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Xu, Ge Ning, Jin Shuai Liu, and Jun Bing Yang. "Based on OOA Modeling of Gantry Crane CAD System." Advanced Materials Research 712-715 (June 2013): 1180–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.712-715.1180.
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In order to explore the application of the object-oriented theory in the analysis phase of the gantry crane CAD system development, the OOA modeling method is used to establish the system model and the detailed process guide and engineering strategies of modeling activities are presented, eventually a OOA model of the system is established and a foundation is lay for the subsequent OOD and OOP of the system.
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Nedoria, A. E. "Language Design: OOP or not OOP or better OOP." Proceedings of the Institute for System Programming of the RAS 31, no. 5 (2019): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15514/ispras-2019-31(5)-6.
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Charles, Randy. "OOP." 3C ON-LINE 2, no. 2 (April 1995): 9–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/381977.1082367.
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Borge, Richard. "Teaching OOP." ACM SIGCSE Bulletin 36, no. 3 (September 2004): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1026487.1008084.
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Chevan, Julia, Daniel L. Riddle, and Shelby D. Reed. "Out-of-Pocket Spending for Ambulatory Physical Therapy Services From 2008 to 2012: National Panel Survey." Physical Therapy 95, no. 12 (December 1, 2015): 1680–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20150018.
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Background Out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditures are incurred as insurers and employers shift some of the burden of health care costs onto consumers. As cost-sharing increases, OOP expenditures could be a barrier to physical therapy care. Objective The purposes of this study were: (1) to identify factors associated with any OOP physical therapy spending and (2) to identify factors associated with higher spending among individuals incurring OOP costs. Design The study was a retrospective analysis using the 4 most recently available panels of data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) encompassing 2008–2012. Methods A data file containing episodes of physical therapy care for 2,189 people was created. Logistic regression was used to identify factors related to having an OOP expenditure. A multivariable generalized linear model was used to identify factors related to mean OOP expenditures. Results On average, an episode of care encompassed 9.9 visits, with mean total expenditures of $1,708 (median: $792). Fifty-four percent of episodes of care had an OOP expenditure. For individuals with OOP expenditures, the mean OOP expenditure for an episode of care was $351 (median: $144). Being female or non-Hispanic and having a higher income were associated with higher odds of incurring an OOP expenditure, whereas being in worse general health, >65 years of age, or nonwhite and having public funding were associated with lower odds of incurring an OOP expenditure. Amounts of OOP spending were higher in urban areas and in all census geographic regions relative to the Northeast region. Limitations Estimates are based on household-reported survey data, limited to ambulatory care, and do not include institutionalized individuals. Conclusions At 54%, the proportion of individuals with OOP expenditures for physical therapy is lower than for general medical care. Several predictors were found of having OOP expenditures and of the magnitude of those expenditures.
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Lam, J., G. Evans, RM deSouza, M. Amarouche, J. Cheserem, and CM Tolias. "Out-of-programme experience in UK neurosurgery trainees: optimising the transition back into clinical practice." Bulletin of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 103, no. 2 (March 2021): 100–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/rcsbull.2021.43.
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INTRODUCTIONOut of programme (OOP) experience from training increases the skill pool of the neurosurgical workforce and drives innovation in the specialty. OOP approval criteria are well defined but transition back to clinical work can be challenging with a paucity of data published on trainee perspectives. Our study aimed to investigate factors influencing transition from OOP back to clinical work among neurosurgical trainees in the UK.METHODSAn online survey was sent to all members of the Society of British Neurological Surgeons. Questions pertained to details of OOP and factors influencing transition back to clinical work.RESULTSAmong the 73 respondents, 7 were currently on OOP and 27 had completed OOP in the past. Research was the most common reason for OOP (28/34, 82%) and this was generally motivated by the aspiration of an academic neurosurgery career (17/34, 50%). Although the majority (27/34, 79%) continued clinical work during OOP, 37% of this group (10/27) reported a reduction in their surgical skills. Fewer than half (15/34, 44%) had a return to work plan, of which only half (8/34, 24%) were formal plans. The majority of respondents who had completed OOP in the past (22/27, 81%) felt that they were able to apply the skills gained during OOP to their clinical work on return.CONCLUSIONSSkills learnt during OOP are relevant and transferable to the clinical environment but mainly limited to research with OOP for management and education underrepresented. Deterioration of surgical skills is a concern. However, recognition of this problem has prompted new methods and schemes to address challenges faced on return to work.
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Yoon, Seungwon, Michael A. Mooney, Michael A. Bohl, John P. Sheehy, Peter Nakaji, Andrew S. Little, and Michael T. Lawton. "Patient out-of-pocket spending in cranial neurosurgery: single-institution analysis of 6569 consecutive cases and literature review." Neurosurgical Focus 44, no. 5 (May 2018): E6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2018.1.focus17782.
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OBJECTIVEWith drastic changes to the health insurance market, patient cost sharing has significantly increased in recent years. However, the patient financial burden, or out-of-pocket (OOP) costs, for surgical procedures is poorly understood. The goal of this study was to analyze patient OOP spending in cranial neurosurgery and identify drivers of OOP spending growth.METHODSFor 6569 consecutive patients who underwent cranial neurosurgery from 2013 to 2016 at the authors’ institution, the authors created univariate and multivariate mixed-effects models to investigate the effect of patient demographic and clinical factors on patient OOP spending. The authors examined OOP payments stratified into 10 subsets of case categories and created a generalized linear model to study the growth of OOP spending over time.RESULTSIn the multivariate model, case categories (craniotomy for pain, tumor, and vascular lesions), commercial insurance, and out-of-network plans were significant predictors of higher OOP payments for patients (all p < 0.05). Patient spending varied substantially across procedure types, with patients undergoing craniotomy for pain ($1151 ± $209) having the highest mean OOP payments. On average, commercially insured patients spent nearly twice as much in OOP payments as the overall population. From 2013 to 2016, the mean patient OOP spending increased 17%, from $598 to $698 per patient encounter. Commercially insured patients experienced more significant growth in OOP spending, with a cumulative rate of growth of 42% ($991 in 2013 to $1403 in 2016).CONCLUSIONSEven after controlling for inflation, case-mix differences, and partial fiscal periods, OOP spending for cranial neurosurgery patients significantly increased from 2013 to 2016. The mean OOP spending for commercially insured neurosurgical patients exceeded $1400 in 2016, with an average annual growth rate of 13%. As patient cost sharing in health insurance plans becomes more prevalent, patients and providers must consider the potential financial burden for patients receiving specialized neurosurgical care.
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Montazeripouragha, A., and AM Kaufmann. "P.099 Specialty centres for MVD surgery." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 45, s2 (June 2018): S42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cjn.2018.201.
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Background: The aim of this study is comparing the waiting time and patient’s satisfaction of microvascular decompression (MVD) surgery between local Manitoba (MB) and out of province (OOP) patients, treated at our Centre for Cranial Nerve Disorder (CCND). Methods: Data from 100 consecutive patients (average age: 56.8±10.6 years), undergoing MVD surgery for Trigeminal Neuralgia (TN) and Hemifacial Spasm (HFS) were reviewed. The outcome measures included the time intervals between disease onset, diagnosis and referral to CCND, postoperative discharge, satisfaction with surgical outcome and referral process. Results: The preoperative time leading to CCND referral were longer for OOP patients, (onset to diagnosis/diagnosis to referral: 2.6±3.8/4.2±4.7 (OOP) versus 1.2±2.1/2.5±4.1 (MB) years; p=0.04/0.04), and referrals were more likely self-directed in OOP patients (62% (OOP), 21% (MB); p=0.007). Postoperative satisfaction with MVD outcome were 8.6/10 for OOP and 8.3/10 for MB patients. There was no significant difference in postoperative length of stay (38±50 (OOP)/43±42 (MB) hours); however, OOP patients were more likely discharged on the first postoperative day (58% (OOP), 31% (MB); p=0.17). Conclusions: Delays in diagnosis and surgical referral of TN/HFS are common, and many patients seek specialist’s opinion in high volume surgical centers. For those OOP patients, travelling for treatment, MVD outcome were at least as good as for local patients.
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Zuckerman, Ilene H., Naimish B. Pandya, Bruce C. Stuart, Thomas Shaffer, Mujde Z. Erten, Xuehua Ke, J. Samantha Shoemaker, Ming-Hui Tai, and Amy J. Davidoff. "Out-of-pocket (OOP) health care expenditure burden for Medicare beneficiaries with cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2012): 6075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.30.15_suppl.6075.
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6075 Background: Concern is increasing about the OOP burden faced by cancer patients (pts). Medicare beneficiaries have multiple comorbidities, have limited financial resources, and may face substantial cost sharing under traditional Medicare if they do not have generous supplemental coverage. We examined OOP spending and burden relative to income for Medicare beneficiaries with cancer, compared to a non-cancer comparison group. Methods: We used Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey data (1997-2007). Newly diagnosed cancer pts were selected using ICD-9CM codes on claims after a 12 mos washout period. OOP spending was assessed using self report for the index(diagnosis) and subsequent year. Pt characteristics were self reported. Generalized Linear Models estimated effects of pt characteristics on OOP spending; logistic regression identified pt characteristics associated with high burden, defined as OOP spending >20% of income. Results: The cohort included 1,869 beneficiaries with, and 10,057 beneficiaries without cancer. Relative to the non-cancer cohort, cancer pts were older, had greater comorbidities, and were more likely to lack supplemental coverage (22 vs 16%) (all at p<0.01).OOP spending was $4,727 or 11.4% of total spending for cancer pts. The unadjusted difference between cancer and non-cancer pts in OOP spending was $1,518 (p<.001); with adjustment for patient characteristics, cancer patients faced an incremental $956 (p<.01) in OOP spending. Median[mean] OOP/income was 10%[24%] for beneficiaries with, compared to 6%[14%] without cancer (p<.001). Over ¼ (28%) of beneficiaries with cancer spent 20% of their income OOP, compared to 16% of beneficiaries without cancer (p<.001). Supplemental insurance and higher income were protective against high OOP burden, whereas assets, comorbidity, and receipt of cancer-directed radiation and antineoplastic therapy were associated with higher OOP burden. Conclusions: Medicare beneficiaries with cancer face higher OOP burden than their counterparts without cancer; some of the higher burden was explained by higher comorbidity burden and lack of supplemental insurance. Financial pressures may discourage some elderly patients from pursuing treatment.
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Leopold, Christine, Anita K. Wagner, Fang Zhang, Christine Lu, Craig Earle, Larissa Nekhlyudov, Dennis Ross-Degnan, and James Frank Wharam. "Burden of out-of-pocket spending among high-deductible health plan members with metastatic breast cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2017): 1029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.1029.
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1029 Background: 50% of workers have high-deductible health plans (HDHP) that require major outofpocket (OOP) spending for cancerrelated care. The OOP burden among patients with advanced cancer in HDHPs is unknown. Our objective was to estimate OOP spending for women with metastatic breast cancer (mbc) stratified by health plan type. Methods: Our data source was administrative health insurance claims and enrollment data of members insured though a large national health plan. We included 7142 women age 25-64 with mbc who had at least 6 months enrollment before the diagnosis and at least 12 months followup. We used a time series design and plotted OOP spending stratified by HDHP vs low-deductible plan. Primary outcome measures included: (1) 20042012 calendar trends in total annual OOP spending, (2) monthly total OOP spending in the 6 months before and 24 months after women were diagnosed with mbc, and (3) monthly total OOP spending in the last 6 months of life. Plots were adjusted for age, socioeconomic status, race/ethnicity, and US region of residence, and we then conducted linear regression to assess for statistical significance of trends. Results: In 2004, average annual OOP spending for women with mbc cancer in low-deductible health plans was $1196.2 and increased to $2570 in 2012, a yearly increase of $159.2 (113.2205.2). For women in HDHP average OOP spending in 2004 amounted to $2648 and increased to $3736.4 in 2012, representing an annual increase of $160.4 per year (105.4215.4) Average OOP spending per person month peaked in the month of diagnosis to $1633.8 for women in HDHPs and to $643 among low-deductible plan members. Average OOP spending in the last 6 months of life were $285.7 per person month among low-plan ($1714.2 per 6 months) and $607.3 among HDHP ($3644 per 6 months). Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first analysis to estimate OOP spending for women with mbc accounting for enrollment in HDHPs versus low-deductible plans. We found that OOP spending is increasing over time and is high in the last 6 months of life. HDHP members with mbc faced much higher OOP spending than women in traditional plans across all analyses. Findings raise concerns that HDHPs could worsen access to mbc treatments.
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Rodrigues, July Anne Rossi Michelin, Isabel Cristina Kowal Olm Cunha, Marli Terezinha Oliveira Vannuchi, and Maria do Carmo Fernandez Lourenço Haddad. "Out-of-pocket payments in hospital bills: a challenge to management." Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem 71, no. 5 (October 2018): 2511–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2016-0667.
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ABSTRACT Objetive: To analyse out-of-pocket payments (OOP) by health insurance company in hospital bills. Method: Cross-sectional study with quantitative approach. The information was obtained in the database of a health insurance company in the north of Paraná State and categorised into administrative and technical OOP. We analysed reports regarding OOP made in eight hospitals of the accredited network company, from 2013 to 2015. Results: The analysed data totalled 36 thousand items paid out-of-pocket. The highest OOP rates occurred in hospital 1 (67.6%); emergency room service (50.1%); time of hospitalization, ≤ 1 day (70.8%) and medical-hospital materials (59.2%). The year with the highest rates of administrative (54.51%) and technical (48.05%) OOP was 2013. Conclusion: We concluded that OOP are indicators for the institutions to check the critical topics to be improved and that managers must work on originator aspects of OOP, to prevent greater loss.
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Çakır, Ufuk, and Cuneyt Tayman. "The effect of thyroid functions on osteopenia of prematurity in preterm infants." Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism 32, no. 1 (January 28, 2019): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jpem-2018-0429.
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Abstract Background It is known that thyroid hormones have effects on bone development. In particular, the effect of thyroid hormones on osteopenia of prematurity (OOP) has not been examined in preterm infants. Our study aimed to examine the relationship between OOP and congenital hypothyroidism (CH) in preterm infants. Methods Very low birth weight infants (VLBW, <1500 g) were included in the study. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (fT4) levels were measured on postnatal day 5. Serum calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels were studied as standard screening parameters for OOP at postnatal week 4. Patients with serum ALP level >700 IU/L were included in the OOP group. We intended to figure out the relationship between OOP and CH in infants. Results In our study, OOP frequency was 14.9% among 543 VLBW infants. There was no statistically significant difference between groups with and without CH (21.7% and 14.8%, respectively) in terms of OOP (p=0.632). Gestational age (GA) was significantly lower in infants with diagnosed OOP (p<0.001, p<0.001, respectively). In addition, the prevalence rates of mothers with preeclampsia, small for gestational age (SGA), respiratory support requirement, late-onset neonatal sepsis (LOS), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and full enteral feeding time were found to be higher in the OOP group (p<0.05). Conclusions We found that thyroid hormones had no effect on OOP in preterm infants. Therefore, future randomized controlled studies as well as long-term outcome studies are warranted on this topic.
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Arora, Rhythm, Nikhil Dugar, Vandit Saxena, Sunil K. Jaiswal, Chitresh Kumari, Nigel Cook, and Olga Furio. "PP66 Increasing Burden Of Out-Of-Pocket Healthcare Expense On Patients." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 35, S1 (2019): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462319002162.
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IntroductionWe conducted an analysis of the key factors triggering cost-sharing mechanisms to understand the status of out-of-pocket (OOP) healthcare expense in the United States (US), Europe, and emerging markets and better appreciate the implications of OOP healthcare expense on patients’ health management.MethodsA review of literature and databases including The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and World Bank was performed to understand different cost-sharing mechanisms, factors triggering OOP expenditure and the country-wise trends of OOP expenditure. Additionally, the impact of OOP expenditure on healthcare budget and on patients in terms of medication adherence, uptake of newer therapies and generic substitution was explored.ResultsThe findings reveal that patients are concerned about rising healthcare OOP costs, and we observed an increase of 134 percent in the number of articles published on OOP from 2005 to 2017. The percentage of household spending that goes OOP as healthcare expense is higher in Brazil, Russia, India, and China (BRIC countries; ~11 percent) compared to France, Germany, Italy, United Kingdom, US, Japan, and Canada (G7 countries; ~2 percent). In addition, OOP expenditure increased with age (1.9 percent of take home income in 55-64 age group versus 1.2 percent in 18-25 age group) and is higher in the low-income population (2.8 percent of take home income versus 1 percent in high-income group). Whereas, increasing OOP expenditure reduces the overall healthcare expenditure due to generic substitution (28 percent reduction) and reduction in excessive consumption of supplementary medicines, it also reduces patient adherence (~20 percent decline in dispensed prescriptions) and may foster a reluctance to adopt newer therapies.ConclusionsThe population groups most impacted by increasing OOP expense are the older population, those in the low-income bracket and in poorer countries. While OOP expense may help in the effective and judicious utilization of healthcare system resources and medicines usage, its implementation requires a cautious and considered approach.
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Triaji, Bagas, Cucut Hariz Pratomo, and Bambang Purnomosidi DP. "PROGRAMMER'S PERSPECTIVE IN YOGYAKARTA ABOUT OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING (OOP) IN SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT USING CORRELATION ANALYSIS." SINTECH (Science and Information Technology) Journal 4, no. 1 (April 21, 2021): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31598/sintechjournal.v4i1.632.
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Pesatnya perkembangan teknologi menghasilkan era digitalisasi. Permintaan pengembangan perangkat lunak dan insinyur perangkat lunak di berbagai sektor industri, bisnis, dan pendidikan sangat tinggi. Yogyakarta adalah kota pendidikan, dimana banyak perguruan tinggi dan universitas berdiri. Namun, calon programmer sering memiliki pemahaman yang kurang memadai tentang paradigma OOP dari perspektif praktisi industri IT. Oleh karena itu, survei berikut melibatkan praktisi programmer profesional dilakukan untuk menganalisis bagaimana mereka melihat Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) ketika mengembangkan perangkat lunak dan bagaimana pengalaman mereka, dengan menggunakan analisis korelasi. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengkaji aspek yang mempengaruhi preferensi programmer terhadap OOP. Hasil analisis korelasi menunjukkan bahwa programmer yang lebih berpengalaman akan lebih memilih paradigma OOP untuk menyelesaikan proyek meskipun mengalami beberapa hambatan dalam implementasi OOP, tetapi mereka tidak yakin bahwa OOP akan tetap digunakan sebagai paradigma yang mumpuni di masa depan.
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Carter, Jeffrey R. "OOP vs. readability." ACM SIGAda Ada Letters XVII, no. 2 (March 1997): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/249100.249114.
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Berman, A. Michael. "On beyond OOP." ACM SIGPLAN Notices 31, no. 4 (April 1996): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/249118.249119.
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Wong, Ka-Wing. "Knowledge-based OOP." ACM SIGICE Bulletin 22, no. 1 (September 1996): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/236389.236392.
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Bobrow, Daniel, Carl Hewitt, Jean-Francois Perror, Reid Smith, and Howard Shrobe. "OOP and AI." ACM SIGPLAN Notices 26, no. 11 (November 1991): 351–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/118014.117981.
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Cui, Jian, Chin Long Lee, and Gregory A. MacRae. "Finite Element Modelling of Buckling Restrained Braces under Combined In-Plane and Out-of-Plane Loading." Key Engineering Materials 763 (February 2018): 908–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.763.908.
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During earthquakes, buckling restrained braces (BRBs) are likely subjected to both in-plane (INP) and out-of-plane (OOP) loadings simultaneously, therefore, BRBs are required to act robustly under combined INP and OOP loading. It is believed that the OOP loading will reduce the energy dissipation ability of BRBs. The intent of this study is to numerically investigate the performance of BRBs under combined INP and OOP loading with a finite element model of BRB with circular cross-section. Restraining concrete within the BRB is modeled as connector elements in the model and is proven to be an effective way. Simulation results show that the performance of BRBs under combined INP and OOP loading is not as good as that under the INP loading only and the energy dissipation ability is decreased by about 15% when the magnitude of OOP loading is equal to that of INP loading. Furthermore, the results give a deeper insight into the behaviour of BRBs under different combined OOP and INP loading histories.
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Zainal Abidin, Zulhafiza, and Muhammad Asyraf Abdullah Zawawi. "OOP-AR: Learn Object Oriented Programming Using Augmented Reality." International Journal of Multimedia and Recent Innovation 2, no. 1 (March 22, 2020): 60–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.36079/lamintang.ijmari-0201.83.
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Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is one of the challenging concept in computer science education especially for novice programmers. To help students understand this concept, this research try to blend OOP with Augmented Reality (AR). The reason because AR can give fun aspect to the learner, which can also help learner to focus longer without distraction. For this research purpose, the target audience is 20 university students with different ability in programming and augmented reality experience. The overall results of this research show that OOP-AR received positive feedback from users. It also proved that OOP-AR is a necessary product for students who need to improvise their knowledge in OOP and its concepts and gain interest in using AR application
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Sitlinger, Andrea Phillips, Peter A. Ubel, Tian Zhang, Charlene Wong, Rishi Sachdev, David Anderson, and Yousuf Zafar. "Can oral chemotherapy parity laws reduce patients’ out-of-pocket (OOP) costs?" Journal of Clinical Oncology 36, no. 30_suppl (October 20, 2018): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2018.36.30_suppl.97.
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97 Background: Insurance plans vary coverage for infusional (IV) vs oral drugs, leading some to suggest that patients on oral drugs pay more OOP than those on IV drugs. 43 states have passed laws requiring insurers to cover oral drugs equivalently to IV drugs. Yet, there is little evidence that these “parity laws” are effective. Our aim was to estimate impact of parity laws on OOP expenses for oral vs IV drugs. Methods: We sought to determine how quickly patients on oral vs IV drugs reach their plan’s annual OOP maximum (max) as a surrogate for OOP expense. We used 2017 data from Healthcare.gov public use files to generate cost-sharing profiles for all 3,092 unique Marketplace plans. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and metastatic hormone sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC) were chosen as two representative malignancies since both have accepted, first-line, IV and oral treatment options. We created guideline-concordant, first-line treatment regimens for simulated patients with CLL (oral ibrutinib vs IV bendamustine/rituximab) or mHSPC (oral abiraterone vs IV docetaxel). Drug, professional, facility, imaging, and lab claims were simulated to calculate OOP costs. The mean number of days to reach the OOP maximum for each Marketplace plan and treatment regimen were recorded. We assessed variation according to insurance coverage levels (“metal tier”: Catastrophic, Bronze, Silver, Gold, Platinum). Results: For CLL patients, 95% of plans reached OOP max in approximately one month of treatment for both oral and IV drugs (oral: mean 36 days; IV: mean 29 days). 99% of mHSPC patients reached their OOP max for oral treatment in a mean 15 days, but only 57% of plans reached OOP max for IV mHSPC treatment. Metal tier impacts time to reach OOP max (table). Conclusions: Parity laws do not lower patient costs when both IV and oral treatment options are expensive. In these cases, patients reach the OOP max rapidly. The small subset of patients most likely to benefit from parity laws are those on oral therapy for a disease where the comparable IV drug is inexpensive (eg, generic docetaxel for mHSPC). [Table: see text]
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Baharin, Mohamed Fakhri Abu, Muhamad Hanafiah Juni, and Rosliza Abdul Manaf. "Equity in Out-of-Pocket Payments for Healthcare Services: Evidence from Malaysia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 8 (April 8, 2022): 4500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084500.
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Background: Out-of-pocket (OOP) payments are an inequitable mechanism for health financing as their high share of total health expenditures poses a risk of catastrophic healthcare expenditures. This study aimed to assess the distribution and progressivity of OOP payments made by Malaysian households for various group of healthcare services. Methods: This study utilized data from the Malaysian Household Expenditure Survey (HES) between 2014 and 2015, which involved 14,473 households. Distribution and progressivity of OOP payments were measured through their proportion of household consumption, a concentration curves plot and the Kakwani Progressivity Index (KPI). Results: The mean proportion of Malaysian OOP payments for healthcare of household consumption was 1.65%. The proportion increased across households’ consumption quintiles, from 1.03% made by the poorest 20% to 1.86% by the richest 20%. The OOP payments in Malaysia were progressive with a positive KPI of 0.0910. The OOP payments made for hospital-based services were the most progressive (KPI 0.1756), followed by medical products, appliances and equipment (KPI 0.1192), pharmaceuticals (0.0925) and outpatient-based services (KPI 0.0394) as the least progressive. Conclusions: Overall, the OOP payments for healthcare services in Malaysia were progressive and equitable as they were more concentrated among the richer households.
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Widayani, Hapsari, and Burhanudin Burhanudin. "Pemanfaatan teknologi sudah dilakukan di banyak bidang kehidupan seperti sudah banyaknya aplikasi baik berbasis website ataupun android yang menjadi sahabat bagi semua lapisan masyarakat. Sebagian besar masyarakat hanya dapat menggunakan teknologi tersebu." Jurnal Abdimas Musi Charitas 5, no. 1 (June 8, 2021): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.32524/jamc.v5i1.256.
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Pemanfaatan teknologi sudah dilakukan di banyak bidang kehidupan seperti sudah banyaknya aplikasi baik berbasis website ataupun android yang menjadi sahabat bagi semua lapisan masyarakat. Sebagian besar masyarakat hanya dapat menggunakan teknologi tersebut dan Sebagian kecil lainnya bukan hanya dapat menggunakan tetapi juga dapat membuat teknologi tersebut dengan bantuan suatu tools pemrograman. Pemrograman sendiri dapat dibuat dengan konsep native ataupun konsep OOP (Object Oriented Programming). Banyak programmer dapat membuat program dengan konsep native tetapi tidak banyak programmer yang dapat membuat program dengan konsep OOP. Selain programmer, banyak pula mahasiswa yang belum memahami konsep OOP apalagi untuk membuatnya dalam bentuk sebuah website. Mahasiswa-mahasiswa tersebut mau tidak mau harus mengikuti workshop pelatihan mengenai OOP agar ilmu di bidang IT dapat meningkat. Berdasarkan permasalahan tersebutlah, tim pengabdian dosen mengadakan pengabdian tentang Pelatihan Object Oriented Programming dalam Pembuatan Website Masa Kini. OOP merupakan pemrograman berbasis objek yang menerapkan metode class dan object sebagai pendukungnya. Pengabdian yang dilakukan tidak hanya penjelasan secara teori tetapi juga secara praktik agar para mahasiswa dapat langsung mempraktikkan apa yang sudah dijelaskan oleh tutor. Hasil dari kegiatan ini adalah para mahasiswa dapat membuat suatu website yang dibuat dengan menggunakan OOP dan ilmu serta wawasan mereka mengenai pemrograman dapat meningkat.
Kata Kunci: OOP, website, pemrograman
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Mazza, Fabio, and Angelo Donnici. "In-plane and out-of-plane seismic damage of masonry infills in existing r.c. structures: the case study of De Gasperi-Battaglia school in Norcia." Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 19, no. 1 (October 24, 2020): 345–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-020-00981-2.
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AbstractA significant correlation between the in-plane (IP) and out-of-plane (OOP) damage propagation of masonry infills (MIs) is frequently observed after strong earthquakes, posing a serious problem as regards vulnerability of public buildings such as schools. The present work is aimed at identifying the effects of different IP and OOP modelling assumptions of MIs on their seismic damage. To this end, the state secondary school De Gasperi-Battaglia in Norcia (Italy), object of monitoring by the Department of Civil Protection since 2000, is investigated for the heterogeneity of infill typologies. The school is composed of a basement and three storeys above ground level, with a reinforced concrete (r.c.) framed structure having a long-shaped rectangular plan. Two typologies can be identified in terms of transverse layout of MIs: (i) double-leaf interior partitions, made of hollow clay bricks; (ii) double-leaf exterior infill walls, constituted by facade solid bricks paired with hollow clay bricks. In addition, partial height infills in the longitudinal direction, due to classroom windows, make the columns susceptible to short column effects. MIs are represented by a five-element macro-model predicting both in-plane (IP) and out-of-plane (OOP) behaviour through a horizontal nonlinear truss and four diagonal nonlinear beam elements, respectively. Stiffness and strength values in the OOP direction are also reduced considering the evolution of the IP damage. Three assumptions are investigated for the behaviour of structural MIs: i.e. elastic both IP and OOP; inelastic IP and elastic OOP; inelastic both IP and OOP. Bare and infilled test structures are subjected to biaxial spectrum-compatible accelerograms, to evaluate the IP and OOP damage levels and effectiveness of the OOP simplified verification proposed by seismic codes.
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Puplampu, Bill Buenar, and Chris Lewis. "Geopolitical diversity in Occupational and Organisational Psychology: shaking off historical comforts and confronting real-world challenges." Journal of the British Academy 9s1 (2021): 257–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/jba/009s1.257.
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This article explores the limited and myopic theoretical and research resource base of Occupational and Organisational Psychology (OOP), a field which is a major contributor to global management thinking and practice. As a field, OOP has tackled many work-related human challenges. Considerable progress in both theory and practice in nearly 120 years of active engagement with society has led to theories of work, motivation, selection, performance, organisational behaviour, and development. Much of OOP work now informs and interfaces various Human Resource and general management initiatives. These advances notwithstanding, we note a major gap: the lack of diversity in the geopolitical and international sources of OOP theory. This article argues that to migrate theory and research into impactful practice�globally�OOP must engage a deliberate process of fostering alternative, autochthonous, and indigenous knowledge from geopolitical areas which are under-represented. The article proposes corrective actions and agendas which would assist OOP become more diverse and support the growth of Africa�s contribution to global knowledge production in the work and organisational sciences.
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McFarlane, Michael, Neeraj Bhala, Louise China, Laith Alrubaiy, Fergus Chedgy, Benjamin R. Disney, Adam D. Farmer, et al. "Attitudes to out-of-programme experiences, research and academic training of gastroenterology trainees between 2007 and 2016." Frontline Gastroenterology 10, no. 1 (June 19, 2018): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/flgastro-2018-100993.
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ObjectiveAcademic medical training was overhauled in 2005 after the Walport report and Modernising Medical Careers to create a more attractive and transparent training pathway. In 2007 and 2016, national web-based surveys of gastroenterology trainees were undertaken to determine experiences, perceptions of and perceived barriers to out-of-programme research experience (OOP-R).Design, setting and patientsProspective, national web-based surveys of UK gastroenterology trainees in 2007 and 2016.Main outcome measureAttitudes to OOP-R of two cohorts of gastroenterology trainees.ResultsResponse rates were lower in 2016 (25.8% vs 56.7%) (p<0.0001), although female trainees’ response rates increased (from 28.8% to 37.6%) (p=0.17), along with higher numbers of academic trainees. Over 80% of trainees planned to undertake OOP-R in both surveys, with >50% having already undertaken it. Doctor of Philosophy/medical doctorate remained the most popular OOP-R in both cohorts. Successful fellowship applications increased in 2016, and evidence of gender inequality in 2007 was no longer evident in 2016. In the 2016 cohort, 91.1% (n=144) felt the development of trainee-led research networks was important, with 74.7% (n=118) keen to get involved.ConclusionsThe majority of gastroenterology trainees who responded expressed a desire to undertake OOP-R, and participation rates in OOP-R remain high. Despite smaller absolute numbers responding than in 2007, 2016 trainees achieved higher successful fellowship application rates. Reassuringly more trainees in 2016 felt that OOP-R would be important in the future. Efforts are needed to tackle potential barriers to OOP-R and support trainees to pursue research-active careers.
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Del Pozo-Rubio, Raúl, Isabel Pardo-García, and Francisco Escribano-Sotos. "Financial Catastrophism Inherent with Out-of-Pocket Payments in Long Term Care for Households: A Latent Impoverishment." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010295.
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Background: Out-of-pocket (OOP) payments are configured as an important source of financing long-term care (LTC). However, very few studies have analyzed the risk of impoverishment and catastrophic effects of OOP in LTC. To estimate the contribution of users to the financing of LTC and to analyze the economic consequences for households in terms of impoverishment and catastrophism after financial crisis in Spain. Methods: The database that was used is the 2008 Spanish Disability and Dependency Survey, projected to 2012. We analyze the OOP payments effect associated to the impoverishment of households comparing volume and financial situation before and after OOP payment. At the same time, the extent to which OOP payment had led to catastrophism was analyzed using different thresholds. Results: The results show that contribution of dependent people to the financing of the services they receive exceeds by 50% the costs of these services. This expenditure entails an increase in the number of households that live below the poverty. In terms of catastrophism, more than 80% of households dedicate more than 10% of their income to dependency OOP payments. In annual terms, the catastrophe gap generated by devoting more than 10% of the household income to dependent care OOP payment reached €3955, 1 million (0.38% of GDP). Conclusion: This article informs about consequences of OOP in LCT and supplements previous research that focus on health. Our results should serve to develop strategic for protection against the financial risk resulting from facing the costs of a situation of dependence.
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Dashti, Farhad, Rajesh Dhakal, and Stefano Pampanin. "Design recommendations to prevent global out-of-plane instability of rectangular reinforced concrete ductile walls." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 54, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 211–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.54.3.211-227.
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Observations of out-of-plane (OOP) instability in the 2010 Chile earthquake and in the 2011 Christchurch earthquake resulted in concerns about the current design provisions of structural walls. This mode of failure was previously observed in the experimental response of some wall specimens subjected to in-plane loading. Therefore, the postulations proposed for prediction of the limit states corresponding to OOP instability of rectangular walls are generally based on stability analysis under in-plane loading only. These approaches address stability of a cracked wall section when subjected to compression, thereby considering the level of residual strain developed in the reinforcement as the parameter that prevents timely crack closure of the wall section and induces stability failure. The New Zealand code requirements addressing the OOP instability of structural walls are based on the assumptions used in the literature and the analytical methods proposed for mathematical determination of the critical strain values. In this study, a parametric study is conducted using a numerical model capable of simulating OOP instability of rectangular walls to evaluate sensitivity of the OOP response of rectangular walls to variation of different parameters identified to be governing this failure mechanism. The effects of wall slenderness (unsupported height-to-thickness) ratio, longitudinal reinforcement ratio of the boundary regions and length on the OOP response of walls are evaluated. A clear trend was observed regarding the influence of these parameters on the initiation of OOP displacement, based on which simple equations are proposed for prediction of OOP instability in rectangular walls.
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Vazquez-Colunga, Saul Y., Chin Long Lee, and Gregory A. MacRae. "Effects of Out-of-Plane Displacements on Load Capacity of Gusset Plates in Buckling Restrained Braced Frames." Key Engineering Materials 763 (February 2018): 892–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.763.892.
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This study sets out to investigate the effect of out-of-plane (OOP) displacements on the monotonic load capacity of gusset plates (GPs) via numerical analyses using finite element methods. Two models were used: a) models with in-plane (INP) actions only; and b) models with both INP and OOP actions. The numerical results show that the load capacity of GPs is reduced with the presence of OOP displacements. For an OOP drift of 2.5%, the reduced capacity ranges from 95% to 80% with an average of 88% of the load capacity when only INP actions were applied.
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Zhao, Zhong Hua, Meng Zhang, and Xi Cheng Wei. "The Corpuscular Method Application in OOP Child Constraint System Research and Simulation." Advanced Materials Research 664 (February 2013): 970–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.664.970.
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One brief introduction of side OOP and TWG test are given. Comparison application of the airbag deployment simulation in LS-DYNA between Control Volume Method(CV), Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian Method(ALE) and Corpuscular Method(CPM) are descripted. CPM theory could describe the gas flow that is necessary for OOP(out of position) research. Three kinds of TWG tests were conducted and acceptable Hybrid Ⅲ 3YO dummy injury repeatability was achieved. The simulation used in side OOP simulation get good correlation results. Influences of many parameters in side OOP constraint system could be studied based on the simulation and test results.
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Kircher, Sheetal Mehta, Michael Johansen, and Matthew M. Davis. "Impact of Medicare Part D on out-of-pocket drug costs and utilization for patients with cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 31_suppl (November 1, 2013): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.31_suppl.275.
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275 Background: Medicare Part D was designed to reduce out of pocket (OOP) costs for Medicare beneficiaries, but the extent to which this occurred for patients with cancer has not been measured. The aim of this study is to quantify the impact of Part D eligibility on OOP cost for prescription drugs and utilization for cancer patients. Methods: Differences-in-differences analyses were used to estimate the effects of Medicare Part D eligibility on OOP drug costs, by comparing 4 year periods before and after Part D implementation. Analyses were based on data from the publicly available Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, a nationally representative, all-payer sample of the United States non-institutionalized civilian population. Our analysis compared per-capita OOP burden between Medicare beneficiaries (age 65+) with cancer to near-elderly individuals age 55-64 years old with cancer. Results: 2,077 near-elderly individuals with cancer and 4,723 individuals with Medicare and cancer were included (total n=6,800), representing over 85 million people. Prescription drug coverage increased among individuals with Medicare from before Part D (39%) to after (65%); in contrast, prescription drug coverage among the near-elderly remained stable before vs. after Part D (82.4% vs. 81.4%). The mean per-capita OOP cost for Medicare beneficiaries with cancer before Part D was $1,111 (SE ±45) and decreased to $694 (±35) after implementation of Medicare Part D—a decline of 37%. Compared with changes in OOP drug costs for non-elderly patients with cancer over the same period, implementation of Medicare Part D was associated with a further reduction of $286 per person. OOP costs for cancer-associated drugs (i.e., antineoplastic, pain medications, anti-emetics) accounted for 6.5-11.1% of the total OOP cost with no significant trends between 2002-2010. Conclusions: The implementation of Medicare D has significantly reduced OOP prescription drug costs for seniors with cancer, beyond trends observed for younger patients. Considering prescription drugs for all medical conditions, cancer associated drugs compose a minority of the cost, highlighting that cancer patients have many comorbid conditions contributing to overall costs.
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Hanifa, Sofari, Wawan Kusdiawan, and Dedi Supriadi. "PERANCANGAN SISTEM INFORMASI PENERIMAAN DAN PENGELUARAN DONASI BERBASIS WEB MENGGUNAKAN PHP & MYSQL (Studi Kasus Pada Lembaga Karawang Peduli)." Jurnal Interkom: Jurnal Publikasi Ilmiah Bidang Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi 14, no. 3 (May 4, 2021): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.35969/interkom.v14i3.75.
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Abstrak Sofari Hanifah. Perancangan Sistem Informasi Penerimaan Dan Pengeluaran Donasi Berbasis WebMenggunakan Php Mysql (Studi Kasus Pada Lembaga Karawang Peduli). Dibimbing oleh WawanKusdiawan dan Dedi Supriadi. Tujuan penelitian pada Lembaga Karawang Peduli untuk merancang sistem informasi penerimaandan pengeluaran donasi berbasis web sehingga dapat mempermudah, mempercepat dan mengurangitingkat kesalahan, kekeliruan dalam memasukan data penerimaan dan pengeluaran donasi. Metodepengembangan sistem yang digunakan yaitu System Deveploment Life Cycyle (SDLC) Waterfall.Menganalisis dan merancang permasalahan dengan menggunakan Object Oriented Analysis (OOA)dan Object Oriented Design (OOD) dan Object Oriented Programming (OOP). Menggunakanbahasa pemrograman PHP, XAMPP dan MySQL sebagai database manajemen sistem.Menggunakan Unified Modeling Language (UML) diagram yang terdiri dari use case diagram,sequence diagram, activity diagram dan class diagram. Hasil aplikasi yang dirancang dapatmengurangi terjadinya kesalahan dalam penginputan data, memberikan kemudahan akses bagidonatur dan adanya keterbukaan informasi keuangan terkait pemasukan dan pengeluaran donasi.
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Nipp, Ryan David, Anne C. Kirchhoff, Douglas Beaty Fair, Karen Kuhlthau, Kelly Hyland, Giselle Katiria Perez, Gregory T. Armstrong, et al. "Financial burden among survivors of childhood cancer: A report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study." Journal of Clinical Oncology 33, no. 29_suppl (October 10, 2015): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2015.33.29_suppl.233.
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233 Background: Cancer diagnosis and treatment can be associated with crippling financial burden, but whether this extends long-term into survivorship is unknown. We sought to examine survivors’ out-of-pocket (OOP) medical costs and their effects. Methods: From May 2011-April 2012, we surveyed a randomly selected sample of cancer survivors from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study to assess survivors’ 1) financial distress, 2) monetary insecurity and 3) cost-motivated health behavior in the past year. We estimated the proportion of survivors with high OOP costs (≥10% of their annual household income). To determine associations between high OOP costs and the 3 outcomes of financial burden noted above, we used logistic regression to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for each of the outcomes, adjusting for sex, marital status, insurance, employment and income. Results: Of 1,101 mailed surveys, we received 698 (63% response) with a median age of 39 years (range 25-60) and 31 years from diagnosis (range 23-42). 9.3% (n=54) reported high OOP costs. Survivors with high OOP costs were more likely to report financial distress, monetary insecurity and cost-motivated health behavior. Conclusions: Adult survivors of childhood cancer may experience high OOP costs, resulting in significant financial burden. Our findings suggest that survivors’ OOP burdens not only influence their financial distress and monetary insecurities, but may also negatively impact their health behavior. [Table: see text]
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Pelletier, E., J. Tierce, Y. Yim, and C. Reyes. "Patient out-of-pocket payments for oral oncologic therapies: Updated results from a U.S. claims data analysis." Journal of Clinical Oncology 27, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2009): 6582. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.6582.
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6582 Background: Oral oncologic therapies are increasingly becoming part of treatment options for cancer. These agents often fall within the pharmacy benefit, with the potential for increased out-of-pocket (OOP) cost burden to patients. The objective of this study is to evaluate patient OOP payments for oral oncologic therapies in U.S. managed care plans. Methods: Patients aged 18+ years with 1 of 13 oral oncologics (bexarotene, capecitabine, dasatinib, erlotinib, gefitinib, imatinib, lapatinib, lenalidomide, sorafenib, sunitinib, temozolomide, thalidomide, vorinostat) were identified in 2007 from a nationally representative database of medical and pharmacy claims from over 90 U.S. health plans. OOP payments were calculated as the allowed amount (dollar amount a health plan allows for a therapy, including any member liability) minus the paid amount (dollar amount paid by a health plan for a therapy). Results: 10,400 patients with evidence of at least 1 of 13 oral oncologic therapies were identified in 2007. The mean age was 59.2 years, 48% were male, and 83% had a commercial payer; 26% of patients were diagnosed with lung cancer, 14% with breast cancer, and 13% with colorectal cancer at the time of the first evidence of therapy use in 2007. Mean and median OOP payments for the 13 oral oncologic therapies are provided in the table below. Medicare Advantage and Medicaid had higher mean OOP payments for most therapies compared to commercial payers and self-insured patients. Conclusions: This study evaluated OOP payments for oral oncologic therapies using current claims data. Among the 13 oral oncologics studied, the average OOP costs ranged from $117 to $1,014. As costs for therapy become a greater part of treatment decisions, an understanding of patient OOP costs will be critical in informing choices. [Table: see text] [Table: see text]
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Homaie Rad, Enayatollah, Leyla Amirbeik, Mohammad Hajizadeh, Shahrokh Yousefzadeh-Chabok, Zahra Mohtasham-Amiri, Satar Rezaei, and Anita Reihanian. "Determinants of utilization and out-of-pocket payments for psychiatric healthcare in Iran." Journal of Public Mental Health 19, no. 2 (September 9, 2019): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpmh-03-2019-0036.
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Purpose Mental health is an inevitable and vital dimension when it comes to providing a global definition for the appropriate health status. This highlights the importance of investigating factors influencing utilization and out-of-pocket payments (OOP) for mental health services. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to assess the determinants of the utilization and OOP for psychiatric healthcare in Iran. Design/methodology/approach A total of 39,864 households were included in this cross-sectional study. Data on the utilization and OOP for psychiatric healthcare as well as all their determinants (e.g. wealth index of households, geographical area, household size, etc.) were extracted from the Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES). The HIES was conducted by the Statistical Center of Iran in 2016. A zero-inflated Tobit model was used to identify the main factors affecting utilization and OOP for psychiatric healthcare utilization. Findings The average of utilization and OOP for psychiatric services was found to be 14.67 times per 1,000 households and $7.783 per month for service users, respectively. There were significant positive relationships between income and utilization (p=0.0002) and OOP (p<0.0001) for psychiatric services. Significant negative associations were found between the number of illiterate people in the household and OOP (coefficient=−1.56) and utilization (coefficient=−0.2002) for psychiatric services. Utilization and OOP for psychiatric services were statistically significantly higher among households with higher wealth status. Originality/value Despite the higher rate of mental disorders, the utilization of psychiatric services in Iran is very low. Due to financial barriers and insufficient insurance coverage, high socioeconomic status (SES) households utilize more psychiatric services than low-SES households. Thus, the integration of mental health services in public health programs is required to improve the utilization of psychiatric services in Iran.
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Avila, Jaqueline C., Sapna Kaul, and Rebeca Wong. "Health Care Expenditures and Utilization Among Older Mexican Adults." Journal of Aging and Health 32, no. 5-6 (December 14, 2018): 269–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0898264318818901.
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Objectives: Examine differences in health care utilization and out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditures among older Mexican adults in 2001 and 2012, and identify individual characteristics associated with utilization and expenditures in both years. Method: Data from the 2001 and 2012 cross-sections of the Mexican Health and Aging Study were utilized. Outcomes included nights spent in the hospital, medical/outpatient procedures, and OOP expenditures with these services. Covariates included demographics and comorbidities. Two-part regression models were used to identify covariates associated with utilization and expenditures in each year. Results: The proportion of those who spent at least one night in the hospital or had at least one medical/outpatient visit was higher in 2012 than in 2001, while the proportion of individuals with OOP expenditures decreased between the years. Those with more comorbidities had the highest OOP expenditures in both years. Discussion: Although the population paying for health care services OOP was lower in 2012, there is persistent inequality in expenditures across population groups.
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Mnzava, Thomas, Eunice Mmari, and Andres Berruti. "Drivers of Patient Costs in Accessing HIV/AIDS Services in Tanzania." Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (JIAPAC) 17 (January 1, 2018): 232595821877477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325958218774775.
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Background: Patient costs pose a challenge in accessing antiretroviral therapy for people living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. The study aimed at identifying drivers for out-of-pocket (OOP) costs in Tanzania. Methods: In 2009, 500 adult patients who attended 10 HIV clinics across 7 regions of Tanzania were asked about time and resources consumed to access HIV services. Bivariate and multivariate median regression models were used to determine the main drivers for OOP costs. Results: Male and female patients have a median OOP costs of $40.37 and $28.01 per year, respectively ( P = .01). Males spend significantly more on travel ($26.51) than females ($19.68; P = .02). Living in rural areas and poor social economic status (SES) are associated with greater OOP costs ( P = .001) for both sexes. Conclusion: Poor SES and rural residence are main drivers of OOP costs. Patients are less likely to seek health care unless they are in dire need, leading to expensive services.
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Arena, E., G. Ballistreri, and B. Fallico. "Effect of postharvest storage temperatures on the quality parameters of pistachio nuts." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 31, No. 5 (September 9, 2013): 467–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/69/2013-cjfs.
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Pistachios from Italy and Turkey were stored at different temperatures (10, 20, and 30°C) and the moisture of the pistachios, the free fatty acids (FFA) content, the peroxide value, and triacylglycerols (TGs) composition of the extracted oils were evaluated. The content of FFA decreased during storage at 10°C and increased at 20 and 30°C. No differences between the peroxide values were found during storage at 10°C. A significant increase in the peroxide values was observed after 20 days at 20°C and 5 days at 30°C in both the Italian and Turkish samples. The main TGs found in the pistachio oil of both origins were OLO, OLL, OLP, LLL, LLP, OOP, OLLn, and OOO; these accounted for approximately 85% of the total TGs content. A decrease was observed in the amounts of TGs esterified with polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as LLP, OLP, LLL and OLL, and an increase of the relative amounts of TGs with monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids, such as OOO and OOP, with the increasing storage time and temperatures in both samples.
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Hayes, Brian. "The Post-OOP Paradigm." American Scientist 91, no. 2 (2003): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2003.2.106.
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Strong, Steve. "Introduction to OOP (abstract)." ACM SIGPLAN OOPS Messenger 4, no. 2 (April 1993): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/157710.157817.
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Ladbrook, Matt. "Time out with OOP." InnovAiT: Education and inspiration for general practice 3, no. 7 (June 18, 2010): 429–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/innovait/inp215.
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Nodelman, Vladimir. "OOP via C++, C#...?" ACM SIGCSE Bulletin 36, no. 3 (September 2004): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1026487.1008087.
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Wellings, A. J., and A. Burns. "Integrating OOP and tasking." ACM SIGAda Ada Letters XXVII, no. 2 (August 2007): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1316002.1316007.
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Woodward, F., A. Nedungadi, and J. Birns. "78 Does Time ‘Out of Programme’ Offer Increased Academic Output? The South East London Geriatrics Training Programme Experience." Age and Ageing 49, Supplement_1 (February 2020): i25—i26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afz191.03.
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Abstract Introduction In contrast to other medical specialties, trainees in Geriatrics have historically provided an increased contribution to clinical workload in General Internal Medicine and a reduced output of academic achievements. More recently, development of non-clinical skills has been recognised to have similar importance to clinical skills and the South East (SE) London Geriatrics Training Programme has thus supported trainees in applications for Out of Programme (OOP) opportunities to optimise career progression. Methods Doctors who had undertaken specialist registrar training in the SE London Geriatrics Training Programme at any time between 2011 and 2019 were sent a questionnaire to assess whether they had completed time OOP and whether they had been awarded research grants, published papers in peer-reviewed journals, had abstracts accepted for presentation at conferences, and/or published book chapters during their training programme. Chi-squared and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests were used to compare data between registrars who had completed time OOP and those who had not taken time OOP. Results 77 (24 male; 53 female) registrars completed training in the SE London Geriatrics Training Programme between 2011 and 2019. 71 registrars (92%) completed the questionnaire, of whom 31 (44%) completed time OOP. In total, registrars were awarded 15 research grants, published 86 papers in peer-reviewed journals, had abstracts accepted for 184 conference presentations and published 20 book chapters. A notably increased proportion of registrars who took time OOP had an output of research grants, papers published in peer-reviewed journals, abstracts accepted for presentation at conferences and/or book chapters respectively compared with registrars who had not taken time OOP (23% vs 5% ; 61% vs 23%; 84% vs 33%; 45% vs 5%). This equated to a combined academic output in 94% of registrars who completed time OOP compared with 48% who did not (p <0.001). Conclusions A very strong association existed between registrars in Geriatrics taking time OOP and academic achievement substantiating the training programme’s aspiration to support development of non-clinical skills that may be helpful to trainees in their future careers. It would be worthwhile further work being undertaken in this area in other regions.
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Liang, Margaret, Sarah S. Summerlin, Teresa KL Boitano, Christina T. Blanchard, Smita Bhatia, Warner King Huh, and Maria Pisu. "Evaluating uptake and patient satisfaction with an out-of-pocket cost tracker for gynecologic cancer patients undergoing treatment." Journal of Clinical Oncology 37, no. 27_suppl (September 20, 2019): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2019.37.27_suppl.101.
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101 Background: Tracking expenses may be useful to minimize financial distress in cancer patients. Our objective was to evaluate uptake and satisfaction with an out of pocket (OOP) cost tracker for gynecologic cancer patients on treatment. Methods: Within a longitudinal survey to assess financial burden among gynecologic cancer patients starting a new line of systemic therapy at a tertiary-care cancer center, we provided worksheets for participants to track their OOP expenses voluntarily. We assessed patient usage and satisfaction at 3 and 6 months. Financial distress was measured using Comprehensive Score for Financial Toxicity < 26. Results: Among 121 participants with an average age of 59 years, 34 (28%) were African-American and 33 (27%) had a high school diploma or less. Half (55/110, 50%) of participants reported annual income < $40,000. Most participants had health insurance (113/121, 93%) and were unemployed (77/118, 65%). Forty-nine of 121 (40%) participants reported ever using the OOP cost tracker at 3 or 6 months. Those who used the cost tracker stated it was helpful to track costs (86%, 73%), easy to use (97%, 100%), and useful for budgeting (42%, 24%) at 3 and 6 months. Participants reported using the cost tracker at least weekly (33%, 19%), every 2 weeks (36%, 27%), or monthly (31%, 54%) at 3 and 6 months. Twelve participants returned their OOP cost trackers for review with a median use of 5.5 months (range 3-10). Average monthly patient-reported OOP costs (range) were: $41 ($0-$584) for direct non-medical costs (i.e., transportation, lodging), $15 ($0-$120) for outpatient services, $13 ($0-$150) for medications/supplies, and $9 ($0-$100) for hospital services. Use of the OOP cost tracker at 3 months was not associated with financial distress at baseline (p = 0.30) or at 3 months (p = 0.89). Qualitative analysis showed the OOP cost tracker reminded patients to save receipts and to track categories of cost they would not have otherwise considered. Conclusions: 40% of gynecologic cancer patients undergoing treatment used an OOP cost tracker worksheet and found it helpful and easy to use. Direct non-medical costs accounted for the highest average monthly patient-reported OOP cost.
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Yusuf, Farhat, and Stephen Leeder. "Recent estimates of the out-of-pocket expenditure on health care in Australia." Australian Health Review 44, no. 3 (2020): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah18191.
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Objective The aims of this study were to estimate the average annual out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditure on health care by households in Australia in 2015–16, and to compare this with the estimate for 2009–10. Methods Data from the most recent Household Expenditure Survey (HES) conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics were used. Various statistical methods were used to estimate the annual OOP expenditures at the household and national levels. Results The average annual OOP expenditure was A$4290 per household, representing 5.8% of the amount spent on all goods and services. Private health insurance (PHI) premiums, although not a direct expenditure on health care, were 40.6% of the total OOP expenses. Of the remaining 59.4%, nearly half was spent on doctors and other health professionals, and approximately one-third was spent on medicines. Dental treatments and specialist consultations were the most expensive, whereas visits to general practitioners incurred the least OOP expenditure. Households with PHI (58.6%) spent fourfold more on health care than those not insured. Compared with the 2009–10 survey, the biggest increases were in the cost of PHI (50.7%) and copayments to specialists (34.8%) and other health professionals (42.0%). Conclusions OOP expenditure on health care as a proportion of the total household expenditure on all goods and services has increased by more than 25% between 2009–10 and 2015–16. What is known about the topic? Australian households incur OOP expenses for health care in Australia for a wide range of goods and services, such as copayments to doctors and other health professionals beyond the Medicare rebates, the cost of medicines and other pharmaceutical goods not covered entirely by the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme and PHI premiums. Although other estimates of OOP expenditure are available in official reports of the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, they are based on administrative records rather than consumer reports, and cannot be disaggregated by item or the characteristics of households. What does this paper add? This paper provides detailed information on OOP expenditure on health care as reported by a probability sample of households interviewed for the HES conducted by the ABS during 2015–16. These estimates of OOP expenditure, based on consumer reports, add a further dimension to the information available from administrative records only. What are the implications for practitioners? Practitioners should take account of the effect of increasing copayments for their services, especially on patients belonging to the lower socioeconomic categories. Increasing copayments may lead to people foregoing medical care. Health planners and politicians should note the steady upward drift in OOP expenses and factor these into their policies for future funding of health care.
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Thanh, Nguyen Duc, Bui Thi My Anh, Chu Huyen Xiem, and Hoang Van Minh. "Out-of-Pocket Health Expenditures Among Insured and Uninsured Patients in Vietnam." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 31, no. 3 (April 2019): 210–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1010539519833549.
Full textAbstract:
Out-of-pocket expenditure/payment (OOP) is one of the indicators measuring the achievement of Universal Health Coverage. This article aimed to compare OOP among the insured and uninsured for their outpatient and inpatient health care services. The data of 6710 individuals using outpatient care and 924 individuals using inpatient care at 78 district hospitals and 246 commune health centers in 6 provinces from the World Bank survey, “The 2015 Vietnam District and Commune Health Facility,” were used for analysis. In the ordinary least square model, the estimated coefficient of the insurance status variable suggested that insurance reduced OOP by 31.1% for outpatient care and 31.5% for inpatient care of the insured as compared with the uninsured ( P <0.001). For outpatient care, insurance reduced OOP more for those enrollees using commune health centers than those using district health facilities, 42.3% and 20.2%, respectively. For inpatient care at district health facilities, insurance reduced OOP by 34.9% as compared with the uninsured ( P <0.001). The study suggested that more active solutions should be created to promote the universal health insurance in Vietnam.
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Morris, Karla. "Emulating Multiple Inheritance in Fortran 2003/2008." Scientific Programming 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/126069.
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Although the high-performance computing (HPC) community increasingly embraces object-oriented programming (OOP), most HPC OOP projects employ the C++ programming language. Until recently, Fortran programmers interested in mining the benefits of OOP had to emulate OOP in Fortran 90/95. The advent of widespread compiler support for Fortran 2003 now facilitates explicitly constructing object-oriented class hierarchies via inheritance and leveraging related class behaviors such as dynamic polymorphism. Although C++ allows a class to inherit from multiple parent classes, Fortran and several other OOP languages restrict or prohibit explicit multiple inheritance relationships in order to circumvent several pitfalls associated with them. Nonetheless, what appears as an intrinsic feature in one language can be modeled as a user-constructed design pattern in another language. The present paper demonstrates how to apply the facade structural design pattern to support a multiple inheritance class relationship in Fortran 2003. The design unleashes the power of the associated class relationships for modeling complicated data structures yet avoids the ambiguities that plague some multiple inheritance scenarios.
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Hanifah, Sofari, Wawan Kusdiawan, and Dedi Supriadi. "Perancangan Sistem Informasi Penerimaan Dan Pengeluaran Donasi Berbasis Web Menggunakan Php & Mysql (Studi Kasus Pada Lembaga Karawang Peduli)." Jurnal Interkom: Jurnal Publikasi Ilmiah Bidang Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi 14, no. 3 (October 30, 2019): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.35969/interkom.v14i3.55.
Full textAbstract:
Sofari Hanifah. Perancangan Sistem Informasi Penerimaan Dan Pengeluaran Donasi Berbasis Web Menggunakan Php Mysql (Studi Kasus Pada Lembaga Karawang Peduli). Dibimbing oleh Wawan Kusdiawan dan Dedi Supriadi.
Tujuan penelitian pada Lembaga Karawang Peduli untuk merancang sistem informasi penerimaan dan pengeluaran donasi berbasis web sehingga dapat mempermudah, mempercepat dan mengurangi tingkat kesalahan, kekeliruan dalam memasukan data penerimaan dan pengeluaran donasi. Metode pengembangan sistem yang digunakan yaitu System Deveploment Life Cycyle (SDLC) Waterfall. Menganalisis dan merancang permasalahan dengan menggunakan Object Oriented Analysis (OOA) dan Object Oriented Design (OOD) dan Object Oriented Programming (OOP). Menggunakan bahasa pemrograman PHP, XAMPP dan MySQL sebagai database manajemen sistem. Menggunakan Unified Modeling Language (UML) diagram yang terdiri dari use case diagram, sequence diagram, activity diagram dan class diagram. Hasil aplikasi yang dirancang dapat mengurangi terjadinya kesalahan dalam penginputan data, memberikan kemudahan akses bagi donatur dan adanya keterbukaan informasi keuangan terkait pemasukan dan pengeluaran donasi.
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Kircher, Sheetal Mehta, Michael Johansen, Caroline Richardson, and Matthew M. Davis. "Impact of Medicare Part D on out-of-pocket pharmaceutical costs for patients with cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2013): 6517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.6517.
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6517 Background: As federal policy, Medicare Part D was designed to reduce OOP costs for Medicare beneficiaries, but the extent to which this occurred for patients with cancer has not been measured. The aim of this study is to quantify the impact of Part D eligibility on out-of-pocket (OOP) cost for prescription drugs for cancer patients. Methods: Differences-in-differences analyses were used to estimate the effects of Medicare Part D eligibility on OOP pharmaceutical costs, by comparing 4-year periods before and after Part D implementation. Analyses were based on data from the publicly available Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, a nationally representative, all-payer sample of the United States non-institutionalized civilian population. Our analysis compared per-capita OOP burden between Medicare beneficiaries (age 65+) with cancer to near-elderly patients age 55-64 years old with cancer. Statistical weights provided with the dataset were used to generate nationally representative estimates. Results: Overall, 2,147 near-elderly individuals with cancer and 5,296 individuals with Medicare and cancer were included in the analysis (total n=7,443), representing over 88 million people with cancer in 8 years of study. As expected, prescription drug coverage more than doubled among individuals with Medicare from before Part D (34.4%) to after (77.8%); in contrast, prescription drug coverage among the near-elderly remained stable before vs. after Part D (72.0% vs. 71.1%). The mean per-capita OOP cost for Medicare beneficiaries with cancer before Part D was $935 (SE ±30) and decreased to $616 (±25) after implementation of Medicare Part D—a decline of 34%. Compared with changes in OOP pharmaceutical costs for non-elderly patients with cancer over the same period, implementation of Medicare Part D was associated with a further reduction of $159 (±73) per person with cancer. Conclusions: The implementation of Medicare D has significantly reduced OOP prescription drug costs for seniors with cancer, beyond trends observed for younger patients. Further analyses will examine OOP cost patterns for patients with cancer with specific sociodemographic and clinical characteristics.