Relevant bibliographies by topics / Open sky

Academic literature on the topic 'Open sky'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 11 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Open sky"

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Beauvois, Igor, and Olivier Las Vergnas. "The Open Sky Underground." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 98 (1988): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100093015.

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From 1985 March 26 to April 5, a special public astronomical education campaign was mounted in 16 stations of the Paris Metro. Apart from static displays, items included two planetariums, mirror-making, numerous round-table discussions, astronomical films, etc. Millions of people saw some part of these displays and surveys showed that many returned several times. The event was coordinated by the Association Nationale Science Techniques Jeunesse [National Association for Youth Science and Technology] and involved many official and private bodies, 30 astronomical groups, and 420 employees of the RATP [Régie autonome des transport parisiens – Paris city transport authority].
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Wijnholds, Heiko de B. "Open Markets in the Sky." Journal of Euromarketing 6, no. 1 (January 10, 1997): 57–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j037v06n01_05.

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Kamakshi, Saroja. "Uneven Earth and Open Sky." Indian Journal of Gender Studies 6, no. 2 (September 1999): 261–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097152159900600207.

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Lindquist, Thomas D. "Open-Sky Phacoemulsification During Corneal Transplantation." Ophthalmic Surgery, Lasers and Imaging Retina 25, no. 10 (November 1994): 734–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/1542-8877-19941101-17.

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Rogers, Pattiann. "Finding Poetry Under the Open Sky." World Literature Today 87, no. 1 (2013): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wlt.2013.0197.

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Pattiann Rogers. "Finding Poetry Under the Open Sky." World Literature Today 87, no. 1 (2013): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.7588/worllitetoda.87.1.0029.

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Berkhofer, Robert F., William Cronon, George Miles, and Jay Gitlin. "Under an Open Sky: Rethinking America's Western Past." Journal of American History 80, no. 1 (June 1993): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2079713.

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Gould, Lewis L., William Cronon, George Miles, and Jay Gitlin. "Under an Open Sky: Rethinking America's Western Past." Western Historical Quarterly 23, no. 4 (November 1992): 499. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/970306.

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Welsh, Michael. "Under an Open Sky: Rethinking America's Western Past." History: Reviews of New Books 21, no. 3 (April 1993): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.1993.9948625.

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Panda, Anita, Mayank S. Pangtey, and Parul Sony. "Open-Sky Pupilloplasty To Treat Fixed, Dilated Pupil." Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery 28, no. 11 (November 2002): 1895. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0886-3350(02)01791-1.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Open sky"

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Křížová, Iveta. "Termální lázně Yverdon, pět smyslů v architektuře." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta architektury, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-216168.

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The aim of this work is the solution spa area includes Yverdon les Bains. The existing facility does not meet both their needs, but mainly it is very closed. Park is closed to the public and within his right in the spa area there are several other barriers. Spa Park means to me park, promenade, people moving and elegance. At this point I feel the potential that could reopen the spa park outside world and effortlessly be connected to the outside world, with reference to its historical and thermal value. Therefore, I leave the pit area as much free, with public functions. The spa itself would not be contrary overload the body, but rather a place to stop and peaceful rest. That is why I put myself into a compact mass flowing above the park, which leave the most relaxed movement of people and devote themselves intimacy baths, views of the surroundings and contact with water, the sky opened atrium. Its shape and facade of the building creates a barrier, but rather is permeable and in contact with their surroundings and park.
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Parrett, Hannah Kay. "On a hot summer day, with an open blue sky, Lookout Mountain was doing all of its looking at me, and together, we gave my lawn a haircut with small rounded scissors and quiet consoling." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1587638801723868.

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Faustini, Fabiana Benevenuto. "Conforto térmico e tempo de permanência em espaços abertos de lazer : Influência de diferentes níveis de sombreamento /." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/157133.

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Submitted by Fabiana Benevenuto Faustini null (fab_bf@hotmail.com) on 2018-09-26T04:31:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇAO FINAL_ULTIMA CORREÇÃO.pdf: 4446072 bytes, checksum: f8eb255af14f0286951d1f51ea8e76bb (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Lucilene Cordeiro da Silva Messias null (lubiblio@bauru.unesp.br) on 2018-09-26T16:43:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 faustini_fb_me_bauru.pdf: 4446072 bytes, checksum: f8eb255af14f0286951d1f51ea8e76bb (MD5)
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A sensação de conforto térmico experimentada pelos usuários de espaços abertos de lazer, como praças, parques, bosques, entre outros, pode afetar positiva ou negativamente a quantidade de usuários, atividades desenvolvidas, além do tempo de permanência das pessoas. No entanto, essa relação entre conforto térmico e tempo de permanência ainda é pouco estudada, fato que justifica a importância desta pesquisa, que busca investigar essa relação em um espaço aberto de lazer. O estudo foi desenvolvido em um parque Zoológico, na cidade de Bauru-SP, através da coleta de dados objetivos (medições microclimáticas e quantificação de pessoas), e subjetivos (aplicação de questionários) em dois subespaços com mesma atratividade (área de felinos) e diferentes Fatores de Visão do Céu (FVC), em duas condições de tempo, quente e ameno. Esses dados permitiram identificar os Votos de Sensação Real (ASV), calcular o índice PET (Temperatura Equivalente Fisiológica), verificar a preferência térmica dos usuários e registrar o tempo de permanência em cada subespaço, nas condições de tempo analisadas. Os resultados evidenciam a estreita relação entre FVC e o tempo de permanência em determinado espaço. Destaca-se ainda: 1. Maior frequência de sensação térmica de conforto dos usuários na área com maior sombreamento, nas condições de tempo quente, e frequências de sensação térmica equivalentes nos dois subespaços em condições de tempo ameno. 2. Nas condições de tempo quente, permanência de curta duração dos usuários nas áreas de alta incidência de radiação solar direta e faixa de neutralidade do índice PET variada em relação aos dois subespaços. 3. Em situações de desconforto por calor, o tempo de permanência é reduzido em função do FVC, e a atração passa a ser um aspecto secundário, ou seja, o maior interesse se torna a busca por um local mais confortável.
The sensation of thermal comfort experienced by the users of leisure open places, such as squares, parks, woods, among others, may positively or negatively affect the amount of users, developed activities, and permanency time of people. However, this relation between thermal comfort and exposure time is still poorly studied, fact that justifies the importancy of this research, that seeks to investigate this relation in an leisure open place. The study was developed in a Zoo Park, in Bauru-SP, trough objective data collect (microclimatic measurements and quantification of people), and subjective data collect (questionnaires application) in two subspaces with the same attractiveness (feline area) and different Sky View Factors (SVF), under two weather conditions, hot and mild. These data allowed to indentify the Actual Sensation Votes (ASV), to calculate the PET index (Physiological Equivalent Temperature), verify the thermal preference of the users and record the exposure time in each subspace, under the microclimatic conditions analyzed. The results show the narrow relation between SVF and the exposure time in a given space. It also shows: 1. Higher frequency of thermal sensation of comfort of the users in the area with greater shading, in hot weather conditions, and equivalent thermal sensation frequencies in the two subspaces in mild weather conditions. 2. In hot weather conditions, permanency of short duration of the users in the areas of high incidence of direct solar radiation and neutrality range of the PET index varied in relation to the two subspaces. 3. In situations of heat discomfort, the permanecy time is reduced in function of the SVF, and the attraction turns into a secondary aspect, that is, the greater interest becomes the search for a more comfortable place.
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Selby, Katherine. "Late Devensian and Holocene relative sea level changes on the Isle of Skye, Scotland." Thesis, Coventry University, 1997. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/0e151cae-7151-0ae4-e4f3-99a45f12ce84/1.

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Five coastal sites have been studies on the Isle of Skye to investigate Late Devensian and Holocene relative sea level changes. In the field, detailed stratigraphical work, geomorphological mapping and levelling were undertaken and representatives cores were sampled. Detailed pollen and diatom analyses were undertaken in the laboratory and samples were submitted for radiocarbon assay where distinct pollen, diatom or lithostratigraphical changes were recorded. Loss on ignition analysis was also undertaken to ascertain the carbon content of the samples. The investigations have revealed that during the Late Devensian marine transgressions were experienced at two sites in southern Skye. These are thought to relate to readvances of the ice that arrested the isostatic recovery of the land, caused renewed isostatic depression and upon deglaciation, allowed marine waters to penetrate the sites. At Inver Aulavaig the transgression is thought to relate to the Wester Ross Readvance recorded in Wester Ross, Coll and Tiree and at Point of Sleat the transgression is thought to relate the Loch Lomond Readvance recorded extensively in Scotland. Relative sea level at Point of Sleat (southern Skye) then fell below an altitude of 4.13mOD at 10460+-50BP and remained low during the early Holocene until the Main Postglacial Transgression occurred. This transgression is recorded at three of the sites: at Inver Aulavaig (southern Skye) at 8850+-70BP where it had attained an altitude of at least 5.10mOD, at Peinchorran (eastern Skye) where it is thought to have been underway by 7980+-BP and attained an altitude of 4.49mOD and at Talisker Bay (western Skye) at 7790+-100BP where it had attained an altitude of -2.18mOD. At Ardmore Bay (northern Skye) it is thought that the Main Postglacial Transgression did not reach an altitude of 3.34mOD. It is possible that barrier formation at some of the sites accompanied the early states of the Mian Postglacial Transgression. It is thought that regression of the sea occurred between circa 6600 BP and circa 5400 BP and remained low until circa 4200 BP when a later rise in relative sea level took place at Peinchorran attaining a maximum altitude of 4.90mOD. A late Holocene transgression is also recorded at Point of Sleat at between circa 3800 BP and circa 2900 BP where it attained an altitude of greater than 4.13mOD and at Inver Aulavaig after circa 3200 BP where it attained an altitude of between 5.10-6.01mOD. It is unclear whether this episode of high relative sea level represents the diachronous nature of one late Holocene transgression or several fluctuations in relative sea level during the late Holocene. Following the late Holocene transgression, relative sea level fell until the present day. Comparison of the data obtained from Skye with the isobase maps and rheological models suggests that the isobases for the Main Lateglacial Shoreline (Firth et al., 1993) show a good fit in age and altitude but the rheological model of Lambeck (1993b) for 10500 BP requires modification. The isobases for the Main Postglacial Shoreline appear to lie circa 4m too high for the sites studied on Skye and the isobases produced for a late Holocene shoreline appear to be greatly in error (Firth et al., 1993). It is possible that the build up of ice during the Loch Lomond Stadial may have had a greater effect on crustal movements than previously thought and this may account for discrepancies identified in the isobase maps. The study of isolation basins and back-barrier environments has allowed an assessment of their potential in recording relative sea level changes. The use of isolation basins in areas devoid of estuarine sedimentation has been particualrly demonstrated. The vegetation reconstruction undertaken, suggests that variations do occur in coastal locations compared to sites further inland, although these are subtle. The dates obtained for the increase in taxa such as 'Corylus avellana' and 'Alnus' and the recording of anthropogenic indicators on the vegetation, agree with those previously obtained for Skye. The use of pollen analysis in verifying the radiocarbon dates obtained, particualrly for the Late Devensian, has been recognised and, combined with diatom analysis, has provided a comprehensive database from which to reconstruct past relative sea levels.
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Melin, Hanna. "Controlling parameters for normal and shear behaviour of rock fractures-a study of direct shear test data from SKB." Thesis, KTH, Jord- och bergmekanik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-93976.

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The deep mining and civil engineering industry need to perform rock stability analyses during excavation projects. The stability is mainly controlled by the shear strength of the rock fractures, which are the weakest point of the rock mass. In turn, the shear strength is governed by the mechanical properties of the fractures. It is both time and cost demanding to determine the properties of the rock fractures in laboratory. Also, the interpretation of the results requires a deep understanding of the normal and shear behaviour of rock fractures. This study aims to investigate if it is possible to determine the peak shear strength of rock fractures by merely estimating fracture parameters during field mapping and core logging. SKB supplied test results on drilled bore cores from site investigations in Forsmark and Laxemar for deep nuclear waste deposits. SKB generated data of high quality and in large quantity, which made it very valuable for the purpose of the study. The study begins with a literature review and an interaction matrix, clarifying the relationships between mechanical properties and affecting parameters of rock fractures. The predicted relationships of the parameters are then tested in an analysis based on the compiled data from SKB. The results show that the peak friction angle, the residual friction angle and the dilation angle are possible to approximate for open granite fractures in deep mining projects. Further on, the study proposes that the joint matching coefficient is included in the field mapping and core logging since it has a strong influence on the mechanical behaviour of the fracture, notably the normal and shear stiffness. Finally, the study questions estimations of JRC on small samples.
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Fredriksson, Annika. "Ska det vara så svårt att ta det lugnt en stund? : - om svårigheten att bemöta barns behov av lugn och ro i den moderna förskolemiljön." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Lärarutbildningen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-21460.

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I min essä beskriver jag den öppna miljön, med ett modernt och nytänkande arbetssätt som blir allt vanligare inom förskolan. I den nya moderna förskolan öppnas innemiljöerna upp allt mer för att skapa möjligheter till ett ökat samspel och lärande mellan barnen. Pedagogiken säger att vi pedagoger ska bygga miljöer och inspirera barnen till att själva söka kunskap, men här anser jag att det finns barn som får problem. Många barn har svårt att anpassa sig till den stora barngruppen och utmärker sig för att vara "stökiga" eftersom de inte klarar av att sortera alla sinnesintryck runt omkring sig. Jag ser att barn med koncentrationssvårigheter blir allt vanligare inom förskolan och är orsakat av miljön de befinner sig i. Syftet med min essä är att undersöka hur miljön kan vara grunden till barn som har ett oroligt beteende och hur jag som pedagog kan ge dem möjligheter att lättare komma till ro i en verksamhet som saknar avdelade rum. Genom att jag reflekterar över mitt pedagogiska förhållningssätt kommer jag fram till att alla barn inte kan bemötas lika. För att alla barn ska känna en lugn och trygg lärandemiljö på förskolan krävs det att vi pedagoger har kunskap om hur flexibla rum, vardagsstress och stora barngrupper kan påverka barnets koncentration till eget lärande.
In my essay I describe the open environment, with a modern and innovative way of work that is becoming more and more common in preschools. In the new modern preschool the indoor environments are becoming more open to create an increased interaction and learning between the children. The science of education says that the pedagogue shall create environments and inspire the children to search their own knowledge, but according to me this is a something that causes problems for some children. Many children have difficulties to adapt to the large group of children and are characterized as "messy" since they are unable to sort all the perception they are exposed to. I experience that children with concentration disabilities are becoming more and more common at preschools and that it is caused by the environments they are situated in. The purposes of my essay is to investigate how the environment can be the cause of a restless behavior and how I, as a pedagogue, can give them the opportunity to easier find peace in a preschool which doesn’t have any separate rooms. By reflecting over my pedagogical attitude I find that not all children can be met the same way. For every children to experience a calm and safe learning environment at preschool, it is necessary that we pedagogues have knowledge about how flexible rooms, everyday stress and large groups of children can effect the concentration of learning for the child.
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Correia, Vincent. "L’Union européenne et l’ordre international de l’aviation civile : la contribution de l'Union européenne aux évolutions contemporaines du droit aérien international." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR40050.

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La redéfinition des conditions d’exercice de la souveraineté aérienne des États membres, par un transfert progressif de compétences au profit de l’Union européenne, ne peut être analysée uniquement en termes de dépossession et de réduction de leur puissance individuelle. Les compétences aériennes confiées à l’Union permettent l’affirmation de l’ensemble européen sur la scène internationale. Ce processus, mouvant et encore inachevé, se traduit par une prise en compte accrue de la spécificité européenne en matière d’aviation civile. Malgré des réticences certaines émanant aussi bien des États membres que des États tiers, l’Union s’érige progressivement au rang d’acteur de poids, capable d’influencer le contenu normatif du droit aérien contemporain, de la même manière que le font les puissances aériennes traditionnelles et notamment les États-Unis. Ces nouvelles tendances, révélatrices de la souplesse et de la plasticité de la convention de Chicago, permettent de dresser des perspectives quant aux possibles évolutions futures de l’ordre international de l’aviation civile
The way in which the Member States have redefined the conditions regarding how they exercise their air sovereignty, by progressively transferring power to the European Union, cannot be viewed solely as them removing and reducing their individual powers. The powers conferred to the European Union in aviation matters are resulting in an affirmation of the international role of Europe as a whole. This on-going, and as yet incomplete process, may be seen in a greater recognition of the specific European aspect regarding Civil Aviation. In spite of the hesitance of Member States and non-member States, the European Union has progressively taken its place among the key players, able to influence developments in modern aviation law, in the same way as other established aviation authorities and especially the United States. These new trends reveal the flexibility and elasticity of the Chicago Convention and the potential future developments in International Civil Aviation
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Williams, Ross Adrian. "On Open Sky." Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1911/18150.

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On Open Sky is the first movement of a large orchestral work. The piece seeks to evoke the memory of a landscape, specially central Australia. The orchestration is the most important structural element, as sound color and texture propel the piece. There are two main sections separated by a short contrasting episode. The climax of the piece occurs at measure 100 and uses material derived from introduction.
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Teti, Stella. "Blue sky, open road." Thesis, 1991. http://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/5918/1/MM68778.pdf.

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ZHUO, PEI-YAN, and 卓培煙. "A study of the "OPEN TO SKY" powhouse in Taiwan." Thesis, 1992. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/71388383552004658595.

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Books on the topic "Open sky"

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Virilio, Paul. Open sky. London: Verso, 2008.

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Open sky. London: Verso, 2000.

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Open sky. London: Verso, 2008.

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The open sky. Dhaka: Academy Press and Publishers Library, 2015.

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Sky open again. Baltimore, Md: Dolphin-Moon Press, 1997.

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Beneath an open sky: Panoramic photographs. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990.

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Mahmud, Fachri. ASEAN 'open sky' dan tantangan bagi Indonesia. Jakarta?]: PT Mahmud Yunus Wadzuriyah, 2012.

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Schroeder, Joerg. Open sky: Creative city Trento Southern Alps. Hannover: Regionales Bauen und Siedlungsplanung, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 2017.

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1943-, Krapf Norbert, ed. Under open sky: Poets on William Cullen Bryant. New York: Fordham University Press, 1986.

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Under the open sky: A Matty Trescott novel. Simsbury, Conn: Antrim House, 2005.

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Book chapters on the topic "Open sky"

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Crossen, Craig, and Gerald Rhemann. "Open Clusters." In Sky Vistas, 41–123. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0626-6_2.

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Davies, Paul. "Open Sky Mind." In Beckett and Eros, 197–214. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230286931_13.

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Beauvois, Igor, and Olivier Las Vergnas. "The Open Sky Underground." In Stargazers, 217. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74020-6_99.

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Coe, Steven R. "What Can Be Seen in an Open Star Cluster?" In Deep Sky Observing, 239–72. London: Springer London, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0365-3_13.

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Bruni, Luigino. "Loyalty Makes Even the Sky Open." In Virtues and Economics, 119–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04082-6_29.

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Arnould, Jacques. "Is the sky open to us?" In Icarus’ Second Chance, 1–11. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0712-6_1.

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Cole, Susan Guettel. "Under the Open Sky: Imagining the Dionysian Landscape." In Human Development in Sacred Landscapes, 61–76. Göttingen: V&R Unipress, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.14220/9783737002523.61.

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Soegiyono. "ASEAN Open Sky di Indonesia dan Kaitannya dengan Kedaulatan Udara Indonesia." In Kajian Kebijakan dan Hukum Kedirgantaraan, 204–22. Bogor: Mitra Wacana Media, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.30536/9786023181339.11.

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Ruang udara terbuka ASEAN merupakan bentuk kebijakan untuk membuka wilayah udara antara sesama anggota negara ASEAN. Kebijakan ruang udara terbuka ASEAN adalah bagian dari tujuan pembentukan Masyarakat Ekonomi ASEAN dalam upaya untuk meningkatkan perekonomian di kawasan ASEAN untuk meningkatkan daya saing di fora internasional sehingga perekonomian dapat tumbuh merata, juga meningkatkan kehidupan masyarakat, dan hal utama adalah untuk mengurangi kemiskinan. Ruang udara terbuka ASEAN menawarkan akses ke pasar yang besar, keuntungan besar, meningkatkan daya tarik wisata, serta frekuensi penerbangan akan meningkat. Permasalahan dalam kajian ini adalah bagaimana ruang udara terbuka ASEAN di Indonesia dalam kaitannya dengan kedaulatan udara Indonesia dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui upaya pemerintah Indonesia dalam menangani pelaksanaan dari kebijakan langit terbuka ASEAN. Metode kajian ini menggunakan metodologi yuridis normative. Hasil kajian adalah Penerapan prinsip cabotage dan proses pemberlakuan secara bertahap dalam wilayah Indonesia merupakan bentuk pelaksanaan dan sekaligus upaya perlindungan terhadap pemberlakuan ruang udara terbuka dalam wilayah udara kedaulatan Republik Indonesia.
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Baldwin, Heather. "Open-Sky (Anterior Approach) Müller’s Muscle Resection for the Correction of Blepharoptosis." In Evaluation and Management of Blepharoptosis, 189–95. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-92855-5_20.

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Hirose, Tatsuo, Charles L. Schepens, Osamu Katsumi, and Mehul C. Mehta. "Open-Sky Vitrectomy for Severe Retinal Detachment Caused by Advanced Retinopathy of Prematurity." In Retinopathy of Prematurity, 95–114. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2808-0_10.

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Conference papers on the topic "Open sky"

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Gedzelman, Stanley David. "The Sky in Science and Art." In Light and Color in the Open Air. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/lcoa.1990.the1.

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The present sharp division lines drawn between the arts and sciences represent an historical anomaly. For centuries, artists were among the premier observers of nature and, as in the case of Leonardo da Vinci, were sometimes also scientists or engineers themselves. The range of artists' observations is impressive and includes the overall climatic environment, the colors of the sky, many of the atmospheric optical phenomena, cloud forms, and even indications of changing weather situations (Gedzelman, 1989). There are numerous cases in which artists depicted atmospheric phenomena long before they were identified by scientists.
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"Building blocks to greener, open sky." In 2014 Integrated Communications, Navigation and Surveillance Conference (ICNS). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icnsurv.2014.6820074.

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Lee, Raymond L. "Twilight and Daytime Colors of the Clear Sky." In Light and Color in the Open Air. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/lcoa.1993.thb.2.

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Several years ago Bohren and Fraser1 asked “How can anyone have the audacity to write about colors of the sky in the year 1985?” Nearly a decade later, writing about sky colors is no less audacious — and no less necessary.
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Ling, Alister. "Stars and Planets in the Daytime Sky." In Light and Color in the Open Air. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/lcoa.1990.fb3.

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An observer using normal polarizing sunglasses can readily see Jupiter in the daytime sky when it is located within the polarization band. This is contrary to the statements made by G.P. Konnen in "Polarized Light in Nature." In fact, the difference between unpolarized and polarized views is quite dramatic.
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Verschure, Peter-Paul Hattinga. "Thirty years observing and documenting sky optical phenomena." In Light and Color in the Open Air. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/lcoa.1997.ltua.1.

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The Netherlands have a long tradition in sky optical phenomena observing. Since 1890 for more than 75 years all observations have been collected, processed and brought together by the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute in the famous annual series 'Onweders, Optische Verschijnselen enz. in Nederland naar vrijwillige waarnemingen' ('Thunderstorms, sky optical phenomena etc in The Netherlands from voluntary observations'). The observations were gathered by volunteer observers with pleasure in seeing and studying sky phenomena. They were accepted and stimulated by the annual publication of their observations by the Meteorological Institute. The observers described their findings on special printed postal cards. In that way a network was active for decades by which efforts lots of material has been collected. Dutch observations from this period are referred to in several important publications in the first half of the 20th century.
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Lee, Raymond L. "Horizon Brightness Revisited: Measurements and a Model." In Light and Color in the Open Air. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/lcoa.1993.thb.4.

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To the uninitiated, the clear daytime sky seems such a commonplace that its radiance and brightness distribution surely must be well known. Researchers in fields ranging from solar energy engineering1,2 to atmospheric optics3,4 have repeatedly measured and modeled the angular distribution of clear-sky radiances, and they have published scores of papers on the subject. What can be left to know?
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Schefke, Tristan. "DeepBench: Open-Source Tools for A.I. in the Sky." In DeepBench: Open-Source Tools for A.I. in the Sky. US DOE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1648543.

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Shaimkulova, Omurkan Raimberdievna. "Intelligents in the “Open sky” roman Zhunaya Mavlyanova." In Стратегические ориентиры развития Центральной Азии: история, тренды и перспективы. Екатеринбург: Уральский государственный педагогический университет, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26170/ksng-2021-38.

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Lee, Raymond L. "Expanding the Arago Neutral Point: Digital Imaging of Clear-Sky Polarization." In Light and Color in the Open Air. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/lcoa.1997.ltuc.2.

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Observations of the clear sky’s polarization have a venerable history that includes such 19th-century figures as David Brewster, Jacques Babinet, and François Arago. In his pivotal 1871 paper on sky color and polarization, Lord Rayleigh provided a succinct theoretical explanation for skylight’s maximum polarization 90° from the sun. Rayleigh did not mention the neutral points (points of zero polarization) observed in the sun-zenith plane by Arago, Babinet, and Brewster. Although Rayleigh was confident that he had “disposed of the polarization” problem (Strutt 1871, p. 110), others did not view his silence on the neutral points as a proscription.
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Mwagha, Mwanjele, and Muthoni Masinde. "Complementary Methods for Human Visual Perception of Visual Weather Lore Sky Objects Using Machine Learning Methods." In 2019 Open Innovations (OI). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/oi.2019.8908176.

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Reports on the topic "Open sky"

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McClung, J. S., Rick Fling, Christina McClung, William Burch, Leonardo Lombardo, and Patrick McDonnell. Standardized UXO Technology Demonstration Site Open Field Scoring Record No. 901 (Sky Research, Inc.). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada487735.

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McClung, J. S., Rick Fling, Christina McClung, William Burch, Leonardo Lombardo, and Patrick McDonnell. Standardized UXO Technology Demonstration Site Open Field Scoring Record Number 910 (Sky Research, Inc.). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada487987.

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McClung, J. S., Rick Fling, and Christina McClung. Standardized UXO Technology Demonstration Site Open Field Scoring Record No. 905 (Sky Research, Inc.) EM61 MKII/Towed Array. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada489307.

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Sharma, S., K. Gurung, A. Mishra, S. Bajracharya, L. Mathema, A. Hussain, and B. B. Pradhan. Industry under the open sky: An exploration of the political economy of brick making in Nepal; ICIMOD Working Paper 2019/7. Kathmandu, Nepal: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53055/icimod.754.

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Sharma, S., K. Gurung, A. Mishra, S. Bajracharya, L. Mathema, A. Hussain, and B. B. Pradhan. Industry under the open sky: An exploration of the political economy of brick making in Nepal; ICIMOD Working Paper 2019/7. Kathmandu, Nepal: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53055/icimod.754.

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Frank, Olof, Jenny Casey Eriksson, and Tomas Lundén. Open Access vid SLU 2012-2014. SLU-biblioteket, Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.1d4j3sb71t.

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Open access (OA) är ett sätt att göra forskningsresultat fritt tillgängliga över internet och har på relativt kort tid blivit en global företeelse som har förändrat hur forskare publicerar sina resultat. Syftet med detta arbete har varit att undersöka metoder för att kunna mäta Sveriges lantbruksuniversitets (SLU) OA-publicering, liksom att ta fram siffror över hur stor andel av SLU:s vetenskapliga artiklar som publiceras OA. Utöver detta syfte, så har vi även undersökt hur OA-andelen fördelar sig mellan olika typer av OA (s.k. guld, grön och hybrid), vilka tidskrifter SLU:s forskare mest frekvent publicerar i, samt hur andelen OA ser ut på SLU:s institutioner. Mätningen har begränsats till refereegranskade tidskriftsartiklar publicerade under åren 2012-2014. Publikationsdata hämtades ur publikationsdatabasen SLUpub. För artiklar som har publicerats i OA-tidskrifter (guld OA) har SLUpub-datan samkörts med data från Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ). För parallellpublicerade artiklar (grön OA) har vi räknat antal artiklar i Epsilon, SLU:s öppna arkiv. För OA-artiklar publicerade i prenumerationstidskrifter (hybrid OA) genomfördes en stickprovskontroll utifrån ett randomiserat urval av hela underlaget. Resultat: andelen artiklar för hela SLU under perioden 2012-2014 var 4543. Av dessa var 790 tillgängliga guld OA vilket innebär 17,3 procent av den totala publiceringen. Trenden är uppåtgående då OA-andelen för 2012 var 16,3 procent och för 2014 19,2 procent. Andelen gröna OA-artiklar som återfanns i Epsilon och som inte kunde avskrivas som guld OA uppgick till 175 st. Dessa publikationer utgör 3,8 procent av det totala antalet publicerade artiklar under perioden. Stickprovet av det randomiserade urvalet visade på en andel hybrid OA på 16,5 procent av den totala artikelpubliceringen, vilket endast ska ses som en indikation. I rapporten redovisas även de tidskrifter som SLU-forskare publicerat mest i under perioden 2012-2014, där PLoS ONE med god marginal innehar förstaplatsen. Andelen OA på institutionsnivå redovisar endast resultat för guld OA, inte grön eller hybrid OA pga. att strukturerad data för dessa är resurskrävande att få fram. I slutsatserna diskuteras att SLU publicerar en relativt låg andel grön OA och att det även finns tämligen stora skillnader mellan institutionernas OA-publicering. Rapporten ger rekommendationer för SLU-bibliotekets vidare arbete, såsom att ta fram en förnyad strategi för utformning av stöd till grön OA och till institutioner som idag generellt publicerar OA i liten utsträckning.
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Huntley, D., D. Rotheram-Clarke, R. Cocking, J. Joseph, and P. Bobrowsky. Current research on slow-moving landslides in the Thompson River valley, British Columbia (IMOU 5170 annual report). Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331175.

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Interdepartmental Memorandum of Understanding (IMOU) 5170 between Natural Resources Canada (NRCAN), the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) and Transport Canada Innovation Centre (TC-IC) aims to gain new insight into slow-moving landslides, and the influence of climate change, through testing conventional and emerging monitoring technologies. IMOU 5107 focuses on strategically important sections of the national railway network in the Thompson River valley, British Columbia (BC), and the Assiniboine River valley along the borders of Manitoba (MN) and Saskatchewan (SK). Results of this research are applicable elsewhere in Canada (e.g., the urban-rural-industrial landscapes of the Okanagan Valley, BC), and around the world where slow-moving landslides and climate change are adversely affecting critical socio-economic infrastructure. Open File 8931 outlines landslide mapping and changedetection monitoring protocols based on the successes of IMOU 5170 and ICL-IPL Project 202 in BC. In this region, ice sheets, glaciers, permafrost, rivers and oceans, high relief, and biogeoclimatic characteristics contribute to produce distinctive rapid and slow-moving landslide assemblages that have the potential to impact railway infrastructure and operations. Bedrock and drift-covered slopes along the transportation corridors are prone to mass wasting when favourable conditions exist. In high-relief mountainous areas, rapidly moving landslides include rock and debris avalanches, rock and debris falls, debris flows and torrents, and lahars. In areas with moderate to low relief, rapid to slow mass movements include rockslides and slumps, debris or earth slides and slumps, and earth flows. Slow-moving landslides include rock glaciers, rock and soil creep, solifluction, and lateral spreads in bedrock and surficial deposits. Research efforts lead to a better understanding of how geological conditions, extreme weather events and climate change influence landslide activity along the national railway corridor. Combining field-based landslide investigation with multi-year geospatial and in-situ time-series monitoring leads to a more resilient railway national transportation network able to meet Canada's future socioeconomic needs, while ensuring protection of the environment and resource-based communities from landslides related to extreme weather events and climate change. InSAR only measures displacement in the east-west orientation, whereas UAV and RTK-GNSS change-detection surveys capture full displacement vectors. RTK-GNSS do not provide spatial coverage, whereas InSAR and UAV surveys do. In addition, InSAR and UAV photogrammetry cannot map underwater, whereas boat-mounted bathymetric surveys reveal information on channel morphology and riverbed composition. Remote sensing datasets, consolidated in a geographic information system, capture the spatial relationships between landslide distribution and specific terrain features, at-risk infrastructure, and the environmental conditions expected to correlate with landslide incidence and magnitude. Reliable real-time monitoring solutions for critical railway infrastructure (e.g., ballast, tracks, retaining walls, tunnels, and bridges) able to withstand the harsh environmental conditions of Canada are highlighted. The provision of fundamental geoscience and baseline geospatial monitoring allows stakeholders to develop robust risk tolerance, remediation, and mitigation strategies to maintain the resilience and accessibility of critical transportation infrastructure, while also protecting the natural environment, community stakeholders, and Canadian economy. We propose a best-practice solution involving three levels of investigation to describe the form and function of the wide range of rapid and slow-moving landslides occurring across Canada that is also applicable elsewhere. Research activities for 2022 to 2025 are presented by way of conclusion.
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MacFarlane, Andrew. 2021 medical student essay prize winner - A case of grief. Society for Academic Primary Care, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37361/medstudessay.2021.1.1.

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As a student undertaking a Longitudinal Integrated Clerkship (LIC)1 based in a GP practice in a rural community in the North of Scotland, I have been lucky to be given responsibility and my own clinic lists. Every day I conduct consultations that change my practice: the challenge of clinically applying the theory I have studied, controlling a consultation and efficiently exploring a patient's problems, empathising with and empowering them to play a part in their own care2 – and most difficult I feel – dealing with the vast amount of uncertainty that medicine, and particularly primary care, presents to both clinician and patient. I initially consulted with a lady in her 60s who attended with her husband, complaining of severe lower back pain who was very difficult to assess due to her pain level. Her husband was understandably concerned about the degree of pain she was in. After assessment and discussion with one of the GPs, we agreed some pain relief and a physio assessment in the next few days would be a practical plan. The patient had one red flag, some leg weakness and numbness, which was her ‘normal’ on account of her multiple sclerosis. At the physio assessment a few days later, the physio felt things were worse and some urgent bloods were ordered, unfortunately finding raised cancer and inflammatory markers. A CT scan of the lung found widespread cancer, a later CT of the head after some developing some acute confusion found brain metastases, and a week and a half after presenting to me, the patient sadly died in hospital. While that was all impactful enough on me, it was the follow-up appointment with the husband who attended on the last triage slot of the evening two weeks later that I found completely altered my understanding of grief and the mourning of a loved one. The husband had asked to speak to a Andrew MacFarlane Year 3 ScotGEM Medical Student 2 doctor just to talk about what had happened to his wife. The GP decided that it would be better if he came into the practice - strictly he probably should have been consulted with over the phone due to coronavirus restrictions - but he was asked what he would prefer and he opted to come in. I sat in on the consultation, I had been helping with any examinations the triage doctor needed and I recognised that this was the husband of the lady I had seen a few weeks earlier. He came in and sat down, head lowered, hands fiddling with the zip on his jacket, trying to find what to say. The GP sat, turned so that they were opposite each other with no desk between them - I was seated off to the side, an onlooker, but acknowledged by the patient with a kind nod when he entered the room. The GP asked gently, “How are you doing?” and roughly 30 seconds passed (a long time in a conversation) before the patient spoke. “I just really miss her…” he whispered with great effort, “I don’t understand how this all happened.” Over the next 45 minutes, he spoke about his wife, how much pain she had been in, the rapid deterioration he witnessed, the cancer being found, and cruelly how she had passed away after he had gone home to get some rest after being by her bedside all day in the hospital. He talked about how they had met, how much he missed her, how empty the house felt without her, and asking himself and us how he was meant to move forward with his life. He had a lot of questions for us, and for himself. Had we missed anything – had he missed anything? The GP really just listened for almost the whole consultation, speaking to him gently, reassuring him that this wasn’t his or anyone’s fault. She stated that this was an awful time for him and that what he was feeling was entirely normal and something we will all universally go through. She emphasised that while it wasn’t helpful at the moment, that things would get better over time.3 He was really glad I was there – having shared a consultation with his wife and I – he thanked me emphatically even though I felt like I hadn’t really helped at all. After some tears, frequent moments of silence and a lot of questions, he left having gotten a lot off his chest. “You just have to listen to people, be there for them as they go through things, and answer their questions as best you can” urged my GP as we discussed the case when the patient left. Almost all family caregivers contact their GP with regards to grief and this consultation really made me realise how important an aspect of my practice it will be in the future.4 It has also made me reflect on the emphasis on undergraduate teaching around ‘breaking bad news’ to patients, but nothing taught about when patients are in the process of grieving further down the line.5 The skill Andrew MacFarlane Year 3 ScotGEM Medical Student 3 required to manage a grieving patient is not one limited to general practice. Patients may grieve the loss of function from acute trauma through to chronic illness in all specialties of medicine - in addition to ‘traditional’ grief from loss of family or friends.6 There wasn’t anything ‘medical’ in the consultation, but I came away from it with a real sense of purpose as to why this career is such a privilege. We look after patients so they can spend as much quality time as they are given with their loved ones, and their loved ones are the ones we care for after they are gone. We as doctors are the constant, and we have to meet patients with compassion at their most difficult times – because it is as much a part of the job as the knowledge and the science – and it is the part of us that patients will remember long after they leave our clinic room. Word Count: 993 words References 1. ScotGEM MBChB - Subjects - University of St Andrews [Internet]. [cited 2021 Mar 27]. Available from: https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/subjects/medicine/scotgem-mbchb/ 2. Shared decision making in realistic medicine: what works - gov.scot [Internet]. [cited 2021 Mar 27]. Available from: https://www.gov.scot/publications/works-support-promote-shared-decisionmaking-synthesis-recent-evidence/pages/1/ 3. Ghesquiere AR, Patel SR, Kaplan DB, Bruce ML. Primary care providers’ bereavement care practices: Recommendations for research directions. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014 Dec;29(12):1221–9. 4. Nielsen MK, Christensen K, Neergaard MA, Bidstrup PE, Guldin M-B. Grief symptoms and primary care use: a prospective study of family caregivers. BJGP Open [Internet]. 2020 Aug 1 [cited 2021 Mar 27];4(3). Available from: https://bjgpopen.org/content/4/3/bjgpopen20X101063 5. O’Connor M, Breen LJ. General Practitioners’ experiences of bereavement care and their educational support needs: a qualitative study. BMC Medical Education. 2014 Mar 27;14(1):59. 6. Sikstrom L, Saikaly R, Ferguson G, Mosher PJ, Bonato S, Soklaridis S. Being there: A scoping review of grief support training in medical education. PLOS ONE. 2019 Nov 27;14(11):e0224325.
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African Open Science Platform Part 1: Landscape Study. Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/assaf.2019/0047.

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This report maps the African landscape of Open Science – with a focus on Open Data as a sub-set of Open Science. Data to inform the landscape study were collected through a variety of methods, including surveys, desk research, engagement with a community of practice, networking with stakeholders, participation in conferences, case study presentations, and workshops hosted. Although the majority of African countries (35 of 54) demonstrates commitment to science through its investment in research and development (R&D), academies of science, ministries of science and technology, policies, recognition of research, and participation in the Science Granting Councils Initiative (SGCI), the following countries demonstrate the highest commitment and political willingness to invest in science: Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, and Uganda. In addition to existing policies in Science, Technology and Innovation (STI), the following countries have made progress towards Open Data policies: Botswana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, South Africa and Uganda. Only two African countries (Kenya and South Africa) at this stage contribute 0.8% of its GDP (Gross Domestic Product) to R&D (Research and Development), which is the closest to the AU’s (African Union’s) suggested 1%. Countries such as Lesotho and Madagascar ranked as 0%, while the R&D expenditure for 24 African countries is unknown. In addition to this, science globally has become fully dependent on stable ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) infrastructure, which includes connectivity/bandwidth, high performance computing facilities and data services. This is especially applicable since countries globally are finding themselves in the midst of the 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR), which is not only “about” data, but which “is” data. According to an article1 by Alan Marcus (2015) (Senior Director, Head of Information Technology and Telecommunications Industries, World Economic Forum), “At its core, data represents a post-industrial opportunity. Its uses have unprecedented complexity, velocity and global reach. As digital communications become ubiquitous, data will rule in a world where nearly everyone and everything is connected in real time. That will require a highly reliable, secure and available infrastructure at its core, and innovation at the edge.” Every industry is affected as part of this revolution – also science. An important component of the digital transformation is “trust” – people must be able to trust that governments and all other industries (including the science sector), adequately handle and protect their data. This requires accountability on a global level, and digital industries must embrace the change and go for a higher standard of protection. “This will reassure consumers and citizens, benefitting the whole digital economy”, says Marcus. A stable and secure information and communication technologies (ICT) infrastructure – currently provided by the National Research and Education Networks (NRENs) – is key to advance collaboration in science. The AfricaConnect2 project (AfricaConnect (2012–2014) and AfricaConnect2 (2016–2018)) through establishing connectivity between National Research and Education Networks (NRENs), is planning to roll out AfricaConnect3 by the end of 2019. The concern however is that selected African governments (with the exception of a few countries such as South Africa, Mozambique, Ethiopia and others) have low awareness of the impact the Internet has today on all societal levels, how much ICT (and the 4th Industrial Revolution) have affected research, and the added value an NREN can bring to higher education and research in addressing the respective needs, which is far more complex than simply providing connectivity. Apart from more commitment and investment in R&D, African governments – to become and remain part of the 4th Industrial Revolution – have no option other than to acknowledge and commit to the role NRENs play in advancing science towards addressing the SDG (Sustainable Development Goals). For successful collaboration and direction, it is fundamental that policies within one country are aligned with one another. Alignment on continental level is crucial for the future Pan-African African Open Science Platform to be successful. Both the HIPSSA ((Harmonization of ICT Policies in Sub-Saharan Africa)3 project and WATRA (the West Africa Telecommunications Regulators Assembly)4, have made progress towards the regulation of the telecom sector, and in particular of bottlenecks which curb the development of competition among ISPs. A study under HIPSSA identified potential bottlenecks in access at an affordable price to the international capacity of submarine cables and suggested means and tools used by regulators to remedy them. Work on the recommended measures and making them operational continues in collaboration with WATRA. In addition to sufficient bandwidth and connectivity, high-performance computing facilities and services in support of data sharing are also required. The South African National Integrated Cyberinfrastructure System5 (NICIS) has made great progress in planning and setting up a cyberinfrastructure ecosystem in support of collaborative science and data sharing. The regional Southern African Development Community6 (SADC) Cyber-infrastructure Framework provides a valuable roadmap towards high-speed Internet, developing human capacity and skills in ICT technologies, high- performance computing and more. The following countries have been identified as having high-performance computing facilities, some as a result of the Square Kilometre Array7 (SKA) partnership: Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Mauritius, Namibia, South Africa, Tunisia, and Zambia. More and more NRENs – especially the Level 6 NRENs 8 (Algeria, Egypt, Kenya, South Africa, and recently Zambia) – are exploring offering additional services; also in support of data sharing and transfer. The following NRENs already allow for running data-intensive applications and sharing of high-end computing assets, bio-modelling and computation on high-performance/ supercomputers: KENET (Kenya), TENET (South Africa), RENU (Uganda), ZAMREN (Zambia), EUN (Egypt) and ARN (Algeria). Fifteen higher education training institutions from eight African countries (Botswana, Benin, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Sudan, and Tanzania) have been identified as offering formal courses on data science. In addition to formal degrees, a number of international short courses have been developed and free international online courses are also available as an option to build capacity and integrate as part of curricula. The small number of higher education or research intensive institutions offering data science is however insufficient, and there is a desperate need for more training in data science. The CODATA-RDA Schools of Research Data Science aim at addressing the continental need for foundational data skills across all disciplines, along with training conducted by The Carpentries 9 programme (specifically Data Carpentry 10 ). Thus far, CODATA-RDA schools in collaboration with AOSP, integrating content from Data Carpentry, were presented in Rwanda (in 2018), and during17-29 June 2019, in Ethiopia. Awareness regarding Open Science (including Open Data) is evident through the 12 Open Science-related Open Access/Open Data/Open Science declarations and agreements endorsed or signed by African governments; 200 Open Access journals from Africa registered on the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ); 174 Open Access institutional research repositories registered on openDOAR (Directory of Open Access Repositories); 33 Open Access/Open Science policies registered on ROARMAP (Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates and Policies); 24 data repositories registered with the Registry of Data Repositories (re3data.org) (although the pilot project identified 66 research data repositories); and one data repository assigned the CoreTrustSeal. Although this is a start, far more needs to be done to align African data curation and research practices with global standards. Funding to conduct research remains a challenge. African researchers mostly fund their own research, and there are little incentives for them to make their research and accompanying data sets openly accessible. Funding and peer recognition, along with an enabling research environment conducive for research, are regarded as major incentives. The landscape report concludes with a number of concerns towards sharing research data openly, as well as challenges in terms of Open Data policy, ICT infrastructure supportive of data sharing, capacity building, lack of skills, and the need for incentives. Although great progress has been made in terms of Open Science and Open Data practices, more awareness needs to be created and further advocacy efforts are required for buy-in from African governments. A federated African Open Science Platform (AOSP) will not only encourage more collaboration among researchers in addressing the SDGs, but it will also benefit the many stakeholders identified as part of the pilot phase. The time is now, for governments in Africa, to acknowledge the important role of science in general, but specifically Open Science and Open Data, through developing and aligning the relevant policies, investing in an ICT infrastructure conducive for data sharing through committing funding to making NRENs financially sustainable, incentivising open research practices by scientists, and creating opportunities for more scientists and stakeholders across all disciplines to be trained in data management.
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