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Journal articles on the topic 'Open cross section'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Makki, Russul O., and Mohammed K. Fakhraldin. "Modeling and Analysis Variable Cross Section Pile Driven in Sandy Soil using Finite Element." E3S Web of Conferences 318 (2021): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202131801005.

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This study focuses on the finite element simulation of piles with different models in sandy soils using the software PLAXIS 3D V20. The parametric study has conducted to investigate the influence of multiple parameters on the axial capacity of steel piles in sandy soil, including the cross-section variables in two cases: open and close-ended piles. The typical circular and square cross-section open and close-ended piles were selected as the reference for comparison with variables cross-section piles. The open-ended tapered pile 3b showed an increase in the maximum load capacity about 210% more than the open-ended circular section, while the close-ended tapered pile 3b showed an increase of about 176% in the axial load capacity more than the solid close-ended circular section. In terms of the effect of pile’s type, all of the close-ended sections outperformed the open-ended sections, with the circular section showing a 146% increase in its close-ended section, while the tapered 3b section showed the lowest difference between the close-ended and the open-ended sections with just 120% increase. These results showed that the tapering pile is much more efficient than any straight-sided pile or even circular pile. The results also showed that a short open-ended pile's capacity is smaller than the corresponding closed-ended pile.

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2

Kaymaz, Zerefsan, and George Siscoe. "Open geometry of the magnetotail cross section." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 103, A7 (July 1, 1998): 14829–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98ja00812.

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3

Easa, Said M. "Versatile general elliptic open channel cross section." KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 20, no. 4 (August 31, 2015): 1572–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12205-015-0494-x.

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4

Zhukova, Valentina. "Open charm studies at Belle." EPJ Web of Conferences 212 (2019): 09003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921209003.

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We present the new results of measurements of the exlusive cross sections of the e+ e− annihilation to charmed meson pairs as a function of √ ceneter-of-mass energy from the open charm threashold up to $ \sqrt s = {\rm{6 GeV}} $ using initial state radiation technique. The analysis is based on a data sample collected by the Belle detector with an integrated luminosity of 951 fb−1. The accuracy of the cross section measurement is increased by a factor of 2 in comparison with the first Belle study. We have performed the first angular analysis + −→ D*± D*∓ of the $ {e^{\rm{ + }}}{e^ - } \to {D^{* \pm }}{D^{* \mp }} $ process and decomposed this exclusive cross section into three components corresponding to the diﬀerent D* helicities.

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5

Choudhary, Prashant K., Prashanta K. Mahato, and Prasun Jana. "Cross-section optimization of thin-walled open-section composite column for maximizing its ultimate strength." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 236, no. 2 (October 12, 2021): 413–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14644207211046264.

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This paper focuses on the optimization of thin-walled open cross-section laminated composite column subjected to uniaxial compressive load. The cross-section of the column is parameterized in such a way that it can represent a variety of shapes including most of the regular cross-sections such as H, C, T, and I sections. The objective is to obtain the best possible shape of the cross-section, by keeping a constant total material volume, which can maximize the ultimate load carrying capacity of the column. The ultimate strength of the column is determined by considering both buckling instability and material failure. For material failure, Tsai-Wu composite failure criterion is considered. As analytical solutions for these parameterized column models are not tractable, the ultimate loads of the composite columns are computed through finite-element analysis in ANSYS. And, the optimization is carried out by coupling these finite-element results with a genetic algorithm based optimization scheme developed in MATLAB. The optimal result obtained through this study is compared with an equivalent base model of cruciform cross-section. Results are reported for various lengths and boundary conditions of the columns. The comparison shows that a substantial increase of the ultimate load, as high as 610%, can be achieved through this optimization study. Thus, the present paper highlights some important characteristics of open cross-sections that can be useful in the design of thin-walled laminated column structures.

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6

Mehdizadeh, Ghazal, Mohammad R. Hematiyan, and Mohammad R. Nami. "Non-uniform torsion of open-section members considering cross-sectional curvatures." Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design 51, no. 6 (June 6, 2016): 444–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309324716652315.

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7

Ecsedi, István, Ákos József Lengyel, Attila Baksa, and Dávid Gönczi. "Saint-Venant’s torsion of thin-walled nonhomogeneous open elliptical cross section." Multidiszciplináris tudományok 11, no. 5 (2021): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.35925/j.multi.2021.5.15.

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This paper deals with the Saint-Venant’s torsion of thin-walled isotropic nonhomogeneous open elliptical cross section whose shear modulus depends on the one of the curvilinear coordinates which define the cross-sectional area of the beam. The approximate solution of torsion problem is obtained by variational method. The usual simplification assumptions are used to solve the uniform torsion problem of bars with thin-walled elliptical cross-sections. An example illustrates the application of the derived formulae of shearing stress and torsional rigidity.

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8

Borelli, Noah, Bouzid Choubane, James Greene, Charles Holzschuher, and James Fletcher. "Cross-Correlation Analysis of Line Laser High-speed Inertial Profilers." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 5 (May 2020): 626–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120917371.

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Thirteen different line-laser high-speed inertial profilers from four different manufacturers were recently tested at the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) Inertial Profiler Test Track. The hot-mix asphalt (HMA) track incorporates both dense and open-graded sections with international roughness index (IRI) values ranging from 34 to 104 in./mi. A cross-correlation analysis was performed on the resulting ride data. The accuracy comparison was performed using a SurPro reference profiler. The profilers as a group met the AASHTO R 56 cross-correlation criteria on each section except on a smooth, open-graded section. The profilers as a group met the repeatability cross-correlation on this section, but did not meet the accuracy cross-correlation requirement. This paper presents a description of the testing program, data collection efforts and subsequent analyses and findings.

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9

HEMATIYAN, M. R., and E. ESTAKHRIAN. "TORSION OF FUNCTIONALLY GRADED OPEN-SECTION MEMBERS." International Journal of Applied Mechanics 04, no. 02 (June 2012): 1250020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1758825112500202.

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There exist some approximate analytical methods for torsion analysis of homogeneous open cross-section members; however, no analytical formulation has been presented for solving a torsion problem of inhomogeneous open cross-section members yet. In this paper, an approximate analytical method for the torsion analysis of thin- to moderately thick-walled functionally graded open-section members with uniform thickness is presented. The shear modulus of rigidity is assumed to have a variation across the thickness. The cross-section is decomposed into some straight, curved and end segments. The torsion problem is then solved in each segment considering some appropriate approximations. By presenting three examples, accuracy of the presented method with respect to thickness, corner radius, and material parameters are investigated. The results show that the proposed method is useful for torsion analysis of thin- to moderately thick-walled functionally graded open-section members.

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10

Easa, Said M., and Yan-Cheng Han. "New Compound Open Channel Section with Polynomial Sides: Improving Cost and Aesthetics." Water 11, no. 8 (July 25, 2019): 1545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11081545.

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Previous research on compound trapezoidal cross sections has mainly focused on improving the prediction of the discharge (flow rate) because of its inherent challenges. This paper focuses on two other important aspects: Section shape and optimal construction cost. First, the paper proposes a new compound section with third-degree polynomial sides of main channel with horizontal bottom (HB) that allows its top corners to be smooth, called herein compound polynomial section. The special cases of this versatile section include the simple polynomial section, polygonal section, trapezoidal-rectangular section, two-segment linear-side section, and parabolic bottom-trapezoidal section. The simple polynomial section, which is the bank-full part of the compound polynomial section, can further produce parabolic (with or without HB), trapezoidal, rectangular, and triangular sections. Second, an optimization model that minimizes construction cost (excavation and lining) of the compound (or simple) polynomial section is developed. The model includes discharge and physical constraints. Theoretical and empirical methods of discharge prediction were used in the model. The results show that the simple polynomial section was more economical than the popular parabolic section by up to 8.6% when the side slopes were restricted. The new polynomial-based sections not only reduced construction cost, but also improved maintenance and aesthetics. As such, the new sections should be of interest to researchers and practitioners in hydraulic engineering.

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11

KAPUSTA, FRÉDÉRIC. "OPEN b PRODUCTION IN TWO-PHOTON COLLISIONS IN DELPHI." International Journal of Modern Physics A 20, no. 02n03 (January 30, 2005): 661–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x05022081.

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Heavy b and c quark production in γγ collisions has been measured through semileptonic decays with the DELPHI detector at LEPII. The measured cross-sections are compared to NLO perturbative QCD calculations. The cross-section for b production is found to exceed QCD predictions. The K-lepton double tagging, used for the first time in γγ physics confirms this excess.

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12

Gao, Guangfa, Minju Qi, and Yongchi Li. "Random equilateral Kelvin open-cell foam microstructures: Cross-section shapes, compressive behavior, and isotropic characteristics." Journal of Cellular Plastics 54, no. 1 (September 26, 2016): 53–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021955x16670583.

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Representative volume elements of random equilateral Kelvin open-cell microstructures were modeled for the open-cell foam. We adopted the periodic boundary conditions developed in our previous research. The quasistatic compression properties of the representative volume elements in random Kelvin open-cell aluminum foam samples, both with different relative densities and different cross-sections of the beams in the structures were investigated. The results show that the features of the stress–strain curves in the representative volume elements with different relative densities and different cross-sections were similar, and the relationships between the yield strengths and relative densities of representative volume elements with four different cross-sections all agreed well with the quadratic power function. Among the representative volume elements with four different cross-sections, the yield strengths of the representative volume elements with a Plateau border cross-section were significantly larger than in representative volume elements with other cross-sections, while the yield strengths of representative volume elements with circular cross-sections were smaller than in representative volume elements with other cross-sections. This indicates that the simulation results of the compression strengths for open-cell foam in which the representative volume elements with circular cross-sections were employed are significantly smaller than their actual values. The main reason for this is that the moments of inertia in the Plateau border cross-sections are significantly greater than in the circular cross-sections of the same area. Our investigation results revealed that the compression responses of the representative volume elements for random equilateral Kelvin open-cell microstructures demonstrate isotropic behavior on the xoy plane, the yoz plane, and the xoz plane.

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13

Šimić Penava, Diana, and Maja Baniček. "Critical Force Analysis of Thin-Walled Symmetrical Open-Section Beams." Applied Mechanics and Materials 827 (February 2016): 283–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.827.283.

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This paper analyzes critical forces and stability of steel thin-walled C-cross-section beams without lateral restraints. Mechanical properties of the rods material are determined by testing standard specimens in a laboratory. Based on the obtained data, the stability analysis of rods is carried out and critical forces are determined: analytically by using the theory of thin-walled rods, numerically by using the finite element method (FEM), and experimentally by testing the C-cross-section beams. The analysis of critical forces and stability shows that the calculation according to the theory of thin-walled rods does not take the effect of local buckling into account, and that the resulting critical global forces do not correspond to the actual behaviour of the rod. The FEM analysis and experimental test show that the simplifications, which have been introduced into the theory of thin-walled rods with open cross-sections, significantly affect final results of the level of the critical force.

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14

Berthier, Jean, Kenneth A. Brakke, David Gosselin, Maxime Huet, and Erwin Berthier. "Metastable capillary filaments in rectangular cross-section open microchannels." AIMS Biophysics 1, no. 1 (2014): 31–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/biophy.2014.1.31.

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15

Qian, Jun, Yang Hongsheng, Wenxun Zhang, and Lu Zhongzuo. "Analytic method of arbitrary cross section open groove guide." International Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves 14, no. 2 (February 1993): 327–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02282075.

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16

Latalski, Jarosław, and Daniele Zulli. "Generalized Beam Theory for Thin-Walled Beams with Curvilinear Open Cross-Sections." Applied Sciences 10, no. 21 (November 3, 2020): 7802. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10217802.

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The use of the Generalized Beam Theory (GBT) is extended to thin-walled beams with curvilinear cross-sections. After defining the kinematic features of the walls, where their curvature is consistently accounted for, the displacement of the points is assumed as linear combination of unknown amplitudes and pre-established trial functions. The latter, and specifically their in-plane components, are chosen as dynamic modes of a curved beam in the shape of the member cross-section. Moreover, the out-of-plane components come from the imposition of the Vlasov internal constraint of shear indeformable middle surface. For a case study of semi-annular cross-section, i.e., constant curvature, the modes are analytically evaluated and the procedure is implemented for two different load conditions. Outcomes are compared to those of a FEM model.

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17

JIN, Y. J., and T. J. WANG. "NUMERICAL MODELING OF THE FRACTURE BEHAVIOR OF OPEN CELL FOAMS." International Journal of Computational Materials Science and Engineering 01, no. 02 (June 2012): 1250019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2047684112500194.

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The objective of this work is to numerically study the individual and mixed mode fracture behavior of open-cell foams. Three-dimensional tetrakaidecahedron model is adopted and finite element method is employed in analysis. The overall elastic properties of open-cell foams are numerically obtained. Then, modes I, II, III and mixed mode I–II fracture behavior of open-cell foams are numerically predicted respectively, in which both solid/hollow and square/circular strut cross-sections are considered. It is seen that the relationship between the overall critical stress intensity factor and the relative density of foam obeys power law for individual crack problems. Effects of the shape and the topology of strut cross-section are discussed in detail. For mixed mode I–II crack problem, the relationship between KI/KIC and KII/KIIC is obtained and the effect of the shape of strut cross-section is discussed.

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18

Jiao-Wang, Liu, Sergio Puerta-Hueso, David Pedroche, and Carlos Santiuste. "Prediction of Critical Buckling Load on Open Cross-Section Columns of Flax/PLA Green Composites." Polymers 14, no. 23 (November 23, 2022): 5095. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14235095.

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The present work aims to analyze the buckling behavior of nonlinear elastic columns with different open cross-sections and slenderness ratios to verify the limits of the modified Ludwick law to predict the critical buckling load. The results of the analytical formulation based on the modified Ludwick law are compared with a FEM numerical model using the Marlow hyperelastic behavior and experimental results conducted on flax/PLA specimens with three different open cross-sections. The comparative results show that the numerical predictions agree with the experimental results in all the cases. The FEM model can exactly reproduce the buckling behavior of the C-section columns. However, the prediction errors for the C90 and C180 columns are higher than for the C60 columns. Moreover, the theoretical estimations indicate that the C90 cross-section column is the limit of application of the modified Ludwick law to predict the critical buckling load of nonlinear elastic columns with open cross-sections, and the C180 column is out of the prediction limits. Generally, the numerical and theoretical models underestimated the scattering effects of the predictions because more experimental variables were not considered by the models.

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19

Peng, Yongli, Zhengyi Kong, Ba Huu Dinh, Huu-Hue Nguyen, Truong-Son Cao, George Papazafeiropoulos, and Quang-Viet Vu. "Web Bend-Buckling of Steel Plate Girders Reinforced by Two Longitudinal Stiffeners with Various Cross-Section Shapes." Metals 13, no. 2 (February 5, 2023): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13020323.

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This work performs an investigation into the optimal position of two longitudinal stiffeners with different cross-section shapes such as open section (L-shaped and T-shaped) and closed section (rectangular and triangular shapes) shapes of stiffened plate girders under bending loading through an optimization procedure using a gradient-based interior point (IP) optimization algorithm. The stiffener optimum locations are found by maximizing the bend-buckling coefficient, kb, generated from eigenvalue buckling analyses in Abaqus. The optimization procedure efficiently combines the finite element method and the IP optimization algorithm and is implemented using the Abaqus2Matlab toolbox which allows for the transfer of data between Matlab and Abaqus and vice versa. It is found that the proposed methodology can lead to the optimum design of the steel plate girder for all stiffener cross-section types with an acceptable accuracy and a reduced computational effort. Based on the optimization results, the optimum positions of two longitudinal stiffeners with various cross-section shapes are presented for the first time. It is reported that the optimum locations of two longitudinal stiffeners with open cross-section shapes (T- and L-shaped) are similar to that of flat cross-section, while the optimum positions of two longitudinal stiffeners with closed cross-section types (rectangular and triangular sections) are slightly different. One of the main findings of this study is that the bend-buckling coefficient of the stiffened girder having stiffeners with triangular cross-section shape is highest while that with flat cross-section shape is lowest among all considered stiffener types and this latter case has minimum requirement regarding the web thickness.

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20

Siswanto, Waluyo Adi, Badrul Omar, and Shamsir Shukri. "Numerical Investigation of Hollow Metal Cross Section Profiles on Impact." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 3241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.3241.

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A front bumper of a car is attached to the main vehicle structure by using hollow metals. This paper investigates various cross section profiles that can be used as bumper attachments. Several cross section profiles with the same circumscribe are firstly selected, i.e. round, square, triangular and hexagonal shape cross sections. Each model is then numerically impacted in an axial mode as if it is crashed into a rigid wall with an impacting velocity of 10 m/s or equivalent to 36 m/s. A dynamic-explicit open source software Impact is employed to do the simulation. The displacement results are monitored in the first 1:8ms then compared to the models that can absorb better showing the less displaced in certain examination nodes. The results shows that the triangle cross section performs better compared to other cross sections.

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21

Finch, R. M., Á. Kövér, M. Charlton, and G. Laricchia. "Differential cross-section measurements in positron–argon collisions." Canadian Journal of Physics 74, no. 7-8 (July 1, 1996): 505–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p96-072.

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Differential cross sections for elastic scattering and ionization in positron–argon collisions as a function of energy (40–150 eV) are reported at 60°. Of particular interest is the energy range 55–60 eV, where earlier measurements by the Detroit group found a drop in the elastic-scattering cross section of a factor of 2. This structure has been tentatively attributed to a cross channel-coupling effect with an open inelastic-scattering channel, most likely ionization. Our results indicate that ionization remains an important channel over the same energy range and only begins to decrease at an energy above 60 eV.

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22

Peixoto, G. G., Mauro Angelo Alves, InÃ¡cio M. Martin, and Mirabel C. Rezende. "A Medium Open Range Radar Cross Section Facility in Brazil." PIERS Online 5, no. 4 (2009): 381–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2529/piers090220150508.

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23

Rozzi, T., and P. D. Sewell. "The continuous spectrum of open waveguides of nonseparable cross section." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 40, no. 11 (1992): 1283–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/8.202705.

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24

Pastor, M. M., and F. Roure. "Open cross-section beams under pure bending. I. Experimental investigations." Thin-Walled Structures 46, no. 5 (May 2008): 476–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2007.10.013.

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25

Roberts, T. M. "Natural Frequencies of Thin‐Walled Bars of Open Cross Section." Journal of Engineering Mechanics 113, no. 10 (October 1987): 1584–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9399(1987)113:10(1584).

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26

Eisenberger, Moshe, and Rony Cohen. "Flexural-Torsional Buckling of Variable and Open Cross-Section Members." Journal of Engineering Mechanics 121, no. 2 (February 1995): 244–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9399(1995)121:2(244).

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27

Eisenberger, Moshe. "Nonuniform torsional analysis of variable and open cross-section bars." Thin-Walled Structures 21, no. 2 (January 1995): 93–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0263-8231(94)00027-w.

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28

Chou, Ri-Chee, and Shung-Wu Lee. "Radar cross-section reduction studies of partially open cavity structures." International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 1, no. 4 (December 1988): 207–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnm.1660010405.

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29

Valido, Aníbal J. J., and João Barradas Cardoso. "Design variation of thin-walled composite beam cross-section properties." Multidiscipline Modeling in Materials and Structures 12, no. 3 (October 10, 2016): 558–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mmms-12-2015-0081.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present a design sensitivity analysis continuum formulation for the cross-section properties of thin-walled laminated composite beams. These properties are expressed as integrals based on the cross-section geometry, on the warping functions for torsion, on shear bending and shear warping, and on the individual stiffness of the laminates constituting the cross-section. Design/methodology/approach In order to determine its properties, the cross-section geometry is modeled by quadratic isoparametric finite elements. For design sensitivity calculations, the cross-section is modeled throughout design elements to which the element sensitivity equations correspond. Geometrically, the design elements may coincide with the laminates that constitute the cross-section. Findings The developed formulation is based on the concept of adjoint system, which suffers a specific adjoint warping for each of the properties depending on warping. The lamina orientation and the laminate thickness are selected as design variables. Originality/value The developed formulation can be applied in a unified way to open, closed or hybrid cross-sections.

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30

Zhukova, Valentina. "Angular analysis of the e+e- → D(*)D* process near the open-charm threshold using initial-state radiation." EPJ Web of Conferences 202 (2019): 06008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201920206008.

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We report new measurement of the exclusive e+e- → D(*)±D*∓ cross sections as a function of center-of-mass energy from the D(∗)±D∗∓ threshold up to $ \sqrt s $ = 6.0 GeV with initial state radiation. The analysis is based on a data sample collected by the Belle detector with an integrated luminosity of 951 fb−1. The accuracy of the cross section measurement is increased by a factor of 2 in comparison with the first Belle study. We have performed the first angular analysis of the e+e- → D∗±D∗∓ process and decomposed this exclusive cross section into three components corresponding to the different D∗ helicities.

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31

Andjelic, Nina, and Vesna Milosevic-Mitic. "An approach to the optimization of thin-walled cantilever open section beams." Theoretical and Applied Mechanics 34, no. 4 (2007): 323–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tam0704323a.

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An approach to the optimization of the thin-walled cantilever open section beams subjected to the bending and to the constrained torsion is considered. The problem is reduced to the determination of minimum mass, i.e. minimum cross-sectional area of structural thin-walled I-beam and channel-section beam elements for given loads, material and geometrical characteristics. The area of the cross-section is assumed to be the objective function. The stress constraints are introduced. Applying the Lagrange multiplier method the equations, whose solutions represent the optimal values of the ratios of the parts of the chosen cross-section, are formed. The obtained results are used for numerical calculation.

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32

Han, Yan-Cheng, and Said M. Easa. "New and improved three and one-third parabolic channel and most efficient hydraulic section." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 44, no. 5 (May 2017): 387–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2016-0535.

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Several parabolic-shaped open channel sections are available in the literature, including quadratic and semi-cubic parabolic sections. This paper presents a three and one-third parabolic cross-section that has superior characteristics compared to those of previous parabolic-shaped sections. The section characteristics, including two approximate formulas for the wetted perimeter and a simple iterative formula for the normal water depth are presented. The exact solution for the most efficient hydraulic section is derived. The results show the width–depth ratio for the most efficient hydraulic section is 2.1273. Practical applications of the proposed most efficient hydraulic section are presented, including direct formulas for the discharge and explicit formulas of normal and critical depths. The results show that the proposed section improves the hydraulic characteristics compared with other parabolic sections and trapezoidal section.

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33

Tarnai, T. "Unsymmetrical Bending of Beams: A Matrix Formulation." International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Education 24, no. 2 (April 1996): 144–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030641909602400208.

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In this note the bending of uniform straight beams of unsymmetrical cross-section is investigated by matrices. The importance of the matrix of the inertia tensor of the cross-section is shown. Matrix formulae are presented for the normal stress, the flexural shearing stress in the case of thin-walled open sections, and the deflection curve in the case of small displacements. Matrix formulation makes this problem easy to handle; and so it provides an aid in teaching the subject.

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34

Kovac, Michal. "Elastic Critical Force for Torsional-Flexural Buckling of Metal Members with Mono-Symmetric Cross-Sections." Applied Mechanics and Materials 769 (June 2015): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.769.36.

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The paper deals with torsional-flexural buckling of thin-walled metal members with mono-symmetric open cross-sections and with various torsional and flexural boundary conditions. An approximate method, which is located in recent norms, for calculation of critical forces of such member cases are focused on. For chosen type of mono-symmetric open cross-section a parametric study of critical forces by the approximate method and by as a reference taken FEM method are performed.

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35

Chen, Zhewu, Zhanda Huang, Yong Guo, and Guibing Li. "Prediction of Mechanical Properties of Thin-Walled Bar with Open Cross-Section under Restrained Torsion." Coatings 12, no. 5 (April 21, 2022): 562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12050562.

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Thin-walled bars with an open cross-section are widely used in mechanical structures where weight and size control are particularly required. Thus, this paper attempts to propose a theoretical model for predicting the mechanical properties of a thin-walled bar with an open cross-section under restrained torsion. Firstly, a theoretical model with predictions of shear stress, buckling normal stress, and secondary shear stress of the thin-walled bar with open cross-section under the condition of restrained torsion was developed based on torsion theory. Then, physical test and finite element modeling data were employed to validate the theoretical predictions. The results indicate that the theoretical predictions show good agreements with data of finite element modeling and experiments. Therefore, the proposed theoretical model could be used for the prediction of the mechanical response of a thin-walled bar with an open annular section under restrained torsion.

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36

EI-Shabshiry, M., SY EI Bakry, AH Moussa, and MA Abdel-Raouf. "Positron?Lithium Inelastic Scattering with Polarisation Potentials." Australian Journal of Physics 44, no. 6 (1991): 677. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ph910677.

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Positron-lithium inelastic scattering is studied at positron energies ranging from 0�005 to 20 eV using the coupled static model. Two channels are open namely the elastic and positronium formation. The polarisation potentials of the Li atom in the first channel and that of the positronium atom in the second channel are taken into consideration in calculating the corresponding cross sections. The partial cross sections in each channel are calculated for eight values of the total angular momentum (0 ~.e ~ 7). In the elastic channel the total cross section Ull has its maximum value at the lowest energy, and decreases with an increase in positron energy Ki. The total positronium formation cross section has a small dip at 0�1 eV, and maximum value at Ki = 1 �4 eV, and then decreases smoothly with e+ energy. We compare our results with those of Ward et al. (1989) where positronium formation is ignored. The agreement in elastic cross sections improves with e+ energy, while the total collisional cross sections have the closest agreement at 1�0 eV. From this comparison, we find that positronium formation is important in the very low energy region, and the role of the excitation cross section increases steadily with e+ energy.

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37

MAEKAWA, Ichiro, and Kazufumi UDA. "Impact Elastic and Plastic Bending of Beam with Open-Cross Section." Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan 47, no. 3 (1998): 240–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2472/jsms.47.240.

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38

SHIZAWA, Kazuyuki, and Kunihiro TAKAHASHI. "Experimental discussions on distortion of thin-walled open cross section members." Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu, no. 450 (1992): 193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscej.1992.450_193.

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39

Torrisi, Giuseppe, Ornella Leonardi, Giorgio Sebastiano Mauro, Luigi Celona, and Gino Sorbello. "Synthesis of open structures starting from closed-cross-section waveguide devices." IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation 14, no. 13 (October 28, 2020): 1522–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-map.2019.0879.

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40

Crozier, Stuart, Lawrence K. Forbes, and David M. Doddrell. "A novel, open access, elliptical cross-section magnet for paediatric MRI." Measurement Science and Technology 9, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/9/1/015.

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41

Railton, C. J., and J. P. Mcgeehan. "Characterisation of microstrip open-end with rectangular and trapezoidal cross-section." Electronics Letters 26, no. 11 (May 24, 1990): 685–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19900447.

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42

Pastor, M. M., and F. Roure. "Open cross-section beams under pure bending II. Finite element simulation." Thin-Walled Structures 47, no. 5 (May 2009): 514–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2008.10.021.

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43

Mentrasti, Lando. "Curved thin-walled open-closed cross section beams with finite width." International Journal of Engineering Science 33, no. 4 (March 1995): 497–524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7225(94)00076-x.

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44

Kubiak, Tomasz. "Estimation of dynamic buckling for composite columns with open cross-section." Computers & Structures 89, no. 21-22 (November 2011): 2001–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2011.07.002.

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45

Ronagh, H. R., and M. A. Bradford. "Non-linear analysis of thin-walled members of open cross-section." International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 46, no. 4 (October 10, 1999): 535–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0207(19991010)46:4<535::aid-nme686>3.0.co;2-q.

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46

Kubiak, Tomasz, Mariusz Urbaniak, and Filip Kazmierczyk. "The Influence of the Layer Arrangement on the Distortional Post-Buckling Behavior of Open Section Beams." Materials 13, no. 13 (July 6, 2020): 3002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13133002.

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The paper deals with the design of the stacking sequence of layers in the laminate beams with open-cross sections in order to create the desired behavior in the post-buckling range. Laminate beams with channel and lipped channel cross-sections made of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) laminate with different layer arrangements (symmetrical and nonsymmetrical) have been considered. In case of the nonsymmetrical stacking sequences, hygro-thermally curvature stable (HTCS) laminates have been taken into account. Pure bending was assumed as the type of load. In the case of beams with open cross-sections, this load type can cause the lateral-distortional buckling mode. A parametric study was performed to analyze the influence of layer arrangement on post-buckling behavior. The finite element method was used to developed numerical models and conduct simulations. Additionally, the experimental tests of the channel section beams were performed in order to validate the developed numerical models.

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47

Chiapponi, L., M. Ungarish, D. Petrolo, V. Di Federico, and S. Longo. "Non-Boussinesq gravity currents and surface waves generated by lock release in a circular-section channel: theoretical and experimental investigation." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 869 (May 2, 2019): 610–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2019.226.

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We present a combined theoretical and experimental study of lock-release inertial gravity currents (GCs) propagating in a horizontal channel of circular cross-section with open-top surface in the non-Boussinesq regime. A two-layer shallow-water (SW) model is developed for a generic shape of the cross-section with open top, and then implemented in a finite difference numerical code for the solution in a circular-cross-section channel of the type used in the experiments. The model predicts propagation with (almost) constant speed for a fairly long distance, accompanied by a depression of the ambient free open-top surface behind the front of the current. Sixteen experiments were conducted with a density ratio $r=0.587{-}0.939$ in full-depth and part-depth release conditions, measuring the front speed and the free-surface time series at four cross-sections. The channel was a circular tube 409 cm long, with a radius of 9.5 cm; the lengths of the locks were 52 and 103.5 cm. Density contrast was obtained by adding sodium chloride and dipotassium phosphate to fresh water. The theoretical values of the front speed and of the depression overestimate the experimental values, but they predict correctly their trend for varying parameters and provide reliable insights into the underlying mechanisms. In particular, we demonstrate that the circular cross-section increases the speed of propagation as compared to the standard rectangular cross-section case (for the same initial height and density ratio). The discrepancies between the SW predictions and the present experiments are of the same order of magnitude as those of previously published results for simpler systems (Boussinesq, rectangular). In addition to the depression, which is a wave bound to, and following the front of, the GC, the system also displays two kinds of free-surface waves, namely the initial bump (its amplitude is of the same order as the depression) and some short-length and low-amplitude waves in the tail of the bump. These free waves propagate with a celerity well predicted by the ‘fast’ eigenvalues of the mathematical model. Comparison is provided with the celerity of a solitary wave. It is expected that discrepancies between theory and experiments can be partly attributed to the presence of these waves. The reported insights and SW prediction method can be applied to a variety of cross-sections of practical interest (triangles, trapezoids, etc.).

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Paoletti, Michele, Marco Pellegrini, Alberto Belli, Paola Pierleoni, Francesca Sini, Nicola Pezzotta, and Lorenzo Palma. "Discharge Monitoring in Open-Channels: An Operational Rating Curve Management Tool." Sensors 23, no. 4 (February 10, 2023): 2035. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23042035.

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An aspect correlated with climate change is certainly represented by the alternation of severe floods and relevant drought periods. Moreover, there is evidence that changes in climate and land cover are inducing changes in stream channel cross-sections, altering local channel capacity. A direct consequence of a significant change in the local channel capacity is that the relationship between the amount of water flowing at a given point in a river or stream (usually at gauging stations) and the corresponding stage in that section, known as a stage–discharge relationship or rating curve, is changed. The key messages deriving from the present work are: (a) the more frequent and extreme the floods become, the more rapid the changes in the stream channel cross-section become, (b) from an operational point of view, the collection and processing of field measurements of the stage and corresponding discharge at a given section in order to quickly and frequently update the rating curve becomes a priority. It is, therefore, necessary to define a control system for acquiring hydrological data capable of keeping river levels and discharges under control to support flood early warnings and water management. The proposed stage–discharge management system is used by the Civil Protection Service of the Marche Region (east-central Italy) for the monitoring of river runoff in the regional watersheds. The Civil Protection Service staff performs stage–discharge field measurements using water level sensors and recorders (e.g., staff gauges, submersible pressure transducers, ultrasound and radar sensors) and a current meter, acoustic doppler velocimeter, acoustic doppler current profilers, portable mobile radar profiler and salt dilution method equipment, respectively. Power functions are fitted to the stage–discharge field data. Furthermore, extrapolation is performed to cover the full range of flow measurements; in general, extrapolation is not an easy task because of sharp changes in the stream cross-section geometry for very high or very low stages. In the present work, we also focused attention on the application problems that occur in practice and the need for frequent updating.

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Chryssomallis, M., K. Siakavara, and J. N. Sahalos. "A study of open thick microstrip: the hybrid quasistatic approximation." Canadian Journal of Physics 67, no. 8 (August 1, 1989): 747–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p89-131.

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In this paper we study microstrips with rectangular and rounded edge cross sections. A hybrid quasistatic method is applied and the effective permittivity and the attenuation constant of the microstrip are found. Instead of the dielectric constant of the substrate an ideational one is used that depends on the geometry and the frequency. The attenuation constant for the rectangular microstrip was found to be in good agreement with values given in the literature. A microstrip with a rounded edge cross section has a smaller attenuation constant due to the conductor than that of a microstrip with a rectangular crosssection. Thus, a rounded edge microstrip is preferred because it will give an appreciable effect in reducing the ohmic losses of the line.

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50

Ayundaningtyas, Prima Safitri, Abdul Halim, and Riman Riman. "Analysis of the Cross Section Planning of Jepara’s Secondary Channels in Serayu Irrigation Area of Sumpiuh Irrigation Channels Cilacap Central Java." JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND APPLIED ENGINEERING 5, no. 2 (September 25, 2022): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31328/jsae.v5i2.4039.

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Central Java is one of the provinces in Indonesia that relies on the agricultural sector. The agricultural centre in the province is located in Cilacap regency. In order to improve agricultural products, adequate facilities and infrastructure are required, one of which is the Jepara Secondary Channel. Channels on the Secondary Channel Jepara majority is no longer worth using. So much agricultural land is less maximal in water utilization. On the Jepara secondary channel, there is no similar cross-section of channels; some use a cross-section of soil, stone, and concrete, and there is cross-sectional damage. In connection with the problem, a cross-sectional planning analysis of secondary channels needs to be conducted. Consider effective rainfall analysis, irrigation needs analysis, and open hydraulic analysis. The results obtained from the analysis should indicate that the discharge flowed by the existing channel (Qs) must be greater than or equal to the planned discharge (Q0). Based on the results, two channels cannot accommodate the discharge of water needs (Q0), namely in section 1 and section 6, so it needs to be redesigned. However, by analyzing cross sections along channels with a varied cross-section shapes. Then planned design for all fields by using alternative four. This is because using a cross-sectional combination of trapezoid and u-ditch 70x80 cm can shorten working time and make construction costs more affordable.

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