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Journal articles on the topic 'Ontogenetic colour change'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 January 2023

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1

Wilson, David, Robert Heinsohn, and John A. Endler. "The adaptive significance of ontogenetic colour change in a tropical python." Biology Letters 3, no. 1 (December 5, 2006): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2006.0574.

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Ontogenetic colour change is typically associated with changes in size, vulnerability or habitat, but assessment of its functional significance requires quantification of the colour signals from the receivers' perspective. The tropical python, Morelia viridis , is an ideal species to establish the functional significance of ontogenetic colour change. Neonates hatch either yellow or red and both the morphs change to green with age. Here, we show that colour change from red or yellow to green provides camouflage from visually oriented avian predators in the different habitats used by juveniles and adults. This reflects changes in foraging behaviour and vulnerability as individuals mature and provides a rare demonstration of the adaptive value of ontogenetic colour change.

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2

BOOTH, CAREY L. "Evolutionary significance of ontogenetic colour change in animals." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 40, no. 2 (June 1990): 125–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1990.tb01973.x.

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3

Härer, Andreas, Nidal Karagic, Axel Meyer, and Julián Torres-Dowdall. "Reverting ontogeny: rapid phenotypic plasticity of colour vision in cichlid fish." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 7 (July 2019): 190841. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.190841.

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Phenotypic plasticity, particularly during development, allows organisms to rapidly adjust to different environmental conditions. Yet, it is often unclear whether the extent and direction of plastic changes are restricted by an individual's ontogeny. Many species of cichlid fishes go through ontogenetic changes in visual sensitivity, from short to long wavelengths, by switching expression of cone opsin genes crucial for colour vision. During this progression, individuals often exhibit phenotypic plasticity to the ambient light conditions. However, it is commonly assumed that once an adult visual phenotype is reached, reverting to an earlier ontogenetic state with higher sensitivity at shorter wavelengths is not common. In this study, we experimentally demonstrate that four-month-old Midas cichlid fish ( Amphilophus astorquii ) show plasticity in single cone opsin expression after experiencing drastic changes in light conditions. Resulting shifts of visual sensitivity occurred presumably in an adaptive direction—towards shorter or longer wavelengths when exposed to short- or long-wavelength light, respectively. Single cone opsin expression changed within only a few days and went through a transitional phase of co-expression. When the environment was experimentally enriched in long-wavelength light, the corresponding change occurred gradually along a dorsoventral gradient within the retina. This plasticity allowed individuals to revert earlier ontogenetic changes and return to a more juvenile visual phenotype demonstrating previously unrecognized insights into temporal and spatial dynamics of phenotypic plasticity of the visual system in response to ambient light.

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Bueno-Villafañe, Diego, Andrea Caballlero-Gini, Marcela Ferreira, Flavia Netto, Danilo Fernández Ríos, and Francisco Brusquetti. "Ontogenetic changes in the ventral colouration of post metamorphic Elachistocleis haroi Pereyra, Akmentins, Laufer, Vaira, 2013 (Anura: Microhylidae)." Amphibia-Reptilia 41, no. 2 (June 12, 2020): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-20191241.

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Abstract Ontogenetic colour change (OCC) is defined as the progressive and non-reversible process of changes in colouration of organisms associated with their development. Among the many vertebrate groups, amphibians are particularly impressive for their strikingly wide variety of colours, colour patterns, and signals, whose evolutionary and ecological significance have been poorly studied. Elachistocleis comprises 18 species currently separated into two main groups based on their ventral colour pattern: one immaculate and the other with specks and/or colour patches. Elachistocleis haroi is a small-sized species within the immaculate venter group, distributed in the Yungas and Dry Chaco ecoregions from which little information is known. In a comprehensive sampling of post-metamorphic individuals of E. haroi at different stages of development we identified a significant variation in ventral colour pattern, which could denote a progressive filling of yellow colour according to an ontogenetic pattern. To test this hypothesis, we analysed 39 post-metamorphic individuals of E. haroi at different stages of development with imaging procedures. We found that yellow spots and their intensity are significantly related to snout-vent length, as major expansion of colour on the sides, gular region and male chest, as almost no development on the belly. We briefly discuss our findings in relation to sexual display and predation avoidance. To our knowledge, this is the first analysis of post-metamorphic OCC in ventral colouration in the genus Elachistocleis.

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5

Takahashi, Y., G. Morimoto, and M. Watanabe. "Ontogenetic colour change in females as a function of antiharassment strategy." Animal Behaviour 84, no. 3 (September 2012): 685–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.06.025.

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6

Khan, Md Kawsar, and Marie E. Herberstein. "Ontogenetic colour change signals sexual maturity in a non‐territorial damselfly." Ethology 126, no. 1 (October 6, 2019): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eth.12959.

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7

Stückler, Susanne, Samantha Cloer, Walter Hödl, and Doris Preininger. "Carotenoid intake during early life mediates ontogenetic colour shifts and dynamic colour change during adulthood." Animal Behaviour 187 (May 2022): 121–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2022.03.007.

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8

Nokelainen, Ossi, Ruth Maynes, Sara Mynott, Natasha Price, and Martin Stevens. "Improved camouflage through ontogenetic colour change confers reduced detection risk in shore crabs." Functional Ecology 33, no. 4 (January 24, 2019): 654–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13280.

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9

Wilson, D., R. Heinsohn, and J. Wood. "Life-history traits and ontogenetic colour change in an arboreal tropical python, Morelia viridis." Journal of Zoology 270, no. 3 (November 2006): 399–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00190.x.

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10

Nyboer, Elizabeth A., Suzanne M. Gray, and Lauren J. Chapman. "A colourful youth: ontogenetic colour change is habitat specific in the invasive Nile perch." Hydrobiologia 738, no. 1 (August 6, 2014): 221–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-014-1961-y.

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11

Mengden, G. A., and M. Fitzgerald. "Captive Breeding and Oviparity in Pseudechis butleri (Serpentes: Elapidae)." Amphibia-Reptilia 8, no. 2 (1987): 165–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853887x00423.

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AbstractThe recently described Australian elapid snake Pseudechis butleri is the least well known representative of the genus in terms of basic biology and reproductive mode. This report describes the reproductive behavior, oviparity and female defence of the egg clutch. Ontogenetic colour change and sexual size dimorphism from birth are demonstrated in the offspring. A review of the literature suggests that these conditions are relatively rare amongst elapids.

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12

Bell, Rayna C., and Kelly R. Zamudio. "Sexual dichromatism in frogs: natural selection, sexual selection and unexpected diversity." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1748 (September 19, 2012): 4687–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.1609.

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Sexual dichromatism, a form of sexual dimorphism in which males and females differ in colour, is widespread in animals but has been predominantly studied in birds, fishes and butterflies. Moreover, although there are several proposed evolutionary mechanisms for sexual dichromatism in vertebrates, few studies have examined this phenomenon outside the context of sexual selection. Here, we describe unexpectedly high diversity of sexual dichromatism in frogs and create a comparative framework to guide future analyses of the evolution of these sexual colour differences. We review what is known about evolution of colour dimorphism in frogs, highlight alternative mechanisms that may contribute to the evolution of sexual colour differences, and compare them to mechanisms active in other major groups of vertebrates. In frogs, sexual dichromatism can be dynamic (temporary colour change in males) or ontogenetic (permanent colour change in males or females). The degree and the duration of sexual colour differences vary greatly across lineages, and we do not detect phylogenetic signal in the distribution of this trait, therefore frogs provide an opportunity to investigate the roles of natural and sexual selection across multiple independent derivations of sexual dichromatism.

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13

GRANT, JACQUALINE B. "Ontogenetic colour change and the evolution of aposematism: a case study in panic moth caterpillars." Journal of Animal Ecology 76, no. 3 (May 2007): 439–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2007.01216.x.

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14

Winterton, Shaun L. "Obligatory ontogenetic colour change correlated with sexual maturity in adult Chrysoperla congrua (Walker) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)." Australian Journal of Entomology 38, no. 2 (June 1999): 120–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-6055.1999.00090.x.

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15

Duarte, Rafael C., Gustavo M. Dias, Augusto A. V. Flores, and Martin Stevens. "Different ontogenetic trajectories of body colour, pattern and crypsis in two sympatric intertidal crab species." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 132, no. 1 (November 25, 2020): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blaa168.

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Abstract Animals frequently exhibit great variation in appearance, especially in heterogeneous habitats where individuals can be concealed differentially against backgrounds. Although background matching is a common anti-predator strategy, gaps exist in our understanding of within- and among-species variation. Specifically, the drivers of changes in appearance associated with habitat use and occurring through ontogeny are poorly understood. Using image analysis, we tested how individual appearance and camouflage in two intertidal crab species, the mud crab Panopeus americanus and the mottled crab Pachygrapsus transversus, relate to ontogeny and habitat use. We predicted that both species would change appearance with ontogeny, but that resident mud crabs would exhibit higher background similarity than generalist mottled crabs. Both species showed ontogenetic changes; the mud crabs became darker, whereas mottled crabs became more green. Small mud crabs were highly variable in colour and pattern, probably stemming from the use of camouflage in heterogeneous habitats during the most vulnerable life stage. Being habitat specialists, mud crabs were better concealed against all backgrounds than mottled crabs. Mottled crabs are motile and generalist, occupying macroalgae-covered rocks when adults, which explains why they are greener and why matches to specific habitats are less valuable. Differential habitat use in crabs can be associated with different coloration and camouflage strategies to avoid predation.

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Welsh, J. Q., C. H. R. Goatley, and D. R. Bellwood. "The ontogeny of home ranges: evidence from coral reef fishes." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1773 (December 22, 2013): 20132066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2066.

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The concept of home ranges is fundamental to ecology. Numerous studies have quantified how home ranges scale with body size across taxa. However, these relationships are not always applicable intraspecifically. Here, we describe how the home range of an important group of reef fish, the parrotfishes, scales with body mass. With masses spanning five orders of magnitude, from the early postsettlement stage through to adulthood, we find no evidence of a response to predation risk, dietary shifts or sex change on home range expansion rates. Instead, we document a distinct ontogenetic shift in home range expansion with sexual maturity. Juvenile parrotfishes displayed rapid home range growth until reaching approximately 100–150 mm length. Thereafter, the relationship between home range and mass broke down. This shift reflected changes in colour patterns, social status and reproductive behaviour associated with the transition to adult stages. While there is a clear relationship between body mass and home ranges among adult individuals of different species, it does not appear to be applicable to size changes within species. Ontogenetic changes in parrotfishes do not follow expected mass–area scaling relationships.

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17

Bulbert, Matthew W., Thomas E. White, Ralph A. Saporito, and Fred Kraus. "Ontogenetic colour change in Oreophryne ezra (Anura: Microhylidae) reflects an unusual shift from conspicuousness to crypsis but not in toxicity." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 123, no. 1 (November 14, 2017): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blx124.

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18

Anderson, Joshua R., Angelo J. Spadaro, J. Antonio Baeza, and Donald C. Behringer. "Ontogenetic shifts in resource allocation: colour change and allometric growth of defensive and reproductive structures in the Caribbean spiny lobsterPanulirus argus." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 108, no. 1 (October 25, 2012): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.01998.x.

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19

Hödl, Walter, and Karl-Heinz Jungfer. "A new species of Osteocephalus from Ecuador and a redescription of O. leprieurii (Duméril & Bibron, 1841) (Anura: Hylidae)." Amphibia-Reptilia 23, no. 1 (2002): 21–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853802320877609.

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AbstractThe South American spiny-backed treefrog, Osteocephalus leprieurii, as previously understood, is a composite of several species. We redescribe it morphologically on the basis of specimens from French Guiana and add other data on the biology of the species. We describe O. mutabor n. sp., previously confused with O. leprieurii, from the Amazon Basin of Ecuador. The two species differ in coloration, vocalizations and ontogenetic colour change. Osteocephalus leprieurii is remarkable for bearing nuptial excrescences not only on the thumb, but also under the fingers and on the chin. The vocal sac is semicircular expanding posterolaterally. Osteocephalus mutabor n. sp. is characterized by numerous dark transversal bars on the dorsum and a semicircular vocal sac. The amount of keratinized tips on the dorsal granules in males of both species is dependent on sexual activity. Bajo el nombre de la rana arborícola de espalda espinosa Osteocephalus leprieurii, de Sur America, como se ha entendido anteriormente, se confundieron diferentes especies. Se describe de nuevo la especie morfológicamente en base a especimenes de la Guayana Francesa y se añaden otros datos sobre su biología. Describimos O. mutabor n. sp. de la Cuenca Amazónica Ecuatoriana. Ambas especies se diferencian en coloración, vocalizaciones y cambio ontogenético de color. Osteocephalus leprieurii se caracteriza por poseer excrecencias nupciales no solo en el pulgar, sino también bajo los dedos y la barbilla. El saco vocal es semicircular con expansión posterolateral. Osteocephalus mutabor n. sp. se caracteriza por tener rayas oscuras transversales en el dorso y un saco vocal semicircular. La cantidad de puntas queratinizadas en los gránulos dorsales de los machos de ambas especies depende de la actividad sexual.

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20

Garcia, T. S., R. Straus, and A. Sih. "Temperature and ontogenetic effects on color change in the larval salamander species Ambystoma barbouri and Ambystoma texanum." Canadian Journal of Zoology 81, no. 4 (April 1, 2003): 710–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z03-036.

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Temperature has been shown to affect body color in several species of amphibians. The interaction between color and temperature may also change over larval ontogeny, perhaps because of age-related or seasonal changes in selection pressures on color. We quantified the effects of temperature on the color of the salamander sister species Ambystoma barbouri and Ambystoma texanum over larval ontogeny. We found that early-stage larvae responded to cold temperatures with a dark color relative to that of the warm temperature response. Both species then exhibited an ontogenetic shift in larval color, with larvae becoming lighter with age. Interestingly, older larvae showed decreased plasticity in color change to temperature when compared with younger stages. Older A. barbouri larvae showed no color response to the two temperature treatments, whereas older A. texanum larvae exhibited a reversal in the direction of color change, with cold temperatures inducing a lighter color relative to warm temperatures. We suggest that the overall pattern of color change (a plastic color response to temperature for young larvae, a progressive lightening of larvae over development, and an apparent loss of color plasticity to temperature over ontogeny) can be plausibly explained by seasonal changes in environmental factors (temperature, ultraviolet radiation) selecting for body color.

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21

Beeching, Simon C., and Rebecca E. Pike. "Ontogenetic Color Change in the Firemouth Cichlid, Thorichthys meeki." Copeia 2010, no. 2 (May 20, 2010): 189–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/cg-09-132.

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22

Kuenzinger, William, Almut Kelber, Jordan Weesner, Jonathan Travis, Robert A. Raguso, and Joaquín Goyret. "Innate colour preferences of a hawkmoth depend on visual context." Biology Letters 15, no. 3 (March 2019): 20180886. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0886.

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Solitary insects that feed on floral nectar must use innate knowledge to find their first flower. While innate preferences for flower colours are often described as fixed, species-specific traits, the nature and persistence of these preferences have been debated, particularly in relation to ontogenetic processes such as learning. Here we present evidence for a strong context-dependence of innate colour preferences in the crepuscular hawkmoth Manduca sexta . Contrary to expectations, our results show that innate colour biases shift with changes in the visual environment, namely illuminance and background. This finding reveals that innate responses might emerge from a contextual integration of sensory inputs involved in object class recognition rather than from the deterministic matching of such inputs with a fixed internal representation.

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23

Feitosa, João Lucas Leão, Laís De Carvalho Teixeira Chaves, Pedro Henrique Cipresso Pereira, Rodrigo Lima Guerra Moraes, and Beatrice Padovani Ferreira. "Behavioral and ontogenetic colour changes of a poorly known lutjanid." Marine Biology Research 8, no. 9 (November 2012): 906–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2012.702914.

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24

Sanmartín-Villar, Iago, Haomiao Zhang, and Adolfo Cordero-Rivera. "Ontogenetic colour changes and male polymorphism in Mnais andersoni (Odonata: Calopterygidae)." International Journal of Odonatology 20, no. 2 (April 3, 2017): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13887890.2017.1329754.

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25

Hartzell, Sean M. "Ontogenetic color change in the crayfish Cambarus b. bartonii and Faxonius obscurus: a test of Ortmann’s hypotheses." Freshwater Crayfish 23, no. 1 (December 31, 2017): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5869/fc.2017.v23-1.59.

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Abstract In crayfish, intraspecific coloration can vary due to a variety of factors such as diet, genetic variation, environment, and ontogeny. Ortmann (1906) hypothesized that the crayfish Cambarus bartonii bartonii and Faxonius obscurus exhibit an ontogenetic shift in color change, with greener coloration in younger individuals of both species diminishing with age in larger specimens. However, this hypothesis has never been quantitatively tested. This work incorporated digital image analysis to quantify coloration of samples of C. b. bartonii and F. obscurus collected from two locations, respectively, in an eastern Pennsylvania stream. Examination for relationships between coloration (percent “green dominance”, i.e., the proportion of green in comparison to blue and red in photographs) and body size did not reveal any significant relationship between these variables in either crayfish species. Therefore, this study does not support the presence of ontogenetic color change in C. b. bartonii and F. obscurus, and suggests intraspecific variation of color in both species may be primarily influenced by other factors.

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26

Weiss, Martha R., and Byron B. Lamont. "FLORAL COLOR CHANGE AND INSECT POLLINATION: A DYNAMIC RELATIONSHIP." Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 45, no. 2-3 (May 13, 1997): 185–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07929978.1997.10676683.

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Flowers in a wide range of angiosperm taxa (at least 456 species in 253 genera and 78 families) undergo dramatic ontogenetic color changes that serve as signals to their insect pollinators. The changes affect a diversity of floral parts, involve all three major classes of floral pigments, and produce a broad spectrum of initial and final colors. A diverse array of insect pollinators (in at least 21 families in four orders) recognize and respond to floral color phases, visiting pre-change flowers preferentially, relative to their contribution to the total floral display. A variety of hypotheses have been proposed to explain the functional significance of floral retention and color change. Experimental results demonstrate that in some cases retention of older flowers on the plant results in increased visitation by pollinators from a distance, while at close range, color change directs visitors towards the rewarding and sexually viable younger flowers. The interaction does not require a long coevolu- tionary association: both native and exotic insect species discriminate between floral color phases on native and introduced plant species. This flexibility is based at least in part on learning by the insect, although innate color preferences may also be important.

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27

Booth, Carey L. "Ontogenetic Color Change and Mating Cues in Largus californicus (Hemiptera: Largidae)." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 85, no. 3 (May 1, 1992): 331–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aesa/85.3.331.

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28

Anganoy-Criollo, Marvin, and Belisario Cepeda-Quilindo. "Redescrição dos girinos de Epipedobates narinensis e E. boulengeri (Anura: Dendrobatidae)." Phyllomedusa: Journal of Herpetology 16, no. 2 (December 21, 2017): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9079.v16i2p155-182.

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The larval morphology of poison frogs (Dendrobatoidea) has contributed to an understanding of the phylogenetic relationships within the superfamily. Nevertheless, our knowledge of larval morphology is incomplete. The larvae of the dendrobatids, Epipedobates narinensis and E. boulengeri are redescribed, diagnosed, and differentiated from three congeners, as well as sympatric dendrobatoids and closely related genera. Three larval developmental phases are described—viz., (1) back-riding tadpoles, (2) free-swimming tadpoles, and (3) metamorphosing tadpoles. Each larval phase is characterized by ontogenetic changes in external morphology, and there is also morphological variation within each developmental phase. Ontogenetic morphological changes are the most marked in back-riding and metamorphosing phases. The external features of free-swimming tadpoles do not change abruptly, but ontogenetic changes occur in the marginal papillae, stitches of the lateral line system, and tail coloration. Four features that have not been considered previously distinguish species-groups and/or genera—moderate A-2 gap; presence of shelf on back of the upper jaw sheath [UJS]; moderate notch on mid-UJS; and nostril size; these characters are putative synapomorphies of Epipedobates. Metamorphosing tadpoles have some adult features, such as the color pattern on the hind limbs and basal toe webbing, which facilitate identification of species.

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HAMASAKI, KATSUYUKI, TAKUMA TSURU, TETSUYA SANDA, SHUNSUKE FUJIKAWA, SHIGEKI DAN, and SHUICHI KITADA. "Ontogenetic change of body color patterns in laboratory-raised juveniles of six terrestrial hermit crab species." Zootaxa 4226, no. 4 (January 30, 2017): 521. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4226.4.5.

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We examined the ontogenetic change of body color patterns in the laboratory-raised juveniles of six terrestrial hermit crab species, including Birgus latro, Coenobita brevimanus, C. cavipes, C. purpureus, C. rugosus, and C. violascens, which commonly occur in the southern islands, Japan. The body color patterns of coenobitid juveniles were species-specific. The diagnostic features of body color patterns enable identification of juveniles of coenobitid crab species in the wild, thereby helping to understand the precise habitats of each coenobitid species.

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Dias, Sidclay Calaça. "Color pattern changes in Pachistopelma rufonigrum Pocock (Araneae, Theraphosidae)." Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 21, no. 1 (March 2004): 153–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-81752004000100025.

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Pachistopelma rufonigrum Pocock, 1901 presents ontogenetic changes of its coloration pattern throughout its development. After emergence from the eggs, spiderlings are bluish, with metallic and/or iridescent nuances. The juveniles have a vertically directed black stripe in the central region of abdomen dorsum and three horizontally directed black stripes in the abdomen dorsum. Adults are completely black. These coloration differences between juveniles and adults of the same species appear to be a strategy to avoid the intraspecific competition.

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Valkonen, Janne K., Ossi Nokelainen, Marianne JokimãKi, Elviira Kuusinen, Mirva Paloranta, Maiju Peura, and Johanna Mappes. "From deception to frankness: Benefits of ontogenetic shift in the anti-predator strategy of alder moth Acronicta alni larvae." Current Zoology 60, no. 1 (February 1, 2014): 114–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/60.1.114.

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Abstract Animals can avoid prédation by masquerading as objects that are not food to their predators. Alder moth Acronicta alni larvae go through an impressive ontogenetic change from masquerade to highly conspicuous appearance: early larval stages resemble bird droppings but in the last instar the larval coloration changes into striking yellow-and-black stripes. We hypothesized that such a change may be driven by differential prédation favoring dissimilar anti-predator strategies in different life stages. We show with a series of laboratory assays that larvae are distasteful to birds regardless of their developmental stage, suggesting that ontogenetic color change is not driven by the differential chemical defense. Birds showed higher variance in hesitation toward conspicuous prey; some individuals hesitated long time before attacking whereas all birds attacked instantly masqueraded prey. We also found that the activity level of the larvae increased with age, which fits to the fact that larvae need to move from foliage to pupation sites. In the field by using artificial larvae resembling the two life-history stages we found prédation risk to vary during the season: In early summer larger yellow-and-black larvae were attacked most, whereas later in the summer small ‘bird-dropping-larvae’ suffered the highest prédation. We conclude that the ontogenetic switch from masquerading to aposema-tism is adaptive most likely because actively moving prey cannot mimic immotile objects and thus, aposematism during the active and vulnerable period when larvae are searching for pupation sites becomes beneficial.

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Chang, Chia-Hao, Chuan-Chin Chiao, and Hong Young Yan. "Ontogenetic Changes in Color Vision in the Milkfish (Chanos chanosForsskål, 1775)." Zoological Science 26, no. 5 (May 2009): 349–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2108/zsj.26.349.

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33

Fadzly, Nik, Cameron Jack, H. Martin Schaefer, and K. C. Burns. "Ontogenetic colour changes in an insular tree species: signalling to extinct browsing birds?" New Phytologist 184, no. 2 (October 2009): 495–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02926.x.

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34

Takahashi, Yuma, and Mamoru Watanabe. "Male mate choice based on ontogenetic colour changes of females in the damselfly Ischnura senegalensis." Journal of Ethology 29, no. 2 (January 7, 2011): 293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10164-010-0257-6.

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35

Creer, Douglas A. "Correlations between Ontogenetic Change in Color Pattern and Antipredator Behavior in the Racer, Coluber constrictor." Ethology 111, no. 3 (March 2005): 287–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.2004.01062.x.

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36

de Bruyn, RAJ, and LA Gosselin. "Prevalence of ontogenetic changes in colour brightness among benthic invertebrates and their association with microhabitat shifts." Marine Ecology Progress Series 498 (February 17, 2014): 147–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps10626.

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Vilela, Diogo Silva, Leonardo Samuel Ricioli, Kleber Del-Claro, and Rhainer Guillermo-Ferreira. "Female color polymorphism of Ischnura capreolus Hagen, 1861 (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) with notes on behavior and ontogenetic color changes." International Journal of Odonatology 20, no. 3-4 (July 3, 2017): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13887890.2017.1373152.

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Marques, Otavio A. V., and Ivan Sazima. "Ontogenetic color changes may strengthen suggestion about systematic affinities between two species of Chironius (Serpentes, Colubridae)." Phyllomedusa: Journal of Herpetology 2, no. 1 (June 1, 2003): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9079.v2i1p65-67.

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Silveira, Luiz G. G., Francisco Langeani, Weferson J. da Graça, Carla S. Pavanelli, and Paulo A. Buckup. "Characidium xanthopterum (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Crenuchidae): a new species from the Central Brazilian Plateau." Neotropical Ichthyology 6, no. 2 (2008): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-62252008000200003.

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Characidium xanthopterum is described from tributaries of the upper rio Paraná and upper rio Tocantins basins, in the Central Brazilian Plateau, Goiás State, Brazil. The new species is diagnosed among congeners by the absence of dark bars on the sides of the body in adult specimens, and by the deep yellow coloration in all fins. Ontogenetic change of color pattern is recorded for the first time for Characidium species. Specimens smaller than 32 mm SL possess dark bars on body. These bars disappear with growth between 32 and 35 mm SL, and are always absent in individuals larger than 35 mm SL.

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Sanmartín-Villar, Iago, and Adolfo Cordero-Rivera. "The inheritance of female colour polymorphism inIschnura genei(Zygoptera: Coenagrionidae),with observations on melanism under laboratory conditions." PeerJ 4 (September 1, 2016): e2380. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2380.

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Current research on female colour polymorphism inIschnuradamselflies suggests that a balanced fitness trade-off between morphotypes contributes to the maintenance of polymorphism inside populations. The genetic inheritance system constitutes a key factor to understand morph fluctuation and fitness.Ischnura genei, an endemic species of some Mediterranean islands, has three female colour morphs, including one androchrome (male-coloured) and two gynochromes. In this study, we reared two generations ofI. geneiunder laboratory conditions and tested male behavioural responses to female colour morphs in the field. We recorded ontogenetic colour changes and studied morph frequency in three populations from Sardinia (Italy). Morph frequencies of laboratory crosses can be explained by a model based on an autosomal locus with three alleles and sex-restricted expression, except for one crossing of 42 families with unexpected offspring. The allelic dominance relationship was androchrome >infuscans>aurantiaca. Old individuals reared in the laboratory exhibited different levels of melanism in variable extent depending on sex and morph. Results of model presentations indicate a male preference for gynochrome females and the lack of recognition of androchromes as potential mates.Aurantiacafemales were the most frequent morph in the field (63–87%). Further studies in other populations and islands are needed to understand the maintenance of this polymorphism.

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Eberhard, William. "Substitution of silk stabilimenta for egg sacs by Allocyclosa bifurca (Araneae: Araneidae) suggests that silk stabilimenta function as camouflage devices." Behaviour 140, no. 7 (2003): 847–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853903770238346.

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AbstractThe matching form and orientation of egg sacs and spiders, the match between egg sac color and that of the spider, ontogenetic changes in spider coloration that occur when egg sacs begin to be produced, differences in the positions of the spiders' legs during the day and at night, and coordinated changes in spider and egg sac colors in different populations all indicated that the egg sac and detritus stabilimenta near the hub function as camouflage in Allocyclosa bifurca. Silk stabilimentum construction was induced by experimental removal of egg sac stabilimenta, and was inhibited by addition of egg sacs. This implies that silk stabilimenta also function as camouflage devices.

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Natusch, Daniel J. D., and Jessica A. Lyons. "Relationships between ontogenetic changes in prey selection, head shape, sexual maturity, and colour in an Australasian python (Morelia viridis)." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 107, no. 2 (June 22, 2012): 269–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.01941.x.

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Galán, Pedro. "Ontogenetic and sexual variation in the coloration of the lacertid lizards Iberolacerta monticola and Podarcis bocagei. Do the females prefer the greener males?" Animal Biology 58, no. 2 (2008): 173–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157075608x328026.

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AbstractChanges in the coloration of the lacertid lizards Iberolacerta monticola and Podarcis bocagei with age in populations from NW Spain are described. The onset of sexual maturity in P. bocagei males involves a change in the ventral (yellow) and dorsal (green) colorations, which is different from immature males (dorsally brownish in color). In I. monticola males, the ventral coloration also changes to a deep green when they reach maturity, while the dorsal coloration remains brownish as in the immature specimens. In this species, the green dorsal coloration is acquired gradually after maturity. Only the oldest individuals have a predominantly green dorsal coloration. The differences between the two species in the time males take to acquire the green dorsal coloration could be related to their different longevity. The coloring is acquired gradually in the most long-lived species (I. monticola). A field study was carried out on the behaviour of adult males of I. monticola during the reproductive period. The males with green dorsal coloration were seen to pair with females significantly more frequently than those with the brownish dorsal color. The increase in the green dorsal coloration (conspicuous) with the size and age of the males of this species would appear to have a clear function as an intersexual or intrasexual signal.

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Brattström, Oskar, Kwaku Aduse-Poku, Erik van Bergen, Vernon French, and Paul M. Brakefield. "A release from developmental bias accelerates morphological diversification in butterfly eyespots." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 44 (October 22, 2020): 27474–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2008253117.

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Development can bias the independent evolution of traits sharing ontogenetic pathways, making certain evolutionary changes less likely. The eyespots commonly found on butterfly wings each have concentric rings of differing colors, and these serially repeated pattern elements have been a focus for evo–devo research. In the butterfly family Nymphalidae, eyespots have been shown to function in startling or deflecting predators and to be involved in sexual selection. Previous work on a model species of Mycalesina butterfly,Bicyclus anynana, has provided insights into the developmental control of the size and color composition of individual eyespots. Experimental evolution has also shown that the relative size of a pair of eyespots on the same wing surface is highly flexible, whereas they are resistant to diverging in color composition, presumably due to the underlying shared developmental process. This fixed color composition has been considered as a prime example of developmental bias with significant consequences for wing pattern evolution. Here, we test this proposal by surveying eyespots across the whole subtribe of Mycalesina butterflies and demonstrate that developmental bias shapes evolutionary diversification except in the genusHeteropsiswhich has gained independent control of eyespot color composition. Experimental manipulations of pupal wings reveal that the bias has been released through a novel regional response of the wing tissue to a conserved patterning signal. Our study demonstrates that development can bias the evolutionary independence of traits, but it also shows how bias can be released through developmental innovations, thus, allowing rapid morphological change, facilitating evolutionary diversification.

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Valencia, Jorge H., and Katty Garzon-Tello. "Reproductive behavior and development in Spilotes sulphureus (Serpentes: Colubridae) from Ecuador." Phyllomedusa: Journal of Herpetology 17, no. 1 (June 26, 2018): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9079.v17i1p113-126.

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Reproductive behavior and development in Spilotes sulphureus (Serpentes: Colubridae) from Ecuador. The Birdsnake Spilotes sulphureus is a large-sized species that occurs from the Amazon region to the Atlantic forest of South America. Despite the wide distribution little is known about its natural history. Here we report, for the frst time, reproductive behavior displayed by this species observed in a pair of Ecuadorian specimens in captivity. A ritualized pre-copulatory behavior followed a colubrine pattern similar to the congeneric species Spilotes pullatus. The repertoire included chin-rubbing, continuous tongue ficking, head raising, body jerking, cloacal gaping, and partial mounting. Oviposition occurred 86–98 days after of the frst copulation. Females lay clutches of 7–14 eggs. Juvenile coloration is remarkably different from adults. Newborns have a dorsum with transverse brown or gray bands, and white or pale gray interspaces; young of 1–2 years have green bands and yellow-green interspaces; adults have dark green bands. Ontogenetic color changes are presumably associated with antipredator strategies, change in size, vulnerability or habitat and microhabitat selection.

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YUAN, LE-YANG, BOSCO PUI LOK CHAN, and E. ZHANG. "Acrossocheilus longipinnis (Wu 1939), a senior synonym of Acrossocheilus stenotaeniatus Chu & Cui 1989 from the Pearl River basin (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)." Zootaxa 3586, no. 1 (December 14, 2012): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3586.1.15.

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A detailed morphological comparison of the currently recognized subspecies, Acrossocheilus iridescens longipinnis andA. i. iridescens, shows that there are differences in body coloration of juveniles and some osteological characters, inaddition to the structure of the first branched dorsal-fin ray and the shape of the distal edge of the dorsal fin which arecurrently used to distinguish them. These differences support the taxonomic elevation of the two subspecies to species.Based on examination of the type specimens of Acrossocheilus stenotaeniatus, and comparison with A. longipinnis, it isconcluded that A. longipinnis is a senior synonym of A. stenotaeniatus. Acrossocheilus longipinnis is redescribed. Thecurrent generic classification of the two species is discussed based on the body coloration of juveniles and ontogenetic color change.

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Kraus, Fred, and Allen Allison. "A Remarkable Ontogenetic Change in Color Pattern in a New Species of Oreophryne (Anura: Microhylidae) from Papua New Guinea." Copeia 2009, no. 4 (December 29, 2009): 690–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/ch-09-015.

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Galibina, Natalia A., Sergey A. Moshnikov, Kseniya M. Nikerova, Nikita V. Afoshin, Maria A. Ershova, Diana S. Ivanova, Vladimir A. Kharitonov, et al. "Changes in the intensity of heartwood formation in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) ontogenesis." IAWA Journal 43, no. 3 (March 15, 2022): 299–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-bja10082.

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Summary An essential stage in woody plant ontogeny (heartwood (HW) formation) determines tree resistance to weather conditions, wood quality (moisture, colour, resistance to biodegradation), and regulates the proportion of functionally active sapwood (SW) in the total trunk biomass. In this study, the patterns of HW formation depending on tree age and cambial age within the same tree were studied in the North-West of Russia in Scots pine in a lingonberry pine forest. It is shown that HW either repeats the trunk profile or shows a maximum proportion on average at the height of 1.5 m. Models using the square root transformation and logarithm transformation have been proposed to predict the number of annual rings in HW depending on the cambial age. Multiple regression is proposed to predict the radial width in HW. Validation of the developed models on random trees gave a good result. HW formation begins at the age of 17–18 years and continues at the rate of 0.3 rings per year for 20–30-year-old trees, 0.4–0.5 rings per year for 70–80-year-old trees, and about 0.7 rings per year for 180-year-old trees. The lifespan of xylem parenchyma cells ranged from 10–15 years in 20-year-old trees to 70 years in 180-year-old trees. At the age of the previous felling (70–80 years) the HW area in the trunk biomass is about 20%, and in 180-year-old pine forests, it increases to 50%. These data can be used to assess the role of old-growth forests in carbon sequestration.

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Cortesi, Fabio, Zuzana Musilová, Sara M. Stieb, Nathan S. Hart, Ulrike E. Siebeck, Karen L. Cheney, Walter Salzburger, and N. Justin Marshall. "From crypsis to mimicry: changes in colour and the configuration of the visual system during ontogenetic habitat transitions in a coral reef fish." Journal of Experimental Biology 219, no. 16 (June 15, 2016): 2545–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.139501.

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Stevens, Martin, Annette C. Broderick, Brendan J. Godley, Alice E. Lown, Jolyon Troscianko, Nicola Weber, and Sam B. Weber. "Phenotype–environment matching in sand fleas." Biology Letters 11, no. 8 (August 2015): 20150494. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0494.

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Camouflage is perhaps the most widespread anti-predator strategy in nature, found in numerous animal groups. A long-standing prediction is that individuals should have camouflage tuned to the visual backgrounds where they live. However, while several studies have demonstrated phenotype–environment associations, few have directly shown that this confers an improvement in camouflage, particularly with respect to predator vision. Here, we show that an intertidal crustacean, the sand flea ( Hippa testudinaria ), has coloration tuned to the different substrates on which it occurs when viewed by potential avian predators. Individual sand fleas from a small, oceanic island (Ascension) matched the colour and luminance of their own beaches more closely than neighbouring beaches to a model of avian vision. Based on past work, this phenotype–environment matching is likely to be driven through ontogenetic changes rather than genetic adaptation. Our work provides some of the first direct evidence that animal coloration is tuned to provide camouflage to prospective predators against a range of visual backgrounds, in a population of animals occurring over a small geographical range.

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