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1
Makio, Albina, Lillian Musila, Eddy Okoth Odari, Juliette Rose Ongus, and Rosemary Sang. "The Potential of O’nyong-nyong Virus Strain SG650 Murine Monoclonal Antibodies for Detection of O’nyong-nyong and Chikungunya Viruses." East African Journal of Health and Science 3, no. 1 (August 5, 2021): 97–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajhs.3.1.377.
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O’nyong-nyong virus (ONNV) and Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) are antigenically related alphaviruses responsible for febrile illnesses common to the tropics and associated with relatively high morbidity and mortality. Murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting alphaviruses like Chikungunya have been developed and used to make commercially available kits. However, few studies have been conducted to develop antibodies specific to ONNV and no commercial kits are available for use in endemic regions where outbreak potential is high. We demonstrate the potential of in-house generated monoclonal antibodies against ONNV to detect both ONNV and CHIKV. The objective of this study was to generate mAbs using hybridoma technology, characterize the developed mAbs, determine their specificity against selected alphaviruses and check their diagnostic potential using an indirect IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and focus neutralization assay (FRNT50). BALB/c mice were immunized with ONNV purified proteins from ONNV infectious culture fluid. After four rounds of booster injections, the mice were sacrificed, spleen cells harvested and fused with parental myeloma cells then cultured in selective media and the successful hybrid clones with antibody-producing ability purified to yield the desired mAbs. Five monoclonal antibodies targeting the ONNV E1 protein of isotypes IgG2a/kappa, IgG2b/kappa and IgM/kappa (P1B12, P1E9, P1G11, P1B4 and P1G6) demonstrated a potential to detect both ONNV and CHIKV isolates by indirect IgG ELISA but no potential for neutralization of the viruses by FRNT50. This study demonstrates the potential efficacy of in-house serological tools as an alternative in the absence of commercial assays in screening and diagnosis of ONN and CHIK viruses which are often co-circulating. It is our recommendation that this work may be pursued further to design and optimize ELISA assays, using the developed mAbs, for the detection of both ONN and CHIK viruses in the research laboratory set-up
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Myles, Kevin M., Cindy L. H. Kelly, Jeremy P. Ledermann, and Ann M. Powers. "Effects of an Opal Termination Codon Preceding the nsP4 Gene Sequence in the O'Nyong-Nyong Virus Genome on Anopheles gambiae Infectivity." Journal of Virology 80, no. 10 (May 15, 2006): 4992–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.80.10.4992-4997.2006.
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ABSTRACT The genomic RNA of an alphavirus encodes four different nonstructural proteins, nsP1, nsP2, nsP3, and nsP4. The polyprotein P123 is produced when translation terminates at an opal termination codon between nsP3 and nsP4. The polyprotein P1234 is produced when translational readthrough occurs or when the opal termination codon has been replaced by a sense codon in the alphavirus genome. Evolutionary pressures appear to have maintained genomic sequences encoding both a stop codon (opal) and an open reading frame (arginine) as a general feature of the O'nyong-nyong virus (ONNV) genome, indicating that both are required at some point. Alternate replication of ONNVs in both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts may determine predominance of a particular codon at this locus in the viral quasispecies. However, no systematic study has previously tested this hypothesis in whole animals. We report here the results of the first study to investigate in a natural mosquito host the functional significance of the opal stop codon in an alphavirus genome. We used a full-length cDNA clone of ONNV to construct a series of mutants in which the arginine between nsP3 and nsP4 was replaced with an opal, ochre, or amber stop codon. The presence of an opal stop codon upstream of nsP4 nearly doubled (75.5%) the infectivity of ONNV over that of virus possessing a codon for the amino acid arginine at the corresponding position (39.8%). Although the frequency with which the opal virus disseminated from the mosquito midgut did not differ significantly from that of the arginine virus on days 8 and 10, dissemination did began earlier in mosquitoes infected with the opal virus. Although a clear fitness advantage is provided to ONNV by the presence of an opal codon between nsP3 and nsP4 in Anopheles gambiae, sequence analysis of ONNV RNA extracted from mosquito bodies and heads indicated codon usage at this position corresponded with that of the virus administered in the blood meal. These results suggest that while selection of ONNV variants is occurring, de novo mutation at the position between nsP3 and nsP4 does not readily occur in the mosquito. Taken together, these results suggest that the primary fitness advantage provided to ONNV by the presence of an opal codon between nsP3 and nsP4 is related to mosquito infectivity.
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Shah, Melisa M., Bryson A. Ndenga, Francis M. Mutuku, Victoria Okuta, Charles O. Ronga, Philip K. Chebii, Priscilla Maina, et al. "No Evidence of O’nyong-nyong Viremia among Children with Febrile Illness in Kenya (2015–2018)." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 104, no. 4 (April 7, 2021): 1435–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-0580.
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ABSTRACTO’nyong-nyong virus (ONNV) is a little-known arbovirus causing intermittent, yet explosive, outbreaks in Africa. It is closely related to chikungunya virus, an emerging infectious disease. O’nyong-nyong virus causes a self-limited illness characterized by bilateral polyarthritis, rash, low-grade fever, and lymphadenopathy. In 1959, an extensive outbreak of ONNV occurred in East Africa, and decades later, another large outbreak was documented in Uganda in 1996. Limited evidence for interepidemic transmission is available, although serologic studies indicate a high prevalence of exposure. 1,045 febrile child participants in western and coastal Kenya were tested for the presence of ONNV using a multiplexed real-time reverse transcriptase–PCR assay. More than half of the participants had malaria parasitemia, and there was no evidence of active ONNV viremia in these participants. Further work is required to better understand the interepidemic circulation of ONNV and to reconcile evidence of high serologic exposure to ONNV among individuals in East Africa.
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Kading, Rebekah C., Erin M. Borland, Eric C. Mossel, Teddy Nakayiki, Betty Nalikka, Jeremy P. Ledermann, Mary B. Crabtree, et al. "Exposure of Egyptian Rousette Bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) and a Little Free-Tailed Bat (Chaerephon pumilus) to Alphaviruses in Uganda." Diseases 10, no. 4 (December 5, 2022): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diseases10040121.
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The reservoir for zoonotic o’nyong-nyong virus (ONNV) has remained unknown since this virus was first recognized in Uganda in 1959. Building on existing evidence for mosquito blood-feeding on various frugivorous bat species in Uganda, and seroprevalence for arboviruses among bats in Uganda, we sought to assess if serum samples collected from bats in Uganda demonstrated evidence of exposure to ONNV or the closely related zoonotic chikungunya virus (CHIKV). In total, 652 serum samples collected from six bat species were tested by plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) for neutralizing antibodies against ONNV and CHIKV. Forty out of 303 (13.2%) Egyptian rousettes from Maramagambo Forest and 1/13 (8%) little free-tailed bats from Banga Nakiwogo, Entebbe contained neutralizing antibodies against ONNV. In addition, 2/303 (0.7%) of these Egyptian rousettes contained neutralizing antibodies to CHIKV, and 8/303 (2.6%) contained neutralizing antibodies that were nonspecifically reactive to alphaviruses. These data support the interepidemic circulation of ONNV and CHIKV in Uganda, although Egyptian rousette bats are unlikely to serve as reservoirs for these viruses given the inconsistent occurrence of antibody-positive bats.
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Kamau, Kevin K., Gabriel Magoma, Allan Ole Kwallah, Charles K. Syengo, and Matilu Mwau. "Seroprevalence of chikungunya fever virus and O’nyong Nyong fever virus among febrile patients visiting selected hospitals in 2011-2012 Trans Nzoia County, Kenya." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 6, no. 6 (May 25, 2018): 1913. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20182271.
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Background: Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an alphavirus in the Semliki Forest complex, and is most closely related to O’Nyong Nyong virus (ONNV). CHIKV and ONNV are mosquito-borne alphaviruses endemic in East Africa that cause acute febrile illness and arthralgia. The objectives of this study were to measure seroprevalence of CHIKV and ONNV in selected health facilities in Western Kenya and link it to demographics and other risk factors.Methods: The study design was cross sectional in selected health facilities. We tested for anti-CHIKV antibodies using In-house Indirect IgG Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and In-house IgM Capture ELISA and confirmed with Focus Reduction Neutralization Test (FRNT) for specific alphavirus neutralizing antibodies against CHIKV or ONNV. Mean, median and standard deviation were used to summarize the data. Comparisons of means and medians were done using Student’s t test. Prevalence rates were determined using descriptive statistics (e.g. proportions, rates).Results: From the 382 samples that were successfully collected, 114 (29.84%) had anti-CHIKV antibodies by the ELISA test. Of these, 27 (7.1%) had CHIKV-specific neutralizing antibodies and 5 (1.3%) had ONNV-specific neutralizing antibodies. Age was significantly associated with seropositivity (OR=1.03; P=0.015, 95% C.I 1.01-1.06). Males were less likely to be seropositive (OR=0.67; P=0.358, 95% C.I 0.27-1.52). Risk factors associated with seropositivity included collecting firewood (OR=2.73 95% 1.13- 6.41) and walls with holes and cracks (OR=0.23 95% C.I 0.04 -0.86).Conclusions: Both CHIKV and ONNV infections were confirmed in the participants’ more so in women and adults, demonstrating undocumented and ongoing transmission in Western Kenya. In 2011 and 2012 CHIKV and ONNV contributed 8.4% of fevers presented in the three selected health facilities in Western Kenya.
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Torres-Ruesta, Anthony, Teck-Hui Teo, Yi-Hao Chan, Siti Naqiah Amrun, Nicholas Kim-Wah Yeo, Cheryl Yi-Pin Lee, Samantha Yee-Teng Nguee, et al. "Malaria abrogates O’nyong–nyong virus pathologies by restricting virus infection in nonimmune cells." Life Science Alliance 5, no. 4 (January 17, 2022): e202101272. http://dx.doi.org/10.26508/lsa.202101272.
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O’nyongnyong virus (ONNV) is a re-emerging alphavirus previously known to be transmitted by main malaria vectors, thus suggesting the possibility of coinfections with arboviruses in co-endemic areas. However, the pathological outcomes of such infections remain unknown. Using murine coinfection models, we demonstrated that a preexisting blood-stage Plasmodium infection suppresses ONNV-induced pathologies. We further showed that suppression of viremia and virus dissemination are dependent on Plasmodium-induced IFNγ and are associated with reduced infection of CD45− cells at the site of virus inoculation. We further proved that treatment with IFNγ or plasma samples from Plasmodium vivax–infected patients containing IFNγ are able to restrict ONNV infection in human fibroblast, synoviocyte, skeletal muscle, and endothelial cell lines. Mechanistically, the role of IFNγ in restricting ONNV infection was confirmed in in vitro infection assays through the generation of an IFNγ receptor 1 α chain (IFNγR1)–deficient cell line.
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Payet, Melissa, Axelle Septembre-Malaterre, Philippe Gasque, and Xavier Guillot. "Human Synovial Mesenchymal Stem Cells Expressed Immunoregulatory Factors IDO and TSG6 in a Context of Arthritis Mediated by Alphaviruses." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 21 (November 3, 2023): 15932. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms242115932.
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Infection by arthritogenic alphaviruses (aavs) can lead to reactive arthritis, which is characterized by inflammation and persistence of the virus; however, its mechanisms remain ill-characterized. Intriguingly, it has been shown that viral persistence still takes place in spite of robust innate and adaptive immune responses, characterized notably by the infiltration of macrophages (sources of TNF-alpha) as well as T/NK cells (sources of IFN-gamma) in the infected joint. Aavs are known to target mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the synovium, and we herein tested the hypothesis that the infection of MSCs may promote the expression of immunoregulators to skew the anti-viral cellular immune responses. We compared the regulated expression via human synovial MSCs of pro-inflammatory mediators (e.g., IL-1β, IL6, CCL2, miR-221-3p) to that of immunoregulators (e.g., IDO, TSG6, GAS6, miR146a-5p). We used human synovial tissue-derived MSCs which were infected with O’Nyong-Nyong alphavirus (ONNV, class II aav) alone, or combined with recombinant human TNF-α or IFN-γ, to mimic the clinical settings. We confirmed via qPCR and immunofluorescence that ONNV infected human synovial tissue-derived MSCs. Interestingly, ONNV alone did not regulate the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators. In contrast, IDO, TSG6, and GAS6 mRNA expression were increased in response to ONNV infection alone, but particularly when combined with both recombinant cytokines. ONNV infection equally decreased miR-146a-5p and miR-221-3p in the untreated cells and abrogated the stimulatory activity of the recombinant TNF-α but not the IFN-gamma. Our study argues for a major immunoregulatory phenotype of MSCs infected with ONNV which may favor virus persistence in the inflamed joint.
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Bedoui, Yosra, Dauriane De Larichaudy, Matthieu Daniel, Franck Ah-Pine, Jimmy Selambarom, Pascale Guiraud, and Philippe Gasque. "Deciphering the Role of Schwann Cells in Inflammatory Peripheral Neuropathies Post Alphavirus Infection." Cells 12, no. 1 (December 26, 2022): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells12010100.
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Old world alphaviruses (e.g., chikungunya) are known to cause severe acute and chronic debilitating arthralgia/arthritis. However, atypical neurological manifestations and, in particular, unexpected cases of acute inflammatory Guillain–Barre syndrome (GBS) have been associated with the arthritogenic alphaviruses. The pathogenesis of alphavirus-associated GBS remains unclear. We herein addressed for the first time the role of Schwann cells (SC) in peripheral neuropathy post-alphaviral infection using the prototypical ONNV alphavirus model. We demonstrated that human SC expressed the recently identified alphavirus receptor MxRA8 and granting viral entry and robust replication. A canonical innate immune response was engaged by ONNV-infected SC with elevated gene expression for RIG-I, MDA5, IFN-β, and ISG15 and inflammatory chemokine CCL5. Transcription levels of prostaglandin E2-metabolizing enzymes including cPLA2α, COX-2, and mPGES-1 were also upregulated in ONNV-infected SC. Counterintuitively, we found that ONNV failed to affect SC regenerative properties as indicated by elevated expression of the pro-myelinating genes MPZ and MBP1 as well as the major pro-myelin transcription factor Egr2. While ONNV infection led to decreased expression of CD55 and CD59, essential to control complement bystander cytotoxicity, it increased TRAIL expression, a major pro-apoptotic T cell signal. Anti-apoptotic Bcl2 transcription levels were also increased in infected SC. Hence, our study provides new insights regarding the remarkable immunomodulatory role of SC of potential importance in the pathogenesis of GBS following alphavirus infection.
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Kay, Grant A., Edward I. Patterson, Grant L. Hughes, Jennifer S. Lord, and Lisa J. Reimer. "Knockdown resistance allele L1014F introduced by CRISPR/Cas9 is not associated with altered vector competence of Anopheles gambiae for o’nyong nyong virus." PLOS ONE 18, no. 8 (August 10, 2023): e0288994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0288994.
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Knockdown resistance (kdr) alleles conferring resistance to pyrethroid insecticides are widespread amongst vector populations. Previous research has suggested that these alleles are associated with changes in the vector competence of mosquitoes for arboviruses and Plasmodium, however non-target genetic differences between mosquito strains may have had a confounding effect. Here, to minimise genetic differences, the laboratory Anopheles gambiae Kisumu strain was compared to a CRISPR/Cas9 homozygous kdr L1014F mutant Kisumu-kdr line in order to examine associations with vector competence for o’nyong nyong virus (ONNV). Mosquitoes were infected using either blood feeds or intrathoracic microinjections. There were no significant differences in the prevalence of virus in mosquito body parts between kdr mutant and wildtype lines from either oral or intrathoracic injection routes. The ONNV titre was significantly higher in the legs of the wildtype strain at 7dpi following intrathoracic microinjection, but no other significant differences in viral titre were detected. ONNV was not detected in the saliva of mosquitoes from either strain. Our findings from per os infections suggest that the kdr L1014F allele is not associated with altered infection prevalence for ONNV, a key component of vector competence.
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Rakotomalala, Fetra Angelot, Julie Bouillin, Santatriniaina Dauphin Randriarimanana, Guillaume Thaurignac, Luca Maharavo, Mihaja Raberahona, Lucien Razafindrakoto, et al. "High Seroprevalence of IgG Antibodies to Multiple Arboviruses in People Living with HIV (PLWHIV) in Madagascar." Viruses 15, no. 11 (November 15, 2023): 2258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v15112258.
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To estimate the prevalence of IgG antibodies against six arboviruses in people living with HIV-1 (PLWHIV) in Madagascar, we tested samples collected between January 2018 and June 2021. We used a Luminex-based serological assay to detect IgG antibodies against antigens from Dengue virus serotypes 1–4 (DENV1–4), Zika virus (ZIKV), West Nile virus (WNV), Usutu virus (USUV), Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), and O’nyong nyong virus (ONNV). Of the 1036 samples tested, IgG antibody prevalence was highest for ONNV (28.4%), CHIKV (26.7%), WNV-NS1 (27.1%), DENV1 (12.4%), USUV (9.9%), and DENV3 (8.9%). ZIKV (4.9%), DENV2 (4.6%), WNV-D3 (5.1%), and DENV4 (1.4%) were lower. These rates varied by province of origin, with the highest rates observed in Toamasina, on the eastern coast (50.5% and 56.8%, for CHIKV and ONNV, respectively). The seroprevalence increased with age for DENV1 and 3 (p = 0.006 and 0.038, respectively) and WNV DIII (p = 0.041). The prevalence of IgG antibodies against any given arborvirus varied over the year and significantly correlated with rainfalls in the different areas (r = 0.61, p = 0.036). Finally, we found a significant correlation between the seroprevalence of antibodies against CHIKV and ONNV and the HIV-1 RNA plasma viral load. Thus, PLWHIV in Madagascar are highly exposed to various arboviruses. Further studies are needed to explain some of our findings.
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Byers, Nathaniel M., Paul L. Burns, Olga Stuchlik, Matthew S. Reed, Jeremy P. Ledermann, Jan Pohl, and Ann M. Powers. "Identification of mosquito proteins that differentially interact with alphavirus nonstructural protein 3, a determinant of vector specificity." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 17, no. 1 (January 25, 2023): e0011028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0011028.
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Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and the closely related onyong-nyong virus (ONNV) are arthritogenic arboviruses that have caused significant, often debilitating, disease in millions of people. However, despite their kinship, they are vectored by different mosquito subfamilies that diverged 180 million years ago (anopheline versus culicine subfamilies). Previous work indicated that the nonstructural protein 3 (nsP3) of these alphaviruses was partially responsible for this vector specificity. To better understand the cellular components controlling alphavirus vector specificity, a cell culture model system of the anopheline restriction of CHIKV was developed along with a protein expression strategy. Mosquito proteins that differentially interacted with CHIKV nsP3 or ONNV nsP3 were identified. Six proteins were identified that specifically bound ONNV nsP3, ten that bound CHIKV nsP3 and eight that interacted with both. In addition to identifying novel factors that may play a role in virus/vector processing, these lists included host proteins that have been previously implicated as contributing to alphavirus replication.
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Rainey, Stephanie M., Daniella A. Lefteri, Christie Darby, Alain Kohl, Andres Merits, and Steven P. Sinkins. "Evidence of Differences in Cellular Regulation of Wolbachia-Mediated Viral Inhibition between Alphaviruses and Flaviviruses." Viruses 16, no. 1 (January 13, 2024): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v16010115.
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The intracellular bacterium Wolbachia is increasingly being utilised in control programs to limit the spread of arboviruses by Aedes mosquitoes. Achieving a better understanding of how Wolbachia strains can reduce viral replication/spread could be important for the long-term success of such programs. Previous studies have indicated that for some strains of Wolbachia, perturbations in lipid metabolism and cholesterol storage are vital in Wolbachia-mediated antiviral activity against the flaviviruses dengue and Zika; however, it has not yet been examined whether arboviruses in the alphavirus group are affected in the same way. Here, using the reporters for the alphavirus Semliki Forest virus (SFV) in Aedes albopictus cells, we found that Wolbachia strains wMel, wAu and wAlbB blocked viral replication/translation early in infection and that storage of cholesterol in lipid droplets is not key to this inhibition. Another alphavirus, o’nyong nyong virus (ONNV), was tested in both Aedes albopictus cells and in vivo in stable, transinfected Aedes aegypti mosquito lines. The strains wMel, wAu and wAlbB show strong antiviral activity against ONNV both in vitro and in vivo. Again, 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (2HPCD) was not able to rescue ONNV replication in cell lines, suggesting that the release of stored cholesterol caused by wMel is not able to rescue blockage of ONNV. Taken together, this study shows that alphaviruses appear to be inhibited early in replication/translation and that there may be differences in how alphaviruses are inhibited by Wolbachia in comparison to flaviviruses.
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Cottis, Solène, Adrien A. Blisnick, Anna-Bella Failloux, and Kenneth D. Vernick. "Determinants of Chikungunya and O’nyong-Nyong Virus Specificity for Infection of Aedes and Anopheles Mosquito Vectors." Viruses 15, no. 3 (February 21, 2023): 589. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v15030589.
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Mosquito-borne diseases caused by viruses and parasites are responsible for more than 700 million infections each year. Anopheles and Aedes are the two major vectors for, respectively, malaria and arboviruses. Anopheles mosquitoes are the primary vector of just one known arbovirus, the alphavirus o’nyong-nyong virus (ONNV), which is closely related to the chikungunya virus (CHIKV), vectored by Aedes mosquitoes. However, Anopheles harbor a complex natural virome of RNA viruses, and a number of pathogenic arboviruses have been isolated from Anopheles mosquitoes in nature. CHIKV and ONNV are in the same antigenic group, the Semliki Forest virus complex, are difficult to distinguish via immunodiagnostic assay, and symptomatically cause essentially the same human disease. The major difference between the arboviruses appears to be their differential use of mosquito vectors. The mechanisms governing this vector specificity are poorly understood. Here, we summarize intrinsic and extrinsic factors that could be associated with vector specificity by these viruses. We highlight the complexity and multifactorial aspect of vectorial specificity of the two alphaviruses, and evaluate the level of risk of vector shift by ONNV or CHIKV.
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Abdoullah, Bedia, Guillaume André Durand, Leonardo K. Basco, Ahmed El Bara, Mohamed Abdallahi Bollahi, Laurent Bosio, Manon Geulen, Sébastien Briolant, and Ali Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary. "Seroprevalence of Alphaviruses (Togaviridae) among Urban Population in Nouakchott, Mauritania, West Africa." Viruses 15, no. 7 (July 20, 2023): 1588. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v15071588.
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The presence of alphaviruses, such as chikungunya virus (CHIKV), has never been reported in Mauritania. We assessed the seroprevalence of CHIKV among Nouakchott residents. A cross-sectional study involving 1300 non-febrile patients consulting at the Nouakchott hospital center was conducted between January and June 2021. The presence of anti-CHIKV IgG and neutralizing antibodies against CHIKV, O’nyong-nyong virus (ONNV), and Semliki Forest virus (SFV) was determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a serum neutralization test, respectively, and the associated risk factors were investigated. Of the 1300 study participants, serological evidence of previous exposure to CHIKV was observed in 37 individuals (2.8%). Sex, age, reported use of repellants, and bed net ownership and usage were not associated with CHIKV seropositivity. Our results showed the co-circulation of two other alphaviruses, ONNV and SFV, in Nouakchott in 30 (2.3%) individuals. This is the first study that documents the co-circulation of CHIKV, ONNV, and SFV in Mauritania, albeit at low prevalence. Surveillance and routine testing for alphaviruses and other arboviruses in symptomatic patients should be implemented in health facilities to assess the health burden associated with these viruses. Efforts should also be made to strengthen the vector control measures.
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Raulino, Raisa, Guillaume Thaurignac, Christelle Butel, Christian Julian Villabona-Arenas, Thomas Foe, Severin Loul, Simon-Pierre Ndimbo-Kumugo, et al. "Multiplex detection of antibodies to Chikungunya, O’nyong-nyong, Zika, Dengue, West Nile and Usutu viruses in diverse non-human primate species from Cameroon and the Democratic Republic of Congo." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 1 (January 21, 2021): e0009028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009028.
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Background Epidemic arbovirus transmission occurs among humans by mosquito bites and the sylvatic transmission cycles involving non-human primates (NHPs) still exists. However, limited data are available on the extent in NHPs infections and their role. In this study, we have developed and validated a high-throughput serological screening tool to study the circulation of multiple arboviruses that represent a significant threat to human health, in NHPs in Central Africa. Methodology/Principal findings Recombinant proteins NS1, envelope domain-3 (DIII) for the dengue (DENV), yellow fever (YFV), usutu (USUV), west nile (WNV) and zika (ZIKV) and envelope 2 for the chikungunya (CHIKV) and o'nyong-nyong (ONNV) were coupled to Luminex beads to detect IgG directed against these viruses. Evaluation of test performance was made using 161 human sera of known arboviral status (66 negative and 95 positive). The sensitivity and specificity of each antigen were determined by statistical methods and ROC curves (except for ONNV and USUV). All NS1 antigens (except NS1-YFV), CHIKV-E2 and WNV-DIII had sensitivities and specificities > 95%. For the other DIII antigens, the sensitivity was low, limiting the interest of their use for seroprevalence studies. Few simultaneous reactions were observed between the CHIKV+ samples and the NS1 antigens to the non-CHIKV arboviruses. On the other hand, the DENV+ samples crossed-reacted with NS1 of all the DENV serotypes (1 to 4), as well as with ZIKV, USUV and to a lesser extent with YFV. A total of 3,518 samples of 29 species of NHPs from Cameroon and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) were tested against NS1 (except YFV), E2 (CHIKV/ONNV) and DIII (WNV) antigens. In monkeys (n = 2,100), the global prevalence varied between 2 and 5% for the ten antigens tested. When we stratified by monkey’s biotope, the arboreal species showed the highest reactivity. In monkeys from Cameroon, the highest IgG prevalence were observed against ONNV-E2 and DENV2-NS1 with 3.95% and 3.40% respectively and in DRC, ONNV-E2 (6.63%) and WNV-NS1 (4.42%). Overall prevalence was low in apes (n = 1,418): ranging from 0% for USUV-NS1 to 2.6% for CHIKV-E2. However, a very large disparity was observed among collection site and ape species, e.g. 18% (9/40) and 8.2% (4/49) of gorillas were reactive with CHIKV-E2 or WNV-NS1, respectively in two different sites in Cameroon. Conclusions/Significance We have developed a serological assay based on Luminex technology, with high specificity and sensitivity for simultaneous detection of antibodies to 10 antigens from 6 different arboviruses. This is the first study that evaluated on a large scale the presence of antibodies to arboviruses in NHPs to evaluate their role in sylvatic cycles. The overall low prevalence (<5%) in more than 3,500 NHPs samples from Cameroon and the DRC does not allow us to affirm that NHP are reservoirs, but rather, intermediate hosts of these viruses.
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Masika, Moses Muia, Essi M. Korhonen, Teemu Smura, Ruut Uusitalo, Joseph Ogola, Dufton Mwaengo, Anne J. Jääskeläinen, et al. "Serological Evidence of Exposure to Onyong-Nyong and Chikungunya Viruses in Febrile Patients of Rural Taita-Taveta County and Urban Kibera Informal Settlement in Nairobi, Kenya." Viruses 14, no. 6 (June 13, 2022): 1286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14061286.
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Several alphaviruses, such as chikungunya (CHIKV) and Onyong-nyong (ONNV), are endemic in Kenya and often cause outbreaks in different parts of the country. We assessed the seroprevalence of alphaviruses in patients with acute febrile illness in two geographically distant areas in Kenya with no previous record of alphavirus outbreaks. Blood samples were collected from febrile patients in health facilities located in the rural Taita-Taveta County in 2016 and urban Kibera informal settlement in Nairobi in 2017 and tested for CHIKV IgG and IgM antibodies using an in-house immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and a commercial ELISA test, respectively. A subset of CHIKV IgG or IgM antibody-positive samples were further analyzed using plaque reduction neutralization tests (PRNT) for CHIKV, ONNV, and Sindbis virus. Out of 537 patients, 4 (0.7%) and 28 (5.2%) had alphavirus IgM and IgG antibodies, respectively, confirmed on PRNT. We show evidence of previous and current exposure to alphaviruses based on serological testing in areas with no recorded history of outbreaks.
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Sandenon Seteyen, Anne-Laure, Pascale Guiraud, Philippe Gasque, Emmanuelle Girard-Valenciennes, and Jimmy Sélambarom. "In Vitro Analyses of the Multifocal Effects of Natural Alkaloids Berberine, Matrine, and Tabersonine against the O’nyong-nyong Arthritogenic Alphavirus Infection and Inflammation." Pharmaceuticals 16, no. 8 (August 9, 2023): 1125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph16081125.
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O’nyong-nyong virus (ONNV) is a member of the reemerging arthritogenic alphaviruses that cause chronic debilitating polyarthralgia and/or polyarthritis via their tropism for the musculoskeletal system. Thus, the discovery of dual antiviral and anti-inflammatory drugs is a great challenge in this field. We investigated the effects of the common plant-derived alkaloids berberine (isoquinoline), matrine (quinolizidine), and tabersonine (indole) at a non-toxic concentration (10 μM) on a human fibroblast cell line (HS633T) infected by ONNV (MOI 1). Using qRT-PCR analyses, we measured the RNA levels of the gene coding for the viral proteins and for the host cell immune factors. These alkaloids demonstrated multifocal effects by the inhibition of viral replication, as well as the regulation of the type-I interferon antiviral signaling pathway and the inflammatory mediators and pathways. Berberine and tabersonine proved to be the more valuable compounds. The results supported the proposal that these common alkaloids may be useful scaffolds for drug discovery against arthritogenic alphavirus infection.
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Henss, Lisa, Constanze Yue, Christine von Rhein, Roland Tschismarov, Lia-Laura Lewis-Ximenez, Albert Dölle, Sally A. Baylis, and Barbara S. Schnierle. "Analysis of Humoral Immune Responses in Chikungunya Virus (CHIKV)-Infected Patients and Individuals Vaccinated with a Candidate CHIKV Vaccine." Proceedings 50, no. 1 (June 23, 2020): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020050095.
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Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that causes severe flu-like symptoms. The acute symptoms disappear after one week, but chronic arthralgia can persist for years. Here, humoral immune responses in CHIKV-infected patients and vaccinees were analyzed. Alphavirus neutralization activity was analyzed with pseudotyped lentiviral vectors and antibody epitope mapping was performed with a peptide array. The greatest CHIKV neutralization activity was observed 60–92 days after onset of symptoms. The amount of CHIKV-specific antibodies, their binding avidity, and cross-reactivity with other alphaviruses increased over time. CHIKV and o’nyong-nyong virus (ONNV) were both neutralized to a similar extent. Linear antibody binding epitopes were mainly found in E2 domain B and the acid-sensitive regions (ASRs). In addition, serum samples from healthy volunteers vaccinated with a measles-vectored Chikungunya vaccine candidate, MV-CHIK, were analyzed. Neutralization activity in the samples from the vaccine cohort was lower than in samples from CHIKV-infected patients. In contrast to infection, vaccination induced cross-neutralization with ONNV and the E2 ASR1 was the major antibody target. These data could assist vaccine design and enable the identification of correlates of protection necessary for vaccine efficacy.
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Dobi, Anthony, Philippe Gasque, Pascale Guiraud, and Jimmy Selambarom. "Irinotecan (CPT-11) Canonical Anti-Cancer Drug Can also Modulate Antiviral and Pro-Inflammatory Responses of Primary Human Synovial Fibroblasts." Cells 10, no. 6 (June 8, 2021): 1431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10061431.
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Alphaviruses are a group of arboviruses that generate chronic inflammatory rheumatisms in humans. Currently, no approved vaccines or antiviral therapies are available to prevent or treat alphavirus-induced diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the repositioning of the anti-cancer molecule irinotecan as a potential modulator of the antiviral and inflammatory responses of primary human synovial fibroblasts (HSF), the main stromal cells of the joint synovium. HSF were exposed to O’nyong-nyong virus (ONNV) and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (PIC) to mimic, respectively, acute and chronic infectious settings. The cytokine IL-1β was used as a major pro-inflammatory cytokine to stimulate HSF. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that irinotecan at 15 µM was able to amplify the antiviral response (i.e., interferon-stimulated gene expression) of HSF exposed to PIC and reduce the expression of pro-inflammatory genes (CXCL8, IL-6 and COX-2) upon IL-1β treatment. These results were associated with the regulation of the expression of several genes, including those encoding for STAT1, STAT2, p53 and NF-κB. Irinotecan did not modulate these responses in both untreated cells and cells stimulated with ONNV. This suggests that this drug could be therapeutically useful for the treatment of chronic and severe (rather than acute) arthritis due to viruses.
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Atkins, Gregory J. "The Pathogenesis of Alphaviruses." ISRN Virology 2013 (December 4, 2013): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2013/861912.
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Alphaviruses are enveloped single-stranded positive sense RNA viruses of the family Togaviridae. The genus alphavirus contains nine viruses, which are of medical, theoretical, or economic importance, and which will be considered. Sindbis virus (SINV) and Semliki Forest (SFV), although of some medical importance, have largely been studied as models of viral pathogenicity. In mice, SINV and SFV infect neurons in the central nervous system and virulent strains induce lethal encephalitis, whereas avirulent strains of SFV induce demyelination. SFV infects the developing foetus and can be teratogenic. Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis virus, Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus, and Western Equine Encephalitis virus can induce encephalitis in horses and humans. They are prevalent in the Americas and are mosquito transmitted. Ross River virus, Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), and O’nyong-nyong virus (ONNV) are prevalent in Australasia, Africa and Asia, and Africa, respectively. ONNV virus is transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes, while the other alphaviruses are transmitted by culicine mosquitoes. CHIKV has undergone adaptation to a new mosquito host which has increased its host range beyond Africa. Salmonid alphavirus is of economic importance in the farmed salmon and trout industry. It is postulated that future advances in research on alphavirus pathogenicity will come in the field of innate immunity.
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Henss, Lisa, Constanze Yue, Christine Von Rhein, Roland Tschismarov, Lia Laura Lewis-Ximenez, Albert Dölle, Sally A. Baylis, and Barbara S. Schnierle. "Analysis of Humoral Immune Responses in Chikungunya Virus (CHIKV)-Infected Patients and Individuals Vaccinated With a Candidate CHIKV Vaccine." Journal of Infectious Diseases 221, no. 10 (December 12, 2019): 1713–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiz658.
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Abstract Background Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that causes severe flu-like symptoms. The acute symptoms disappear after 1 week, but chronic arthralgia can persist for years. In this study, humoral immune responses in CHIKV-infected patients and vaccinees were analyzed. Methods Alphavirus neutralization activity was analyzed with pseudotyped lentiviral vectors, and antibody epitope mapping was performed with a peptide array. Results The greatest CHIKV neutralization activity was observed 60–92 days after onset of symptoms. The amount of CHIKV-specific antibodies and their binding avidity and cross-reactivity with other alphaviruses increased over time. Chikungunya virus and o’nyong-nyong virus (ONNV) were both neutralized to a similar extent. Linear antibody binding epitopes were mainly found in E2 domain B and the acid-sensitive regions (ASRs). In addition, serum samples from healthy volunteers vaccinated with a measles-vectored chikungunya vaccine candidate, MV-CHIK, were analyzed. Neutralization activity in the samples from the vaccine cohort was 2- to 6-fold lower than in samples from CHIKV-infected patients. In contrast to infection, vaccination only induced cross-neutralization with ONNV, and the E2 ASR1 was the major antibody target. Conclusions These data could assist vaccine design and enable the identification of correlates of protection necessary for vaccine efficacy.
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Mumford, John D., Carole A. Long, Scott C. Weaver, Katzutoyo Miura, Eryu Wang, Rachel Rotenberry, Ellen M. Dotson, and Mark Q. Benedict. "Plasmodium falciparum (Haemosporodia: Plasmodiidae) and O’nyong-nyong Virus Development in a Transgenic Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) Strain." Journal of Medical Entomology 56, no. 4 (March 29, 2019): 936–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjz032.
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Abstract Transgenic Anopheles gambiae Giles (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes have been developed that confer sexual sterility on males that carry a transgene encoding a protein which cuts ribosomal DNA. A relevant risk concern with transgenic mosquitoes is that their capacity to transmit known pathogens could be greater than the unmodified form. In this study, the ability to develop two human pathogens in these transgenic mosquitoes carrying a homing endonuclease which is expressed in the testes was compared with its nontransgenic siblings. Infections were performed with Plasmodium falciparum (Welch) and o’nyong-nyong virus (ONNV) and the results between the transgenic and nontransgenic sibling females were compared. There was no difference observed with ONNV isolate SG650 in intrathoracic infections or the 50% oral infectious dose measured at 14 d postinfection or in mean body titers. Some significant differences were observed for leg titers at the medium and highest doses for those individuals in which virus titer could be detected. No consistent difference was observed between the transgenic and nontransgenic comparator females in their ability to develop P. falciparum NF54 strain parasites. This particular transgene caused no significant effect in the ability of mosquitoes to become infected by these two pathogens in this genetic background. These results are discussed in the context of risk to human health if these transgenic individuals were present in the environment.
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Nguyen, Wilson, Eri Nakayama, Kexin Yan, Bing Tang, Thuy T. Le, Liang Liu, Tamara H. Cooper, et al. "Arthritogenic Alphavirus Vaccines: Serogrouping Versus Cross-Protection in Mouse Models." Vaccines 8, no. 2 (May 5, 2020): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8020209.
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Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), Ross River virus (RRV), o’nyong nyong virus (ONNV), Mayaro virus (MAYV) and Getah virus (GETV) represent arthritogenic alphaviruses belonging to the Semliki Forest virus antigenic complex. Antibodies raised against one of these viruses can cross-react with other serogroup members, suggesting that, for instance, a CHIKV vaccine (deemed commercially viable) might provide cross-protection against antigenically related alphaviruses. Herein we use human alphavirus isolates (including a new human RRV isolate) and wild-type mice to explore whether infection with one virus leads to cross-protection against viremia after challenge with other members of the antigenic complex. Persistently infected Rag1-/- mice were also used to assess the cross-protective capacity of convalescent CHIKV serum. We also assessed the ability of a recombinant poxvirus-based CHIKV vaccine and a commercially available formalin-fixed, whole-virus GETV vaccine to induce cross-protective responses. Although cross-protection and/or cross-reactivity were clearly evident, they were not universal and were often suboptimal. Even for the more closely related viruses (e.g., CHIKV and ONNV, or RRV and GETV), vaccine-mediated neutralization and/or protection against the intended homologous target was significantly more effective than cross-neutralization and/or cross-protection against the heterologous virus. Effective vaccine-mediated cross-protection would thus likely require a higher dose and/or more vaccinations, which is likely to be unattractive to regulators and vaccine manufacturers.
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Assunção-Miranda, Iranaia, Christine Cruz-Oliveira, and Andrea T. Da Poian. "Molecular Mechanisms Involved in the Pathogenesis of Alphavirus-Induced Arthritis." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/973516.
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Arthritogenic alphaviruses, including Ross River virus (RRV), Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), Sindbis virus (SINV), Mayaro virus (MAYV), O'nyong-nyong virus (ONNV), and Barmah Forest virus (BFV), cause incapacitating and long lasting articular disease/myalgia. Outbreaks of viral arthritis and the global distribution of these diseases point to the emergence of arthritogenic alphaviruses as an important public health problem. This review discusses the molecular mechanisms involved in alphavirus-induced arthritis, exploring the recent data obtained within vitrosystems andin vivostudies using animal models and samples from patients. The factors associated to the extension and persistence of symptoms are highlighted, focusing on (a) virus replication in target cells, and tissues, including macrophages and muscle cells; (b) the inflammatory and immune responses with recruitment and activation of macrophage, NK cells and T lymphocytes to the lesion focus and the increase of inflammatory mediators levels; and (c) the persistence of virus or viral products in joint and muscle tissues. We also discuss the importance of the establishment of novel animal models to test new molecular targets and to develop more efficient and selective drugs to treat these diseases.
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Zhang, Danni, Yejin Zhang, Ye Zhang, Yanmei Su, Junkai Yi, Pengfei Wang, Ruiting Wang, Guangzhen Luo, Xuliang Zhou, and Jiaoqing Pan. "Training and Inference of Optical Neural Networks with Noise and Low-Bits Control." Applied Sciences 11, no. 8 (April 20, 2021): 3692. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11083692.
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Optical neural networks (ONNs) are getting more and more attention due to their advantages such as high-speed and low power consumption. However, in a non-ideal environment, the noise and low-bits control may heavily lead to a decrease in the accuracy of ONNs. Since there is AD/DA conversion in a simulated neural network, it needs to be quantified in the model. In this paper, we propose a quantitative method to adapt ONN to a non-ideal environment with fixed-point transmission, based on the new chip structure we designed previously. An MNIST hand-written data set was used to test and simulate the model we established. The experimental results showed that the quantization-noise model we established has a good performance, for which the accuracy was up to about 96%. Compared with the electrical method, the proposed quantization method can effectively solve the non-ideal ONN problem.
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Nguyen, LeAnn P., Kelly S. Aldana, Emily Yang, Zhenlan Yao, and Melody M. H. Li. "Alphavirus Evasion of Zinc Finger Antiviral Protein (ZAP) Correlates with CpG Suppression in a Specific Viral nsP2 Gene Sequence." Viruses 15, no. 4 (March 24, 2023): 830. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v15040830.
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Certain re-emerging alphaviruses, such as chikungunya virus (CHIKV), cause serious disease and widespread epidemics. To develop virus-specific therapies, it is critical to understand the determinants of alphavirus pathogenesis and virulence. One major determinant is viral evasion of the host interferon response, which upregulates antiviral effectors, including zinc finger antiviral protein (ZAP). Here, we demonstrated that Old World alphaviruses show differential sensitivity to endogenous ZAP in 293T cells: Ross River virus (RRV) and Sindbis virus (SINV) are more sensitive to ZAP than o’nyong’nyong virus (ONNV) and CHIKV. We hypothesized that the more ZAP-resistant alphaviruses evade ZAP binding to their RNA. However, we did not find a correlation between ZAP sensitivity and binding to alphavirus genomic RNA. Using a chimeric virus, we found the ZAP sensitivity determinant lies mainly within the alphavirus non-structural protein (nsP) gene region. Surprisingly, we also did not find a correlation between alphavirus ZAP sensitivity and binding to nsP RNA, suggesting ZAP targeting of specific regions in the nsP RNA. Since ZAP can preferentially bind CpG dinucleotides in viral RNA, we identified three 500-bp sequences in the nsP region where CpG content correlates with ZAP sensitivity. Interestingly, ZAP binding to one of these sequences in the nsP2 gene correlated to sensitivity, and we confirmed that this binding is CpG-dependent. Our results demonstrate a potential strategy of alphavirus virulence by localized CpG suppression to evade ZAP recognition.
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Gu, Jiaqi, Chenghao Feng, Zheng Zhao, Zhoufeng Ying, Ray T. Chen, and David Z. Pan. "Efficient On-Chip Learning for Optical Neural Networks Through Power-Aware Sparse Zeroth-Order Optimization." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 35, no. 9 (May 18, 2021): 7583–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v35i9.16928.
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Optical neural networks (ONNs) have demonstrated record-breaking potential in high-performance neuromorphic computing due to their ultra-high execution speed and low energy consumption. However, current learning protocols fail to provide scalable and efficient solutions to photonic circuit optimization in practical applications. In this work, we propose a novel on-chip learning framework to release the full potential of ONNs for power-efficient in situ training. Instead of deploying implementation-costly back-propagation, we directly optimize the device configurations with computation budgets and power constraints. We are the first to model the ONN on-chip learning as a resource-constrained stochastic noisy zeroth-order optimization problem, and propose a novel mixed-training strategy with two-level sparsity and power-aware dynamic pruning to offer a scalable on-chip training solution in practical ONN deployment. Compared with previous methods, we are the first to optimize over 2,500 optical components on chip. We can achieve much better optimization stability, 3.7x-7.6x higher efficiency, and save >90% power under practical device variations and thermal crosstalk.
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Dalhoum, Abdel Latif Abu, and Mohammed Al-Rawi. "High-Order Neural Networks are Equivalent to Ordinary Neural Networks." Modern Applied Science 13, no. 2 (January 27, 2019): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v13n2p228.
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Equivalence of computational systems can assist in obtaining abstract systems, and thus enable better understanding of issues related their design and performance. For more than four decades, artificial neural networks have been used in many scientific applications to solve classification problems as well as other problems. Since the time of their introduction, multilayer feedforward neural network referred as Ordinary Neural Network (ONN), that contains only summation activation (Sigma) neurons, and multilayer feedforward High-order Neural Network (HONN), that contains Sigma neurons, and product activation (Pi) neurons, have been treated in the literature as different entities. In this work, we studied whether HONNs are mathematically equivalent to ONNs. We have proved that every HONN could be converted to some equivalent ONN. In most cases, one just needs to modify the neuronal transfer function of the Pi neuron to convert it to a Sigma neuron. The theorems that we have derived clearly show that the original HONN and its corresponding equivalent ONN would give exactly the same output, which means; they can both be used to perform exactly the same functionality. We also derived equivalence theorems for several other non-standard neural networks, for example, recurrent HONNs and HONNs with translated multiplicative neurons. This work rejects the hypothesis that HONNs and ONNs are different entities, a conclusion that might initiate a new research frontier in artificial neural network research.
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Velichko, Andrei, Maksim Belyaev, and Petr Boriskov. "A Model of an Oscillatory Neural Network with Multilevel Neurons for Pattern Recognition and Computing." Electronics 8, no. 1 (January 9, 2019): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8010075.
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The current study uses a novel method of multilevel neurons and high order synchronization effects described by a family of special metrics, for pattern recognition in an oscillatory neural network (ONN). The output oscillator (neuron) of the network has multilevel variations in its synchronization value with the reference oscillator, and allows classification of an input pattern into a set of classes. The ONN model is implemented on thermally-coupled vanadium dioxide oscillators. The ONN is trained by the simulated annealing algorithm for selection of the network parameters. The results demonstrate that ONN is capable of classifying 512 visual patterns (as a cell array 3 × 3, distributed by symmetry into 102 classes) into a set of classes with a maximum number of elements up to fourteen. The classification capability of the network depends on the interior noise level and synchronization effectiveness parameter. The model allows for designing multilevel output cascades of neural networks with high net data throughput. The presented method can be applied in ONNs with various coupling mechanisms and oscillator topology.
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Robaeyst, Ben, Bastiaan Baccarne, Jonas De Meulenaere, and Peter Mechant. "Online Neighborhood Networks: The Relationship Between Online Communication Practices and Neighborhood Dynamics." Media and Communication 10, no. 2 (May 26, 2022): 108–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/mac.v10i2.5129.
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This article builds upon communication infrastructure theory and investigates how communication practices on online neighborhood networks (ONNs) relate to the social cohesion of neighborhood communities. Specifically, we study the hyperlocal social media platform Hoplr, which provides ad-free ONNs in which neighbors can communicate with one another. Local governments can subscribe to Hoplr to communicate with their residents and engage them for community and public participation purposes. This study is based on an online survey of Hoplr members (N = 3,055) from 150 randomly selected ONNs. Social cohesion is disentangled as a combination of social support, a sense of community, reciprocal exchange, and social trust. We investigated social cohesion differences at the neighborhood level in relation to self-reported types of ONN communication practices (shared interest, supportive communication, and both tangible and informational support mobilization). The results reveal the limited value of quantified behavioral data to explain differences in neighborhood social cohesion. However, interesting patterns are revealed between different communication practices and neighborhood social cohesion, such as the importance of trivial storytelling and information exchange practices for enhancing trust, reciprocal support, and a sense of community. At the same time, a reversed relation appears when ONNs are considered explicit information exchange platforms. With these insights, we enhance the theoretical understanding of ONNs in relation to neighborhood social cohesion and within a broader repertoire of neighborhood communication infrastructures.
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Roy, Megan, Margaret Rummel, Eleanor Miller, Katie L. Fanslau, Patricia Gambino, and Keith Hemmert. "Transitions in care for ER patients with a suspected cancer diagnosis." Journal of Clinical Oncology 40, no. 28_suppl (October 1, 2022): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2022.40.28_suppl.117.
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117 Background: The oncology nurse navigators (ONNs) at Penn Medicine’s Abramson Cancer Center (ACC) observed that patients seen in the Emergency Room (ER) and found to have a suspicion of cancer were being told to call a medical oncologist. The oncologist in the ACC are highly specialized and since the patient has not had a confirmed cancer diagnosis, they were being told they couldn’t schedule an appointment. Some patients waited for the ACC to call them to schedule. When this didn’t happen they would call the ACC a week later. These barriers led to delays in care, poor patient experience, and a financial loss for the health system. The ONNs identified this as an opportunity to change the process to improve patient care. Methods: The initiative formally began in June 2021 when the ONNs reached out to the ER leadership to collaborate on a quality improvement project to streamline the process from ER visit to oncology work up and diagnosis. Direct referral to oncology nurse navigation from the ER facilitates timely navigation assessment and coordination of care. The Plan Do Study Act (PDSA) methodology was utilized. A “Consult to Nurse Navigation” order was built into the electronic medical record (EMR) for ER providers to directly refer patients to the navigation team. The ONNs contacted the patient within one business day to assess next steps. The ONNs scheduled the patient with the appropriate oncology specialist. The ONNs follows the patient through the diagnostic phase of care and assists with decreasing barriers to care. Data collection is ongoing to assess the impact of the interventions. Results: The EMR consult to ONNs went live April 2022. It includes 3 hospital ERs in the health system with diverse populations that often have limited access to health care. To date, 90% were appropriate referrals and triaged to cancer specialists for diagnostic workup and treatment. 90% had insurance accepted by the health system. Patients with unacceptable insurance plans were referred to ER social work and financial advocates. 70% were diagnosed with cancer and began treatment. Conclusions: ONNs are vital in identifying and removing barriers to care. The ONN team’s clinical knowledge, assessment skills, and expertise of the Penn health system have closed a gap in care while increasing patient satisfaction, patient retention, and downstream revenue. The ONNs leadership has directly enhanced the diagnostic process and timeliness to care for patients newly effected by cancer.
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Owens, Kelly, Marleah Dean, Elizabeth Bourquardez Clark, Piri Welcsh, Diane Rose, Erica Kuhn, Jessica Conaty, Robin Pugh-Yi, and Susan Friedman. "Abstract PO4-10-11: Needs of oncology nurse navigators serving young or metastatic breast cancer patients." Cancer Research 84, no. 9_Supplement (May 2, 2024): PO4–10–11—PO4–10–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs23-po4-10-11.
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Abstract Oncology nurse navigators (ONN) facilitate breast cancer patients' care via information, resources, and referral services. Two important groups of breast cancer patients served by ONN are young women with breast cancer (yBC), defined as women diagnosed at age 45 or younger, and metastatic breast cancer (mBC) patients. These two groups of patients have distinct needs for clinical care and services. To better understand the needs and experiences of ONN serving these patients, we surveyed 52 active ONN in the United States via an online needs assessment survey about their familiarity with topics relevant for breast cancer patients, referral patterns, and perception of educational needs. As expected, most ONNs saw more yBC than mBC patients. Familiarity of ONN with topics relevant for yBC and mBC differed based on their work experience. For some topics, earlier-career ONN (<5 years of work experience) reported distinct experiences from later-career ONN (more than 5 years of work experience). Earlier-career ONN were less familiar than later-career ONN with clinical trial participation (45% vs 79%; p=0.0315) and genetic counseling and testing (73% vs 96%; p=0.0431). Most ONN referred yBC and mBC patients for financial, mental health, or genetic testing services. For many other services, referral patterns of yBC and mBC patients differed. Earlier-career ONN referred patients less often than later-career ONN to clinical trials (35% vs 89%; p=.0014 for yBC, and 36% vs 89%, p=.0028 for mBC). Earlier-career ONN tended to refer mBC patients less often than yBC for genetic counseling and testing, healthy lifestyles, menopause management, and sexual health or intimacy services. In contrast, later-career ONN referred yBC and mBC patients at similar rates. ONN reported substantial barriers to many services (but not to fatigue, menopause management, and pain management). The services for which ONN most frequently reported barriers were fertility preservation (predominantly financial and lack of programs/providers) and clinical trial services (patient understanding of value and medical jargon/health literacy barriers). ONN referred patients infrequently to some services despite reporting few barriers in contrast to prior reports of breast cancer patients' needs. Most ONN were interested in continuing education for sexual health and intimacy but not clinical trials, treatment side effects, or pain management. Most ONN cited a need for patient materials about sexual health and intimacy and mental health issues. While most ONN were confident in their ability to address questions about breast cancer in the media, they indicated additional resources would be useful. Understanding barriers to information and referrals is necessary to develop approaches to reduce educational gaps and lower referral barriers. Adapting efforts according to ONN career stage may be an important component for continuing education. For clinical trial participation, patient-friendly materials may help reduce barriers to referral and participation. Citation Format: Kelly Owens, Marleah Dean, Elizabeth Bourquardez Clark, Piri Welcsh, Diane Rose, Erica Kuhn, Jessica Conaty, Robin Pugh-Yi, Susan Friedman. Needs of oncology nurse navigators serving young or metastatic breast cancer patients [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2023 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2023 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(9 Suppl):Abstract nr PO4-10-11.
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Hannon, Heather Alison. "Promoting adherence to germline genetic testing for pancreatic cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 41, no. 16_suppl (June 1, 2023): e18737-e18737. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2023.41.16_suppl.e18737.
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e18737 Background: Updated NCCN guidelines support universal germline genetic testing (GGT) for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), and literature recommends ordering GGT for PDAC at or near first oncology consult (Chittenden et al., 2021). However, recent studies demonstrate that adherence to updated GGT guidelines for PDAC is poor, and testing rates remain suboptimal (Klatte et al., 2023). A three-month pre-intervention audit (4/2022-6/2022) revealed that less than half of patients diagnosed with PDAC at our community cancer facility underwent GGT in alignment with NCCN guidelines, and only 33% had GGT ordered at the first oncology visit and before treatment. Automated workflows can increase GGT rates for PDAC, but community hospitals may lack infrastructure to support this type of model. Oncology Nurse Navigators (ONN) represent a practical tool for fostering guideline-concordant care for cancer patients treated in the community. The present study explored whether the use of a prompt (or alert message) facilitated by the ONN could change compliance with current recommendations for GGT at a community cancer institute. Methods: We conducted a series of four specific strategies, over a three-month period (7/2022-9/2022). 1. Targeted education was provided to oncologists about NCCN updates. 2. ONN identified newly diagnosed PDAC patients. 3. ONN implemented a prompting process (sending a message to patient’s oncologist within one week of identification of PDAC diagnosis) to review/remind about GGT. 4. Chart review was performed at designated intervals to monitor GGT ordering. The health system’s ONN tracking tool was used to gather, monitor data. Analysis was performed with SPSS software. Results: Nine PDAC patients were identified that met inclusion criteria. Following the ONN prompting intervention there was a 56% increase in PDAC patients who had testing ordered as recommended by NCCN guidelines, a 103% increase in PDAC patients who had GGT ordered at first consult and before treatment initiation. While differences between pre and post intervention were not statistically significant (Fishers Exact Test), the prompting process stimulated valuable discussion between Medical Oncologists (MO) and the ONN, possibly shaping ordering decisions. This included two MOs who switched to ordering GGT at first consult and one MO who had not been planning to order GGT and did so following the prompt. Conclusions: An ONN facilitated prompt offers a simple yet effective means for promoting adherence to GGT guidelines for PDAC in the community setting. ONNs can play a key role in identification of patients and communication and collaboration with MOs before the first oncology consult. The prompting process opens conversation and provides opportunities to clarify, educate about NCCN guidelines in the community setting.
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Chen, Yuhan. "Characteristic Analysis and Application of the Optoelectronic Neural Network." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 57 (July 11, 2023): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v57i.9988.
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In recent years, optoelectronic neural networks have garnered significant attention due to their potential to facilitate high-speed and efficient information processing by employing light-based signals to transmit and process data. This review provides an overview of the current state-of-the-art in optoelectronic neural networks, including their design principles, fabrication techniques, and applications. The article also presents five different methods for constructing optoelectronic neural networks, which offer insights into current ONN research and solutions to overcome the limitations of traditional neural networks. Furthermore, the review discusses three different applications of ONNs, including basic tasks such as data classification, speech recognition, and image recognition, as well as hardware accelerators and SNN algorithms for object detection. The promising potential of optoelectronic neural networks in transforming various fields, such as artificial intelligence, image recognition, and data processing, is also highlighted. As research in this area continues to advance, further breakthroughs in optoelectronic neural networks are anticipated.
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Rahman, Faiz-Ur, Amjad Ali, Muhammad Zeeshan Bhatti, Zhan-Ting Li, Hui Wang, and Dan-Wei Zhang. "Synthesis, single crystal X-ray structures of ONNO, ONN and ONS-Pd(II) complexes and their anticancer activities." Chemical Data Collections 19 (February 2019): 100181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cdc.2019.100181.
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Akbar, Muhammad Naufal, and Pitri Haryanti. "URBAN LEGEND KUCHISAKE ONNA." MAHADAYA: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Budaya 2, no. 2 (October 29, 2022): 213–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.34010/mhd.v2i2.8268.
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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui variasi dan faktor pendorong dari kemunculan urban legend kuchisake onna. Metode penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif. Menghasilkan data yang menunjukan bahwa, meski urban legend kuchisake onna memiliki berbagai macam variasi seperti, korban gagal operasi, seorang wanita gila, hingga istri yang dianiaya oleh suaminya. Alasan munculnya kembali legenda ini adalah agar anak-anak langsung pulang dan tidak bermain pada malam hari. Urban legend kuchisake onna juga selalu berubah mengikuti kapan dan dimana diceritakannya, namun tetap mengikuti ceita asal bahwa ia adalah wanita cantik yang mengenakan masker demi menutupi mulutnya yang sobek. Dengan demikian urban legend kuchisake onna sudah ada sejak zaman dulu dan dimunculkan kembali sebagai suatu alasan agar aturan dipatuhi.
Kata kunci: Urban Legend, Kuchisake Onna, Jepang, Budaya
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Velichko, Andrei, Maksim Belyaev, Vadim Putrolaynen, and Petr Boriskov. "A New Method of the Pattern Storage and Recognition in Oscillatory Neural Networks Based on Resistive Switches." Electronics 7, no. 10 (October 22, 2018): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics7100266.
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Development of neuromorphic systems based on new nanoelectronics materials and devices is of immediate interest for solving the problems of cognitive technology and cybernetics. Computational modeling of two- and three-oscillator schemes with thermally coupled VO2-switches is used to demonstrate a novel method of pattern storage and recognition in an impulse oscillator neural network (ONN), based on the high-order synchronization effect. The method allows storage of many patterns, and their number depends on the number of synchronous states Ns. The modeling demonstrates attainment of Ns of several orders both for a three-oscillator scheme Ns ~ 650 and for a two-oscillator scheme Ns ~ 260. A number of regularities are obtained, in particular, an optimal strength of oscillator coupling is revealed when Ns has a maximum. Algorithms of vector storage, network training, and test vector recognition are suggested, where the parameter of synchronization effectiveness is used as a degree of match. It is shown that, to reduce the ambiguity of recognition, the number coordinated in each vector should be at least one unit less than the number of oscillators. The demonstrated results are of a general character, and they may be applied in ONNs with various mechanisms and oscillator coupling topology.
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Kavitha, N., and P. V. Anantha Lakshmi. "Transition metal complexes supported by ONNN/ONNS bis-bidentate benzoxazine Schiff base: Synthesis, characterization, geometry optimization and non-isothermal kinetic parameters." Journal of Molecular Structure 1176 (January 2019): 798–814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.09.042.
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VAN DER AUWERA, Johan, and Annemie NEUCKERMANS. "Onno one'sTypology." Leuvense Bijdragen - Leuven Contributions in Linguistics and Philology 92, no. 3 (October 1, 2003): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/lb.92.3.2022888.
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Zhang, Junming, Hao Dong, Jinfeng Gao, Ruxian Yao, Gangqiang Li, and Haitao Wu. "Self-Organized Operational Neural Networks for The Detection of Atrial Fibrillation." Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing Research 14, no. 1 (December 1, 2023): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jaiscr-2024-0004.
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Abstract Atrial fibrillation is a common cardiac arrhythmia, and its incidence increases with age. Currently, numerous deep learning methods have been proposed for AF detection. However, these methods either have complex structures or poor robustness. Given the evidence from recent studies, it is not surprising to observe the limitations in the learning performance of these approaches. This can be attributed to their strictly homogenous conguration, which solely relies on the linear neuron model. The limitations mentioned above have been addressed by operational neural networks (ONNs). These networks employ a heterogeneous network configuration, incorporating neurons equipped with diverse nonlinear operators. Therefore, in this study, to enhance the detection performance while maintaining computational efficiency, a novel model named multi-scale Self-ONNs (MSSelf-ONNs) was proposed to identify AF. The proposed model possesses a significant advantage and superiority over conventional ONNs due to their self-organization capability. Unlike conventional ONNs, MSSelf -ONNs eliminate the need for prior operator search within the operator set library to find the optimal set of operators. This unique characteristic sets MSSelf -ONNs apart and enhances their overall performance. To validate and evaluate the system, we have implemented the experiments on the well-known MIT-BIH atrial fibrillation database. The proposed model yields total accuracies and kappa coefficients of 98% and 0.95, respectively. The experiment results demonstrate that the proposed model outperform the state-of-the-art deep CNN in terms of both performance and computational complexity.
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Mele, Giuliana, Antonio Rovelli, Antonio Fodarella, and Marco Mancini. "Site Effects of Onna during the 2009 L’Aquila (Central Italy) Seismic Sequence: Constraints on Bedrock Depth and 1D Local Velocity Structure from Aftershock Seismograms." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 110, no. 2 (February 25, 2020): 399–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120180344.
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ABSTRACT After the 2009 L’Aquila Mw 6.1 earthquake, particular attention was paid to the large difference of Mercalli–Cancani–Sieberg (MCS) macroseismic intensity between the nearby villages of Onna (9.5 MCS) and Monticchio (6 MCS). Several authors estimated that in Onna, settled in the Aterno river valley, ground motions were amplified at 2–3 Hz by up to a factor of 5 with respect to Monticchio, settled on more competent rocks. Although there was a general agreement that the spectral peak was caused by the resonance of the uppermost 40 m layer, a satisfactory fit of the amplitudes was not provided. Here, we apply spectral ratio techniques to 1437 aftershock seismograms (magnitude between 1.8 and 3.9) to compare ground motions within Onna and between Onna and Monticchio. Spectral amplitudes at stations located outside and inside the “red zone” of Onna show that the seismic response was uniform, confirming that vulnerability was crucial for the heavier damage of the ancient part of the village. We have also estimated the empirical transfer function of Onna through the spectral ratios between Onna and Monticchio. Although in a 1D simplification, a model with a further velocity contrast of ∼2 at 200 m of depth produces a more accurate fit of observations. Using the new velocity profile, we modeled the mainshock ground motion at Onna in an equivalent-linear approach. Accelerations are amplified by a factor of 2 and spectral ordinates increase from 0.7g at 0.2 s to 1g at 0.5 s, a shaking level that can be destructive for nonductile ancient buildings. This study shows that accurate estimates of empirical transfer functions, even in a simplified 1D approach, provide useful constraints to the deeper velocity structure where measurements are shallow or lacking.
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Rahmah, Yuliani. "CERPEN “KOROSHIYA DESU NO YO” SEBUAH KAJIAN FEMINISME." IZUMI 4, no. 2 (March 17, 2016): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/izumi.4.2.56-68.
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This article discusses about the Japanese short story which studied by feminism approach.. As the object of this study is one of Hoshi Shin Ichi‟s shortstory Koroshi desu no yo. This short story told about a female figure called Onna that with her intelligence, she can defeated the men of the upper classes. With the approach of power feminism, the authors conducted a study on the Onna‟s figure as main female character to find what kind a power that she used againts male domination in Japanese society and how she used that to reach her goal. As a result it is known the forms of feminine power which is owned by prominent Onna, and what kind of achievement that Onna can get by using girl power she has. As a woman this Onna figures as main character were able to show that power she had can make her survive in a society dominated by men. She also was able to show her existence as an independent individual and get the same rights as men.
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Arora, Y., L. A. Nnadi, and A. S. R. Juo. "Nitrogen efficiency of urea and calcium ammonium nitrate for maize (Zea mays) in humid and subhumid regions of Nigeria." Journal of Agricultural Science 109, no. 1 (August 1987): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600080977.
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SummaryField experiments on efficiency of fertilizer N applied as calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and urea to no-tillage maize (Zea mays) were conducted under humid (Onne) and subhumid (Mokwa) conditions. At both the locations the rate of N was 150 kg/ha.A comparison of apparent crop recovery of applied N indicated that CAN was a more effective N source than urea under subhumid conditions (Mokwa) but that urea was more effective under humid conditions (Onne). In 1981, percentages of applied N recovered by the maize crop at Onne were 28 and 50% from CAN and urea, respectively, whereas the recovery at Mokwa was 46 and 34%, respectively. Total recovery by crop and soil (0–120cm) of CAN at Onne with divided application was equivalent to that at Mokwa with single application at planting (54%). However, the total recovery of urea was much lower at Mokwa (40%) than at Onne (60%). The results in 1982 followed similar trends. Excessive N leaching loss from CAN under humid conditions and volatilization loss from urea under subhumid conditions are considered to be the reasons for poor efficiency of fertilizer N.
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Wang, An Ling, and Fu Ping Liu. "Application Boundary Element Approach to Compute the Potential of the Oblique Nine-Needle Electrodes." Advanced Materials Research 627 (December 2012): 417–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.627.417.
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According to the electric potential of oblique nine-needle electrodes (ONNE) in biological tissue, the discrete equations based on the indetermination linear current density were established by the boundary element integral equations (BEIE). The non-uniform distribution of the current flowing from nine-needle electrodes to conductive biological tissues was imaged by solving a set of linear equations. Then, the potential generated by ONNE in biological tissues at any point can be determined through the boundary element method (BEM). It means that this method has an important referenced significance for computing the potential generated by ONNE in bio-tissue.
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Hossain, Amran, Mohammad Tariqul Islam, Sharul Kamal Abdul Rahim, Md Atiqur Rahman, Tawsifur Rahman, Haslina Arshad, Amit Khandakar, Mohamed Arslane Ayari, and Muhammad E. H. Chowdhury. "A Lightweight Deep Learning Based Microwave Brain Image Network Model for Brain Tumor Classification Using Reconstructed Microwave Brain (RMB) Images." Biosensors 13, no. 2 (February 7, 2023): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios13020238.
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Computerized brain tumor classification from the reconstructed microwave brain (RMB) images is important for the examination and observation of the development of brain disease. In this paper, an eight-layered lightweight classifier model called microwave brain image network (MBINet) using a self-organized operational neural network (Self-ONN) is proposed to classify the reconstructed microwave brain (RMB) images into six classes. Initially, an experimental antenna sensor-based microwave brain imaging (SMBI) system was implemented, and RMB images were collected to create an image dataset. It consists of a total of 1320 images: 300 images for the non-tumor, 215 images for each single malignant and benign tumor, 200 images for each double benign tumor and double malignant tumor, and 190 images for the single benign and single malignant tumor classes. Then, image resizing and normalization techniques were used for image preprocessing. Thereafter, augmentation techniques were applied to the dataset to make 13,200 training images per fold for 5-fold cross-validation. The MBINet model was trained and achieved accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and specificity of 96.97%, 96.93%, 96.85%, 96.83%, and 97.95%, respectively, for six-class classification using original RMB images. The MBINet model was compared with four Self-ONNs, two vanilla CNNs, ResNet50, ResNet101, and DenseNet201 pre-trained models, and showed better classification outcomes (almost 98%). Therefore, the MBINet model can be used for reliably classifying the tumor(s) using RMB images in the SMBI system.
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Fairuz and Jehezkiel Jeven Efraim. "The Representation of Hare Onna in Anime Tenki No Ko By Makoto Shinkai." International Journal of Scientific Research and Management (IJSRM) 11, no. 09 (September 10, 2023): 1463–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v11i09.sh03.
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Anime is one of the media for Japanese society to convey messages. The messages are in the form of cultural values and myths that develop and originate from traditional Japanese culture. Belief in myths continues to grow, even influencing Japanese culture, art and literature. One of the myths that is still believed by Japanese people is the existence of "kami" (gods). Most Japanese people adhere to the Shinto religion and believe in Kami. We are all things that smell sacred in the surrounding natural environment. One of the “kami” that the Japanese people believe in is the Fox God Inari. The Fox God Inari is the god of virtue and fertility. Japanese people also believe in Hare Onna. Hare Onna who has the power to change rainy weather to sunny and is the messenger of God Inari. The existence of this Hare Onna can be seen in the anime Tenki no Ko by Makoto Shinkai. This study aims to reveal how the actors of the story, and the setting represent the Hare Onna by using the analytical descriptive research method and Stuart Hall's representation theory. The results of the study show that the actors of the story and the setting of the story represent the strong desire of the Japanese people to turn bad weather into sunny so that their activities can run smoothly and bring prosperity to the surrounding environment through the presence of Hare Onna.
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YAN, HONG. "COMPARISON OF MULTILAYER NEURAL NETWORK AND NEAREST NEIGHBOR CLASSIFIERS FOR HANDWRITTEN DIGIT RECOGNITION." International Journal of Neural Systems 06, no. 04 (December 1995): 417–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129065795000275.
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The basic Nearest Neighbor Classifier (NNC) is often inefficient for classification in terms of memory space and computing time needed if all training samples are used as prototypes. These problems can be solved by reducing the number of prototypes using clustering algorithms and optimizing the prototypes using a special neural network model. In this paper, we compare the performance of the multilayer neural network and an Optimized Nearest Neighbor Classifier (ONNC) for handwritten digit recognition applications. We show that an ONNC can have the same recognition performance as an equivalent neural network classifier. The ONNC can be efficiently implemented using prototype and variable ranking, partial summation and distance triangular inequality based strategies. It requires the same memory space as, but less, training time and classification time than the neural network.
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He, Zhenming, Junwei Cheng, Xinyu Liu, Bo Wu, Heng Zhou, Jianji Dong, and Xinliang Zhang. "Microcomb-Driven Optical Convolution for Car Plate Recognition." Photonics 10, no. 9 (August 25, 2023): 972. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10090972.
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The great success of artificial intelligence (AI) calls for higher-performance computing accelerators, and optical neural networks (ONNs) with the advantages of high speed and low power consumption have become competitive candidates. However, most of the reported ONN architectures have demonstrated simple MNIST handwritten digit classification tasks due to relatively low precision. A microring resonator (MRR) weight bank can achieve a high-precision weight matrix and can increase computing density with the assistance of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technology offered by dissipative Kerr soliton (DKS) microcomb sources. Here, we implement a car plate recognition task based on an optical convolutional neural network (CNN). An integrated DKS microcomb was used to drive an MRR weight-bank-based photonic processor, and the computing precision of one optical convolution operation could reach 7 bits. The first convolutional layer was realized in the optical domain, and the remaining layers were performed in the electrical domain. Totally, the optoelectronic computing system (OCS) could achieve a comparable performance with a 64-bit digital computer for character classification. The error distribution obtained from the experiment was used to emulate the optical convolution operation of other layers. The probabilities of the softmax layer were slightly degraded, and the robustness of the CNN was reduced, but the recognition results were still acceptable. This work explores an MRR weight-bank-based OCS driven by a soliton microcomb to realize a real-life neural network task for the first time and provides a promising computational acceleration scheme for complex AI tasks.
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Ghoshal, Rituparna, Sharanjeet Sharanjeet-Kaur, Norliza Mohamad Fadzil, Haliza Abdul Mutalib, Somnath Ghosh, Nor Fariza Ngah, and Roslin Azni Abd Aziz. "Correlation between Visual Functions and Retinal Morphology in Eyes with Early and Intermediate Age-Related Macular Degeneration." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17 (September 2, 2020): 6379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176379.
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In early and intermediate age related macular degeneration (ARMD), visual acuity alone has failed to explain the complete variation of vision. The aim of the present study was to determine correlation between different visual functions and retinal morphology in eyes with early and intermediate ARMD. In this single center cross sectional study, patients diagnosed as early or intermediate ARMD in at least one eye were recruited. Visual functions measured were best- corrected distance visual acuity (DVA), near vision acuity (NVA), reading speed (RS), and contrast sensitivity (CS). Parameters such as thickness (RT) and volume (RV) of the retina, outer retinal layer thickness (ORLT) and volume (ORLV), outer nuclear layer thickness (ONLT) and volume (ONLV), retinal pigment epithelium layer-Bruch’s membrane complex thickness (RPET) and volume (RPEV) were assessed employing semi-auto segmentation method of Spectralis optical coherence tomography (OCT). Twenty-six eyes were evaluated. DVA, CS, and RS showed significantly good correlation with RPET, ONLT, and ONLV, whereas NVA showed good correlation with ONLV and RPET. The present study concluded that RS, CS, NVA, and DVA represent the morphological alteration in early stages and should be tested in clinical settings. ONLT, ONLV, and RPET morphological parameters can be employed as important biomarkers in diagnosis of early to intermediate ARMD.
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Širlová, L., J. Vacke, and M. Jokeš. "Characteristics of a potyvirus associated with a mosaic-like disease of yellow oat-grass." Plant Protection Science 40, No. 2 (March 7, 2010): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/462-pps.
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The properties of a new filamentous virus found on yellow oat-grass (suggested name <I>Trisetum flavescens mosaic virus</I> – TFMV) were compared with those of the two potyviruses <I>Oat mosaic virus (</I>OMV) and <I>Oat necrotic mottle virus</I> (ONMV). The latter viruses were chosen because their host range, virus particles and some other characteristics are similar to TFMV. Mechanical transmission of TFMV to some OMV and ONMV host plants, drop precipitation, indirect-ELISA, DAS-ELISA, SSEM and RT-PCR were used in the study. However, there was no proof that TFMV is identical with OMV or ONMV. <I>Avena abyssinica</I> and <I>Bromus mollis</I> were found to be new experimental hosts of TFMV.