Journal articles: 'Online polarization'

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Alsinet, Teresa, Josep Argelich, Ramón Béjar, and Santi Martínez. "Measuring Polarization in Online Debates." Applied Sciences 11, no. 24 (December 14, 2021): 11879. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112411879.

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Social networks can be a very successful tool to engage users to discuss relevant topics for society. However, there are also some dangers that are associated with them, such as the emergence of polarization in online discussions. Recently, there has been a growing interest to try to understand this phenomenon, as some consider that this can be harmful concerning the building of a healthy society in which citizens get used to polite discussions and even listening to opinions that may be different from theirs. In this work, we face the problem of defining a precise measure that can quantify in a meaningful way the level of polarization present in an online discussion. We focus on the Reddit social network, given that its primary focus is to foster discussions, in contrast to other social networks that have some other uses. Our measure is based on two different characteristics of an online discussion: the existence of a balanced bipartition of the users of the discussion, where one partition contains mainly users in agreement (regarding the topic of the discussion) and the other users in disagreement, and the degree of negativity of the sentiment of the interactions between these two groups of users. We discuss how different characteristics of the discussions affect the value of our polarization measure, and we finally perform an empirical evaluation over different sets of Reddit discussions about diverse classes of topics. Our results seem to indicate that our measure can capture differences in the polarization level of different discussions, which can be further understood when analyzing the values of the different factors used to define the measure.

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Garimella, Kiran, Tim Smith, Rebecca Weiss, and Robert West. "Political Polarization in Online News Consumption." Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media 15 (May 22, 2021): 152–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v15i1.18049.

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Political polarization appears to be on the rise, as measured by voting behavior, general affect towards opposing partisans and their parties, and contents posted and consumed online. Research over the years has focused on the role of the Web as a driver of polarization. In order to further our understanding of the factors behind online polarization, in the present work we collect and analyze Web browsing histories of tens of thousands of users alongside careful measurements of the time spent browsing various news sources. We show that online news consumption follows a polarized pattern, where users' visits to news sources aligned with their own political leaning are substantially longer than their visits to other news sources. Next, we show that such preferences hold at the individual as well as the population level, as evidenced by the emergence of clear partisan communities of news domains from aggregated browsing patterns. Finally, we tackle the important question of the role of user choices in polarization. Are users simply following the links proffered by their Web environment, or do they exacerbate partisan polarization by intentionally pursuing like-minded news sources? To answer this question, we compare browsing patterns with the underlying hyperlink structure spanned by the considered news domains, finding strong evidence of polarization in partisan browsing habits beyond that which can be explained by the hyperlink structure of the Web.

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Serrano-Contreras, Ignacio-Jesús, Javier García-Marín, and Óscar G. Luengo. "Measuring Online Political Dialogue: Does Polarization Trigger More Deliberation?" Media and Communication 8, no. 4 (October 8, 2020): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/mac.v8i4.3149.

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In recent years, we have witnessed an increasing consolidation of different realms where citizens can deliberate and discuss a variety of topics of general interest, including politics. The comments on news posts in online media are a good example. The first theoretical contributions called attention to the potential of those spaces to build a <em>healthy </em>(civic and participatory) public sphere, going much deeper in the process of political dialogue and deliberation (Fung, Gilman, & Shkabatur, 2013; Lilleker & Jackson, 2008; O’Reilly, 2005; Stromer-Galley & Wichowski, 2011). Polarization has been configured as a constant feature of the quality of the mentioned dialogues, particularly in Mediterranean countries (polarized pluralists’ cases). One of the research challenges at the moment has to do with the scrutiny of polarization within the political deliberation provoked by news stories. The goal of this article is the analysis of political dialogue from the perspective of the polarization in the increasingly popular network YouTube, which is presenting very particular characteristics. Using a sample of almost 400,000 posted comments about diverse topics (climate change, the Catalonian crisis, and Political parties’ electoral ads) we propose an automated method in order to measure polarization. Our hypothesis is that the number of comments (quantitative variable) is positively related to their polarization (qualitative variable). We will also include in the examination information about the ideological editorial line of newspapers, the type of topic under discussion, the amount of traceable dialogue, etc. We propose an index to (1) measure the polarization of each comment and use it to show how this value has behaved over time; and (2) verify the hypothesis using the average polarization of comments for each video.

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MOODY, JAMES, and PETER J. MUCHA. "Portrait of Political Party Polarization – ERRATUM." Network Science 1, no. 2 (August 2013): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/nws.2013.9.

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Ye, Yuanjian, Renjie Zhang, Yiqing Zhao, Yuanyuan Yu, Wenxin Du, and Tinggui Chen. "A Novel Public Opinion Polarization Model Based on BA Network." Systems 10, no. 2 (April 9, 2022): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems10020046.

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At present, the polarization of online public opinion is becoming more frequent, and individuals actively participate in attitude interactions more and more frequently. Thus, online views have become the dominant force in current public opinion. However, the rapid fermentation of polarized public opinion makes it very easy for actual topic views to go to extremes. Significantly, negative information seriously affects the healthy development of the social opinion ecology. Therefore, it is beneficial to maintain national credibility, social peace, and stability by exploring the communication structure of online public opinions, analyzing the logical model of extreme public attitudes, and guiding the communication of public opinions in a timely and reasonable manner. Starting from the J–A model and BA network, this paper explores the specific attributes of individuals and opinion network nodes. By incorporating parameters such as individual conformity and the strength of individual online relationships, we established a model of online group attitude polarization, then conducted simulation experiments on the phenomenon of online opinion polarization. Through simulations, we found that individual conformity and the difference in environmental attitude greatly influence the direction of opinion polarization events. In addition, crowd mentality makes individuals spontaneously choose the side of a particular, extreme view, which makes it easier for polarization to form and reach its peak.

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Zetschel, F., W. Bruckner, and M. Duren. "Online optimization of electron spin polarization at HERA." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 41, no. 1 (1994): 102–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/23.281467.

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Miklos, Alicia. "Public Polarization in Online Forums: Gender Violence in Nicaraguan Society." Anclajes 24, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 85–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.19137/anclajes-2020-2436.

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Liao, Riwei, Wei Guo, Nan Zeng, Jun Guo, Yonghong He, Huige Di, Dengxin Hua, and Hui Ma. "Polarization Measurements and Evaluation Based on Multidimensional Polarization Indices Applied in Analyzing Atmospheric Particulates." Applied Sciences 11, no. 13 (June 28, 2021): 5992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11135992.

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Online identification and characterization of suspended aerosols can provide a scientific basis for understanding aerosol transformations, quantitatively evaluating the impacts on air quality, public health, and the source apportionment of different atmospheric particulate matters. In this study, we confirm the validity of our developed high-throughput multi-angle polarized scattering vector detection of aerosols and multidimensional polarization scattering index systems. By observation of the mean values, variance, and Wilk’s Lambda of multidimensional polarization indices for different aerosol types, the polarization index shows unique characterization abilities for aerosol properties, and the optimal combination of polarization indices can always be found for a specific aerosol category with a high resolution and discrimination. Clearly, the multidimensional polarization indices of individual aerosols are more suitable for online and real-time aerosol identification and even help to explain the in situ microphysical characteristics of aerosols or evaluate the dynamic evolution of aerosols.

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Suhay, Elizabeth, Emily Bello-Pardo, and Brianna Maurer. "The Polarizing Effects of Online Partisan Criticism: Evidence from Two Experiments." International Journal of Press/Politics 23, no. 1 (November 29, 2017): 95–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1940161217740697.

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Affective and social political polarization—a dislike of political opponents and a desire to avoid their company—are increasingly salient and pervasive features of politics in many Western democracies, particularly the United States. One contributor to these related phenomena may be increasing exposure to online political disagreements in which ordinary citizens criticize, and sometimes explicitly demean, opponents. This article presents two experimental studies that assessed whether U.S. partisans’ attitudes became more prejudiced in favor of the in-party after exposure to online partisan criticism. In the first study, we draw on an online convenience sample to establish that partisan criticism that derogates political opponents increases affective polarization. In the second, we replicate these findings with a quasi-representative sample and extend the pattern of findings to social polarization. We conclude that online partisan criticism likely has contributed to rising affective and social polarization in recent years between Democrats and Republicans in the United States, and perhaps between partisan and ideological group members in other developed democracies as well. We close by discussing the troubling implications of these findings in light of continuing attempts by autocratic regimes and other actors to influence democratic elections via false identities on social media.

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Waller, Isaac, and Ashton Anderson. "Quantifying social organization and political polarization in online platforms." Nature 600, no. 7888 (December 1, 2021): 264–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04167-x.

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Fletcher, Richard, Alessio Cornia, and Rasmus Kleis Nielsen. "How Polarized Are Online and Offline News Audiences? A Comparative Analysis of Twelve Countries." International Journal of Press/Politics 25, no. 2 (December 15, 2019): 169–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1940161219892768.

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Polarization is a key area of interest for media and communication scholars. We develop a way of measuring how polarized news audience behaviour is at the national level. Then, we analyze survey data from twelve countries and find (1) that cross-platform (online and offline) news audience polarization is highest in the United States, and within Europe, higher in polarized pluralist/southern countries than in democratic corporatist countries. Furthermore, (2) in most countries, online news audience polarization is higher than offline, but in a small number it’s lower. Taken together, our findings highlight that, despite the well-documented fears associated with algorithmic selection, news audience polarization is not inevitable in environments that are increasingly characterized by digital news consumption, and that the historical, economic, and political factors emphasized by the comparative tradition remain critically important for our understanding of global trends.

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Asker, David, and Elias Dinas. "Thinking Fast and Furious: Emotional Intensity and Opinion Polarization in Online Media." Public Opinion Quarterly 83, no. 3 (2019): 487–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfz042.

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Abstract How do online media increase opinion polarization? The “echo chamber” thesis points to the role of selective exposure to homogeneous views and information. Critics of this view emphasize the potential of online media to expand the ideological spectrum that news consumers encounter. Embedded in this discussion is the assumption that online media affects public opinion via the range of information that it offers to users. We show that online media can induce opinion polarization even among users exposed to ideologically heterogeneous views, by heightening the emotional intensity of the content. Higher affective intensity provokes motivated reasoning, which in turn leads to opinion polarization. The results of an online experiment focusing on the comments section, a user-driven tool of communication whose effects on opinion formation remain poorly understood, show that participants randomly assigned to read an online news article with a user comments section subsequently express more extreme views on the topic of the article than a control group reading the same article without any comments. Consistent with expectations, this effect is driven by the emotional intensity of the comments, lending support to the idea that motivated reasoning is the mechanism behind this effect.

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Abril, Eulàlia P. "Subduing attitude polarization?" Politics and the Life Sciences 37, no. 1 (2018): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pls.2017.11.

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Researchers have sought to understand the effects of like-minded versus contrary news exposure on attitude polarization, which can be a threat to democracy. The online news environment offers opportunities for exposure tobothtypes of news, albeit unequally. This study tests the effects of exposure to heterogeneous partisan news bundles (both like-minded and contrary news) on attitude polarization. Because media exposure can lead to bias, attitude polarization is tested as a directandindirect effect via hostile media perceptions. Data in this study are from a between-subjects experimental design about the issue of assisted suicide. Results indicate that even though the effect of the partisan news bundle on hostile media perceptions is significant, both direct and indirect effects on attitude polarization are null.

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Roos, Carla A., Namkje Koudenburg, and Tom Postmes. "Online Social Regulation: When Everyday Diplomatic Skills for Harmonious Disagreement Break Down." Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 25, no. 6 (November 2020): 382–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcmc/zmaa011.

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Abstract In group discussions, people rely on everyday diplomatic skills to socially regulate the interaction, maintain harmony, and avoid escalation. This article compares social regulation in online and face-to-face (FtF) groups. It studies the micro-dynamics of online social interactions in response to disagreements. Thirty-two triads discussed, in a repeated measures design, controversial topics via text-based online chat and FtF. The fourth group member was a confederate who voiced a deviant (right-wing) opinion. Results show that online interactions were less responsive and less ambiguous compared with FtF discussions. This affected participants’ social attributions: they felt their interaction partners ignored them and displayed disinhibited behavior. This also had relational consequences: participants experienced polarization and less solidarity. These results offer a new perspective on the process of online polarization: this might not be due to changes in individual psychology (e.g., disinhibition), but to misattributions of online behavior.

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Edwards, Arthur. "(How) do participants in online discussion forums create ‘echo chambers’?" Argumentation in political deliberation 2, no. 1 (May 13, 2013): 127–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jaic.2.1.06edw.

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This paper examines the proposition advanced by Sunstein (2001) and other scholars that political online forums tend to be characterized by in-group homogeneity and group polarization. The paper adopts a process view of online forums and examines discussions within a time perspective. Five discussion lines on Climategate.nl (a skeptical Dutch online forum on climate change) are investigated. The research focuses on how participants react to the participation of dissidents and on the resulting processes of inclusion and exclusion. Climategate.nl moved in the direction of an ‘echo chamber’ gradually over time. Nevertheless, the forum was never completely homogeneous. The editors played an active role in the inclusion and exclusion of dissidents. A counter-steering moderation policy is needed to keep group polarization and homogenization within certain limits.

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Morales, Alfredo J., Xiaowen Dong, Yaneer Bar-Yam, and Alex ‘Sandy’ Pentland. "Segregation and polarization in urban areas." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 10 (October 2019): 190573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.190573.

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Social behaviours emerge from the exchange of information among individuals—constrained by and reciprocally influencing the structure of information flows. The Internet radically transformed communication by democratizing broadcast capabilities and enabling easy and borderless formation of new acquaintances. However, actual information flows are heterogeneous and confined to self-organized echo-chambers. Of central importance to the future of society is understanding how existing physical segregation affects online social fragmentation. Here, we show that the virtual space is a reflection of the geographical space where physical interactions and proximity-based social learning are the main transmitters of ideas. We show that online interactions are segregated by income just as physical interactions are, and that physical separation reflects polarized behaviours beyond culture or politics. Our analysis is consistent with theoretical concepts suggesting polarization is associated with social exposure that reinforces within-group homogenization and between-group differentiation, and they together promote social fragmentation in mirrored physical and virtual spaces.

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Mønsted, Bjarke, and Sune Lehmann. "Characterizing polarization in online vaccine discourse—A large-scale study." PLOS ONE 17, no. 2 (February 9, 2022): e0263746. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263746.

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Vaccine hesitancy is currently recognized by the WHO as a major threat to global health. Recently, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a growing interest in the role of social media in the propagation of false information and fringe narratives regarding vaccination. Using a sample of approximately 60 billion tweets, we conduct a large-scale analysis of the vaccine discourse on Twitter. We use methods from deep learning and transfer learning to estimate the vaccine sentiments expressed in tweets, then categorize individual-level user attitude towards vaccines. Drawing on an interaction graph representing mutual interactions between users, we analyze the interplay between vaccine stances, interaction network, and the information sources shared by users in vaccine-related contexts. We find that strongly anti-vaccine users frequently share content from sources of a commercial nature; typically sources which sell alternative health products for profit. An interesting aspect of this finding is that concerns regarding commercial conflicts of interests are often cited as one of the major factors in vaccine hesitancy. Further, we show that the debate is highly polarized, in the sense that users with similar stances on vaccination interact preferentially with one another. Extending this insight, we provide evidence of an epistemic echo chamber effect, where users are exposed to highly dissimilar sources of vaccine information, depending the vaccination stance of their contacts. Our findings highlight the importance of understanding and addressing vaccine mis- and dis-information in the context in which they are disseminated in social networks.

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Meher, Anil Kumar, and Yu-Chie Chen. "Online monitoring of chemical reactions by polarization-induced electrospray ionization." Analytica Chimica Acta 937 (September 2016): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2016.07.011.

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Choi, Jihye, Keon Huh, Dustin Jaesuk Moon, Hyomin Lee, Seok Young Son, Kihong Kim, Hee Chan Kim, et al. "Selective preconcentration and online collection of charged molecules using ion concentration polarization." RSC Advances 5, no. 81 (2015): 66178–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra12639h.

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Liang, Shulin, and Wang Hu. "Simulation Study on Opinion Evolution of Collaborative Shopping." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (August 11, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8938791.

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DW model is improved based on the unique characters of group consumption. At first, using social experiment, we determine the categories and attributes of agents, and then based on the DW model, participants’ interaction rules are established. Finally, a mass of numerical simulation experiments show that in the form of collaborative online shopping, merchants can reverse opinions, who could persuade consumers with negative attitudes, changing opinions, and supporting collaborative online shopping, and the level of characteristics is closely related to the number of consumers changing opinions; opinion leaders can differentiate group opinions, neither accelerating effect nor destructive effect; the characteristics level of individual consumers has close relation with positive group polarization effect; when an individual consumer has high conformity or trust propensity, the opinions of some customers with supporting collaborative online shopping will be strengthened, they accept collaborative online shopping more. In addition, for group interaction of collaborative online shopping context, there is no negative group polarization effect.

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Kaylor, Brian. "Likes, retweets, and polarization." Review & Expositor 116, no. 2 (May 2019): 183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0034637319851508.

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A key part of today’s polarized society is the polarized and polarizing world of social media. Although social media platforms bring the potential of more democratic involvement, greater public dialogue, and faster flow of news and information, the dark side of such Web 2.0 platforms also should concern church leaders and theologians. Already-existing polarization in society leads to a polarized use of social media as individuals seek like-minded online communities. Social media, however, also adds to that polarization by providing echo chambers, and features of social media encourage speed over accuracy and more aggressive communication. Three ways in which social media both represents and adds to polarization in politics, society, and churches are balkanization, as people separate into homogenous, polarized communities, the speeding nature of communication that allows inaccurate and overly emotional information to spread, and the flaming that occurs as anonymity and depersonalization of these communication platforms encourage aggressive and even violent rhetoric.

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Kaiser, Jonas, and Cornelius Puschmann. "Alliance of antagonism: Counterpublics and polarization in online climate change communication." Communication and the Public 2, no. 4 (September 21, 2017): 371–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2057047317732350.

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Neo, Rachel L., and Benjamin K. Johnson. "Online products and consumers: Partisan ratings and mechanisms for affective polarization." Telematics and Informatics 54 (November 2020): 101467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2020.101467.

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Stevenson, S., and H. C. Dorn. "13C Dynamic Nuclear Polarization: A Detector for Continuous-Flow, Online Chromatography." Analytical Chemistry 66, no. 19 (October 1994): 2993–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac00091a003.

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Sarmiento, Hernan, Felipe Bravo-Marquez, Eduardo Graells-Garrido, and Barbara Poblete. "Identifying and Characterizing New Expressions of Community Framing during Polarization." Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media 16 (May 31, 2022): 841–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v16i1.19339.

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Chile experienced a series of important protests between October and December 2019. This social unrest, as it was called, was fueled by social inequity and radically affected the nation's status quo. A large portion of the population demanded a new Constitution and changes to the current government, whereas another part of the population rejected these social demands. This created a highly polarized scenario evidenced through online social media interactions. Analyzing controversial issues that emerge naturally from conversations in online communities can offer a more wide-scale understanding of today's political and societal discussions. Here, we analyze group polarization in social networks by studying the 2019 Chilean social unrest. Specifically, we propose an unsupervised approach for identifying and characterizing community framing (i.e., discovering and understanding polarized concepts). Our approach is based on the sequential application of community detection, topic modeling, and word embedding methods. The novelty of having an unsupervised approach is that it facilitates the performance of scalable and objective framing analyses with minimal human intervention, as it does not require prior domain or network knowledge. Using this methodology, we observe that an apparently similar conversation topic across communities can actually have completely different meanings to each group. We noted, for instance, that while an online community linked the term gente (people) with communism and terrorism, the other associated it with police and military oppression. In this direction, our work can help to contextualize real-world social issues in online platforms, describing how users discuss similar concepts with opposing views.

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Wang, Yan, and Wang. "Online Measurement of Internal Parameters in a Quasi-CW Diode-Pumped Nd:YAG Laser." Applied Sciences 9, no. 12 (June 21, 2019): 2547. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9122547.

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We present a simple and practical online measurement method to estimate internal parameters (small-signal gain coefficient, internal optical losses, the saturation parameter, and transmittance of the coupling output mirror) in an neodymium doped yttrium aluminum garnet Nd:YAG laser system. A measurement cell, placed in the optical cavity of a laser, consists of a polarizer and a rotatable polarization analyzer. Internal parameters are measured conveniently by introducing variable polarization reflective loss. Online measurements of the internal parameters in a quasi-continuous-wave (CW) diode-pumped Nd:YAG laser are performed and the measured results, which are discussed and analyzed, indicate good measurement accuracy. Experiments to investigate validity are conducted and further verify the applicability of the measurement method. A measurement cell with a small volume that is easy to access has potential to be used in the online measurement, optimized design, and maintenance of a laser.

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Bryson, Bethany P. "Polarizing the middle: internet exposure and public opinion." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 40, no. 1/2 (December 11, 2019): 99–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-09-2019-0181.

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Purpose Research on opinion polarization in the USA repeatedly finds more divergence among politically privileged groups: respondents who are college educated, politically interested, party identified or have a liberal/conservative orientation. The purpose of this paper is to examine whether their excluded counterparts can be polarized by exposure to political information on the internet. Design/methodology/approach Quantile regression and visual analysis of raw data from the online and face-to-face samples in the 2012 and 2016 American National Election Studies (n=9,563) assessed the impact of online political information on opinion polarization among ideological moderates, political Independents, respondents without a college degree, and those with low interest in politics. Findings Exposure to online political information during the survey was associated with significant polarizing shifts toward more consistent ideological positions in all four groups. Practical implications Engaging the middle is a social justice issue as much as a matter of political conflict, and evidence suggests that politically excluded groups use the internet to translate their own views into the language of policy opinions and popular (polarized) politics. Recommended policy interventions include information literacy programs. Further research should use experimental models and browser histories. Originality/value Current research on political polarization leaves open the question of whether larger portions of the electorate are available to join the fray. This study shows that excluded publics can be polarized via exposure to online information.

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Quarles, Christopher L., and Lia Bozarth. "How the term “white privilege” affects participation, polarization, and content in online communication." PLOS ONE 17, no. 5 (May 4, 2022): e0267048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0267048.

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The language used in online discussions affects who participates in them and how they respond, which can influence perceptions of public opinion. This study examines how the term white privilege affects these dimensions of online communication. In two lab experiments, US residents were given a chance to respond to a post asking their opinions about renaming college buildings. Using the term white privilege in the question decreased the percentage of whites who supported renaming. In addition, those whites who remained supportive when white privilege was mentioned were less likely to create an online post, while opposing whites and non-whites showed no significant difference. The term also led to more low-quality posts among both whites and non-whites. The relationship between question language and the way participants framed their responses was mediated by their support or opposition for renaming buildings. This suggests that the effects of the term white privilege on the content of people’s responses is primarily affective. Overall, mention of white privilege seems to create internet discussions that are less constructive, more polarized, and less supportive of racially progressive policies. The findings have the potential to support meaningful online conversation and reduce online polarization.

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Chen, Tinggui, Jingtao Rong, Jianjun Yang, Guodong Cong, and Gongfa Li. "Combining Public Opinion Dissemination with Polarization Process Considering Individual Heterogeneity." Healthcare 9, no. 2 (February 7, 2021): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9020176.

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The wide dissemination of false information and the frequent occurrence of extreme speeches on online social platforms have become increasingly prominent, which impact on the harmony and stability of society. In order to solve the problems in the dissemination and polarization of public opinion over online social platforms, it is necessary to conduct in-depth research on the formation mechanism of the dissemination and polarization of public opinion. This article appends individual communicating willingness and forgetting effects to the Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Recovered (SEIR) model to describe individual state transitions; secondly, it introduces three heterogeneous factors describing the characteristics of individual differences in the Jager-Amblard (J-A) model, namely: Individual conformity, individual conservative degree, and inter-individual relationship strength in order to reflect the different roles of individual heterogeneity in the opinions interaction; thirdly, it integrates the improved SEIR model and J-A model to construct the SEIR-JA model to study the formation mechanism of public opinion dissemination and polarization. Transmission parameters and polarization parameters are simulated and analyzed. Finally, a public opinion event from the pricing of China’s self-developed COVID-19 vaccine are used, and related Weibo comment data about this event are also collected so as to verify the rationality and effectiveness of the proposed model.

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Tseng, Bao-Jang. "Adaptive, online polarization mode dispersion monitoring technique using acousto-optic tunable filters." Optical Engineering 45, no. 11 (November 1, 2006): 115002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.2387141.

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van Eck, Christel W., Bob C. Mulder, and Art Dewulf. "Online Climate Change Polarization: Interactional Framing Analysis of Climate Change Blog Comments." Science Communication 42, no. 4 (July 28, 2020): 454–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1075547020942228.

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While increasingly more is known about how to reframe the relevance of climate change, much less is known about how people deal with situations in which they are confronted with frames that are incompatible with their own frames. The current research conducts an interactional framing analysis to investigate how users in climate change blog comments interactively construct the meaning of issues, identities and relationships, and their interactions. Results show that most framing differences start with issue framing but thereafter shift to identity and relationship or process framing. Finally, users mostly deploy polarizing interaction strategies to deal with these framing differences.

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Jiang, Julie, Emily Chen, Shen Yan, Kristina Lerman, and Emilio Ferrara. "Political polarization drives online conversations about COVID ‐19 in the United States." Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies 2, no. 3 (July 2020): 200–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.202.

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Garcia, David, Adiya Abisheva, Simon Schweighofer, Uwe Serdült, and Frank Schweitzer. "Ideological and Temporal Components of Network Polarization in Online Political Participatory Media." Policy & Internet 7, no. 1 (March 2015): 46–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poi3.82.

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Lin, Tony Zhiyang, and Xiaoli Tian. "Audience Design and Context Discrepancy: How Online Debates Lead to Opinion Polarization." Symbolic Interaction 42, no. 1 (July 19, 2018): 70–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/symb.381.

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Huang, Jianxiong, Wai Fong Boh, and Kim Huat Goh. "Opinion convergence versus polarization: examining opinion distributions in online word‐of‐mouth." Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology 70, no. 11 (April 5, 2019): 1183–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asi.24193.

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Vinod Bhatia, Kiran. "‘In times of crisis, followers of one true god unite’." Medijske studije 10, no. 19 (October 21, 2019): 119–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.20901/ms.10.19.7.

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This paper is based on a research study designed to explore how adolescents, in situations of political polarization, deploy online networks to articulate, negotiate, and enact their political and religious identities. Based on social media ethnography tracing the online engagements of 44 high school students over a period of eighteen months, and supplemented with in-depth interviews conducted in their village communities, this study explores why social media networks emerge as ideological niches frequented by students to enact their participation as members of their respective religious communities. It suggests that in situation of experienced political polarization and discrimination, students use social media affordances to replicate their offline socio-political and religious engagements onto their virtual spaces and in the process reinforce their radical religious identities.

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Davis, Carleigh. "Memetic rhetorical theory: an analytic model for the spread of information online." "Res Rhetorica" 8, no. 4 (December 27, 2021): 40–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.29107/rr2021.4.2.

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Modern discourse is often characterized by such extreme polarization that participants operate from entirely different sets of facts. These alternative facts represent a new line of inquiry for rhetoricians, who must determine how false facts gain credibility. This article outlines Memetic Rhetorical Theory (MRT), a model for understanding how information evolves to become credible in a given environment.

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Grigoropoulou, Nikolitsa. "Discussing God: The Effect of (Ir)Religious Identities on Topic-Sentiment Polarization in Online Debates." Review of Religious Research 62, no. 4 (August 30, 2020): 533–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13644-020-00425-y.

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AbstractAmidst growing societal tensions, social media platforms become hubs of heated intergroup exchanges. According to social identity theory, group membership and the value we assign to it drive the expression of intergroup bias. Within the blooming scholarship on social and political polarization online, little attention has been paid to interreligious deliberations, despite the well-established relationship between religion and intergroup grievances. The present studies are designed to address the void in the scholarship of social identity and online religion by examining how religious identities, or the lack thereof, affect intergroup biases in the form of identity-specific topic preferences and topic-sentiment polarization. Drawing from social identity theory, five hypotheses were tested. The data for the study, a product of a natural experiment, are YouTube commentary sections featuring videos on two cases of interreligious debates between (1) Christian and Muslim or (2) Christian and atheist speakers. Using topic-sentiment analysis, a multistage method of topic modeling with latent semantic analysis and sentiment analysis, 24,179 comments, for the Christian–Muslim debates, and 52,607 comments, for the Christian–atheist debates, were analyzed. The results demonstrate normative content and identity-specific instances of topic-sentiment polarization. In terms of content, Christian–Muslim and Christian–atheist discussions are nearly completely preoccupied with theological or intellectual concepts. While interreligious polarization is robust in both debates, it appears more normative among Christians–Muslims and deeper among Christians–atheists, possibly indicating the higher stakes in the battle for moral authority. Interreligious debates on YouTube serve to uplift and defend the in-group and to delegitimize the outgroup in a broader battle for moral authority. Regardless of group affiliation, these debaters were concerned with ‘big picture’ questions of meaning and how best to address them. Stereotyping and cultural altercations appear mostly as a reaction to challenged identity characteristics, suggesting that issue-based social differences and cultural incompatibilities, often emphasized in self-report research, may be evoked as rationalizations of interreligious prejudice. Last, the successful application of topic-sentiment analysis lends support for the more systematic utilization of this method.

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Lev-on, Azi. "Polarization of Deliberative and Participatory Activists on Social Media." Media and Communication 10, no. 4 (October 28, 2022): 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/mac.v10i4.5637.

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The article demonstrates how social media activism polarizes and clusters into distinct deliberative and participatory arenas, using the case study of online activism for justice for Roman Zadorov in Israel. Zadorov was convicted of murder and sentenced to life in prison. Still, an overwhelming majority of Israelis think he is innocent, with the social media obstruction-of-justice campaign in his support having raised overwhelming exposure and engagement. Theorists distinguish between participatory and deliberative public processes. Supporters of participatory processes advocate for the participation of multiple stakeholders in addressing public concerns. Supporters of deliberative processes advocate for a thorough evaluation of arguments for and against any course of action before decision-making. This study demonstrates how people congregate online and polarize into deliberative and participatory clusters. The “deliberative” cluster is characteristic of groups led by admins who advocate reaching the truth through exposing relevant information and conducting fact-based deliberation. The “participatory” cluster is characteristic of groups led by admins who believe that their activities should aim exclusively at generating more attention and engagement with the general public.

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Guan, Tianru, and Tianyang Liu. "Globalized fears, localized securities: ‘Terrorism’ in political polarization in a one-party state." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 52, no. 4 (October 31, 2019): 343–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2019.10.008.

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Partisanship has become the dominant ideological incentive to political polarization. Likewise, the analytical association between polarization and the party system in electoral democracies has focused, in most of the existing literature, on political polarization, leaving aside authoritarian or semi-authoritarian contexts where a fair multi-party election is absent or dysfunctional. By collecting and analyzing online posts about international terrorism from Sina Weibo in China, between January 2011 and December 2016, this study proves the existence of opinion polarization on terrorism in China's digital media sphere. By categorizing the findings into two camps, ‘global war on terror discourse’ and ‘antiimperialist narrative’, the study elucidates these polarized attitudes in terms of their acceptance, denial and decomposition of the global discourse of fears about terrorism. Drawing on our case study, the study then proposes an alternative explanation for the motivation/driver of mass polarization in digitally networked communication in China, identified as the effect of globalization and localization.

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Del Vicario, Michela, Alessandro Bessi, Fabiana Zollo, Fabio Petroni, Antonio Scala, Guido Caldarelli, H. Eugene Stanley, and Walter Quattrociocchi. "The spreading of misinformation online." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 3 (January 4, 2016): 554–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1517441113.

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The wide availability of user-provided content in online social media facilitates the aggregation of people around common interests, worldviews, and narratives. However, the World Wide Web (WWW) also allows for the rapid dissemination of unsubstantiated rumors and conspiracy theories that often elicit rapid, large, but naive social responses such as the recent case of Jade Helm 15––where a simple military exercise turned out to be perceived as the beginning of a new civil war in the United States. In this work, we address the determinants governing misinformation spreading through a thorough quantitative analysis. In particular, we focus on how Facebook users consume information related to two distinct narratives: scientific and conspiracy news. We find that, although consumers of scientific and conspiracy stories present similar consumption patterns with respect to content, cascade dynamics differ. Selective exposure to content is the primary driver of content diffusion and generates the formation of homogeneous clusters, i.e., “echo chambers.” Indeed, homogeneity appears to be the primary driver for the diffusion of contents and each echo chamber has its own cascade dynamics. Finally, we introduce a data-driven percolation model mimicking rumor spreading and we show that homogeneity and polarization are the main determinants for predicting cascades’ size.

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Kim, Eun Joo. "Effects of Social Realism, Loyalty, and Collective Polarization in Moodle-based Online Learning on College Students’ Online Learning Motivation." Journal of Human-centric Science and Technology Innovation 1, no. 3 (July 31, 2021): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21742/jhsti.2021.1.3.07.

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Lu, Xiaoyan, Jianxi Gao, and Boleslaw K. Szymanski. "The evolution of polarization in the legislative branch of government." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 16, no. 156 (July 2019): 20190010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2019.0010.

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The polarization of political opinions among members of the US legislative chambers measured by their voting records is greater today than it was 30 years ago. Previous research efforts to find causes of such increase have suggested diverse contributors, like growth of online media, echo chamber effects, media biases or disinformation propagation. Yet, we lack theoretic tools to understand, quantify and predict the emergence of high political polarization among voters and their legislators. Here, we analyse millions of roll-call votes cast in the US Congress over the past six decades. Our analysis reveals the critical change of polarization patterns that started at the end of 1980s. In earlier decades, polarization within each Congress tended to decrease with time. By contrast, in recent decades, the polarization has been likely to grow within each term. To shed light on the reasons for this change, we introduce here a formal model for competitive dynamics to quantify the evolution of polarization patterns in the legislative branch of the US government. Our model represents dynamics of polarization, enabling us to successfully predict the direction of polarization changes in 28 out of 30 US Congresses elected in the past six decades. From the evolution of polarization level as measured by the Rice index, our model extracts a hidden parameter–polarization utility which determines the convergence point of the polarization evolution. The increase in the polarization utility implied by the model strongly correlates with two current trends: growing polarization of voters and increasing influence of election campaign donors. Two largest peaks of the model’s polarization utility correlate with significant political or legislative changes happening at the same time.

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Iyer, Ganesh, and Hema Yoganarasimhan. "Strategic Polarization in Group Interactions." Journal of Marketing Research 58, no. 4 (June 22, 2021): 782–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00222437211016389.

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The authors study the phenomenon of strategic group polarization, in which members take more extreme actions than their preferences. The analysis is relevant for a broad range of formal and informal group settings, including social media, online platforms, sales teams, corporate and academic committees, and political action committees. In the model, agents with private preferences choose a public action (voice opinions), and the mean of their actions represents the group’s realized outcome. The agents face a trade-off between influencing the group decision and truth-telling. In a simultaneous-move game, agents strategically shade their actions toward the extreme. The strategic group influence motive can create substantial polarization in actions and group decisions even when the preferences are relatively moderate. Compared with a simultaneous game, a randomized-sequential-actions game lowers polarization when agents’ preferences are relatively similar. Sequential actions can even lead to moderation if the later agents have moderate preferences. Endogenizing the order of moves (through a first-price sealed-bid auction) always increases polarization, but it is also welfare enhancing. These findings can help group leaders, firms, and platforms design mechanisms that moderate polarization, such as the choice of speaking order, the group size, and the knowledge members have of others’ preferences and actions.

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Armbruster, D. A., R. H. Schwarzhoff, E. C. Hubster, and M. K. Liserio. "Enzyme immunoassay, kinetic microparticle immunoassay, radioimmunoassay, and fluorescence polarization immunoassay compared for drugs-of-abuse screening." Clinical Chemistry 39, no. 10 (October 1, 1993): 2137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/39.10.2137.

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Abstract The newest formulation of the Syva EMIT assay for drugs of abuse, EMIT II, and a new immunoassay, OnLine (Roche), utilizing the kinetic interaction of microparticles in solution (KIMS) methodology, RIA tests, and TDx fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) procedures were compared for marijuana, cocaine, opiates, and barbiturates. Both EMIT II and OnLine immunoassays were performed with a Hitachi 717 analyzer. Calibration curves, the degree of separation between negative and cutoff calibrators, precision, likelihood of carryover from positive to negative samples, and overall ease and speed of analysis were evaluated. RIA and OnLine detected 99% of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS)-confirmed marijuana samples; TDx, 95%; and EMIT II, 88%. All four immunoassays detected approximately 99% of confirmed cocaine-positive urines. RIA, OnLine, and TDx all detected 100% of opiate-confirmed samples; EMIT II, 97%. Barbiturate assays exhibited the greatest disparity, with OnLine and TDx detecting 100% of confirmed positives; EMIT II, 88%; and RIA, 78%. For a variety of reasons, we prefer the fully automated EMIT II and OnLine assays for high-volume urine testing, in comparison with our laboratory's semiautomated RIA tests and the limited-throughput TDx system. The four immunoassays investigated delivered comparable performance in terms of detection rates for GC/MS-confirmed positives for some drugs but not for others.

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Dai, Jialing, Jianming Zhu, and Guoqing Wang. "Opinion influence maximization problem in online social networks based on group polarization effect." Information Sciences 609 (September 2022): 195–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2022.07.086.

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Xing, Yunfei, Xiwei Wang, Chengcheng Qiu, Yueqi Li, and Wu He. "Research on opinion polarization by big data analytics capabilities in online social networks." Technology in Society 68 (February 2022): 101902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2022.101902.

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서응교. "A Study of Factors Affecting Group Polarization in Online Communication: Based on Anonymity." Journal of Distribution Science 13, no. 2 (February 2015): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15722/jds.13.2.201502.75.

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Essa, A. H. "Substituent Electronic Effects on the Mulliken Charges of N-(4-Substituted Benzylidene)-1-Phenylmethanamine Oxide Elucidated by DFT Calculations." Journal of Scientific Research 2, no. 2 (April 26, 2010): 330–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v2i2.3634.

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Calculations based on density functional methods are carried out to investigate the effects of a variety of substituents (NMe2, OMe, Me, F, H, Cl, CN, NO2) on the Mulliken charges (QM) for Ca and N atoms of N-(4-Substituted benzylidene)-1-phenylmethanamine oxide using Hammett’s MSP and Taft’s DSP equations. The MSP and DSP correlations give normal substituent effect at Ca and N atom sites. This can be attributed to extended pi-polarization, which predominates over the localized pi-polarization. Keywords: Correlation analysis; Hammett’s and Taft’s equations; Nitrone compounds; pi-polarization; Mulliken charges; DFT calculation. © 2010 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved. DOI: 10.3329/jsr.v2i2.3634 J. Sci. Res. 2 (2), 330-336 (2010)

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Gil de Zúñiga, Homero, Isabel Inguanzo, and Alberto Ardèvol-Abreu. "Contentious Politics in a Digital World: Studies on Social Activism, Protest, and Polarization." Media and Communication 10, no. 4 (October 28, 2022): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/mac.v0i0.6270.

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In a world of polarized societies and radical voices hogging the public digital sphere, this thematic issue aims at identifying the different strategies of old and new social movements in the extremes of the political debates by focusing on the interplay between polarization, uses of the internet, and social activism. In order to disentangle these interactions, this thematic issue covers a wide range of political settings across the globe. It does so by studying: (a) how opposing activists discuss politics online and its implications for democratic theory; (b) how social media uses and online discussions foster offline protests; (c) how the media and state-led-propaganda frame disruptive and anti-government offline protests and how this situation contributes to polarization in both democratic and non-democratic regimes; and finally (d) how civil society uses digital tools to organize and mobilize around sensitive issues in non-democratic regimes.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Online polarization'

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