Journal articles: 'OOV translation'

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Permata, Permata, and Zaenal Abidin. "Statistical Machine Translation Pada Bahasa Lampung Dialek Api Ke Bahasa Indonesia." JURNAL MEDIA INFORMATIKA BUDIDARMA 4, no. 3 (July 20, 2020): 519. http://dx.doi.org/10.30865/mib.v4i3.2116.

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In this research, automatic translation of the Lampung dialect into Indonesian was carried out using the statistical machine translation (SMT) approach. Translation of the Lampung language to Indonesian can be done by using a dictionary. Another alternative is to use the Lampung parallel body corpus and its translation in Indonesian with the SMT approach. The SMT approach is carried out in several phases. Starting from the pre-processing phase which is the initial stage to prepare a parallel corpus. Then proceed with the training phase, namely the parallel corpus processing phase to obtain a language model and translation model. Then the testing phase, and ends with the evaluation phase. SMT testing uses 25 single sentences without out-of-vocabulary (OOV), 25 single sentences with OOV, 25 compound sentences without OOV and 25 compound sentences with OOV. The results of testing the translation of Lampung sentences into Indonesian shows the accuracy of the Bilingual Evaluation Undestudy (BLEU) obtained is 77.07% in 25 single sentences without out-of-vocabulary (OOV), 72.29% in 25 single sentences with OOV, 79.84% at 25 compound sentences without OOV and 80.84% at 25 compound sentences with OOV.

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Abidin, Zaenal. "Translation of Sentence Lampung-Indonesian Languages with Neural Machine Translation Attention Based Approach." Inovasi Pembangunan : Jurnal Kelitbangan 6, no. 02 (August 1, 2018): 191–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.35450/jip.v6i02.97.

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In this research, automatically Lampung language translation into the Indonesian language was using neural machine translation (NMT) attention based approach. NMT, a new approach method in machine translation technology, that has worked by combining the encoder and decoder. The encoder in NMT is a recurrent neural network component that encrypts the source language to several length-stable vectors and the decoder is a recurrent neural networks component that generates translation result comprehensive. NMT Research has begun with creating a pair of 3000 parallel sentences of Lampung language (api dialect) and Indonesian language. Then it continues to decide the NMT parameter model for the data training process. The next step is building NMT model and evaluate it. The testing of this approach has used 25 single sentences without out-of-vocabulary (OOV), 25 single sentences with OOV, 25 plural sentences without OOV, and 25 plural sentences with OOV. The testing translation result using NMT attention shows the bilingual evaluation understudy (BLEU) an average value is 51, 96 %.

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Huang, Chung-Chi, Ho-Ching Yen, Ping-Che Yang, Shih-Ting Huang, and Jason S. Chang. "Using Sublexical Translations to Handle the OOV Problem in Machine Translation." ACM Transactions on Asian Language Information Processing 10, no. 3 (September 2011): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2002980.2002986.

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Raju, B. N. V. Narasimha, M. S. V. S. Bhadri Raju, and K. V. V. Satyanarayana. "Effective preprocessing based neural machine translation for English to Telugu cross-language information retrieval." IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI) 10, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijai.v10.i2.pp306-315.

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<span id="docs-internal-guid-5b69f940-7fff-f443-1f09-a00e5e983714"><span>In cross-language information retrieval (CLIR), the neural machine translation (NMT) plays a vital role. CLIR retrieves the information written in a language which is different from the user's query language. In CLIR, the main concern is to translate the user query from the source language to the target language. NMT is useful for translating the data from one language to another. NMT has better accuracy for different languages like English to German and so-on. In this paper, NMT has applied for translating English to Indian languages, especially for Telugu. Besides NMT, an effort is also made to improve accuracy by applying effective preprocessing mechanism. The role of effective preprocessing in improving accuracy will be less but countable. Machine translation (MT) is a data-driven approach where parallel corpus will act as input in MT. NMT requires a massive amount of parallel corpus for performing the translation. Building an English - Telugu parallel corpus is costly because they are resource-poor languages. Different mechanisms are available for preparing the parallel corpus. The major issue in preparing parallel corpus is data replication that is handled during preprocessing. The other issue in machine translation is the out-of-vocabulary (OOV) problem. Earlier dictionaries are used to handle OOV problems. To overcome this problem the rare words are segmented into sequences of subwords during preprocessing. The parameters like accuracy, perplexity, cross-entropy and BLEU scores shows better translation quality for NMT with effective preprocessing.</span></span>

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Lee, Jangwon, Jungi Lee , Minho Lee , and Gil-Jin Jang. "Named Entity Correction in Neural Machine Translation Using the Attention Alignment Map." Applied Sciences 11, no. 15 (July 29, 2021): 7026. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11157026.

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Neural machine translation (NMT) methods based on various artificial neural network models have shown remarkable performance in diverse tasks and have become mainstream for machine translation currently. Despite the recent successes of NMT applications, a predefined vocabulary is still required, meaning that it cannot cope with out-of-vocabulary (OOV) or rarely occurring words. In this paper, we propose a postprocessing method for correcting machine translation outputs using a named entity recognition (NER) model to overcome the problem of OOV words in NMT tasks. We use attention alignment mapping (AAM) between the named entities of input and output sentences, and mistranslated named entities are corrected using word look-up tables. The proposed method corrects named entities only, so it does not require retraining of existing NMT models. We carried out translation experiments on a Chinese-to-Korean translation task for Korean historical documents, and the evaluation results demonstrated that the proposed method improved the bilingual evaluation understudy (BLEU) score by 3.70 from the baseline.

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Paul, Saptarshi, and Bipul shyam Purkhyastha. "HANDLING AVIATION OOV WORDS FOR MACHINE TRANSLATION AND CORPUS CREATION." Indian Journal of Computer Science and Engineering 11, no. 5 (October 31, 2020): 471–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21817/indjcse/2020/v11i5/201105102.

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Zhang, Ying, Phil Vines, and Justin Zobel. "Chinese OOV translation and post-translation query expansion in chinese--english cross-lingual information retrieval." ACM Transactions on Asian Language Information Processing 4, no. 2 (June 2005): 57–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1105696.1105697.

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Aqlan, Fares, Xiaoping Fan, Abdullah Alqwbani, and Akram Al-Mansoub. "Improved Arabic–Chinese Machine Translation with Linguistic Input Features." Future Internet 11, no. 1 (January 19, 2019): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi11010022.

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This study presents linguistically augmented models of phrase-based statistical machine translation (PBSMT) using different linguistic features (factors) on the top of the source surface form. The architecture addresses two major problems occurring in machine translation, namely the poor performance of direct translation from a highly-inflected and morphologically complex language into morphologically poor languages, and the data sparseness issue, which becomes a significant challenge under low-resource conditions. We use three factors (lemma, part-of-speech tags, and morphological features) to enrich the input side with additional information to improve the quality of direct translation from Arabic to Chinese, considering the importance and global presence of this language pair as well as the limitation of work on machine translation between these two languages. In an effort to deal with the issue of the out of vocabulary (OOV) words and missing words, we propose the best combination of factors and models based on alternative paths. The proposed models were compared with the standard PBSMT model which represents the baseline of this work, and two enhanced approaches tokenized by a state-of-the-art external tool that has been proven to be useful for Arabic as a morphologically rich and complex language. The experiment was performed with a Moses decoder on freely available data extracted from a multilingual corpus from United Nation documents (MultiUN). Results of a preliminary evaluation in terms of BLEU scores show that the use of linguistic features on the Arabic side considerably outperforms baseline and tokenized approaches, the system can consistently reduce the OOV rate as well.

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Mrinalini, K., T. Nagarajan, and P. Vijayalakshmi. "Pause-Based Phrase Extraction and Effective OOV Handling for Low-Resource Machine Translation Systems." ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing 18, no. 2 (February 10, 2019): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3265751.

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Wang, Longyue, Derek F. Wong, Lidia S. Chao, Yi Lu, and Junwen Xing. "A Systematic Comparison of Data Selection Criteria for SMT Domain Adaptation." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/745485.

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Data selection has shown significant improvements in effective use of training data by extracting sentences from large general-domain corpora to adapt statistical machine translation (SMT) systems to in-domain data. This paper performs an in-depth analysis of three different sentence selection techniques. The first one is cosine tf-idf, which comes from the realm of information retrieval (IR). The second is perplexity-based approach, which can be found in the field of language modeling. These two data selection techniques applied to SMT have been already presented in the literature. However, edit distance for this task is proposed in this paper for the first time. After investigating the individual model, a combination of all three techniques is proposed at both corpus level and model level. Comparative experiments are conducted on Hong Kong law Chinese-English corpus and the results indicate the following: (i) the constraint degree of similarity measuring is not monotonically related to domain-specific translation quality; (ii) the individual selection models fail to perform effectively and robustly; but (iii) bilingual resources and combination methods are helpful to balance out-of-vocabulary (OOV) and irrelevant data; (iv) finally, our method achieves the goal to consistently boost the overall translation performance that can ensure optimal quality of a real-life SMT system.

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Cing, Dim Lam, and Khin Mar Soe. "Improving accuracy of Part-of-Speech (POS) tagging using hidden markov model and morphological analysis for Myanmar Language." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 10, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v10i2.pp2023-2030.

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In Natural Language Processing (NLP), Word segmentation and Part-of-Speech (POS) tagging are fundamental tasks. The POS information is also necessary in NLP’s preprocessing work applications such as machine translation (MT), information retrieval (IR), etc. Currently, there are many research efforts in word segmentation and POS tagging developed separately with different methods to get high performance and accuracy. For Myanmar Language, there are also separate word segmentors and POS taggers based on statistical approaches such as Neural Network (NN) and Hidden Markov Models (HMMs). But, as the Myanmar language's complex morphological structure, the OOV problem still exists. To keep away from error and improve segmentation by utilizing POS data, segmentation and labeling should be possible at the same time.The main goal of developing POS tagger for any Language is to improve accuracy of tagging and remove ambiguity in sentences due to language structure. This paper focuses on developing word segmentation and Part-of- Speech (POS) Tagger for Myanmar Language. This paper presented the comparison of separate word segmentation and POS tagging with joint word segmentation and POS tagging.

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Emiru, Eshete Derb, Shengwu Xiong, Yaxing Li, Awet Fesseha, and Moussa Diallo. "Improving Amharic Speech Recognition System Using Connectionist Temporal Classification with Attention Model and Phoneme-Based Byte-Pair-Encodings." Information 12, no. 2 (February 3, 2021): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info12020062.

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Out-of-vocabulary (OOV) words are the most challenging problem in automatic speech recognition (ASR), especially for morphologically rich languages. Most end-to-end speech recognition systems are performed at word and character levels of a language. Amharic is a poorly resourced but morphologically rich language. This paper proposes hybrid connectionist temporal classification with attention end-to-end architecture and a syllabification algorithm for Amharic automatic speech recognition system (AASR) using its phoneme-based subword units. This algorithm helps to insert the epithetic vowel እ[ɨ], which is not included in our Grapheme-to-Phoneme (G2P) conversion algorithm developed using consonant–vowel (CV) representations of Amharic graphemes. The proposed end-to-end model was trained in various Amharic subwords, namely characters, phonemes, character-based subwords, and phoneme-based subwords generated by the byte-pair-encoding (BPE) segmentation algorithm. Experimental results showed that context-dependent phoneme-based subwords tend to result in more accurate speech recognition systems than the character-based, phoneme-based, and character-based subword counterparts. Further improvement was also obtained in proposed phoneme-based subwords with the syllabification algorithm and SpecAugment data augmentation technique. The word error rate (WER) reduction was 18.38% compared to character-based acoustic modeling with the word-based recurrent neural network language modeling (RNNLM) baseline. These phoneme-based subword models are also useful to improve machine and speech translation tasks.

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Cho, Danbi, Hyunyoung Lee, and Seungshik Kang. "An Empirical Study of Korean Sentence Representation with Various Tokenizations." Electronics 10, no. 7 (April 1, 2021): 845. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10070845.

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It is important how the token unit is defined in a sentence in natural language process tasks, such as text classification, machine translation, and generation. Many studies recently utilized the subword tokenization in language models such as BERT, KoBERT, and ALBERT. Although these language models achieved state-of-the-art results in various NLP tasks, it is not clear whether the subword tokenization is the best token unit for Korean sentence embedding. Thus, we carried out sentence embedding based on word, morpheme, subword, and submorpheme, respectively, on Korean sentiment analysis. We explored the two-sentence representation methods for sentence embedding: considering the order of tokens in a sentence and not considering the order. While inputting a sentence, which is decomposed by token unit, to the two-sentence representation methods, we construct the sentence embedding with various tokenizations to find the most effective token unit for Korean sentence embedding. In our work, we confirmed: the robustness of the subword unit for out-of-vocabulary (OOV) problems compared to other token units, the disadvantage of replacing whitespace with a particular symbol in the sentiment analysis task, and that the optimal vocabulary size is 16K in subword and submorpheme tokenization. We empirically noticed that the subword, which was tokenized by a vocabulary size of 16K without replacement of whitespace, was the most effective for sentence embedding on the Korean sentiment analysis task.

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Byambadorj, Zolzaya, Ryota Nishimura, Altangerel Ayush, and Norihide Kitaoka. "Normalization of Transliterated Mongolian Words Using Seq2Seq Model with Limited Data." ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing 20, no. 6 (November 30, 2021): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3464361.

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The huge increase in social media use in recent years has resulted in new forms of social interaction, changing our daily lives. Due to increasing contact between people from different cultures as a result of globalization, there has also been an increase in the use of the Latin alphabet, and as a result a large amount of transliterated text is being used on social media. In this study, we propose a variety of character level sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq) models for normalizing noisy, transliterated text written in Latin script into Mongolian Cyrillic script, for scenarios in which there is a limited amount of training data available. We applied performance enhancement methods, which included various beam search strategies, N-gram-based context adoption, edit distance-based correction and dictionary-based checking, in novel ways to two basic seq2seq models. We experimentally evaluated these two basic models as well as fourteen enhanced seq2seq models, and compared their noisy text normalization performance with that of a transliteration model and a conventional statistical machine translation (SMT) model. The proposed seq2seq models improved the robustness of the basic seq2seq models for normalizing out-of-vocabulary (OOV) words, and most of our models achieved higher normalization performance than the conventional method. When using test data during our text normalization experiment, our proposed method which included checking each hypothesis during the inference period achieved the lowest word error rate (WER = 13.41%), which was 4.51% fewer errors than when using the conventional SMT method.

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Netisopakul, Ponrudee, Gerhard Wohlgenannt, Aleksei Pulich, and Zar Zar Hlaing. "Improving the state-of-the-art in Thai semantic similarity using distributional semantics and ontological information." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 17, 2021): e0246751. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246751.

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Research into semantic similarity has a long history in lexical semantics, and it has applications in many natural language processing (NLP) tasks like word sense disambiguation or machine translation. The task of calculating semantic similarity is usually presented in the form of datasets which contain word pairs and a human-assigned similarity score. Algorithms are then evaluated by their ability to approximate the gold standard similarity scores. Many such datasets, with different characteristics, have been created for English language. Recently, four of those were transformed to Thai language versions, namely WordSim-353, SimLex-999, SemEval-2017-500, and R&G-65. Given those four datasets, in this work we aim to improve the previous baseline evaluations for Thai semantic similarity and solve challenges of unsegmented Asian languages (particularly the high fraction of out-of-vocabulary (OOV) dataset terms). To this end we apply and integrate different strategies to compute similarity, including traditional word-level embeddings, subword-unit embeddings, and ontological or hybrid sources like WordNet and ConceptNet. With our best model, which combines self-trained fastText subword embeddings with ConceptNet Numberbatch, we managed to raise the state-of-the-art, measured with the harmonic mean of Pearson on Spearman ρ, by a large margin from 0.356 to 0.688 for TH-WordSim-353, from 0.286 to 0.769 for TH-SemEval-500, from 0.397 to 0.717 for TH-SimLex-999, and from 0.505 to 0.901 for TWS-65.

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van Heest, Cocky. "Met Het Oog op Vertalingen." Toegepaste Taalwetenschap in Artikelen 59 (January 1, 1998): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttwia.59.11hee.

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After studying the functional model for translation quality assessment created by Hulst (1995) and primarily aimed at revealing textual relations, we addressed the question whether this model would enable us to define 'functional' errors, i.e. errors that obscure the textual relations in such a way that the text function cannot be understood properly. To find an answer to this question, two Spanish texts were analysed according to the method of text analysis of Hulst's model, and subsequently, 26 Dutch translations were broadly analysed. A systematic comparison of the translation errors with the analyses of the source texts demonstrated that errors causing changes in textual relations nearly always reduce the comprehensibility of the text, while other mistakes do not cause misunder-standing. Hence, the research has demonstrated that in fact a distinction can be made between 'functional' and 'non-functional' errors, and the criterion for such a classification is not the type of error, but its effect on the textual relations. An investigation among Dutch readers of the translations has convincingly confirmed this conclusion.

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Qu, Jian, Le Minh Nguyen, and Akira Shimazu. "Cross-language information extraction and auto evaluation for OOV term translations." China Communications 13, no. 12 (December 2016): 277–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cc.2016.7897550.

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Van Zyl, H. C. "Vertalingstrategie met die oog op sinopsissamestelling." Verbum et Ecclesia 20, no. 2 (August 10, 1999): 465–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ve.v20i2.613.

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Author is in the process of compiling a synopsis of the synoptic Gospels in Afrikaans. A new, literal translation is being made to serve the needs of synoptic comparison. This article deals with the translation strategy which follows. The strategy rests on two pillars: consistently rendering, as far as possible, a single Greek word by the same Afrikaans equivalent, and keeping as closely as possible to the Greek syntax. Various aspects and problems of this strategy are discussed, illustrated with numerous examples.

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Braunagel, S. C., H. He, P. Ramamurthy, and M. D. Summers. "Transcription, Translation, and Cellular Localization of ThreeAutographa californicaNuclear Polyhedrosis Virus Structural Proteins: ODV-E18, ODV-E35, and ODV-EC27." Virology 222, no. 1 (August 1996): 100–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/viro.1996.0401.

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QU, JIAN, THANARUK THEERAMUNKONG, NGUYEN LE MING, AKIRA SHIMAZU, CHOLWICH NATTEE, and PAKINEE AIMMANEE. "A Flexible Rule-Based Approach to Learn Medical English-Chinese OOV Term Translations from the Web." International Journal of Computer Processing of Languages 24, no. 02 (June 2012): 207–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793840612400132.

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Odendaal, B., and N. Morgan. "’n Verslag oor die vertaling van dertien Jacques Brel-chansons in Afrikaans." Literator 30, no. 2 (July 16, 2009): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v30i2.76.

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A report on the translation of thirteen Jacques Brel chansons into Afrikaans The authors of this article also translated the thirteen Jacques Brel chansons in question into Afrikaans. A brief explanation of the generic nature of the French chanson and an evaluation of Brel’s stature as a twentieth-century chanson writer are followed by background details and a description of the translation process involved. Since literary quality is a particular characteristic of chanson lyrics, several paragraphs are dedicated to a discussion of the poetic nature of Brel’s songs.

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Chang, Chia-Pei, Chih-Yao Chang, Yi-Hsueh Lee, Yeong-Shin Lin, and Chien-Chia Wang. "Divergent Alanyl-tRNA Synthetase Genes of Vanderwaltozyma polyspora Descended from a Common Ancestor through Whole-Genome Duplication Followed by Asymmetric Evolution." Molecular and Cellular Biology 35, no. 13 (April 20, 2015): 2242–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.00018-15.

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Cytoplasmic and mitochondrial forms of a eukaryotic aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (aaRS) are generally encoded by two distinct nuclear genes, one of eukaryotic origin and the other of mitochondrial origin. However, in most known yeasts, only the mitochondrial-origin alanyl-tRNA synthetase (AlaRS) gene is retained and plays a dual-functional role. Here, we present a novel scenario of AlaRS evolution in the yeastVanderwaltozyma polyspora.V. polysporapossesses two significantly diverged AlaRS gene homologues, one encoding the cytoplasmic form and the other its mitochondrial counterpart. Clever selection of transcription and translation initiation sites enables the two isoforms to be localized and thus functional in their respective cellular compartments. However, the two isoforms can also be stably expressed and function in the reciprocal compartments by insertion or removal of a mitochondrial targeting signal. Synteny and phylogeny analyses revealed that the AlaRS homologues ofV. polysporaarose from a dual-functional common ancestor through whole-genome duplication (WGD). Moreover, the mitochondrial form had higher synonymous (1.6-fold) and nonsynonymous (2.8-fold) substitution rates than did its cytoplasmic counterpart, presumably due to a lesser constraint imposed on components of the mitochondrial translational apparatus. Our study suggests that asymmetric evolution confers the divergence between the AlaRS paralogues ofV. polyspora.

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Jeong, Ha-June. "A Study on the Japanese Words 「Ooi, Ookii, Takai, Tsuyoi」 in Japanese-Korean Translation." Korean Journal of Japanese Language and Literature 66 (September 30, 2015): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18704/kjjll.2015.09.66.61.

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Rashidan, Kianoush Khajeh, Nasha Nassoury, Paresa N. Giannopoulos, and Claude Guertin. "Transcription, Translation, and Immunolocalization of ODVP-6E/ODV-E56 and p74 Proteins: Two Highly Conserved ODV-associated Envelope Proteins of Choristoneura fumiferana Granulovirus." BMB Reports 38, no. 1 (January 31, 2005): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5483/bmbrep.2005.38.1.065.

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Raitskaya, L. K. "School of English for Applied Economics." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 5(38) (October 28, 2014): 212–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2014-5-38-212-215.

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Department of English Language № 5 was created at the Institute of Foreign Economic Relations in 2000, and since 2011 it has been working with the students of the Department of Applied Economics and Commerce. Department of English Language № 5 prepares training materials, multimedia courses, manuals and tutorials based on the up-to-date educational technologies. A series of textbooks and teaching materials was recently published by the Department. They are widely used in teaching business communication for Economists. This series include textbook "Commercial correspondence and documentation in English" by L.K. Raitskaya and L.V. Korovin, textbook "Business English with the use of case studies (case studies)" edited by O.V. Desyatova? and textbook "Two-way translation of dialogues commercial content"by O.V. Desyatova.

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Snyman, S. D. "Oor die inspirasie van die Bybel – ’n Perspektief van ’n Ou Testamentikus." Verbum et Ecclesia 24, no. 2 (November 17, 2003): 459–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ve.v24i2.333.

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This article is an attempt to engage in a onversation between biblical scholars and their dogmatic colleagues on the issue of the inspiration of the Bible. It is argued that current theories on the inspiration of the Bible can no longer be maintained in the light of our knowledge of the origin and growth of especially the Old Testament. Because of the fact that the Old Testament came into being over a considerable period of time, the idea of inspiration should be broadened to include the whole process of canonization. The idea of inspiration should be broadened ever further to include the translation and preaching of the Bible. In the end it is stated that the inspiration of the Bible is something that cannot be captured in a theory, it can only be confessed as part of the faith of believers.

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Ishii, Eiji, Shinobu Chiba, Narimasa Hashimoto, Seiji Kojima, Michio Homma, Koreaki Ito, Yoshinori Akiyama, and Hiroyuki Mori. "Nascent chain-monitored remodeling of the Sec machinery for salinity adaptation of marine bacteria." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 40 (September 21, 2015): E5513—E5522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1513001112.

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SecDF interacts with the SecYEG translocon in bacteria and enhances protein export in a proton-motive-force-dependent manner.Vibrio alginolyticus, a marine-estuarine bacterium, contains two SecDF paralogs, V.SecDF1 and V.SecDF2. Here, we show that the export-enhancing function of V.SecDF1 requires Na+instead of H+, whereas V.SecDF2 is Na+-independent, presumably requiring H+. In accord with the cation-preference difference, V.SecDF2 was only expressed under limited Na+concentrations whereas V.SecDF1 was constitutive. However, it is not the decreased concentration of Na+per se that the bacterium senses to up-regulate the V.SecDF2 expression, because marked up-regulation of the V.SecDF2 synthesis was observed irrespective of Na+concentrations under certain genetic/physiological conditions: (i) when thesecDF1VAgene was deleted and (ii) whenever the Sec export machinery was inhibited. VemP (Vibrioexport monitoring polypeptide), a secretory polypeptide encoded by the upstream ORF ofsecDF2VA,plays the primary role in this regulation by undergoing regulated translational elongation arrest, which leads to unfolding of the Shine–Dalgarno sequence for translation ofsecDF2VA.Genetic analysis ofV. alginolyticusestablished that the VemP-mediated regulation of SecDF2 is essential for the survival of this marine bacterium in low-salinity environments. These results reveal that a class of marine bacteria exploits nascent-chain ribosome interactions to optimize their protein export pathways to propagate efficiently under different ionic environments that they face in their life cycles.

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Ghossein, Hicham, Ahmed Arabi Hassen, Seokpum Kim, Jesse Ault, and Uday K. Vaidya. "Characterization of Mechanical Performance of Composites Fabricated Using Innovative Carbon Fiber Wet Laid Process." Journal of Composites Science 4, no. 3 (August 22, 2020): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs4030124.

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Recent innovation in production of optimized nonwoven wet laid (WL) carbon fiber (CF) mats raised the question of optimal translation of the performance and isotropy into composites formed through these dry preforms. This work explores the mechanical behavior of composites produced from WL-CF mats in conjunction with the microstructure predicted through Object Oriented Finite Element Analysis (OOF). The mats used for the composites were prepared in two dispersion regimes using 25.4 mm long CF. The mixing regimes discussed in the author’s previous work, are identified as Method 1 for the traditional processing regime and Method 2 for the innovative regime that provided optimal nonwoven WL-CF mats. Composite panels from Method 2 mats showed a normalized tensile strength increase of 52% over those from Method 1 panels. Reproducibility analysis of composites made from Method 2 mats demonstrated a standard deviation of 2% in fiber weight content, 2% in tensile modulus and 9% in tensile strength, while composites made from Method 1 mats demonstrated a standard deviation of 5% in fiber weight content, 5% in tensile modulus and 17% in tensile strength. Systematic study of the microstructure and its analysis through OOF confirmed the isotropy translation of mats produced through method 2 to the composites. This study validated the hypothesis that optimal nonwoven mats lead to a well-balanced composite with optimal performance and that non-optimal nonwoven mats do not pack into a well-balanced composite.

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Odendaal, B., and N. Morgan. "“Le plat pays” (Jacques Brel) poëties besing in Afrikaans – aantekeninge oor ikonisiteit in die oorspronklike en vertaalde chansontekste." Literator 30, no. 3 (July 16, 2009): 29–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v30i3.86.

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“Le plat pays” (Jacques Brel) poetically praised in Afrikaans – notes on iconicity in the original and translated chanson texts The authors of this article translated the well-known chanson about Flanders, “Le plat pays”, into Afrikaans as part of an extensive and ongoing Jacques Brel translation project initiated in 2005. In this analysis of both the original and translated “Le plat pays” lyrics, the marked poetic qualities of Brel’s chanson are laid bare, as are some semantic differences – and the implications for the analysis thereof – between source (original) and target (translated) texts.

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Chen, Chi-Jene, Guang-Wu Chen, Ching-Ho Wang, Chih-Heng Huang, Yeau-Ching Wang, and Shin-Ru Shih. "Differential Localization and Function of PB1-F2 Derived from Different Strains of Influenza A Virus." Journal of Virology 84, no. 19 (July 21, 2010): 10051–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00592-10.

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ABSTRACT PB1-F2 is a viral protein that is encoded by the PB1 gene of influenza A virus by alternative translation. It varies in length and sequence context among different strains. The present study examines the functions of PB1-F2 proteins derived from various human and avian viruses. While H1N1 PB1-F2 was found to target mitochondria and enhance apoptosis, H5N1 PB1-F2, surprisingly, did not localize specifically to mitochondria and displayed no ability to enhance apoptosis. Introducing Leu into positions 69 (Q69L) and 75 (H75L) in the C terminus of H5N1 PB1-F2 drove 40.7% of the protein to localize to mitochondria compared with the level of mitochondrial localization of wild-type H5N1 PB1-F2, suggesting that a Leu-rich sequence in the C terminus is important for targeting of mitochondria. However, H5N1 PB1-F2 contributes to viral RNP activity, which is responsible for viral RNA replication. Lastly, although the swine-origin influenza virus (S-OIV) contained a truncated form of PB1-F2 (12 amino acids [aa]), potential mutation in the future may enable it to contain a full-length product. Therefore, the functions of this putative S-OIV PB1-F2 (87 aa) were also investigated. Although this PB1-F2 from the mutated S-OIV shares only 54% amino acid sequence identity with that of seasonal H1N1 virus, it also increased viral RNP activity. The plaque size and growth curve of the viruses with and without S-OIV PB1-F2 differed greatly. The PB1-F2 protein has various lengths, amino acid sequences, cellular localizations, and functions in different strains, which result in strain-specific pathogenicity. Such genetic and functional diversities make it flexible and adaptable in maintaining the optimal replication efficiency and virulence for various strains of influenza A virus.

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Bauersachs, Stefan, Pascal Mermillod, and Carmen Almiñana. "The Oviductal Extracellular Vesicles’ RNA Cargo Regulates the Bovine Embryonic Transcriptome." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 4 (February 14, 2020): 1303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21041303.

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Oviductal extracellular vesicles (oEVs) are emerging as key players in the gamete/embryo–oviduct interactions that contribute to successful pregnancy. Various positive effects of oEVs on gametes and early embryos have been found in vitro. To determine whether these effects are associated with changes of embryonic gene expression, the transcriptomes of embryos supplemented with bovine fresh (FeEVs) or frozen (FoEVs) oEVs during in vitro culture compared to controls without oEVs were analyzed by low-input RNA sequencing. Analysis of RNA-seq data revealed 221 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between FoEV treatment and control, 67 DEGs for FeEV and FoEV treatments, and minor differences between FeEV treatment and control (28 DEGs). An integrative analysis of mRNAs and miRNAs contained in oEVs obtained in a previous study with embryonic mRNA alterations pointed to direct effects of oEV cargo on embryos (1) by increasing the concentration of delivered transcripts; (2) by translating delivered mRNAs to proteins that regulate embryonic gene expression; and (3) by oEV-derived miRNAs which downregulate embryonic mRNAs or modify gene expression in other ways. Our study provided the first high-throughput analysis of the embryonic transcriptome regulated by oEVs, increasing our knowledge on the impact of oEVs on the embryo and revealing the oEV RNA components that potentially regulate embryonic development.

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REY, M. P. "THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA AS THE PLATFORM TO ELABORATE THE NEW DIPLOMATIC NORMS AND CUSTOMS. Translation from French – O.V. Okuneva." RUSSIA AND THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD, no. 4 (2017): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/rsm/2017.04.03.

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Rosas-Acosta, Germán, Sharon C. Braunagel, and Max D. Summers. "Effects of Deletion and Overexpression of the Autographa californica Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus FP25KGene on Synthesis of Two Occlusion-Derived Virus Envelope Proteins and Their Transport into Virus-Induced Intranuclear Membranes." Journal of Virology 75, no. 22 (November 15, 2001): 10829–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.75.22.10829-10842.2001.

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ABSTRACT Partial deletions within Autographa californica open reading frame 61 (FP25K) alter the expression and accumulation profile of several viral proteins and the transport of occlusion-derived virus (ODV)-E66 to intranuclear membranes during infection (S. C. Braunagel et al., J. Virol. 73:8559–8570, 1999). Here we show the effects of a full deletion and overexpression of FP25K on the transport and expression of two ODV envelope proteins, ODV-E66 (E66) and ODV-E25 (E25). Deletion and overexpression of FP25K substantially altered the levels of expression of E66 during infection. Compared with cells infected with wild-type (wt) virus, the levels of E66 were reduced fivefold in cells infected with a viral mutant lacking FP25K (ΔFP25K) and were slightly increased in cells infected with a viral mutant overexpressing FP25K (FP25Kpolh). In contrast, no significant changes were observed in the levels of E25 among wt-, ΔFP25K-, and FP25Kpolh-infected cells. The changes observed in the levels of E66 among the different viral mutants were not accompanied by changes in either the time of synthesis, membrane association, protein turnover, or steady-state transcript abundance. Deletion of FP25K also substantially altered the transport and localization of E66 during infection. In cells infected with the ΔFP25K mutant virus, E66 accumulated in localized regions at the nuclear periphery and the outer nuclear membrane and did not traffic to intranuclear membranes. In contrast, in cells infected with the FP25Kpolh mutant virus E66 trafficked to intranuclear membranes. For comparison, E25 was normally transported to intranuclear membranes in both ΔFP25K- and FP25Kpolh-infected cells. Altogether these studies suggest that FP25K affects the synthesis of E66 at a posttranscriptional level, probably by altering the translation of E66; additionally, the block in transport of E66 at the nuclear envelope in ΔFP25K-infected cells suggests that the pathway of E66 trafficking to the inner nuclear membrane and intranuclear microvesicles is specifically regulated and must be influenced by factors that do not control the traffic of E25.

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Abma, E., L. Cicchelero, H. De Rooster, S. Daminet, and N. N. Sanders. "De hond als kankermodel in de zoektocht naar nieuwe therapeutische alternatieven." Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift 85, no. 3 (June 29, 2016): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/vdt.v85i3.16344.

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In het kankeronderzoek wordt het knaagdierkankermodel beschouwd als de standaard. De translatie van onderzoeksresultaten van knaagdier naar mens is echter verre van optimaal en het wordt dan ook aanbevolen om de werkzaamheid van nieuwe kankergeneesmiddelen te bevestigen bij hogere diersoorten vooraleer humane studies worden gestart. Honden met spontane kanker zijn de perfecte kandidaten. De histologische, biologische en genetische achtergrond van kanker is beter vergelijkbaar tussen honden en mensen dan tussen knaagdieren en mensen. Tevens zijn de tumorontwikkeling en de interactie tussen de tumor, de gastheer en de micro-omgeving van de tumor analoog aan die bij de mens. De diagnostische en behandelingsmogelijkheden voor de hond zijn overeenkomstig met die voor de mens, terwijl de progressie van kanker bij honden snel genoeg is om binnen een aanvaardbare termijn resultaten te bekomen. Tenslotte is het reglementair gezien makkelijker om honden op te nemen in klinische onderzoeken dan humane patiënten, wat uitgebreide mogelijkheden voor onderzoek verschaft. De hond zelf heeft bovendien ook baat bij deelname aan klinische studies omdat deze een bijkomende kans op genezing kunnen bieden.

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Xue, Hong, Yan Xu, Yan Boucher, and Martin F. Polz. "High Frequency of a Novel Filamentous Phage, VCYϕ, within an Environmental Vibrio cholerae Population." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78, no. 1 (October 21, 2011): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.06297-11.

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ABSTRACTEnvironmentalVibrio choleraestrains isolated from a coastal brackish pond (Oyster Pond, Woods Hole, MA) carried a novel filamentous phage, VCYϕ, which can exist as a host genome integrative form (IF) and a plasmid-like replicative form (RF). Outside the cell, the phage displays a morphology typical ofInovirus, with filamentous particles ∼1.8 μm in length and 7 nm in width. Four independent RF isolates had identical genomes, except for 8 single nucleotide polymorphisms clustered in two regions. The overall genome size is 7,103 bp with 11 putative open reading frames organized into three functional modules (replication, structure and assembly, and regulation). VCYϕ shares sequence similarity with other filamentous phages (including cholera disease-associated CTX) in a highly mosaic manner, indicating evolution by horizontal gene transfer and recombination. VCYϕ integrates in the vicinity of the putative translation initiation factor Sui1 in chromosome II ofV. cholerae. A screen of 531 closely related host isolates showed that ∼40% harbored phages, with 27% and 13% carrying the IF and RF, respectively. The relative frequencies of the RF and IF differed among strains isolated from the pond or lagoon of Oyster Pond, suggesting that the host habitat influences intracellular phage biology. The overall high prevalence within the host population shows that filamentous phages can be an important component of the environmental biology ofV. cholerae.

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Frank, Robbert, and Frank Robbert. "Precipitaten." Forum+ 26, no. 3 (November 1, 2019): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/forum2019.3.fran.

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Geïnspireerd door de grottekeningen van Lascaux, Egyptische hiëroglyfen en protoschriften uit Mesopotamië, werkt het kunstenaarsduo Frank&Robbert Robbert&Frank aan nieuwe objecten waarin ze hun eigen leven en werk documenteren in eenvoudige symbolische lijntekeningen. Deze tekeningen zijn een manier om zichzelf, de wereld waarin ze leven en hun kunstpraktijk onder de loep te nemen. Tegelijk creëren ze een basis om ook minder grijpbare ideeën en systemen te vertalen. Zoals de Egyptenaren in hun muurschilderingen niet enkel de dagelijkse handelingen uitbeeldden, maar ook hun kosmologische systeem vertaalden in symbolische voorstellingen.Inspired by the cave drawings of Lascaux, Egyptian hieroglyphs and proto writings from Mesopotamia, the artist duo Frank&Robbert Robbert&Frank are working on new objects in which they convert their own lives and work into simple symbolic line drawings. These drawings are a way to examine themselves, the world in which they live and their artistic practice. At the same time they are laying a foundation for translating less tangible ideas and systems. By doing so, they follow the example of the Egyptians, who, in their murals, not only depicted daily actions, but also translated their cosmological system into symbolic representations.

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Chen, Jinbao, Dong Han, and Zhuang Peng. "Active Grasping Control of Virtual-Dexterous-Robot Hand with Open Inventor." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/691816.

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The grasping technology of the virtual-dexterous-robot (VDR) hand plays a key role in the teleoperation of the space robot. For a grasp task in the virtual environment, the collision detection and virtual force calculation need to be implemented. Firstly, a tree-structure virtual scene including a VDR hand and a target object is built up with open inventor (OIV). Secondly, the collision manager provided by OIV is used for collision detection and the oriented bounding box (OBB) is adopted to improve the real-time performance of collision detection. Thirdly, an algorithm is proposed for calculating the virtual force by using the contact deformation. And the contact deformation is calculated according to the transformation matrix between the coordinate systems of the two contact objects. Furthermore, the contact friction is also calculated by this matrix. Considering the virtual force, the modified stable grasping conditions are proposed which are suitable for the virtual grasping. Then a method is proposed for implementing the grasp or release operation by translating different nodes in the tree-structure scene, which can avoid destroying the tree structure. Finally, the viability and effectiveness of the proposed algorithms are proved by simulation experiments.

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FRASKET, I. "THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE IBERO-AMERICAN COUNTRIES AND THE EUROPEAN RESTORATION: THE PROBLEM AND PROSPECTS OF RESEARCH. Translation from Spanish – O.V. Okuneva." RUSSIA AND THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD, no. 4 (2017): 118–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/rsm/2017.04.09.

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Kumar, Saraswathisreeram Pranush, Deeki Doma Sherpa, Amit Kumar Sahu, Tarang Jadav, Rakesh Kumar Tekade, and Pinaki Sengupta. "Innovation in bioanalytical strategies and in vitro drug–drug interaction study approaches in drug discovery." Bioanalysis 13, no. 6 (March 2021): 513–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/bio-2021-0001.

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Failure to evaluate actual toxicities of investigational molecules in drug discovery is majorly due to inadequate evaluation of their pharmacokinetics. Limitation of conventional drug metabolism profiling procedure demands advancement of existing approaches. Various techniques such as 3D cell culture system, bio microfluidic OoC model, sandwich culture model is in pipeline to be employed at their full potential in drug discovery phase. Although they outweigh the conventional techniques in various aspects, a more detailed exploration of applicability in terms of automation and high throughput analysis is required. This review extensively discusses various ongoing innovations in bioanalytical techniques. The review also proposed various scientific strategies to be adopted for prior assessment of interaction possibilities in translational drug discovery research.

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Mesarić, Jasna, Diana Šimić, Milica Katić, Ellen Catharina Tveter Deilkås, Dag Hofoss, and Gunnar Tschudi Bondevik. "The safety attitudes questionnaire for out-of-hours service in primary healthcare—Psychometric properties of the Croatian version." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 13, 2020): e0242065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242065.

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The aim of the study was to assess the reliability and construct validity of the Croatian translation of the Safety Attitudes Questionnaire—Ambulatory version (SAQ-AV) in the out-of-hours (OOH) primary care setting. A cross-sectional observational study using anonymous web-survey was carried out targeting a convenience sample of 358 health professionals working in the Croatian OOH primary care service. The final sample consisted of 185 questionnaires (response rate 51.7%). Psychometric properties were assessed using exploratory hierarchical factor analysis with Schmid-Leiman rotation to bifactor solution, McDonald’s ω, and Cronbach’s α. Five group factors were identified: Organization climate, Teamwork climate, Stress recognition, Ambulatory process of care, and Perceptions of workload. Items loading on the Stress recognition and Perceptions of workload factor had low loadings on the general factor. Cronbach’s α ranged between 0.79 and 0.93. All items had corrected item-total correlation above 0.5. McDonalds’ ω total for group factors ranged between 0.76 and 0.91. Values of ω general for factors Organization climate, Teamwork climate, and Ambulatory process of care ranged between 0.41 and 0.56. McDonalds’ ω general for Stress recognition and Perceptions of workload were 0.13 and 0.16, respectively. Even though SAQ-AV may not be a reliable tool for international comparisons, subsets of items may be reliable tools in several national settings, including Croatia. Results confirmed that Stress recognition is not a dimension of patient safety culture, while Ambulatory process of care might be. Future studies should investigate the relationship of patient safety culture to treatment outcome.

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Lee, Jin-sook. "A Study on the English Translation of Korean Classical Novel in the Early Modern Period in Korea : J. S. Gale’s “The Story of Oon-yung”." Cogito 87 (February 28, 2019): 161–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.48115/cogito.2019.02.87.161.

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Volel, B. A. "TOWARDS A CLASSIFICATION ISSUE OF PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS IN CARDIOLOGY (DISPUTABLE ASPECTS OF THE ARTICLE BY DROBIZHEV M. YU., KIKTA S.V., MACHILSKY O.V., “CARDIOPSYCHIATRY. TRANSLATION ISSUES”)." Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention 16, no. 2 (January 1, 2017): 81–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15829/1728-8800-2017-2-81-83.

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Staicu, Cristina Elena, Florin Jipa, Emanuel Axente, Mihai Radu, Beatrice Mihaela Radu, and Felix Sima. "Lab-on-a-Chip Platforms as Tools for Drug Screening in Neuropathologies Associated with Blood–Brain Barrier Alterations." Biomolecules 11, no. 6 (June 21, 2021): 916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11060916.

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Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) and organ-on-a-chip (OOC) devices are highly versatile platforms that enable miniaturization and advanced controlled laboratory functions (i.e., microfluidics, advanced optical or electrical recordings, high-throughput screening). The manufacturing advancements of LOCs/OOCs for biomedical applications and their current limitations are briefly discussed. Multiple studies have exploited the advantages of mimicking organs or tissues on a chip. Among these, we focused our attention on the brain-on-a-chip, blood–brain barrier (BBB)-on-a-chip, and neurovascular unit (NVU)-on-a-chip applications. Mainly, we review the latest developments of brain-on-a-chip, BBB-on-a-chip, and NVU-on-a-chip devices and their use as testing platforms for high-throughput pharmacological screening. In particular, we analyze the most important contributions of these studies in the field of neurodegenerative diseases and their relevance in translational personalized medicine.

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Wang, Yongguang, and Shuzhen Yao. "Neural Stochastic Differential Equations with Neural Processes Family Members for Uncertainty Estimation in Deep Learning." Sensors 21, no. 11 (May 26, 2021): 3708. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21113708.

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Existing neural stochastic differential equation models, such as SDE-Net, can quantify the uncertainties of deep neural networks (DNNs) from a dynamical system perspective. SDE-Net is either dominated by its drift net with in-distribution (ID) data to achieve good predictive accuracy, or dominated by its diffusion net with out-of-distribution (OOD) data to generate high diffusion for characterizing model uncertainty. However, it does not consider the general situation in a wider field, such as ID data with noise or high missing rates in practice. In order to effectively deal with noisy ID data for credible uncertainty estimation, we propose a vNPs-SDE model, which firstly applies variants of neural processes (NPs) to deal with the noisy ID data, following which the completed ID data can be processed more effectively by SDE-Net. Experimental results show that the proposed vNPs-SDE model can be implemented with convolutional conditional neural processes (ConvCNPs), which have the property of translation equivariance, and can effectively handle the ID data with missing rates for one-dimensional (1D) regression and two-dimensional (2D) image classification tasks. Alternatively, vNPs-SDE can be implemented with conditional neural processes (CNPs) or attentive neural processes (ANPs), which have the property of permutation invariance, and exceeds vanilla SDE-Net in multidimensional regression tasks.

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Serebrennikov, Dmitrii E. "D.E. Serebrennikov [Rev.] Ehrlich E. Fundamental Principles of the Sociology of Law. [Russ. ed.: Erlikh O. Osnovopolozhenie sociologii prava. Transl. from Germ. by M.V. Antonov; Ed. by V.G. Grafskiy, Yu.I. Grevtsov. St Petersburg: OOO “Universitetskii izdatel’skii konsortsium” publ., 2011.]." Sociological Journal 26, no. 1 (2020): 183–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/socjour.2020.26.1.7059.

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It’s commonly believed that the book “Fundamental Principles of the Sociology of Law” (1913) of Eugen Erlich (1862–1922) was historically the first work in which was made an attempt to create a sociology of law as a specific scientific discipline. However the translation and publication of this work in Russian (2011) was insignificant to the sociological community, while in the English-language literature of the last decades we can observe a growing interest to the classic. The author of the article tries to emphasize the main points and advantages of the theory of the “living law” of Ehrlich, showing how the “Fundamental principles...” may be interesting for the modern reader. For this, the author of the article offers a specific strategy for reading the book.

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Zaruba, Marianne, Lena Roschitz, Haider Sami, Manfred Ogris, Wilhelm Gerner, and Christoph Metzner. "Surface Modification of E. coli Outer Membrane Vesicles with Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Anchored Proteins: Generating Pro/Eukaryote Chimera Constructs." Membranes 11, no. 6 (June 4, 2021): 428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11060428.

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Extracellular vesicles produced by different types of cells have recently attracted great attention, not only for their role in physiology and pathology, but also because of the emerging applications in gene therapy, vaccine production and diagnostics. Less well known than their eukaryotic counterpart, also bacteria produce extracellular vesicles, in the case of the Gram-negative E. coli the main species is termed outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). In this study, we show for the first time the functional surface modification of E. coli OMVs with glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein, exploiting a process variably described as molecular painting or protein engineering in eukaryotic membranes, whereby the lipid part of the GPI anchor inserts in cell membranes. By transferring the process to bacterial vesicles, we can generate a hybrid of perfectly eukaryotic proteins (in terms of folding and post-translational modifications) on a prokaryotic platform. We could demonstrate that two different GPI proteins can be displayed on the same OMV. In addition to fluorescent marker proteins, cytokines, growth factors and antigens canb be potentially transferred, generating a versatile modular platform for a novel vaccine strategy.

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Denson, Donald D., Roger T. Worrell, Pamela Middleton, and Douglas C. Eaton. "Ca2+ sensitivity of BK channels in GH3 cells involves cytosolic phospholipase A2." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 276, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): C201—C209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1999.276.1.c201.

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To test the hypothesis that intracellular Ca2+activation of large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channels involves the cytosolic form of phospholipase A2(cPLA2), we first inhibited the expression of cPLA2 by treating GH3 cells with antisense oligonucleotides directed at the two possible translation start sites on cPLA2. Western blot analysis and a biochemical assay of cPLA2activity showed marked inhibition of the expression of cPLA2 in antisense-treated cells. We then examined the effects of intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) on single BK channels from these cells. Open channel probability ( P o) for the cells exposed to cPLA2 antisense oligonucleotides in 0.1 μM intracellular Ca2+ was significantly lower than in untreated or sense oligonucleotide-treated cells, but the voltage sensitivity did not change (measured as the slope of the P o-voltage relationship). In fact, a 1,000-fold increase in [Ca2+]ifrom 0.1 to 100 μM did not significantly increase P oin these cells, whereas BK channels from cells in the other treatment groups showed a normal P o-[Ca2+]iresponse. Finally, we examined the effect of exogenous arachidonic acid on the P oof BK channels from antisense-treated cells. Although arachidonic acid did significantly increase P o, it did so without restoring the [Ca2+]isensitivity observed in untreated cells. We conclude that although [Ca2+]idoes impart some basal activity to BK channels in GH3 cells, the steep P o-[Ca2+]irelationship that is characteristic of these channels involves cPLA2.

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IJkel, Wilfred F. J., Els C. Roode, Rob W. Goldbach, Just M. Vlak, and Douwe Zuidema. "Characterization of Spodoptera exigua multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus ORF17/18, a homologue of Xestia c-nigrum granulovirus ORF129." Journal of General Virology 83, no. 11 (November 1, 2002): 2857–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-83-11-2857.

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Spodoptera exigua multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (SeMNPV) contains a number of genes with a homologue found so far only in a distantly related baculovirus. One of these, SeMNPV ORF17/18 (Se17/18) shares 55% amino acid similarity to ORF129 of Xestia c-nigrum granulovirus (XcGV). Se17/18 was transcribed in cultured S. exigua 301 cells, as a polyadenylated transcript of 1·1 kb. 5′-RACE analysis demonstrated that Se17/18 transcripts started at 134, 131 and 126 nt upstream of the putative translational start codon. These sites overlap with a baculovirus consensus early promoter motif. Se17/18 transcripts were detected by Northern blot analysis and RT–PCR with increasing abundance from 8 h to 24 h post infection (p.i.) and still present until 72 h p.i. A C-terminal GFP-fusion protein of Se17/18 was primarily localized in the cytoplasm of Se301 and Sf21 cells. A chicken polyclonal antiserum was raised that reacted specifically to Se17/18 protein produced in E. coli. However, no immunoreactive protein was detected in SeMNPV-infected Se301 cells and S. exigua larvae, neither in concentrated BV and ODV preparations. These observations and the inability to detect a C-terminal GFP-fusion protein of Se17/18 in Se301 cells using a GFP antibody suggest that Se17/18 protein is present, if at all, in spurious amounts. Based on the low homology of the Se17/18 protein to (methyl) transferases its possible involvement in transcription regulation is discussed.

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Betancur-Pérez, Andrés, Pedro Martín-Mateos, Cristina de Dios, and Pablo Acedo. "Design of a Multipurpose Photonic Chip Architecture for THz Dual-Comb Spectrometers." Sensors 20, no. 21 (October 27, 2020): 6089. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20216089.

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In this work, we present a multipurpose photonic integrated circuit capable of generating multiheterodyne complex Dual-Combs (DC) THz signals. Our work focuses on translating the functionality of an electro-optic tunable DC system into a photonic chip employing standard building blocks to ensure the scalability and cost efficiency of the integrated device. The architecture we analyze for integration is based on three stages: a seed comb, a mode selection stage and a DC stage. This final DC stage includes a frequency shifter, a key element to improve the final detection of the THz signals and obtain real-time operation. This investigation covers three key aspects: (1) a solution for comb line selection on GHz spaced combs using OIL or OPLL on photonic chips is studied and evaluated, (2) a simple and versatile scheme to produce a frequency shift using the double sideband suppressed carrier modulation technique and an asymmetric Mach Zehnder Interferometer to filter one of the sidebands is proposed, and (3) a multipurpose architecture that can offer a versatile effective device, moving from application-specific PICs to general-purpose PICs. Using the building blocks (BBs) available from an InP-based foundry, we obtained simulations that offer a high-quality Dual-Comb frequency shifted signal with a side mode suppression ratio around 21 dB, and 41 dB after photodetection with an intermediate frequency of 1 MHz. We tested our system to generate a Dual-Comb with 10 kHz of frequency spacing and an OOK modulation with 5 Gbps which can be down-converted to the THz range by a square law detector. It is also important to note that the presented architecture is multipurpose and can also be applied to THz communications. This design is a step to enable a commercial THz photonic chip for multiple applications such as THz spectroscopy, THz multispectral imaging and THz telecommunications and offers the possibility of being fabricated in a multi-project wafer.

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Vanlandschoot, Romain. "Jozef Ferdinand Toussaint (1807-1885), ijveraar voor de Vlaamse taal. 15 oktober 1830." WT. Tijdschrift over de geschiedenis van de Vlaamse beweging 74, no. 4 (December 15, 2015): 16–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/wt.v74i4.12074.

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Fernand Toussaint (Meulebeke 1805 - Elsene 1885), zoon van een Frans emigrant was eerst ambtenaar tijdens het Hollandse regime. In september 1830 vluchtte hij naar Brussel en speelde een niet onbelangrijke rol in de Belgische revolutie. Hij werd lid van de revolutionaire en republikeinse Club, de ‘Réunion Centrale’. Deze Club hield zich intens bezig met de voorbereiding van de nieuwe staatsinstellingen. Toussaint heeft zich tweemaal (in het Frans) in de debatten gemengd, op 15 en op 30 oktober 1830.Zijn republikeinse opvattingen kwamen het duidelijkst tot uiting op 15 oktober, waarbij hij de erfelijke monarchie, de instelling van een Senaat en het koninklijk veto verwerpt.Op 15 oktober verdedigde hij de ‘Vlaamse taal, op een ogenblik dat alle discussies in het Frans verliepen’. Wetten en besluiten dienden volgens hem ook in het Vlaams vertaald te worden. Hij werd daarin gesteund door de Waals-Brabander Lucien Jottrand (1804-1877). Toussaint voerde daarover een perscampagne.Deze materie kwam aan bod tijdens de werkzaamheden van het Nationaal Congres (10 november 1830-21 juli 1831). Op 27 november 1830 werd een amendement door de Oudenaardse vertegenwoordiger, Charles Liedts (1802-1878), goedgekeurd. Het stipuleerde dat alle wetten en besluiten dienden voorzien te zijn van een Vlaamse vertaling, ‘in de gemeenten waar Vlaams gesproken wordt’.In die zin is Toussaint een voorloper van de Gentse groep rond Philip Blommaert (1808-1871), de eerste ‘taalijveraars’ in de Vlaamse beweging.________Jozef Ferdinand Toussaint (1807-1885), zealot of the Flemish language. 15 October 1830Fernand Toussaint (Meulebeke 1805 – Ixelles 1885), son of a French emigrant, was at first a civil servant under the Dutch regime. In September 1830 he fled to Brussels and played a not unimportant role in the Belgian Revolution. He became a member of the revolutionary republican club, La Réunion Centrale. This club was intensely preoccupied with the preparation of the new state institutions. Toussaint took part in these debates twice, on 15 and 30 October 1830.His republican opinions were most evident on 15 October, when he rejected the hereditary monarchy, the institution of the Senate, and the royal veto.On 15 October he defended the “Flemish language, at a moment when all the discussions took place in French”. According to him, laws and decrees should also be translated into Flemish. He was supported in this by Lucien Jottrand (1804-1877) of Walloon Brabant. Toussaint lead a press campaign about this.This matter came up during the proceedings of the National Congress (10 November 1830-21 July 1831). On 27 November 1830, an amendment from the representative from Oudenaarde, Charles Liedts (1802-1878), was approved. It stipulated that all laws and decrees should be provided with a Flemish translation, “in the municipalities where Flemish is spoken”. In this sense, Toussaint is a forerunner of the Ghent group around Philip Blommaert (1808-1871), the first “language zealots” in the Flemish Movement.

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