Relevant bibliographies by topics / OPEP devices

Academic literature on the topic 'OPEP devices'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "OPEP devices"

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Alghamdi, Saeed M., Ruth Emily Barker, Abdullah S. S. Alsulayyim, Ali M. Alasmari, Winston A. S. Banya, Michael I. Polkey, Surinder S. Birring, and Nicholas S. Hopkinson. "Use of oscillatory positive expiratory pressure (OPEP) devices to augment sputum clearance in COPD: a systematic review and meta-analysis." Thorax 75, no. 10 (August 11, 2020): 855–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2019-214360.

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IntroductionOscillating positive expiratory pressure (OPEP) devices are intended to facilitate sputum clearance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but there is uncertainty as to their place in treatment pathways. We aimed to review the existing literature to establish the evidence base for their use.MethodsA systematic search of records up to March 2020 was performed on PubMed, CINAHL, Medline (Ovid), Cochrane and Embase to retrieve clinical trials that evaluated the efficacy of OPEP devices in patients with COPD. Two independent reviewers retrieved the titles, abstracts and full texts, and completed the data extraction.ResultsFollowing full-text review of 77 articles, eight (six randomised control trials and 2 cross-over studies) were eligible for inclusion. Pooled analysis showed low-grade evidence that the use of OPEP devices was associated with decreased COPD symptoms and exacerbations (OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.72), and enhanced exercise capacity; 6 min walk distance (mean difference (95% CI), 49.8 m (14.2 m to 85.5 m); p=0.009]). However, studies were mostly short term with the majority having a high risk of bias. The average acceptance, completion and drop-out rates were 82%, 91% and 8%, respectively.ConclusionThe use of OPEP devices can have a positive impact in COPD, but confidence in effect sizes is low and there is a need for further, higher quality studies to examine their long-term efficacy in COPD as well as to identify specific patient phenotypes that are more likely to respond.PROSPERO registration numberCRD 42016041835.
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Parkhomenko, Hryhorii P., Erik O. Shalenov, Zarina Umatova, Karlygash N. Dzhumagulova, and Askhat N. Jumabekov. "Fabrication of Flexible Quasi-Interdigitated Back-Contact Perovskite Solar Cells." Energies 15, no. 9 (April 21, 2022): 3056. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15093056.

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Perovskites are a promising class of semiconductor materials, which are being studied intensively for their applications in emerging new flexible optoelectronic devices. In this paper, device manufacturing and characterization of quasi-interdigitated back-contact perovskite solar cells fabricated on flexible substrates are studied. The photovoltaic parameters of the prepared flexible quasi-interdigitated back-contact perovskite solar cells (FQIBC PSCs) are obtained for the front- and rear-side illumination options. The dependences of the device’s open-circuit potential and short-circuit current on the illumination intensity are investigated to determine the main recombination pathways in the devices. Spectral response analysis of the devices demonstrates that the optical transmission losses can be minimized when FQIBC PSCs are illuminated from the front-side. Optoelectronic simulations are used to rationalize the experimental results. It is determined that the obtained FQIBC PSCs have high surface recombination losses, which hinder the device performance. The findings demonstrate a process for the fabrication of flexible back-contact PSCs and provide some directions for device performance improvements.
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Das, Nayan C., Minjae Kim, Sung-Min Hong, and Jae-Hyung Jang. "Vacuum and Low-Temperature Characteristics of Silicon Oxynitride-Based Bipolar RRAM." Micromachines 13, no. 4 (April 12, 2022): 604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13040604.

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This study investigates the switching characteristics of the silicon oxynitride (SiOxNy)-based bipolar resistive random-access memory (RRAM) devices at different operating ambiances at temperatures ranging from 300 K to 77 K. The operating ambiances (open air or vacuum) and temperature affect the device’s performance. The electroforming-free multilevel bipolar Au/Ni/SiOxNy/p+-Si RRAM device (in open-air) becomes bilevel in a vacuum with an on/off ratio >104 and promising data retention properties. The device becomes more resistive with cryogenic temperatures. The experimental results indicate that the presence and absence of moisture (hydrogen and hydroxyl groups) in open air and vacuum, respectively, alter the elemental composition of the amorphous SiOxNy active layer and Ni/SiOxNy interface region. Consequently, this affects the overall device performance. Filament-type resistive switching and trap-controlled space charge limited conduction (SCLC) mechanisms in the bulk SiOxNy layer are confirmed.
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Longley, Matthew, Ethan L. Willis, Cindy X. Tay, and Hao Chen. "An open source device for operant licking in rats." PeerJ 5 (February 14, 2017): e2981. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2981.

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We created an easy-to-use device for operant licking experiments and another device that records environmental variables. Both devices use the Raspberry Pi computer to obtain data from multiple input devices (e.g., radio frequency identification tag readers, touch and motion sensors, environmental sensors) and activate output devices (e.g., LED lights, syringe pumps) as needed. Data gathered from these devices are stored locally on the computer but can be automatically transferred to a remote server via a wireless network. We tested the operant device by training rats to obtain either sucrose or water under the control of a fixed ratio, a variable ratio, or a progressive ratio reinforcement schedule. The lick data demonstrated that the device has sufficient precision and time resolution to record the fast licking behavior of rats. Data from the environment monitoring device also showed reliable measurements. By providing the source code and 3D design under an open source license, we believe these examples will stimulate innovation in behavioral studies. The source code can be found at http://github.com/chen42/openbehavior.
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Rosenthal, Victor Daniel. "Clinical impact of needle-free connector design: A systematic review of literature." Journal of Vascular Access 21, no. 6 (February 14, 2020): 847–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1129729820904904.

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The objective of this systematic review is to analyze types of needle-free connectors and open systems and their effects on central line–associated bloodstream infection rates and other adverse outcomes through a research protocol consistent with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews’ recommendations. MEDLINE and Cochrane databases of systematic reviews were searched for relevant comparative studies published from January 2000 to September 2017. Eighteen studies compared central line–associated bloodstream infection (according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/National Healthcare Safety Network definition), internal microbial contamination, occlusions, phlebitis, and other outcomes associated with needle-free connectors with a positive displacement device, negative displacement device, neutral displacement device, or three-way stopcock. Ten studies reported central line–associated bloodstream infection rates, which were lower with positive displacement devices versus negative displacement devices/neutral displacement devices (one study) and with negative displacement devices versus three-way stopcocks (three studies), but varied with different positive displacement device and negative displacement device/neutral displacement device designs (four studies). Seven studies reported internal microbial contamination rates, which were higher with three-way stopcocks versus negative displacement devices (two studies) and positive displacement devices (two studies), lower when positive displacement devices were used versus neutral displacement devices (one study), and varied with different types of negative displacement device (one study). Central line–associated bloodstream infection rates and most other outcomes analyzed were statistically significantly higher with three-way stopcocks (open devices) versus positive displacement device, negative displacement devices, and neutral displacement devices, but varied among closed device designs.
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Peter, Lukas, Ladislav Hajek, Petra Maresova, Martin Augustynek, and Marek Penhaker. "Medical Devices: Regulation, Risk Classification, and Open Innovation." Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 6, no. 2 (June 10, 2020): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/joitmc6020042.

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In the Czech Republic, the medical device industry is an important sector with a strong tradition and has high added value and perspectives in demand under changing demographic and social structures. The aim of this article is to describe and analyze the complex issues of the new European Commission Medical Device Regulation (MDR) 2017/745 from the perspective of the strategic decisions of companies that have to comply with the requirements imposed on them by the new legislation and at the same time fulfill their own business needs and goals. The legislative changes significantly affect the standards, processes, and certifications in the medical device sector. The classification system of medical devices has been revised to more appropriately reflect the possible health risks associated with use of modern high-end technology in healthcare. The requirement is to categorize each device under the highest possible risk class, which means for the medical device manufacturers to carefully review the new rules and regulations and classify their devices accordingly.
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Nishijima, Takamichi, Nobuhiro Yokoi, Yoichi Nakamoto, and Hiroyuki Ohsaki. "Estimation of Performance Improvement Derived from TCP/IP Offload Engine with Software Emulation." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 12, no. 1 (December 20, 2013): 3117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v12i1.3366.

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Many TOE (TCP/IP Offload Engine) devices have been developed and installed in high-end systems. Although there have been many analysis of the effectiveness of TOE devices, there remain open issues related to them. For example, it has not been clarified which part of TCP/IP processing should be performed with hardware and which with software, or how end-to-end TCP/IP performance is affected by the introduction of a TOE device. In this paper, we propose VOSE (Virtual Offloading with Software Emulation), which is a technique for measuring TCP/IP performance improvements derived from different type of TOE devices without implementing TOE prototypes really. VOSE enables virtual offloading without requiring a hardware TOE device by virtually emulating TOE processing on both source and destination end hosts. For demonstrating the effectiveness of VOSE, we apply VOSE to the TCP checksum and IPsec protocol. We extensively examine the accuracy of virtual offloading with VOSE, by comparing performance (i.e., end-to-end performance and CPU processing overhead) between VOSE and a dedicated TOE device. Moreover, we estimate performance improvement that are derived from several TOE devices of IPsec and combinations of those devices, by applying VOSE to header authenticating and payload encryption in IPsec protocol. Consequently, we show that performance improvements which are derived from TOE devices can be estimated correctly.
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Milanovic, Predrag M., Snezana B. Stankovic, Milada Novakovic, Dragana Grujic, Mirjana Kostic, and Jovana Z. Milanovic. "Development of the automated software and device for determination of wicking in textiles using open-source tools." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 16, 2020): e0241665. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241665.

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The development of automated software and the device for determination of wicking of textile materials, using open-source ImageJ libraries for image processing, and newly designed additional algorithm for the determination of threshold, is presented in this paper. The description of the device, design of the open-source software “Kapilarko”, as well as an explanation of the steps: image processing, threshold determination and reading of wicking height, are provided. We have also investigated the possibility of using the artificial neural networks for automatic recognition of the wicking height. The results showed that the recognition of the wet area of the sample, based on the application of artificial neural networks was in a very good agreement with the experimental data. The device's utility for the measurement of wicking ability of textile materials was proved by testing various knitted fabrics. The constructed device has the advantages of providing automated measurement and minimization of the subjective errors of the operators; extremely fast or long-term measurements; digital recording of results; consistency of experimental conditions; possibility of using water instead of colors and, last but not least, low cost of the device. Considering the importance and frequent measurements of wicking ability of textile materials, the advantages of the presented device, as well as the fact that commercial software without publishing the source-code, are used for most of the available devices, we believe that our idea to design the automated software and device by applying the "open-source" approach, will be of benefit to scientists and engineers in using or improving wicking experiments.
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Tyagi, Pawan, Christopher Riso, Uzma Amir, Carlos Rojas-Dotti, and Jose Martínez-Lillo. "Exploring room-temperature transport of single-molecule magnet-based molecular spintronics devices using the magnetic tunnel junction as a device platform." RSC Advances 10, no. 22 (2020): 13006–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra09003g.

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Yanti, Yanti, Sumarni Sumarni, and Nuranita Adiastuty. "PENGEMBANGAN PERANGKAT PEMBELAJARAN PADA MATERI SEGIEMPAT MELALUI PENDEKATAN OPEN-ENDED UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KREATIF." Jurnal Edukasi dan Sains Matematika (JES-MAT) 5, no. 2 (October 9, 2019): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.25134/jes-mat.v5i2.2024.

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The study aims to develop learning devices through an open-ended approach in square material. The learning devices developed consist of student modules and lesson plan (RPP). This study is the research, development model of Plomp with consist of three stages: preliminary research phase, prototype phase and assessment phase. Techniques of data collection that used were pretest and posttest questions, questionnaire� of expert validation and questionnaire of student response. The device developed was validated by three validators then conducted a limited trial. From the resulting validation data the average score of student module is 4.33 (valid), the average RPP score is 4.29 (valid). The validator statement against both learning devices developed is usable with little revision and without revision and the student's response to the learning device� was positive (practical). The increase of students ' creative thinking capability of N-Gain of 0.67 with moderate upgrade category. The results of the study were obtained that the device was developed is valid, practical, and can improve creative thinking ablity.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "OPEP devices"

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Paiva, Godinho Raquel. "Open Device Labs - a global community movement to democratise testing and evaluation on real devices." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668637.

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Han sorgit xarxes de laboratoris oberts a tothom i caracteritzats per la seva activitat local i connectivitat global per atendre diferents demandes del usuaris. Open Device Labs (ODLs) és un moviment comunitari de base que té per objectiu democratitzar les proves i l'avaluació en dispositius digitals reals, que fins ara havia estat inexplorat. Els ODLs són un espai normalment equipat amb dispositius mòbils (per exemple: telèfons intel·ligents i tauletes tàctils) connectats a Internet amb la finalitat que els usuaris puguin fer proves de d’aplicacions web, jocs, i mòbils. L’objectiu d’aquesta tesi ha estat investigar l'ecosistema dels Open Device Labs per tal de presentar-ne les seves principals característiques, pràctiques, beneficis i reptes. La recerca s’ha realitzat mitjançant una investigació qualitativa d’estudi de casos i s’ha dividit en quatre unitats centrals. La secció I va explorar l’ecosistema d’ODLs, el local i el global, a través del nucli de la comunitat des de la perspectiva dels amfitrions i centrat en els ODL professionals. La secció II va investigar la perspectiva que tenen els usuaris convidats dels ODLs sobre el servei. La secció III va explorar el potencial de la comunitat per beneficiar-se de la indústria del joc. Per últim, la secció IV presenta un marc per establir ODL acadèmics.
Open labs networks characterised by local activity and global connectivity have emerged to address different demands. Open Device Labs (ODLs) is a grass-roots community movement, which aims to democratise testing and evaluation on real devices, thus far unexplored academically. An ODL is a space typically equipped with mobile devices (e.g. smartphones and tablets) connected to the Internet for Web and app testing purposes. This PhD thesis investigates the ODL ecosystem to identify its main characteristics, practices, benefits, and challenges. We conducted a qualitative inductive case study through four main units. Section I explores the ODL ecosystem, both local and global, through the community core from the hosts’ perspective and focuses on professional ODLs. Section II discusses the investigation of the ODL’s guest users’ perspective of the service. Section III explores the potential of the community to benefit the gaming industry. Section IV examines a single case of an academic ODL. Lastly, the final section presents a framework for establishing academic ODLs.
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Topcu, Ali. "Multiple Devices Open Circuit Fault Diagnosis for Multilevel Inverters." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1603745813645294.

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Hamad, F. M. "Energy-aware encryption mechanism for m-commerce devices." Thesis, Coventry University, 2010. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/61037dc3-74e7-8cea-8e44-75f643220d0d/1.

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With the wide spread of mobile phones, PDAs, and Smartphones, M-Commerce has become a major application domain for mobile devices, unlike conventional wired networks, mobile devices allow the user to conduct online transactions regardless of the time and the place as long as there is mobile network coverage. However, online transactions require adequate level of security to insure the confidentiality, the integrity, and the availability of the user’s information. Security measures consume a considerable amount of energy and require more time in processing. The aim of this thesis is to optimise the energy and the resources consumption of mobile phones when applying variant symmetric and asymmetric schemes. This aim can be achieved through developing A System State Security Management Framework, SSSM, which will implement encryption schemes, symmetric and asymmetric, and will provide different options to enable the user to choose the type of encryption, the key size, and number of rounds of computation to optimise the energy consumption level of the mobile phone. This thesis compares the power and the resources consumed by the most commonly used encryption algorithms such as CAST, IDEA, Triple-DES, RSA, and AlGamal. This comparison helps to draw the advantages and disadvantages of each algorithm scheme used in reference to the security level it provides and the power it consumes. Implementing this mechanism will enhance the performance of mobile phones by increasing the security levelsprovided by the encryption schemes and utilising the limited power and resources efficiency. Therefore, confidentiality will be presented in mobile phones and variant encryption schemes, symmetric and asymmetric, and changeable key sizes and rounds, will ensure the authenticity of both senders and recipients depending on their needs as well as resources available. This research makes contributions in two major areas; the first area consists of the novel Energy Aware Encryption polices generated by this work, the second area of contribution is the energy measurements and experimental results which validate the approach presented in the research.
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Mutuku, James. "An open source model for teaching environments incorporating wireless devices." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6422.

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Attempts have been made at bridging the digital divide in schools using desktop PC systems without much success. As a result many computer laboratories sit empty. There are many reasons for these failures. Often there are incompatibilities of software applications for the PC and its operating systems. In other cases non-existent infrastructure such as networking support for the operations. This paper describes a project aimed at achieving a more successful school educational environment by using students' mobile devices, desktop computer and open source applications. The project therefore, looks forward to a time when schools no longer have to purchase computers for their students but rather utilize mobile devices already owned by students. The paper presents results of an evaluation study on the interaction of students' moble devices with course material and teachers using open source applications in a teaching environment. The pilot project was undertaken by Schoolnet in Namibia. The result presented show that although there were constraints on such devices the educational benefits far outweight the physical limitations.
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Garrett, Scott James. "Development of an Open Source Prosthetic Hand Platform." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2011. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/573.

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Development of an Open Source Prosthetic Hand Platform Scott Garrett In the field of upper extremity prosthetic devices, advancements in technology drive the design of products which are becoming capable of restoring the lost functions of the native hand. While several dexterous devices have been developed to serve this purpose, they remain prohibitively expensive and thus are not a viable option for many upper extremity amputees. To address this problem a prosthetic hand platform was developed utilizing the open source Arduino microcontroller and off-the-shelf electrical components. Using these resources, a novel finger actuation mechanism was developed to show how a prosthetic hand platform could be developed which is capable of individual finger actuation, multiple actuation modes, sensing of forces at the individual fingers, providing force feedback to the user, and control of finger actuation through a variety of control inputs. After going through several iterations of hand’s mechanical components, electronics, and firmware a final prototype was built to showcase the possible capabilities of the open source prosthetic hand platform. This prototype consisted of several groups of subcomponents including an auto-flexing / extending finger design, a modular palm/ servo attachment base, and a wrist section which housed the hand’s electronic components, power supplies, force feedback system. The open source prosthetic hand platform was then verified using a series of tests to quantify several performance characteristics of the final prototype. Battery life and grip strength during continuous use were evaluated and demonstrated that the hand could provide consistent grip force during up two hours of initial continuous use. Also, the grip performance of the hand was assessed through the grasping of spherical objects with varying surface textures, diameter, and weight. Furthermore the hand was tested in various “real life” applications including manipulating and sorting small objects, opening doors, grasping moderately heavy objects such as water bottles, and sensitive objects such as an egg. Lastly, the platform was connected to a myoelectric input circuit to demonstrate compatibility with advanced electro-physical inputs. These tests demonstrated that the platform was capable of performing some of the dexterous tasks performed by prohibitively expensive available robotic upper extremity prosthetic devices. Further developments could be made to the open source prosthetic hand platform including enhancements to the platform’s finger force sensing and feedback mechanisms, consolidation of the electronics, refinement of the auto-flexing / extending fingers, and integration with a silicone covering and patients residual limb socket. These future iterations of this platform could help provide a dexterous prosthetic hand platform at lower cost to a wider patient base.
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Liu, Yuanwen Wayne. "The implication of open innovation and open source to mobile device manufacturers." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/55224.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, System Design and Management Program, 2009.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 73-75).
Innovations largely contribute to a technology company's continuous survival and its competitiveness in the market place. Traditionally most companies employed closed innovation model. They kept their discoveries or inventions highly secret and made no attempt to assimilate information from outside. This model worked well until 1990s when advances in technology and society had facilitated information diffusion dramatically. Mobile industry, as one of the most rapidly changing industries, is also forced to adopt the open innovation model in various forms. Recently announced Android platform caused a big stir in the industry. The gradual shift from closeness to openness is inevitable in this industry. A good example of Open Innovation is the open source software development that has been studied extensively. This study further examines the open innovation model beyond software development, i.e. open innovation in hardware and embedded system development. Lessons are learned through case studies of software, hardware and embedded system related business practice. Recommendations are given to Mobile industry, specifically the cell phone handset industry accordingly. This study will not focus on a specific platform or the user side.
by Yuanwen Wayne Liu.
S.M.
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Smolarek, Tomasz. "Study of Open Mobile Alliance Device Management sessions for most effective device management." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Sektionen för datavetenskap och kommunikation, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-2944.

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Effective device management is not trivial due to a variety of devices and software. To keep costs to minimum companies must effectively utilize a unified solution for device management. This research investigated Funambol’s implementation of Open Mobile Alliance Device Management (OMA DM) which is the most popular device management solution. Interviews were used to set experiments and create realistic test cases. A set of devices and a collection of Funambol software were used to create device management sessions. All of the sessions were recorded, analysed, manipulated and resent to identify efficient ways of device management. Additionally, an influence of compression and buffer-like mechanisms were checked. Methods and guidelines are provided for efficient use of OMA DM as well as a reliable analysis of OMA DM Sessions under various conditions. It was found that for most data it is best to use a built-in transport protocol compressor. Hypertext Transfer Protocol’s (HTTP) deflate with a combination of client-side buffering-like mechanism at a client side performed best at most cases. Funambol’s implementation of the Binary Extensible Markup Language (WBXML), in most cases, performed very badly, even though it was designed specifically to compress OMA DM Session messages. It was found that for an efficient use of OMA DM a proper software option set (e.g. forced use of compression) may be sufficient.
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Duffus, Stephen N. A. "Open quantum systems, effective Hamiltonians and device characterisation." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2018. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/33672.

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We investigate the some of the many subtleties in taking a microscopic approach to modelling the decoherence of an Open Quantum System. We use the RF-SQUID, which will be referred to as a simply a SQUID throughout this paper, as a non-linear example and consider different levels of approximation, with varied coupling, to show the potential consequences that may arise when characterising devices such as superconducting qubits in this manner. We first consider a SQUID inductively coupled to an Ohmic bath and derive a Lindblad master equation, to first and second order in the Baker-Campbell-Hausdorff expansion of the correlation-time-dependent flux operator. We then consider a SQUID both inductively and capacitively coupled to an Ohmic bath and derive a Lindblad master equation to better understand the effect of parasitic capacitance whilst shedding more light on the additions, cancellations and renormalisations that are attributed to a microscopic approach.
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Freberg, Jon. "Using open vs. proprietary standards when developing applications for mobile devices." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for datateknikk og informasjonsvitenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-18406.

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This thesis discusses the possibilities and limitations when developing mobile ap- plications natively vs. HTML5. Research has been carried out to understand how mobile devices can be utilized to its fullest when running applications, and a native iPad application was developed to help in discovering unforeseen challenges. It was developed with a client-server architecture to decrease the amount of work it would take to implement the application natively as a client for all the different mobile platforms.The native approach combined with the client-server architecture is not cross platform by nature, but the study shows that its benefits outweighs the limitations in many cases. It is also shown that time- and cost of the development of an appli- cation favours the HTML5 approach. HTML5 was concluded to be a solution that solves the cross platform problem, but it lacks both performance and API access. However, the type of application developed should be the deciding factor of what solution to choose.
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Chauhan, Virendra. "Understanding the open-circuit voltage in small molecule heterojunction photovoltaic devices." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2010. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/4514/.

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Organic photovoltaic devices continue to attract attention as they offer the prospect of low-cost energy production on flexible substrates. However, there remains a need to understand factors which affect device performance at a more fundamental level. One particular area of focus has been related to the device open-circuit voltage (Voc) whose origins are still the subject of debate. This thesis therefore sets out to try and understand and correlate the electronic properties of materials with critical device parameters, such as the Voc. The experimental determination of the work function, ionisation potential and electron affinities are important for predicting and understanding the energetics at the interface formed when two solids are combined. The offsets at the interface between different oxide / phthalocyanine / fullerene heterojunctions were characterised. It was found that the upper limit to Voc is governed by the offsets between the HOMO state in the donor and the LUMO state of the acceptor (the effective bandgap). Furthermore, by understanding the electronic structure and characterising device performance in the limit of low temperature, it was found that the experimental Voc is limited by the reverse saturation current and the exciton binding energy - a bottleneck for organic semiconductors. An understanding of the benefits of incorporating molybdenum oxide into a device architecture was achieved by conducting a thorough investigation on its electronic structure. The conduction mechanism is believed to be dictated by a distribution of near Fermi level defect states caused by non-stoichiometry. Finally, the effects of tuning the molecular orientation on the device performance were investigated with a flat lying perylene derivative. Optimised device architectures based on the photoactive ClAlPc / C60 heterojunction displayed an efficiency of 3.0 %.
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Books on the topic "OPEP devices"

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Ahluwalia, Arti, Carmelo De Maria, and Andrés Díaz Lantada, eds. Engineering Open-Source Medical Devices. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79363-0.

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Race, Philip. 53 interesting ways to write open learning materials. 2nd ed. Bristol: Technical and Educational Services Ltd., 1998.

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Wingate, Jim. Open up a teacher. Kent: Pilgrims Publications, 1987.

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Dufrasne, Bertrand. The IBMTotalStorage tape libraries guide for open systems. 3rd ed. [San Jose, Calif.]: International Technical Support Organization, 2004.

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Warrick, Cathy. IBM TotalStorage DS8000 series: Copy services in open environments. 2nd ed. [Gaithersburg, Md.?]: IBM, International Technical Support Organization, 2006.

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Open source mobile learning: Mobile linux applications. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference, 2011.

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Wisniewski, John Robert. Linux & OpenVMS interoperability: Tricks for old dogs, new dogs, and hot dogs with open systems. Boston, Mass: Digital, 2003.

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Heyer, Georgette. Devil's cub. Naperville, Ill: Sourcebooks Casablanca, 2009.

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Heyer, Georgette. Devil's cub. Naperville, Ill: Sourcebooks Casablanca, 2009.

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Heyer, Georgette. Devil's cub. London: Mandarin, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "OPEP devices"

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Hurt, Norman E. "Problems in Open Quantum Devices." In Mathematical Physics of Quantum Wires and Devices, 87–104. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9626-8_5.

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De Maria, Carmelo, Andrés Díaz Lantada, Licia Di Pietro, Alice Ravizza, and Arti Ahluwalia. "Towards a Harmonized Methodology for the Development of Safe and Regulation Compliant Open-Source Medical Devices." In Engineering Open-Source Medical Devices, 21–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79363-0_2.

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Díaz Lantada, Andrés, Rocío Rodríguez-Rivero, Ana Moreno Romero, Rafael Borge García, Luis Ignacio Ballesteros Sánchez, Licia Di Pietro, Carmelo De Maria, and Arti Ahluwalia. "On the Sustainable Growth of the Biomedical Industry Reinvented Through Innovative Open-Source Medical Devices." In Engineering Open-Source Medical Devices, 243–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79363-0_11.

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Di Pietro, Licia, Gabriele Maria Fortunato, Ermes Botte, Arti Ahluwalia, and Carmelo De Maria. "Open-Source Medical Devices as Tools for Teaching Design, Standards and Regulations of Medical Technologies." In Engineering Open-Source Medical Devices, 219–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79363-0_10.

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Makobore, Philippa Ngaju, Andrés Díaz Lantada, Licia Di Pietro, Carmelo De Maria, and Arti Ahluwalia. "Getting Started with an Open-Source Medical Device Project: Systematic Needs Identification Techniques for Bottom-Up Strategies." In Engineering Open-Source Medical Devices, 39–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79363-0_3.

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Díaz Lantada, Andrés, William Solórzano, Adrián Martínez Cendrero, Rodrigo Zapata Martínez, Carlos Ojeda, and Juan Manuel Munoz-Guijosa. "Methods and Technologies for the Personalized Design of Open-Source Medical Devices." In Engineering Open-Source Medical Devices, 191–218. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79363-0_9.

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De Maria, Carmelo, Andrés Díaz Lantada, Licia Di Pietro, Alice Ravizza, and Arti Ahluwalia. "Open-Source Medical Devices: Concept, Trends, and Challenges Toward Equitable Healthcare Technology." In Engineering Open-Source Medical Devices, 1–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79363-0_1.

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Di Pietro, Licia, Carmelo De Maria, Andrés Díaz Lantada, Alice Ravizza, and Arti Ahluwalia. "Certification Pathways for Open-Source Medical Devices." In Engineering Open-Source Medical Devices, 127–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79363-0_6.

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Díaz Lantada, Andrés, and Juan Manuel Munoz-Guijosa. "Creativity Promotion in Open-Source Projects: Application to Open-Source Medical Devices and Healthcare Technologies." In Engineering Open-Source Medical Devices, 167–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79363-0_8.

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Lippi, Maria Elena, Filippo Morello, Licia Di Pietro, Carmelo De Maria, and Valentina Calderai. "Legislation for Open-Source Medical Devices: Current Scenario, Risks and Possibilities." In Engineering Open-Source Medical Devices, 145–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79363-0_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "OPEP devices"

1

Suggett, J., R. Costa, A. Meyer, and J. Patel. "S102 Assessment of two Oscillating Positive Expiratory Pressure (OPEP) devices: how do the differing mechanisms of action impact lab performance." In British Thoracic Society Winter Meeting 2022, QEII Centre, Broad Sanctuary, Westminster, London SW1P 3EE, 23 to 25 November 2022, Programme and Abstracts. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Thoracic Society, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thorax-2022-btsabstracts.108.

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Nicolini, Antonello, Valentina Mascardi, and Bruna Grecchi. "Comparison of effectiveness of two positive expiratory devices in severe COPD patients: Temporary positive expiratory pressure (TPEP) versus oscillatory positive expiratory pressure ( OPEP )." In Annual Congress 2015. European Respiratory Society, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2015.pa3065.

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Suggett, J., and V. Kushnarev. "Oscillating Positive Expiratory Pressure (OPEP) Devices and Airway Clearance Therapy in the Covid-19 Patient Care Pathway: A Review of Where There May Be Clinical Value." In American Thoracic Society 2021 International Conference, May 14-19, 2021 - San Diego, CA. American Thoracic Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2021.203.1_meetingabstracts.a4477.

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Suggett, J., V. Kushnarev, D. P. Coppolo, J. Tse, and K. Wada. "A Retrospective Cohort Study Comparing an Oscillating Positive Expiratory Pressure (OPEP) Device vs Positive Expiratory Pressure (PEP) Devices in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) or Chronic Bronchitis on Hospital Readmissions at 30 Days." In American Thoracic Society 2021 International Conference, May 14-19, 2021 - San Diego, CA. American Thoracic Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2021.203.1_meetingabstracts.a2264.

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Suggett, Jason, Vlad Kushnarev, Dominic Coppolo, Jenny Tse, and Keiko Wada. "How can time to COPD exacerbation be delayed? A real-world study comparing two oscillating positive expiratory pressure (OPEP) devices in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or chronic bronchitis." In ERS International Congress 2020 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2020.631.

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Suggett, J., V. Kushnarev, D. P. Coppolo, J. Tse, and K. Wada. "A Retrospective Cohort Study Comparing the Impact of Two Oscillating Positive Expiratory Pressure (OPEP) Devices in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) or Chronic Bronchitis on Hospital Readmissions at 30 Days and 12 Months." In American Thoracic Society 2020 International Conference, May 15-20, 2020 - Philadelphia, PA. American Thoracic Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2020.201.1_meetingabstracts.a7390.

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Bulovic, Vladmir. "Devices." In Organic Photonics and Electronics. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ope.2006.opwb3.

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Godinho, Raquel Paiva, and Ruth S. Contreras-Espinosa. "Open Device Lab: An Analysis of Available Devices in the Gaming Market." In 2016 8th International Conference on Games and Virtual Worlds for Serious Applications (VS-Games). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/vs-games.2016.7590356.

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Mavrakos, Spyros A., and Dimitrios N. Konispoliatis. "Hydrodynamic Analysis of a Vertical Axisymmetric Oscillating Water Column Device Floating in Finite Depth Waters." In ASME 2012 31st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2012-83998.

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A floating oscillating water column device (OWC) consists of a vertical cylinder, with a finite wall thickness, partly submerged as an open-bottom chamber in which air is trapped above the inner water free surface. The chamber is connected with the outer atmosphere by a duct housing an air turbine. Forced by incident waves from any direction, the water surface inside pushes the dry air above through a Wells turbine system to generate power. In the present contribution the volume flows, the wave forces, the added mass and damping coefficients and the mean second-order loads for various configurations of OWC devices are being presented. Finally, it is tested how differentiations in the device’s geometry (wall thickness, draught, shape of the chamber, turbine characterises) affect the inner pressure and as a result the absorbed power by the device.
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Riggs, Marie K., Matt R. Bohm, and Philip J. Mountain. "Examining Relationships Between Device Complexity and Failure Modes of Minimally Invasive Surgical Staplers." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-66750.

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Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) has become the standard approach for an increasing number and variety of procedures. Designing devices for such surgeries presents many challenges and must address efficiency, accuracy, and ease of use. The complexity of a device’s design likely influences its performance in real life situations. Therefore, identifying the complexity and potential for failures of a device is crucial in the early stage of design in order to ensure the effectiveness and safety of the final product. A complexity measure is explored utilizing design variables such as the maximum number of connections, number of total elements, and number of unique elements within a device. Reverse engineering of medical devices has been completed to begin understanding such complexity variables. The overall objective of this research is to determine the correlation between a medical device’s complexity measure and its failure modes. The nature and frequency of problems associated with various surgical medical devices must be characterized. This paper is an initial investigation and focuses on surgical stapling devices for MIS. The analysis pertains strictly to surgical staplers that simultaneously staple and transect tissue with a design that allows insertion through small incisions via a trocar, wound protector and retractor, or direct insertion. Adverse event reports involving minimally invasive surgical staplers have been retrieved from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience (MAUDE) database from January 2006 – January 2016 and examined to determine trends in the characterization of device problems and prevalence of such problems. A total of 13,312 reports are included in the analysis. 106 events resulted in death, 3234 resulted in injury, and 9972 involved a device malfunction. A yearly analysis has been conducted analyzing the trends in event type (death, injury, and malfunction) and device brands involved in the reports over the past decade. A sample of reports was taken in order to perform a detailed analysis of the event descriptions. The reports are categorized by phase and description of failure modes associated with surgical stapler use. The phases of use in which failures occur have been identified as packaging, reload, articulation, application, firing, cutting, removal, and staple line. FDA recall information associated with these devices was also investigated. An extensive study regarding adverse events reported to the FDA associated with surgical staplers has not been completed since 2004 to the authors’ knowledge, nor a study investigating this specific category of surgical stapling devices. These devices are constantly evolving in regards to their design features, and their application is expanding to more wideranging open and MIS procedures. Despite the prevalence of minimally invasive surgical stapler use, any incident of failure may put a patient’s health and safety at risk. Malformed staples as a result of the firing phase, removal issues, and leaking staple lines were the main contributors to surgical stapler failure in the adverse event reports analyzed. Bariatric and thoracic surgery accounted for the majority of procedure types identified within the reports. The range of procedures in the analysis verifies the expansion of surgical stapler use and application. Various failure modes can be attributed to user error; however, the FDA recall information associated with these devices indicates that device failure shares responsibility. The results of this work contribute to the awareness of both surgical stapling device designers and users, and the importance of such must be heavily emphasized in order to prevent future complications in the field.
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Reports on the topic "OPEP devices"

1

Kraushaar, Judith, and Sabine Bohnet-Joschko. Prevalence and patterns of mobile device usage among physicians in clinical practice: a systematic review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.5.0087.

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Review question / Objective: The aim of this review is to systematically analyze quantitative data extracted from studies on the use of mobile devices by physicians in clinical practice in order to be able to derive concrete statements on the prevalence, patterns, and trends of usage. Condition being studied: Prevalence, patterns, and trends of mobile device usage by physicians in clinical practice. Main outcome(s): With this review, we want to open a new perspective on the use of mobile devices. Together with the information from qualitative reviews, the particular relevance of mobile devices for KM strategies in hospitals can be viewed in its entirety.
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Fisch, Nathaniel. Alpha Channeling in Open-System Magnetic Devices. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1257714.

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Kennedy, Alan, Andrew McQueen, Mark Ballentine, Brianna Fernando, Lauren May, Jonna Boyda, Christopher Williams, and Michael Bortner. Sustainable harmful algal bloom mitigation by 3D printed photocatalytic oxidation devices (3D-PODs). Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/43980.

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The impacts of Harmful Algal Blooms (HAB), often caused by cyanobacteria (Figure 1), on water resources are increasing. Innovative solutions for treatment of HABs and their associated toxins are needed to mitigate these impacts and decrease risks without introducing persistent legacy contaminants that cause collateral ecosystem impacts. This technical note (TN) identifies novel opportunities enabled by Additive Manufacturing (AM), or 3D printing, to produce high surface area advanced material composites to rapidly prototype sustainable environmental solutions for aquatic nuisance species control. This innovative research explores deployment of 3D-printable polymer composite structures containing nano-scale photocatalysts for targeted open water treatment of HABs that are customizable to the site-of-concern and also retrievable, reusable, and sustainable. The approach developed to control cyanobacteria HAB events has the potential to augment or replace broadcast, non-specific chemical controls that otherwise put non-target species and ecological resources at long-term risk. It can also augment existing UV-treatment HAB treatment control measures. The expected research outcome is a novel, effective, and sustainable HAB management tool for the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and resource managers to deploy in their HAB rapid response programs. The research will provide a framework for scale-up into other manufacturing methods (e.g., injection molding) to produce the devices in bulk (quickly and efficiently). Research for this project title “Mitigation of Harmful Algal Bloom Toxins using 3D Printed Photocatalytic Materials (FY21-23)” was sponsored by the US Army Engineer Research Development Center’s (ERDC) Aquatic Nuisance Species Research Program (ANSRP).
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guo, wenxuan, WH Chen, F. Wu, WQ Qian, SY Zhang, JS Yu, K. Tian, RJ Zhuang, and Y. Pan. Can locked fibula nail replace plate fixation for treatment of acute ankle fracture? A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.7.0094.

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Review question / Objective: We seek to conduct a meta-analysis of relevant studies to evaluate and compare functional outcomes and complication rates between locked fibula intramedullary nail fixation and plate fixation for treatment of ankle fractures. Condition being studied: Ankle fractures, with an incidence rate of 4.22/10, 000 person-years in the United States, are one of the most common lower extremity fractures. Currently, the standard surgical treatment approaches for unstable ankle fractures involves open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) with plates and screws. However, ORIF has resulted in little efficacy during treatment of fractures since the 1960s, while plate and screw fixation has also been associated with several complications. Previous studies have shown that closed reduction and internal fixation (CRIF) with fibula intramedullary nail (IMN) has achieved satisfactory efficacy in treatment of ankle fractures, and is associated with low complication rates. Additionally, a systematic review showed that a locked intramedullary nail (LIMN) device provides better stability and rotation control, thereby reducing the risk of nail migration and loss of fixation, compared to unlocked nails. Therefore, a meta-analysis is imperative to provide evidence on whether LIMN can replace PF for treatment of ankle fractures, owing to an increase in related studies that have been published in recent years.
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Mayas, Magda. Creating with timbre. Norges Musikkhøgskole, August 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.22501/nmh-ar.686088.

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Unfolding processes of timbre and memory in improvisational piano performance This exposition is an introduction to my research and practice as a pianist, in which I unfold processes of timbre and memory in improvised music from a performer’s perspective. Timbre is often understood as a purely sonic perceptual phenomenon. However, this is not in accordance with a site-specific improvisational practice with changing spatial circumstances impacting the listening experience, nor does it take into account the agency of the instrument and objects used or the performer’s movements and gestures. In my practice, I have found a concept as part of the creating process in improvised music which has compelling potential: Timbre orchestration. My research takes the many and complex aspects of a performance environment into account and offers an extended understanding of timbre, which embraces spatial, material and bodily aspects of sound in improvised music performance. The investigative projects described in this exposition offer a methodology to explore timbral improvisational processes integrated into my practice, which is further extended through collaborations with sound engineers, an instrument builder and a choreographer: -experiments in amplification and recording, resulting in Memory piece, a series of works for amplified piano and multichannel playback - Piano mapping, a performance approach, with a custom-built device for live spatialization as means to expand and deepen spatio-timbral relationships; - Accretion, a project with choreographer Toby Kassell for three grand pianos and a pianist, where gestural approaches are used to activate and compose timbre in space. Together, the projects explore memory as a structural, reflective and performative tool and the creation of performing and listening modes as integrated parts of timbre orchestration. Orchestration and choreography of timbre turn into an open and hybrid compositional approach, which can be applied to various contexts, engaging with dynamic relationships and re-configuring them.
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Iatsyshyn, Anna V., Iryna H. Hubeladze, Valeriia O. Kovach, Valentyna V. Kovalenko, Volodymyr O. Artemchuk, Maryna S. Dvornyk, Oleksandr O. Popov, Andrii V. Iatsyshyn, and Arnold E. Kiv. Applying digital technologies for work management of young scientists' councils. [б. в.], June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4434.

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The publication explores the features of the digital technologies’ usage to organize the work of the Young Scientists’ Councils and describes the best practices. The digital transformation of society and the quarantine restrictions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic have forced the use of various digital technologies for scientific communication, the organization of work for youth associations, and the training of students and Ph.D. students. An important role in increasing the prestige of scientific activity and encouraging talented young people to participate in scientific projects belongs to the Young Scientists’ Councils, which are created at scientific institutions and higher education institutions. It is determined that the peculiarities of the work of Young Scientists’ Councils are in providing conditions for further staff development of the institution in which they operate; contribution to the social, psychological and material support of young scientists and Ph.D. students; creating an environment for teamwork and collaborative partnership; development of leadership and organizational qualities; contribution to the development of digital competence. The advantages of using electronic social networks in higher education and research institutions are analyzed, namely: general popularity and free of charge; prompt exchange of messages and multimedia data; user-friendly interface; availability of event planning functions, sending invitations, setting reminders; support of synchronous and asynchronous communication between network participants; possibility of access from various devices; a powerful tool for organizing the learning process; possibility of organization and work of closed and open groups; advertising of various events, etc. Peculiarities of managing the activity of the Young Scientists’ Council with the use of digital technologies are determined. The Young Scientists’ Council is a social system, and therefore the management of this system refers to social management. The effectiveness of the digital technologies’ usage to manage the activities of the Young Scientists’ Council depends on the intensity and need for their use to implement organizational, presentation functions and to ensure constant communication. The areas to apply digital technologies for the work managing of Young Scientists’ Councils are sorted as the presentation of activity; distribution of various information for young scientists; conducting questionnaires, surveys; organization and holding of scientific mass events; managing of thematic workgroups, holding of work meetings. It is generalized and described the experience of electronic social networks usage for organizing and conducting of scientific mass events.
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Tawfik, Aly, Deify Law, Juris Grasis, Joseph Oldham, and Moe Salem. COVID-19 Public Transportation Air Circulation and Virus Mitigation Study. Mineta Transportation Institute, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2036.

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COVID-19 may have forever changed our world. Given the limited space and air circulation, potential infections on public transportation could be concerningly high. Accordingly, this study has two objectives: (1) to understand air circulation patterns inside the cabins of buses; and (2) to test the impact of different technologies in mitigating viruses from the air and on surfaces inside bus cabins. For the first objective, different devices, metrics and experiments (including colored smoke; videotaping; anemometers; pressure differentials; particle counts; and 3D numerical simulation models) were utilized and implemented to understand and quantify air circulation inside different buses, with different characteristics, and under different operating conditions (e.g. with windows open and shut). For the second objective, three different live prokaryotic viruses were utilized: Phi6, MS2 and T7. Various technologies (including positive pressure environment inside the cabin, HEPA filters with different MERV ratings, concentrated UV exposure with charged carbon filters in the HVAC systems, center point photocatalytic oxidation technology, ionization, and surface antiviral agents) were tested to evaluate the potential of mitigating COVID-19 infections via air and surfaces in public transportation. The effectiveness of these technologies on the three live viruses was tested in both the lab and in buses in the field. The results of the first objective experiments indicated the efficiency of HVAC system designs, where the speed of air spread was consistently much faster than the speed of air clearing. Hence, indicating the need for additional virus mitigation from the cabin. Results of the second objective experiments indicated that photocatalytic oxidation inserts and UVC lights were the most efficient in mitigating viruses from the air. On the other hand, positive pressure mitigated all viruses from surfaces; however, copper foil tape and fabrics with a high percentage of copper mitigated only the Phi6 virus from surfaces. High-temperature heating was also found to be highly effective in mitigating the different viruses from the vehicle cabin. Finally, limited exploratory experiments to test possible toxic by-products of photocatalytic oxidation and UVC lights inside the bus cabin did not detect any increase in levels of formaldehyde, ozone, or volatile organic compounds. Implementation of these findings in transit buses, in addition to the use of personal protective equipment, could be significantly valuable for protection of passengers and drivers on public transportation modes, possibly against all forms of air-borne viruses.
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Tawfik, Aly, Deify Law, Juris Grasis, Joseph Oldham, and Moe Salem. COVID-19 Public Transportation Air Circulation and Virus Mitigation Study. Mineta Transportation Institute, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.2036.

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COVID-19 may have forever changed our world. Given the limited space and air circulation, potential infections on public transportation could be concerningly high. Accordingly, this study has two objectives: (1) to understand air circulation patterns inside the cabins of buses; and (2) to test the impact of different technologies in mitigating viruses from the air and on surfaces inside bus cabins. For the first objective, different devices, metrics and experiments (including colored smoke; videotaping; anemometers; pressure differentials; particle counts; and 3D numerical simulation models) were utilized and implemented to understand and quantify air circulation inside different buses, with different characteristics, and under different operating conditions (e.g. with windows open and shut). For the second objective, three different live prokaryotic viruses were utilized: Phi6, MS2 and T7. Various technologies (including positive pressure environment inside the cabin, HEPA filters with different MERV ratings, concentrated UV exposure with charged carbon filters in the HVAC systems, center point photocatalytic oxidation technology, ionization, and surface antiviral agents) were tested to evaluate the potential of mitigating COVID-19 infections via air and surfaces in public transportation. The effectiveness of these technologies on the three live viruses was tested in both the lab and in buses in the field. The results of the first objective experiments indicated the efficiency of HVAC system designs, where the speed of air spread was consistently much faster than the speed of air clearing. Hence, indicating the need for additional virus mitigation from the cabin. Results of the second objective experiments indicated that photocatalytic oxidation inserts and UVC lights were the most efficient in mitigating viruses from the air. On the other hand, positive pressure mitigated all viruses from surfaces; however, copper foil tape and fabrics with a high percentage of copper mitigated only the Phi6 virus from surfaces. High-temperature heating was also found to be highly effective in mitigating the different viruses from the vehicle cabin. Finally, limited exploratory experiments to test possible toxic by-products of photocatalytic oxidation and UVC lights inside the bus cabin did not detect any increase in levels of formaldehyde, ozone, or volatile organic compounds. Implementation of these findings in transit buses, in addition to the use of personal protective equipment, could be significantly valuable for protection of passengers and drivers on public transportation modes, possibly against all forms of air-borne viruses.
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Brandl, Maria T., Shlomo Sela, Craig T. Parker, and Victor Rodov. Salmonella enterica Interactions with Fresh Produce. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7592642.bard.

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The emergence of food-borne illness outbreaks linked to the contamination of fruits and vegetables is a great concern in industrialized countries. The current lack of control measures and effective sanitization methods prompt the need for new strategies to reduce contamination of produce. Our ability to assess the risk associated with produce contamination and to devise innovative control strategies depends on the identification of critical determinants that affect the growth and the persistence of human pathogens on plants. Salmonella enterica, a common causal agent of illness linked to produce, has the ability to colonize and persist on plants. Thus, our main objective was to identify plant-inducible genes that have a role in the growth and/or persistence of S. enterica on postharvest lettuce. Our findings suggest that in-vitro biofilm formation tests may provide a suitable model to predict the initial attachment of Salmonella to cut-romaine lettuce leaves and confirm that Salmonella could persist on lettuce during shelf-life storage. Importantly, we found that Salmonella association with lettuce increases its acid-tolerance, a trait which might be correlated with an enhanced ability of the pathogen to pass through the acidic barrier of the stomach. We have demonstrated that Salmonella can internalize leaves of iceberg lettuce through open stomata. We found for the first time that internalization is an active bacterial process mediated by chemotaxis and motility toward nutrient produced in the leaf by photosynthesis. These findings may provide a partial explanation for the failure of sanitizers to efficiently eradicate foodborne pathogens in leafy greens and may point to a novel mechanism utilized by foodborne and perhaps plant pathogens to colonize leaves. Using resolvase in vivo expression technology (RIVET) we have managed to identify multiple Salmonella genes, some of which with no assigned function, which are involved in attachment to and persistence of Salmonella on lettuce leaves. The precise function of these genes in Salmonella-leaf interactions is yet to be elucidated. Taken together, our findings have advanced the understanding of how Salmonella persist in the plant environment, as well as the potential consequences upon ingestion by human. The emerging knowledge opens new research directions which should ultimately be useful in developing new strategies and approaches to reduce leaf contamination and enhance the safety of fresh produce.
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Brosh, Arieh, David Robertshaw, Yoav Aharoni, Zvi Holzer, Mario Gutman, and Amichai Arieli. Estimation of Energy Expenditure of Free Living and Growing Domesticated Ruminants by Heart Rate Measurement. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580685.bard.

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Research objectives were: 1) To study the effect of diet energy density, level of exercise, thermal conditions and reproductive state on cardiovascular function as it relates to oxygen (O2) mobilization. 2) To validate the use of heart rate (HR) to predict energy expenditure (EE) of ruminants, by measuring and calculating the energy balance components at different productive and reproductive states. 3) To validate the use of HR to identify changes in the metabolizable energy (ME) and ME intake (MEI) of grazing ruminants. Background: The development of an effective method for the measurement of EE is essential for understanding the management of both grazing and confined feedlot animals. The use of HR as a method of estimating EE in free-ranging large ruminants has been limited by the availability of suitable field monitoring equipment and by the absence of empirical understanding of the relationship between cardiac function and metabolic rate. Recent developments in microelectronics provide a good opportunity to use small HR devices to monitor free-range animals. The estimation of O2 uptake (VO2) of animals from their HR has to be based upon a consistent relationship between HR and VO2. The question as to whether, or to what extent, feeding level, environmental conditions and reproductive state affect such a relationship is still unanswered. Studies on the basic physiology of O2 mobilization (in USA) and field and feedlot-based investigations (in Israel) covered a , variety of conditions in order to investigate the possibilities of using HR to estimate EE. In USA the physiological studies conducted using animals with implanted flow probes, show that: I) although stroke volume decreases during intense exercise, VO2 per one heart beat per kgBW0.75 (O2 Pulse, O2P) actually increases and measurement of EE by HR and constant O2P may underestimate VO2unless the slope of the regression relating to heart rate and VO2 is also determined, 2) alterations in VO2 associated with the level of feeding and the effects of feeding itself have no effect on O2P, 3) both pregnancy and lactation may increase blood volume, especially lactation; but they have no effect on O2P, 4) ambient temperature in the range of 15 to 25°C in the resting animal has no effect on O2P, and 5) severe heat stress, induced by exercise, elevates body temperature to a sufficient extent that 14% of cardiac output may be required to dissipate the heat generated by exercise rather than for O2 transport. However, this is an unusual situation and its affect on EE estimation in a freely grazing animal, especially when heart rate is monitored over several days, is minor. In Israel three experiments were carried out in the hot summer to define changes in O2P attributable to changes in the time of day or In the heat load. The animals used were lambs and young calves in the growing phase and highly yielding dairy cows. In the growing animals the time of day, or the heat load, affected HR and VO2, but had no effect on O2P. On the other hand, the O2P measured in lactating cows was affected by the heat load; this is similar to the finding in the USA study of sheep. Energy balance trials were conducted to compare MEI recovery by the retained energy (RE) and by EE as measured by HR and O2P. The trial hypothesis was that if HR reliably estimated EE, the MEI proportion to (EE+RE) would not be significantly different from 1.0. Beef cows along a year of their reproductive cycle and growing lambs were used. The MEI recoveries of both trials were not significantly different from 1.0, 1.062+0.026 and 0.957+0.024 respectively. The cows' reproductive state did not affect the O2P, which is similar to the finding in the USA study. Pasture ME content and animal variables such as HR, VO2, O2P and EE of cows on grazing and in confinement were measured throughout three years under twenty-nine combinations of herbage quality and cows' reproductive state. In twelve grazing states, individual faecal output (FO) was measured and MEI was calculated. Regression analyses of the EE and RE dependent on MEI were highly significant (P<0.001). The predicted values of EE at zero intake (78 kcal/kgBW0.75), were similar to those estimated by NRC (1984). The EE at maintenance condition of the grazing cows (EE=MEI, 125 kcal/kgBW0.75) which are in the range of 96.1 to 125.5 as presented by NRC (1996 pp 6-7) for beef cows. Average daily HR and EE were significantly increased by lactation, P<0.001 and P<0.02 respectively. Grazing ME significantly increased HR and EE, P<0.001 and P<0.00l respectively. In contradiction to the finding in confined ewes and cows, the O2P of the grazing cows was significantly affected by the combined treatments (P<0.00l ); this effect was significantly related to the diet ME (P<0.00l ) and consequently to the MEI (P<0.03). Grazing significantly increased O2P compared to confinement. So, when EE of grazing animals during a certain season of the year is estimated using the HR method, the O2P must be re measured whenever grazing ME changes. A high correlation (R2>0.96) of group average EE and of HR dependency on MEI was also found in confined cows, which were fed six different diets and in growing lambs on three diets. In conclusion, the studies conducted in USA and in Israel investigated in depth the physiological mechanisms of cardiovascular and O2 mobilization, and went on to investigate a wide variety of ruminant species, ages, reproductive states, diets ME, time of intake and time of day, and compared these variables under grazing and confinement conditions. From these combined studies we can conclude that EE can be determined from HR measurements during several days, multiplied by O2P measured over a short period of time (10-15 min). The study showed that RE could be determined during the growing phase without slaughtering. In the near future the development microelectronic devices will enable wide use of the HR method to determine EE and energy balance. It will open new scopes of physiological and agricultural research with minimizes strain on animals. The method also has a high potential as a tool for herd management.
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