end of the training process, but there has been a significant change in the ultimate goal of users or appreciable changes in their prospects for application in other environments.
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Books on the topic "Operant behavior – Case studies"

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Meyer, Robert G. Case studies in abnormal behavior. 2nd ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1987.

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Meyer, Robert G. Case studies in abnormal behavior. 4th ed. Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 1999.

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1950-, Osborne Yvonne Hardaway, ed. Case studies in abnormal behavior. 3rd ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1995.

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Meyer, Robert G. Case studies in abnormal behavior. 5th ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 2001.

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Meyer, Robert G. Case studies in abnormal behavior. 9th ed. Boston: Pearson, 2013.

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Case studies in abnormal behavior. 8th ed. Boston: Pearson Education/Allyn & Bacon, 2009.

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Meyer, Robert G. Case studies in abnormal behavior. 7th ed. Boston: Pearson Allyn and Bacon, 2006.

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Case studies in abnormal behavior. 4th ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1999.

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W, Clegg Chris, Kemp Nigel J, and Legge Karen, eds. Case studies in organizational behaviour. London: Paul Chapman Publishing Ltd., 1989.

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Cases in consumer behavior. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Pearson Education, 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "Operant behavior – Case studies"

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Nau, Sidney D., John H. Koewler, and James K. Walsh. "Sleep Behavior Management." In Case Studies in Insomnia, 175–89. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9586-8_11.

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Ryan-Krause, Patricia. "Disruptive Behavior." In Clinical Case Studies for the Family Nurse Practitioner, 123–26. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118785829.ch26.

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Maich, Kimberly, Darren Levine, and Carmen Hall. "Assessment Case Studies from Adolescence to Adulthood." In Applied Behavior Analysis, 45–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44794-0_2.

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Foy, Kevin. "Not All Unusual Behavior Is Psychotic." In Neuropsychiatry Case Studies, 37–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42190-2_7.

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Maich, Kimberly, Darren Levine, and Carmen Hall. "Planning-Focused Case Studies from Adolescence to Adulthood." In Applied Behavior Analysis, 119–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44794-0_4.

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Maich, Kimberly, Darren Levine, and Carmen Hall. "Implementation-Based Case Studies from Adolescence to Adulthood." In Applied Behavior Analysis, 191–226. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44794-0_6.

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Maich, Kimberly, Darren Levine, and Carmen Hall. "Evaluation-Centered Case Studies from Adolescence to Adulthood." In Applied Behavior Analysis, 267–307. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44794-0_8.

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Boettcher, William A. "Truman Case Studies." In Presidential Risk Behavior in Foreign Policy, 47–112. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403979407_3.

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Boettcher, William A. "Kennedy Case Studies." In Presidential Risk Behavior in Foreign Policy, 113–63. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403979407_4.

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Maich, Kimberly, Darren Levine, and Carmen Hall. "Assessment Case Studies for Preschool to School-Age Children." In Applied Behavior Analysis, 3–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44794-0_1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Operant behavior – Case studies"

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Kokal, Sunil Lalchand, and Mohammed Al-Dokhi. "Case Studies Of Emulsion Behavior At Reservoir Conditions." In SPE Middle East Oil and Gas Show and Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/105534-ms.

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Acharya, U. B. "Effect of Tarmat on Reservoir Behavior: Reservoir Simulation Case Studies." In Middle East Oil Show. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/15690-ms.

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Moreyra, J. D. "Hydraulic Fractures Behavior Evaluation in Vaca Muerta Formation, Case Studies." In SPE Argentina Exploration and Production of Unconventional Resources Symposium. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/180988-ms.

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Baldock, Matthew, Wargha Peiman, Andrei Vincze, Rand Abdullah, Khalil Sidawi, and Igor Pioro. "Neutronics Studies on a Generic Pressure-Channel Reactor With Nuclear Steam Superheat." In 2014 22nd International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone22-30135.

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In order to increase the thermal efficiency of steam-cycle power plants it is necessary to achieve steam temperatures as high as possible. Current limiting factor for Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs) in achieving higher operating temperatures and, therefore, thermal efficiencies is pressures at which they can operate. From basic thermodynamics it is known that to increase further an outlet temperature in water-cooled reactors a pressure must also be increased. Current level of pressures in Pressurized Water Reactors (PWRs) is about 15–16 MPa. Therefore, next stage should be supercritical pressures, at least 23.5–25 MPa. However, such supercritical-water reactors with pressure vessels of 45–50 cm thickness don’t exist yet. One way around larger pressure vessels as well as the limit of temperature of the coolant on the saturation pressure is to employ a Pressure Channel (PCh) design with Superheated Steam channels (SHS). PCh reactors allow for different coolants and bundle configurations in one reactor core, in this case, steam would be a secondary coolant. In the 1960s and 1970s the USA and Soviet Union tested reactors using pressure channels to super-heat steam in-core to achieve outlet temperatures greater than what is currently possible with convention reactors. Nuclear materials are carefully chosen based on their neutron interaction properties in addition to their strength and resistance to corrosion. Introducing steam channels will not only change the neutronics behavior of the coolant, but require different fuel cladding and pressure-channel materials, specifically, stainless steels or Inconels, to withstand high-temperature steam. This paper will investigate the affect that steam, SS-304 and Inconel will have on neutron economy when introduced into a reactor design as well as required changes to fuel enrichment. It will also be necessary to investigate the effects of these material changes on power distribution inside a reactor. Pressure-channel design requires methods of fine control to maintain a balanced core-power distribution, the introduction of non-uniform coolant and reactor materials will further complicate maintaining uniform reactor power. The degree to which SHS channels will affect the power distribution is investigated in this paper.
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A. Salah, Ahmed Salah, Ahmed Sabaa A. Sabaa, Ahmed Samir Abd Elhaleem A. S. Abd Elhaleem, Shehab Ali Shehab A., Sergio Ritondale S. Ritondale, Amin Sorour A. Sorou, and Ayman Nady A. Nady. "Improving ESP Performance in Low Productivity Gassy Wells: Case Study." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-22109-ms.

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Abstract The electrical submersible pump (ESP), has become the most efficient and reliable artificial-lift method worldwide. However, in wells with high gas volume, they are highly affected by gas bubbles flowing through each component, affecting: the motor temperature, lifting efficiency, the integrity of the motor and cable. Thus, High gas interference might cause multiple intermittent shutdowns due to Gas Lock and eventually shorten the run life of the ESP. ESP at Well #A was first installed and directly had a problem with High Gas Interference resulting in a pre-mature ESP failure and costly well intervention to restore well-deferred production. A detailed discussion with a technology provider and reference case studies come up with an integrated solution to have the proper gas handling system in addition to adjusting VSD logic to operate on PID current mode. The present study shows a successful ESP optimization through VSD settings in combination with a comprehensive gas handling system that allowed management of low productivity high GOR ESP applications. This gas handling system for ESP was complemented by installing [PMM motor, tandem gas separators with vortex technology, compression mixed-flow stages in a wide range centrifugal pump, advanced gas handler (AGH), and Monel armor leaded power cable]. The system was able to manage GOR>2,000 SCF/STB with WC of <10%, Productivity index of 0.2 BPD/psi, and 75% of free gas flowing into the pump intake. This paper contains all the descriptions of each component in the ESP gas handling system. The system was able to increase well production by reducing gas-locking production shutdowns, stabilizing motor current fluctuations, increasing ESP lifetime, and increasing reservoir life by increasing drawdown and allowing effective pump operation at lower intake pressure. The same directions were successfully applied in another two wells with low productivity gassy behavior; Well #B and Well #C. And, by monitoring ESP performance for a longer period, the pump showed a stable operation, by successfully mitigating the high gas interference trips. Thus, the implementation of this integrated solution in wells with high GOR has been demonstrated to be an effective solution. Also, it provides opportunities to expand the use of ESP in gassy wells, previously thought to be unsuitable.
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Schlesinger, Dave. "Criticality of Railroad Training." In 2015 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2015-5782.

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With the advent of Positive Train Control (PTC), railroads have significantly expanded their communications, signaling, networking and information technology systems. This has required training for existing staff as well as new staff with experience in these areas from industries other than railroading. At the same time, railroads must ensure that maintenance and operations are supported by properly trained employees who execute their responsibilities consistent with regulatory and railroad requirements. Certainly, this is the case for the vast majority of railroad employees; however, in those rare instances when employees deviate from their training, the results can be catastrophic. This has played out recently at Metro North Railroad, which has suffered five accidents over a ten month period, resulting in six fatalities, one hundred and twenty-eight injuries and twenty-eight million dollars in property damage. The lessons from these tragedies, from the perspective of human behavior, and more specifically, training is discussed. Indeed, these accidents, in part, occurred because the railroad’s training program did not achieve its desired outcome, to mold human behavior; especially while performing safety-critical work. This is consistent with the findings of a recent Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) safety review of Metro North Railroad, which found ineffective training was at least in part to blame for the aforementioned rash of accidents. The rigorous training requirements, that are part of the Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008 (RSIA), are detailed. These requirements are intended to ensure that employees are properly prepared to maintain and operate these complex systems and have the added benefit of helping to prepare new employees to take the place of departing, highly experienced individuals. Recognizing the criticality of this training, this paper details training best practices and how they can most effectively be leveraged by railroads. Properly applied, they can reduce accidents, stem the loss of institutional knowledge and properly prepare railroad staff to maintain and operate their new PTC systems. This paper discusses how comprehensive training programs should be built on a foundation of organizational understanding, created by conducting training needs analysis. This analysis seeks to identify the current state of knowledge of key personnel, and compares it to that needed to properly support new organizational goals, such as to maintain and operate PTC. These organizational goals, coupled with the training needs analysis findings, then drive the enhancement of existing training programs, and, in some cases, the creation of new programs. In order to maximize effectiveness of these programs, it was found that training must be conducted using real-life case studies and in a manner that is engaging and interactive.
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Sevillano, Lucas C., Celso K. Morooka, Jose Ricardo P. Mendes, and Kazuo Miura. "Drilling Riser Analysis During Installation of a Wellhead Equipment." In ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2013-10554.

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In offshore petroleum drilling, the BOP stack is run into the sea by a string, composed of long and wide-bore pipes, called the marine drilling riser. It also connects the BOP stack (BOP + LMRP) on the wellhead to the drilling vessel at the sea surface, serving as conduit between them. While being lowered down, a special riser spider is used to support the riser. During this operation, the hanging riser is under the effects of sea current, waves and displacements induced by sea surface drilling vessel motions. The discovery of petroleum fields in deeper waters, usually in remote and harsh environments, makes it a requirement for the riser to withstand more severe conditions. Nevertheless, riser design and failure analysis during this operation is a seldom studied topic, even though drilling in ever increasing water depths imply the riser is subject to risks inherent to running a BOP for a longer period of time. It is of utmost importance the adequate modeling of the system’s response during this operation, in order to safely evaluate failure cases due to extreme static and dynamic stresses. As such, the present paper describes and proposes a methodology developed for the analysis of extreme stresses that act over the riser during the BOP running. Case studies were conducted for a water depth up to 2000 m. Numerical simulations were run to evaluate system’s static and dynamic behavior due to environmental loading. As a result conclusions were drawn regarding operation limits in ultra-deep waters. Results are shown through charts that delimit ocean conditions and vessel’s response that are secure to operate under.
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Sipahi, Rifat, Stefan Lammer, Dirk Helbing, and Silviu-Iulian Niculescu. "On Stability Analysis and Parametric Design of Supply Networks Under the Presence of Transportation Delays." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-14782.

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Management of interconnected manufacturing units, supply networks, constitutes a timely, but challenging problem in Physics, Operations Research and Mathematics, as it carries very rich dynamics. At the first stage, a very well understanding of the underlying mechanisms and interactions within the hierarchical construct of such networks is required. For this pursuit, a more realistic approach is proposed in this paper, which takes into account the presence of naturally existing transportation delays of supplies in between individual production units. In general, the presence of delays in the dynamics imports another source of instability, which needs to be addressed. However, it is well-known that a thorough stability analysis against delays carries complications, thus it is non-trivial. We present analytical techniques to tackle such difficulties, surfacing allowable transportation delays within the supply network that guarantees stable stock levels. This, in parallel, enables the selection of production rates assuring the supply network to operate in a stable regime. Moreover, we show that under certain parametric settings, the supply network dynamics may become highly sensitive against the presence of delays, which in turn, initiates an undesirable phenomenon called bullwhip effect. We present case studies demonstrating the bullwhip effect and suggesting parametric selections to avoid this undesired behavior within supply networks.
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Jeon, Myounghoon, Chihab Nadri, and Yiqi Zhang. "Introduction of a Computational Modelling Approach to Auditory Display Research: Case Studies Using the QN-MHP Framework." In ICAD 2021: The 26th International Conference on Auditory Display. icad.org: International Community for Auditory Display, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21785/icad2021.019.

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For more than two decades, a myriad of design and research methods have been proposed in the ICAD community. Neurological methods have been presented since the inception of ICAD, and psychological human-subjects research has become as a legitimate approach to auditory display design and evaluation. However, little research has been conducted on modelling approaches to formalize human behavior in response to auditory displays. To bridge this gap, the present paper introduces computational modelling in auditory displays using the Queuing Network-Model Human Processor (QN-MHP) framework. After delineating the advantages of computational modelling and the QN-MHP framework, the paper introduces four case studies, which modelled drivers’ behavior in response to in-vehicle auditory warnings, followed by the implications and future work. We hope that this paper can spark lively discussions on computational modelling in the ICAD community and thus, more researchers can benefit from using this method for future research.
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Vacca, Pascale, Alba Àgueda, Elsa Pastor, and Eulàlia Planas. "Implementation of a Vulnerability Assessment Tool for Properties at the Wildland-Urban Interface Based on Real Case Studies." In The Third International Conference on Fire Behavior and Risk. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022017104.

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Reports on the topic "Operant behavior – Case studies"

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Zhao, Jing-yi, Zi-xiang Zhan, Meng-juan Lu, Fang-biao Tao, De Wu, and Hui Gao. A systematic review of epidemiological studies on the association between organophosphate flame retardants and neurotoxicity. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.5.0083.

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Review question / Objective: This study aims to collect published or unpublished related studies systematically and comprehensively, and screen out the articles that meets the quality standards for qualitative combination, so as to draw a relatively reliable comprehensive conclusion on the relationship of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) with neurodevelopmental toxicity. Eligibility criteria: In brief, epidemiological studies including cohort study, case-control study and cross-sectional survey were screened. Studies regarding relationships between human exposure to organophosphate esters and neurotoxicity were possible eligible for the present systematic review. The adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes included development of cognition, behavior, motor, brain change, emotion, etc. Studies that did not meet the above criteria were not included in this systematic review.
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Gao, Hui, Chen Gong, Shi-chun Shen, Jia-ying Zhao, Dou-dou Xu, Fang-biao Tao, Yang Wang, and Xiao-chen Fan. A systematic review on the associations between prenatal phthalate exposure and childhood glycolipid metabolism and blood pressure: evidence from epidemiological studies. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.6.0111.

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Review question / Objective: The present systematic review was performed to obtain a summary of epidemiological evidence on the relationships of in utero exposure to phthalates with childhood glycolipid metabolism and blood pressure. Condition being studied: Childhood cardiovascular risk factors including blood pressure, lipid profile (e.g., triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL−C, LDL−C) and glucose metabolism (e.g., insulin, insulin resistance, insulin sensitivity, glucose) were the interested outcomes. Eligibility criteria: In brief, epidemiological studies including cohort study, case-control study and cross-sectional survey were screened. Studies regarding relationships between human exposure to organophosphate esters and neurotoxicity were possible eligible for the present systematic review. The adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes included development of cognition, behavior, motor, brain change, emotion, etc. Studies that did not meet the above criteria were not included in this systematic review.
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Wang, Chih-Hao, and Na Chen. Do Multi-Use-Path Accessibility and Clustering Effect Play a Role in Residents' Choice of Walking and Cycling? Mineta Transportation Institute, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2011.

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The transportation studies literature recognizes the relationship between accessibility and active travel. However, there is limited research on the specific impact of walking and cycling accessibility to multi-use paths on active travel behavior. Combined with the culture of automobile dependency in the US, this knowledge gap has been making it difficult for policy-makers to encourage walking and cycling mode choices, highlighting the need to promote a walking and cycling culture in cities. In this case, a clustering effect (“you bike, I bike”) can be used as leverage to initiate such a trend. This project contributes to the literature as one of the few published research projects that considers all typical categories of explanatory variables (individual and household socioeconomics, local built environment features, and travel and residential choice attitudes) as well as two new variables (accessibility to multi-use paths calculated by ArcGIS and a clustering effect represented by spatial autocorrelation) at two levels (level 1: binary choice of cycling/waking; level 2: cycling/walking time if yes at level 1) to better understand active travel demand. We use data from the 2012 Utah Travel Survey. At the first level, we use a spatial probit model to identify whether and why Salt Lake City residents walked or cycled. The second level is the development of a spatial autoregressive model for walkers and cyclists to examine what factors affect their travel time when using walking or cycling modes. The results from both levels, obtained while controlling for individual, attitudinal, and built-environment variables, show that accessibility to multi-use paths and a clustering effect (spatial autocorrelation) influence active travel behavior in different ways. Specifically, a cyclist is likely to cycle more when seeing more cyclists around. These findings provide analytical evidence to decision-makers for efficiently evaluating and deciding between plans and policies to enhance active transportation based on the two modeling approaches to assessing travel behavior described above.
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Asenath-Smith, Emily, Emma Ambrogi, Lee Moores, Stephen Newman, and Jonathon Brame. Leveraging chemical actinometry and optical radiometry to reduce uncertainty in photochemical research. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42080.

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Subtle aspects of illumination sources and their characterization methods can introduce significant uncertainty into the data gathered from light-activated experiments, limiting their reproducibility and technology transition. Degradation kinetics of methyl orange (MO) and carbamazepine (CM) under illumination with TiO₂ were used as a case study for investigating the role of incident photon flux on photocatalytic degradation rates. Valerophenone and ferrioxalate actinometry were paired with optical radiometry in three different illumination systems: xenon arc (XE), tungsten halogen (W-H), and UV fluorescent (UV-F). Degradation rate constants for MO and CM varied similarly among the three light systems as k W-H < kiv-F < kXE, implying the same relative photon flux emission by each light. However, the apparent relative photon flux emitted by the different lights varied depending on the light characterization method. This discrepancy is shown to be caused by the spectral distribution present in light emission profiles, as well as absorption behavior of chemical actinometers and optical sensors. Data and calculations for the determination of photon flux from chemical and calibrated optical light characterization is presented, allowing us to interpret photo-degradation rate constants as a function of incident photon flux. This approach enabled the derivation of a calibrated ‘rate-flux’ metric for evaluating and translating data from photocatalysis studies.
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Aursjø, Olav, Aksel Hiorth, Alexey Khrulenko, and Oddbjørn Mathias Nødland. Polymer flooding: Simulation Upscaling Workflow. University of Stavanger, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.203.

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There are many issues to consider when implementing polymer flooding offshore. On the practical side one must handle large volumes of polymer in a cost-efficient manner, and it is crucial that the injected polymer solutions maintain their desired rheological properties during transit from surface facilities and into the reservoir. On the other hand, to predict polymer flow in the reservoir, one must conduct simulations to find out which of the mechanisms observed at the pore and core scales are important for field behavior. This report focuses on theoretical aspects relevant for upscaling of polymer flooding. To this end, several numerical tools have been developed. In principle, the range of length scales covered by these tools is extremely wide: from the nm (10-9 m) to the mm (10-3 m) range, all the way up to the m and km range. However, practical limitations require the use of other tools as well, as described in the following paragraphs. The simulator BADChIMP is a pore-scale computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solver based on the Lattice Boltzmann method. At the pore scale, fluid flow is described by classical laws of nature. To a large extent, pore scale simulations can therefore be viewed as numerical experiments, and they have great potential to foster understanding of the detailed physics of polymer flooding. While valid across length scales, pore scale models require a high numerical resolution, and, subsequently, large computational resources. To model laboratory experiments, the NIORC has, through project 1.1.1 DOUCS, developed IORCoreSim. This simulator includes a comprehensive model for polymer rheological behavior (Lohne A. , Stavland, Åsen, Aursjø, & Hiorth, 2021). The model is valid at all continuum scales; however, the simulator implementation is not able to handle very large field cases, only smaller sector scale systems. To capture polymer behavior at the full field scale, simulators designed for that specific purpose must be used. One practical problem is therefore: How can we utilize the state-of-the-art polymer model, only found in IORCoreSim, as a tool to decrease the uncertainty in full field forecasts? To address this question, we suggest several strategies for how to combine different numerical tools. In the Methodological Approach section, we briefly discuss the more general issue of linking different scales and simulators. In the Validation section, we present two case studies demonstrating the proposed strategies and workflows.
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Fait, Aaron, Grant Cramer, and Avichai Perl. Towards improved grape nutrition and defense: The regulation of stilbene metabolism under drought. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7594398.bard.

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The goals of the present research proposal were to elucidate the physiological and molecular basis of the regulation of stilbene metabolism in grape, against the background of (i) grape metabolic network behavior in response to drought and of (ii) varietal diversity. The specific objectives included the study of the physiology of the response of different grape cultivars to continuous WD; the characterization of the differences and commonalities of gene network topology associated with WD in berry skin across varieties; the study of the metabolic response of developing berries to continuous WD with specific attention to the stilbene compounds; the integration analysis of the omics data generated; the study of isolated drought-associated stress factors on the regulation of stilbene biosynthesis in plantaand in vitro. Background to the topic Grape quality has a complex relationship with water input. Regulated water deficit (WD) is known to improve wine grapes by reducing the vine growth (without affecting fruit yield) and boosting sugar content (Keller et al. 2008). On the other hand, irregular rainfall during the summer can lead to drought-associated damage of fruit developmental process and alter fruit metabolism (Downey et al., 2006; Tarara et al., 2008; Chalmers et al., 792). In areas undergoing desertification, WD is associated with high temperatures. This WD/high temperature synergism can limit the areas of grape cultivation and can damage yields and fruit quality. Grapes and wine are the major source of stilbenes in human nutrition, and multiple stilbene-derived compounds, including isomers, polymers and glycosylated forms, have also been characterized in grapes (Jeandet et al., 2002; Halls and Yu, 2008). Heterologous expression of stilbenesynthase (STS) in a variety of plants has led to an enhanced resistance to pathogens, but in others the association has not been proven (Kobayashi et al., 2000; Soleas et al., 1995). Tomato transgenic plants harboring a grape STS had increased levels of resveratrol, ascorbate, and glutathione at the expense of the anthocyanin pathways (Giovinazzo et al. 2005), further emphasizing the intermingled relation among secondary metabolic pathways. Stilbenes are are induced in green and fleshy parts of the berries by biotic and abiotic elicitors (Chong et al., 2009). As is the case for other classes of secondary metabolites, the biosynthesis of stilbenes is not very well understood, but it is known to be under tight spatial and temporal control, which limits the availability of these compounds from plant sources. Only very few studies have attempted to analyze the effects of different environmental components on stilbene accumulation (Jeandet et al., 1995; Martinez-Ortega et al., 2000). Targeted analyses have generally shown higher levels of resveratrol in the grape skin (induced), in seeded varieties, in varieties of wine grapes, and in dark-skinned varieties (Gatto et al., 2008; summarized by Bavaresco et al., 2009). Yet, the effect of the grape variety and the rootstock on stilbene metabolism has not yet been thoroughly investigated (Bavaresco et al., 2009). The study identified a link between vine hydraulic behavior and physiology of stress with the leaf metabolism, which the PIs believe can eventually lead to the modifications identified in the developing berries that interested the polyphenol metabolism and its regulation during development and under stress. Implications are discussed below.
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Rouseff, Russell L., and Michael Naim. Characterization of Unidentified Potent Flavor Changes during Processing and Storage of Orange and Grapefruit Juices. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7585191.bard.

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Citrus juice flavor quality traditionally diminishes after thermal processing and continuously during storage. Our prior studies found that four of the five most potent off-aromas formed during orange juice storage had not been identified. The primary emphasis of this project was to characterize and identify those potent flavor degrading aroma volatiles so that methods to control them could be developed and final flavor quality improved. Our original objectives included: 1 Isolate and characterize the most important unidentified aroma impact compounds formed or lost during pasteurization and storage. 2. Determination of thiamine and carotenoid thermal decomposition and Strecker degradation pathways in model solutions as possible precursors for the unidentified off-flavors. 3. Evaluate the effectiveness of an "electronic nose" to differentiate the headspace aromas of from untreated and heat pasteurized orange and grapefruit juices. 4. Use model systems of citrus juices to investigate the three possible precursor pathways (from 2) for flavor impact compounds formed or lost during pasteurization or storage. RESULTS - The components responsible for citrus storage off flavors and their putative precursors have now been identified. Certain carotenoids (b-carotene) can thermally degrade to produce b-ionone and b-damascenone which are floral and tobacco smelling respectively. Our GC-O and sensory experiments indicated that b-damascenone is a potential storage off-flavor in orange juice. Thiamine (Vitamin B1) degradation produces 2-methyl-3-furan thiol, MFT, and its dimer bis(2- methyl-3-furyl) disulfide which both produce meaty, savory aromas. GC-O and sensory studies indicated that MFT is another storage off-flavor. Methional (potato aroma) is another off flavor produced primarily from the reaction of the native amino acid, methionine, and oxidized ascorbic acid (vitamin C). This is a newly discovered pathway for the production of methional and is more dominant in juices than the classic Maillard reaction. These newly identified off flavors diminish the flavor quality of citrus juices as they distort the flavor balance and introduce non-typical aromas to the juice flavor profile. In addition, we have demonstrated that some of the poor flavor quality citrus juice found in the market place is not only from the production of these and other off flavors but also due to the absence of desirable flavor components including several potent aldehydes and a few esters. The absence of these compounds appears to be due to incomplete flavor volatile restoration after the making of juice concentrates. We are the first to demonstrate that not all flavor volatiles are removed along with water in the production of juice concentrate. In the case of grapefruit juice we have documented which flavor volatiles are completely removed, which are partially removed and which actually increase because of the thermal process. Since more that half of all citrus juices is made into concentrate, this information will allow producers to more accurately restore the original flavor components and produce a juice with a more natural flavor. IMPLICATIONS - We have shown that the aroma of citrus juices is controlled by only 1-2% of the total volatiles. The vast majority of other volatiles have little to no direct aroma activity. The critical volatiles have now been identified. The ability to produce high quality citrus juices requires that manufacturers know which chemical components control aroma and flavor. In addition to identifying the critical flavor components (both positive and negative), we have also identified several precursors. The behavior of these key aroma compounds and their precursors during common manufacturing and storage conditions has been documented so manufacturers in Israel and the US can alter production practices to minimize the negative ones and maximize the positive ones.
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Sexual violence within marriage: A case study of rural Uttar Pradesh. Population Council, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh1997.1010.

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Until recently the study of sexual behavior, despite being a very important area of human behavior, has remained an untouchable subject. The sensitivity of the subject and difficulties collecting required information discouraged social scientists from venturing into this area of human behavior. However, the advent of AIDS and its rapid spread in India has changed the scenario. Today the study of sexual behavior is an important subject and both national and international agencies, as part of the AIDS control program, are encouraging research on the subject. This paper addresses a totally neglected area, which is sexual coercion within marriage. The paper is based on a detailed qualitative study carried out by the Centre for Operations Research and Training on the decision-making process involved in seeking abortion. The study was carried out in two villages of Lucknow district located in central Uttar Pradesh. Data were collected by two trained social scientists, who spent five months in the field using various qualitative approaches—in-depth case studies, focus-group discussions with community members, and informal interviews with health and abortion service providers.
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Breakthrough RESEARCH—Social and Behavior Change Costing Community of Practice Series Brief #4: Social and behavior change costs associated with insecticide treated bed net distribution for malaria prevention. Population Council, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/sbsr2021.1079.

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Breakthrough RESEARCH is gathering, analyzing, and sharing evidence on the costs and impact of social and behavior change (SBC) interventions to support the case that investing in SBC is crucial for improving health and advancing development. A review of the SBC costing literature identified 147 studies on SBC costs, methodological shortcomings, and knowledge gaps that can be addressed in new SBC costing studies. To address these gaps, Breakthrough RESEARCH issued the “Guidelines for Costing of Social and Behavior Change Health Interventions,” which lays out 17 principles for conducting high-quality costing studies. This brief complements the guidelines and highlights important issues and practices for SBC costing. Ensuring access to malaria prevention, such as insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs), is an important pillar in the global strategy to eradicate malaria. By promoting uptake and continued and correct use of ITNs, SBC interventions play a critical role during ITN distribution. Understanding the SBC costs embedded within broader program costs is useful for program planners to ensure that enough funding is allocated for SBC. This brief reviews the existing knowledge on SBC costs within ITN distribution campaigns and provides guidance for future costing studies.
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Investing in social and behavior change is cost-effective for improving malaria behaviors in Côte d’Ivoire. Population Council, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/sbsr2021.1075.

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Social and behavior change (SBC) interventions are considered an essential part of malaria prevention and treatment interventions, yet gaps in information on the cost and impact of SBC mean decisionmakers have underappreciated the value of SBC for contributing to improved health outcomes. To address this issue, Breakthrough RESEARCH has leveraged evidence from 112 studies on the impact of SBC interventions on malaria health behaviors and 70 studies on general SBC intervention costs to model the cost-effectiveness of SBC programming for malaria in the Business Case for Investing in Social and Behavior Change for Malaria.
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