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Journal articles on the topic 'Operando XRD'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

Cremasco, Leticia F., Chayene G. Anchieta, Thayane C. M. Nepel, André N. Miranda, Bianca P. Sousa, Cristiane B. Rodella, Rubens M. Filho, and Gustavo Doubek. "Operando Synchrotron XRD of Bromide Mediated Li–O2 Battery." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 13, no. 11 (March 10, 2021): 13123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c21791.

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2

Konya, T., Y. Shiramata, and T. Nakamura. "Operando XRD study of LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 high-voltage cathode under high-rate charge-discharge reaction." Powder Diffraction 34, S1 (May 6, 2019): S8—S13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0885715619000083.

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Structural variation of LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 spinel cathode during the Li+ extraction/insertion reaction was studied using operando X-ray diffraction. It was found that the reaction in the voltage range from 3.5 to 4.9 V consisted of two consecutive two-phase reactions, where three spinel phases of LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4, Li0.5Mn1.5Ni0.5O4 and Mn1.5Ni0.5O4 were identified and the lattice volume change in the whole reaction was evaluated as 6%. The reactions were symmetric and reversible under low-current conditions, but some asymmetries were detected during high current operation. Furthermore, a two-phase reaction between cubic and tetragonal phases was observed in the low-voltage reaction at 2.1–3.5 V, where the lattice volume change was approximately 4.9%. The rate-determining step was discussed based on these operando results.

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3

Huang, Shaozhuan, Lixiang Liu, Ye Wang, Yang Shang, Lin Zhang, Jiawei Wang, Yun Zheng, Oliver G. Schmidt, and Hui Ying Yang. "Elucidating the reaction kinetics of lithium–sulfur batteries by operando XRD based on an open-hollow S@MnO2 cathode." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 12 (2019): 6651–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta00199a.

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4

Borja, Lauren. "Energy Focus: Operando XRD captures soluble polysulfide intermediates in lithium-sulfur batteries." MRS Bulletin 42, no. 07 (July 2017): 479–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2017.148.

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5

Petkov, Valeri. "Composition–structure–activity relationship for fuel cell catalysts by in operando XRD." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 73, a2 (December 1, 2017): C128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s205327331709444x.

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6

Antitomaso, Philippe, Bernard Fraisse, Lorenzo Stievano, Stéphane Biscaglia, David Aymé-Perrot, Philippe Girard, Moulay T. Sougrati, and Laure Monconduit. "SnSb electrodes for Li-ion batteries: the electrochemical mechanism and capacity fading origins elucidated by using operando techniques." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5, no. 14 (2017): 6546–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ta10138k.

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7

Dai, Dongmei, Jinxu Qiu, Hongying Hou, Xiaojuan Wang, Siyuan Li, Bobo Cao, Xinxin Zhou, Dai-Huo Liu, Bao Wang, and Bao Li. "P2-layered Na0.5Li0.07Mn0.61Co0.16Ni0.16O2 cathode boosted Na-storage properties via rational sub-group element doping." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 9, no. 34 (2021): 18272–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ta03238k.

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The sub-group element with low valence state and larger radius doping of a hybrid P2-layered Na0.5Li0.07Mn0.61Co0.16Ni0.16O2 were systematically investigated. The refined XRD results and operando XRD data revealed the improved Na-storage capability.

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8

Arthur, Zachary N., Hsien-Chieh Chiu, Xia Lu, Ning Chen, Vincent Emond, George P. Demopoulos, and De-Tong Jiang. "In Operando XANES & XRD Investigation into the Rate-Dependent Transport Properties of Lithium Iron Silicate Cathodes." MRS Advances 2, no. 7 (2017): 419–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2017.140.

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ABSTRACTThe majority of improvements to LIB technology have come through the development of new novel cathode materials. One promising cathode material is Li2FeSiO4 (LFS), desirable for its low cost and high theoretical capacity. However, the ionic conduction and transport mechanisms within this material are still not well understood, and require further investigation to improve upon cycling rate performance. To this end combined measurements of XRD & XANES have been performed in operando on LFS during electrochemical cycling, i.e. at selected electrochemical states of charge during the formation cycle the crystalline structure and the transition metal oxidation state as well as the site symmetry were characterized via the two aforementioned techniques. These in operando measurements expose once more a charging rate-dependent phase evolution during the formation cycle, which can be well characterized using a simplified equivalent circuit analogue.

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9

Romano Brandt, León, John-Joseph Marie, Thomas Moxham, Dominic P. Förstermann, Enrico Salvati, Cyril Besnard, Chrysanthi Papadaki, Zifan Wang, Peter G. Bruce, and Alexander M. Korsunsky. "Synchrotron X-ray quantitative evaluation of transient deformation and damage phenomena in a single nickel-rich cathode particle." Energy & Environmental Science 13, no. 10 (2020): 3556–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ee02290j.

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10

Vamvakeros, A., S. D. M. Jacques, V. Middelkoop, M. Di Michiel, C. K. Egan, I. Z. Ismagilov, G. B. M. Vaughan, et al. "Real time chemical imaging of a working catalytic membrane reactor during oxidative coupling of methane." Chemical Communications 51, no. 64 (2015): 12752–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cc03208c.

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11

Hardy, J. S., C. A. Coyle, J. F. Bonnett, J. W. Templeton, N. L. Canfield, D. J. Edwards, S. M. Mahserejian, L. Ge, B. J. Ingram, and J. W. Stevenson. "Evaluation of cation migration in lanthanum strontium cobalt ferrite solid oxide fuel cell cathodes via in-operando X-ray diffraction." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 4 (2018): 1787–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ta06856e.

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12

Mullaliu, Angelo, Paolo Conti, Giuliana Aquilanti, Jasper Plaisier, Lorenzo Stievano, and Marco Giorgetti. "Operando XAFS and XRD Study of a Prussian Blue Analogue Cathode Material: Iron Hexacyanocobaltate." Condensed Matter 3, no. 4 (October 25, 2018): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/condmat3040036.

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The reversible electrochemical lithiation of potassium iron hexacyanocobaltate (FeCo) was studied by operando X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) assisted by chemometric techniques. In this way, it was possible to follow the system dynamics and retrieve structural and electronic transformations along cycling at both Fe and Co sites. These analyses confirmed that FeCo features iron as the main electroactive site. Even though the release of potassium ions causes a local disorder around the iron site, the material exhibits an excellent structural stability during the alkali ion deinsertion/insertion processes. An independent but interrelated analysis approach offers a good strategy for data treatment and provides a time-resolved picture of the studied system.

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13

Permien, Stefan, Tobias Neumann, Sylvio Indris, Gero Neubüser, Lorenz Kienle, Andy Fiedler, Anna-Lena Hansen, Diego Gianolio, Thomas Bredow, and Wolfgang Bensch. "Transition metal cations on the move: simultaneous operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction investigations during Li uptake and release of a NiFe2O4/CNT composite." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20, no. 28 (2018): 19129–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cp02919a.

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14

Hyakutake, Tsuyoshi, Wouter van Beek, and Atsushi Urakawa. "Unravelling the nature, evolution and spatial gradients of active species and active sites in the catalyst bed of unpromoted and K/Ba-promoted Cu/Al2O3 during CO2 capture-reduction." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 4, no. 18 (2016): 6878–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta09461e.

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Space- and time-resolved operando DRIFTS, XAFS, and XRD uncovered the involved surface chemical species and active sites, especially the unique functions of K and Cu, during the CO₂ capture-reduction process.

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15

KONYA, Takayuki, Yuji SHIRAMATA, and Tatsuya NAKAMURA. "Operando Measurement of Cathode in Lithium Batteries Using a Laboratory-type XRD Instrument." BUNSEKI KAGAKU 68, no. 10 (October 5, 2019): 793–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.2116/bunsekikagaku.68.793.

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16

Sacci, Robert L., Lance W. Gill, Edward W. Hagaman, and Nancy J. Dudney. "Operando NMR and XRD study of chemically synthesized LiC oxidation in a dry room environment." Journal of Power Sources 287 (August 2015): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.04.035.

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17

Lukashuk, Liliana, Nevzat Yigit, Raffael Rameshan, Elisabeth Kolar, Detre Teschner, Michael Hävecker, Axel Knop-Gericke, Robert Schlögl, Karin Föttinger, and Günther Rupprechter. "Operando Insights into CO Oxidation on Cobalt Oxide Catalysts by NAP-XPS, FTIR, and XRD." ACS Catalysis 8, no. 9 (August 7, 2018): 8630–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.8b01237.

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18

Vu, Trang Thi, Sohyun Park, Jimin Park, Seokhun Kim, Vinod Mathew, Muhammad H. Alfaruqi, Kwang-Ho Kim, Yang-Kook Sun, Jang-Yeon Hwang, and Jaekook Kim. "Investigation of superior sodium storage and reversible Na2S conversion reactions in a porous NiS2@C composite using in operando X-ray diffraction." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 8, no. 46 (2020): 24401–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ta09801a.

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Porous-NiS₂@C is successfully synthesized via a solvothermal method using Ni-based MOFs. In operando XRD analysis provides evidence for reversible Na₂S conversion during the sodiation/desodiation process.

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19

Kaszkur, Zbigniew, Bogusław Mierzwa, Wojciech Juszczyk, Piotr Rzeszotarski, and Dariusz Łomot. "Quick low temperature coalescence of Pt nanocrystals on silica exposed to NO – the case of reconstruction driven growth?" RSC Adv. 4, no. 28 (2014): 14758–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3ra48078j.

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We report an operando XRD/MS experiment on nanocrystalline Pt supported on silica, monitoring quick, low temperature coalescence of Pt in an NO atmosphere accompanied by surface reconstruction deduced from an apparent lattice parameter (ALP) evolution.

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20

Suzuki, Takuya, Frieder Lauxmann, Andre Sackmann, Anna Staerz, Udo Weimar, Christoph Berthold, and Nicolae Barsan. "Operando Investigations of Rare-Earth Oxycarbonate CO2 Sensors." Proceedings 2, no. 13 (November 26, 2018): 801. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2130801.

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In this work, we have succeeded in synthesizing monoclinic and hexagonal La2O2CO3 using two different routes and revealed that both of them are sensitive to CO2 to the same degree. Moreover, we observed that the resistance of the sensor based on hexagonal phase is much higher and more stable than the one of the sensors based on the monoclinic phase. Using Operando and time resolved XRD measurements, we have also demonstrated that the resistivity of the sensor based on monoclinic La2O2CO3 increases because of the material transformation into the hexagonal phase during an exemplarily aging process.

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21

Becher, Johannes, Sebastian Weber, Dario Ferreira Sanchez, Dmitry E. Doronkin, Jan Garrevoet, Gerald Falkenberg, Debora Motta Meira, Sakura Pascarelli, Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt, and Thomas L. Sheppard. "Sample Environment for Operando Hard X-ray Tomography—An Enabling Technology for Multimodal Characterization in Heterogeneous Catalysis." Catalysts 11, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11040459.

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Structure–activity relations in heterogeneous catalysis can be revealed through in situ and operando measurements of catalysts in their active state. While hard X-ray tomography is an ideal method for non-invasive, multimodal 3D structural characterization on the micron to nm scale, performing tomography under controlled gas and temperature conditions is challenging. Here, we present a flexible sample environment for operando hard X-ray tomography at synchrotron radiation sources. The setup features are discussed, with demonstrations of operando powder X-ray diffraction tomography (XRD-CT) and energy-dispersive tomographic X-ray absorption spectroscopy (ED-XAS-CT). Catalysts for CO2 methanation and partial oxidation of methane are shown as case studies. The setup can be adapted for different hard X-ray microscopy, spectroscopy, or scattering synchrotron radiation beamlines, is compatible with absorption, diffraction, fluorescence, and phase-contrast imaging, and can operate with scanning focused beam or full-field acquisition mode. We present an accessible methodology for operando hard X-ray tomography studies, which offer a unique source of 3D spatially resolved characterization data unavailable to contemporary methods.

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22

El Kharbachi, Abdelouahab, Julia Wind, Amund Ruud, Astrid B. Høgset, Magnus M. Nygård, Junxian Zhang, Magnus H. Sørby, et al. "Pseudo-ternary LiBH4·LiCl·P2S5 system as structurally disordered bulk electrolyte for all-solid-state lithium batteries." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 22, no. 25 (2020): 13872–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cp01334j.

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LiCl_1−x(BH₄)_x stabilized by P₂S₅ addition with high Li⁺ conduction; further operando XRD in transmission mode of a solid-state battery demonstrated.

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23

Song, Chulho, Kimihiko Ito, Osami Sakata, and Yoshimi Kubo. "Operando structural study of non-aqueous Li–air batteries using synchrotron-based X-ray diffraction." RSC Advances 8, no. 46 (2018): 26293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra04855j.

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The Li–O₂ electrochemical reaction involving the formation and decomposition of crystalline Li₂O₂ was clearly demonstrated by using an operando synchrotron-based XRD in a transmission mode and a special airtight LAB cell.

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24

Middelkoop, Vesna, Antonis Vamvakeros, Dieter de Wit, Simon D. M. Jacques, Simge Danaci, Clement Jacquot, Yoran de Vos, Dorota Matras, Stephen W. T. Price, and Andrew M. Beale. "3D printed Ni/Al2O3 based catalysts for CO2 methanation - a comparative and operando XRD-CT study." Journal of CO2 Utilization 33 (October 2019): 478–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcou.2019.07.013.

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25

Potemkin, D. I., E. Yu Filatov, A. V. Zadesenets, and V. A. Sobyanin. "CO preferential oxidation on Pt0.5Co0.5 and Pt-CoOx model catalysts: Catalytic performance and operando XRD studies." Catalysis Communications 100 (September 2017): 232–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom.2017.07.008.

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26

Quilty, Calvin, David C. Bock, Shan Yan, Kenneth J. Takeuchi, Esther S. Takeuchi, and Amy C. Marschilok. "Probing Sources of Capacity Fade in NMC622: An Operando xrd Study of NMC Batteries over Cycling." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2021-01, no. 8 (May 30, 2021): 2089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2021-0182089mtgabs.

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27

Seidl, L., N. Bucher, E. Chu, S. Hartung, S. Martens, O. Schneider, and U. Stimming. "Intercalation of solvated Na-ions into graphite." Energy & Environmental Science 10, no. 7 (2017): 1631–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ee00546f.

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The reversible intercalation of solvated Na-ions into graphite and the concomitant formation of ternary Na–graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) are studied using several in operando techniques, such as X-ray-diffraction (XRD), electrochemical scanning tunnelling microscopy (EC-STM) and the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance technique (EQCM).

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28

Sallard, S., E. Castel, C. Villevieille, and P. Novák. "A low-temperature benzyl alcohol/benzyl mercaptan synthesis of iron oxysulfide/iron oxide composite materials for electrodes in Li-ion batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 31 (2015): 16112–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta03155a.

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One-pot mixtures of magnetite Fe₃O₄ and greigite Fe₃S₄ powders were synthesized by sol–gel chemistry. Operando XRD measurements prove the conversion mechanism of the greigite reduction below 1.0 V vs. Li⁺/Li.

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29

Tripathi, Abhinav, Ashish Rudola, Satyanarayana Reddy Gajjela, Shibo Xi, and Palani Balaya. "Developing an O3 type layered oxide cathode and its application in 18650 commercial type Na-ion batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 45 (2019): 25944–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta08991h.

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Effect of Ti⁴⁺ and Ni²⁺ substitutions is studied to develop Na-ion cathode materials. Operando XRD and ex situ EXAFS is done to study structural events during battery operation. Finally NCNFMT vs. HC 18650 batteries using 1 M NaBF₄ in tetraglyme as the electrolyte.

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30

Kondracki, Łukasz, Andrzej Kulka, Konrad Świerczek, Magdalena Ziąbka, and Janina Molenda. "Operando XRD studies as a tool for determination of transport parameters of mobile ions in electrode materials." Journal of Power Sources 369 (November 2017): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.09.072.

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31

Dutta, Abhijit, Motiar Rahaman, Burkhard Hecker, Jakub Drnec, Kiran Kiran, Ivan Zelocualtecatl Montiel, Daniel Jochen Weber, et al. "CO2 electrolysis – Complementary operando XRD, XAS and Raman spectroscopy study on the stability of CuxO foam catalysts." Journal of Catalysis 389 (September 2020): 592–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2020.06.024.

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32

Patlolla, A., E. V. Carino, S. N. Ehrlich, E. Stavitski, and A. I. Frenkel. "Application of Operando XAS, XRD, and Raman Spectroscopy for Phase Speciation in Water Gas Shift Reaction Catalysts." ACS Catalysis 2, no. 11 (September 25, 2012): 2216–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cs300414c.

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33

Vicente, Nuria, Dominic Bresser, Stefano Passerini, and Germà Garcia-Belmonte. "Probing the 3-step Lithium Storage Mechanism in CH3 NH3 PbBr3 Perovskite Electrode by Operando -XRD Analysis." ChemElectroChem 6, no. 2 (November 7, 2018): 456–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/celc.201801291.

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34

Yin, Jiefu, Wenzao Li, Mikaela Dunkin, Esther S. Takeuchi, Kenneth J. Takeuchi, and Amy C. Marschilok. "Electrochemically Induced Phase Evolution of Lithium Vanadium Oxide: Complementary Insights Gained viaEx-Situ,In-Situ, andOperandoExperiments and Density Functional Theory." MRS Advances 3, no. 22 (2018): 1255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.281.

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ABSTRACTUnderstanding the structural evolution of electrode material during electrochemical activity is important to elucidate the mechanism of (de)lithiation, and improve the electrochemical function based on the material properties. In this study, lithium vanadium oxide (LVO, LiV3O8) was investigated using ex-situ, in-situ, and operando experiments. Via a combination of in-situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) and density functional theory results, a reversible structural evolution during lithiation was revealed: from Li poor α phase (LiV3O8) to Li rich α phase (Li2.5V3O8) and finally β phase (Li4V3O8). In-situ and operando energy dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDXRD) provided tomographic information to visualize the spatial location of the phase evolution within the LVO electrode while inside a sealed lithium ion battery.

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35

Kovrugin, Vadim M., Jean-Noël Chotard, François Fauth, Arash Jamali, Rénald David, and Christian Masquelier. "Structural and electrochemical studies of novel Na7V3Al(P2O7)4(PO4) and Na7V2Al2(P2O7)4(PO4) high-voltage cathode materials for Na-ion batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5, no. 27 (2017): 14365–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ta03687f.

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Operando XRD studies illustrate the reversible electrochemical process in the range of 2.7–4.2 V vs. Na⁺/Na for new Na₇V_4−xAl_x(P₂O₇)₄(PO₄) (x = 1, 2) compositions with increasing of the capacity at higher voltage.

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36

Zhang, Yiman, Kevin C. Kirshenbaum, Amy C. Marschilok, Esther S. Takeuchi, and Kenneth J. Takeuchi. "Operando Synchrotron XRD Investigation of Silver Metal Formation upon Electrochemical Reduction of Silver Iron Pyrophosphate (Ag7Fe3(P2O7)4)." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 121, no. 22 (May 24, 2017): 12080–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b03723.

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37

Quilty, Calvin D., Lisa M. Housel, David C. Bock, Mikaela R. Dunkin, Lei Wang, Diana M. Lutz, Alyson Abraham, et al. "Ex Situ and Operando XRD and XAS Analysis of MoS2: A Lithiation Study of Bulk and Nanosheet Materials." ACS Applied Energy Materials 2, no. 10 (September 26, 2019): 7635–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.9b01538.

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38

Sougrati, M. T., J. Fullenwarth, A. Debenedetti, B. Fraisse, J. C. Jumas, and L. Monconduit. "TiSnSb a new efficient negative electrode for Li-ion batteries: mechanism investigations by operando-XRD and Mössbauer techniques." Journal of Materials Chemistry 21, no. 27 (2011): 10069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1jm10710k.

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39

Quilty, Calvin D., David C. Bock, Shan Yan, Kenneth J. Takeuchi, Esther S. Takeuchi, and Amy C. Marschilok. "Probing Sources of Capacity Fade in LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 (NMC622): An Operando XRD Study of Li/NMC622 Batteries during Extended Cycling." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 124, no. 15 (March 22, 2020): 8119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c00262.

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40

Permien, Stefan, Sylvio Indris, Ulrich Schürmann, Lorenz Kienle, Stefan Zander, Stephen Doyle, and Wolfgang Bensch. "What Happens Structurally and Electronically during the Li Conversion Reaction of CoFe2O4 Nanoparticles: An Operando XAS and XRD Investigation." Chemistry of Materials 28, no. 2 (January 7, 2016): 434–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b01754.

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41

Siddique, N. A., Amir Salehi, Zi Wei, Dong Liu, Syed D. Sajjad, and Fuqiang Liu. "Length-Scale-Dependent Phase Transformation of LiFePO4: An In situ and Operando Study Using Micro-Raman Spectroscopy and XRD." ChemPhysChem 16, no. 11 (June 12, 2015): 2383–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cphc.201500299.

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42

Xie, Yingying, Hong Wang, Guiliang Xu, Jiajun Wang, Huaping Sheng, Zonghai Chen, Yang Ren, et al. "In Operando XRD and TXM Study on the Metastable Structure Change of NaNi1/3Fe1/3Mn1/3O2under Electrochemical Sodium-Ion Intercalation." Advanced Energy Materials 6, no. 24 (September 2, 2016): 1601306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201601306.

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43

Gaur, Abhijeet, Max Schumann, Kristian Viegaard Raun, Matthias Stehle, Pablo Beato, Anker Degn Jensen, Jan‐Dierk Grunwaldt, and Martin Høj. "Operando XAS/XRD and Raman Spectroscopic Study of Structural Changes of the Iron Molybdate Catalyst during Selective Oxidation of Methanol." ChemCatChem 11, no. 19 (August 21, 2019): 4871–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201901025.

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44

Zhu, Wen, Yuesheng Wang, Dongqiang Liu, Vincent Gariépy, Catherine Gagnon, Ashok Vijh, Michel Trudeau, and Karim Zaghib. "Application of Operando X-ray Diffractometry in Various Aspects of the Investigations of Lithium/Sodium-Ion Batteries." Energies 11, no. 11 (November 1, 2018): 2963. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11112963.

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The main challenges facing rechargeable batteries today are: (1) increasing the electrode capacity; (2) prolonging the cycle life; (3) enhancing the rate performance and (4) insuring their safety. Significant efforts have been devoted to improve the present electrode materials as well as to develop and design new high performance electrodes. All of the efforts are based on the understanding of the materials, their working mechanisms, the impact of the structure and reaction mechanism on electrochemical performance. Various operando/in-situ methods are applied in studying rechargeable batteries to gain a better understanding of the crystal structure of the electrode materials and their behaviors during charge-discharge under various conditions. In the present review, we focus on applying operando X-ray techniques to investigate electrode materials, including the working mechanisms of different structured materials, the effect of size, cycling rate and temperature on the reaction mechanisms, the thermal stability of the electrodes, the degradation mechanism and the optimization of material synthesis. We demonstrate the importance of using operando/in-situ XRD and its combination with other techniques in examining the microstructural changes of the electrodes under various operating conditions, in both macro and atomic-scales. These results reveal the working and the degradation mechanisms of the electrodes and the possible side reactions involved, which are essential for improving the present materials and developing new materials for high performance and long cycle life batteries.

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Reichardt, Martin, Sébastien Sallard, Petr Novák, and Claire Villevieille. "Lithium chromium pyrophosphate as an insertion material for Li-ion batteries." Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials 71, no. 6 (December 1, 2015): 661–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2052520615017539.

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Lithium chromium pyrophosphate (LiCrP2O7) and carbon-coated LiCrP2O7 (LiCrP2O7/C) were synthesized by solid-state and sol–gel routes, respectively. The materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and conductivity measurements. LiCrP2O7 powder has a conductivity of ∼ 10−8 S cm−1, ∼ 104 times smaller than LiCrP2O7/C (∼ 10−4 S cm−1). LiCrP2O7/C is electrochemically active, mainly between 1.8 and 2.2 V versus Li+/Li (Cr3+/Cr2+ redox couple), whereas LiCrP2O7 has limited electrochemical activity. LiCrP2O7/C delivers a reversible specific charge up to ∼ 105 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles, close to the theoretical limit of 115 mAh g−1. Operando XRD experiments show slight peak shifts between 2.2 and 4.8 V versus Li+/Li, and a reversible amorphization between 1.8 and 2.2 V versus Li+/Li, suggesting an insertion reaction mechanism.

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Alxneit, Ivo, Alberto Garbujo, Giovanni Carollo, Davide Ferri, and Antonella Glisenti. "CuO/La0.5Sr0.5CoO3: precursor of efficient NO reduction catalyst studied by operando high energy X-ray diffraction under three-way catalytic conditions." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 22, no. 34 (2020): 18798–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cp01064b.

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Sekizawa, Oki, Tomoya Uruga, Kotaro Higashi, Takuma Kaneko, Yusuke Yoshida, Tomohiro Sakata, and Yasuhiro Iwasawa. "Simultaneous Operando Time-Resolved XAFS–XRD Measurements of a Pt/C Cathode Catalyst in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell under Transient Potential Operations." ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 5, no. 5 (April 10, 2017): 3631–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b00052.

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Saraev, A. A., Z. S. Vinokurov, V. V. Kaichev, A. N. Shmakov, and V. I. Bukhtiyarov. "The origin of self-sustained reaction-rate oscillations in the oxidation of methane over nickel: an operando XRD and mass spectrometry study." Catalysis Science & Technology 7, no. 8 (2017): 1646–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cy02673g.

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Tsoukalou, Athanasia, Paula M. Abdala, Dragos Stoian, Xing Huang, Marc-Georg Willinger, Alexey Fedorov, and Christoph R. Müller. "Structural Evolution and Dynamics of an In2O3 Catalyst for CO2 Hydrogenation to Methanol: An Operando XAS-XRD and In Situ TEM Study." Journal of the American Chemical Society 141, no. 34 (July 19, 2019): 13497–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jacs.9b04873.

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Sekizawa, Oki, Takuma Kaneko, Kotaro Higashi, Shinobu Takao, Yusuke Yoshida, Takao Gunji, Xiao Zhao, et al. "Key Structural Transformations and Kinetics of Pt Nanoparticles in PEFC Pt/C Electrocatalysts by a Simultaneous Operando Time-Resolved QXAFS–XRD Technique." Topics in Catalysis 61, no. 9-11 (April 13, 2018): 889–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11244-018-0934-1.

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