Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Ondes électromagnétiques – Absorption et adsorption'
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Cai, Yihui. "Mechanosynthesis of 3D, 2D and quasi-2D hybrid perovskites and MAPbI3@graphite composites : mechanisms and potential applications." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2024. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2024/Cai_Yihui_2024_ED222.pdf.
Full textHybrid perovskites (HPs) are promising for optoelectronic applications beyond photovoltaics, with other application explored here. A main challenge is achieving reproducible, pure, and scalable synthesis. Mechanosynthesis (MS), a green and solvent-free method, was used to synthesize 3D HP MAPbI3 and graphite composites in 30 minutes, yielding properties similar to solvent-based MAPbI3. Extended grinding introduced defects, enhancing electromagnetic wave absorption. MS was also applied to low-dimensional HPs (n=1–3) with different ammoniums. Pure n=1 2D HPs and composites were synthesized successfully, while n>2 showed compositional heterogeneity. The compaction of 3D, 2D and quasi-2D PHs powders resulted in the preservation of grain size, the appearance of a preferential orientation and a reduction in reabsorption, thereby improving their photoluminescence. Graphite improved photodetection performance and phenylethylammonium-based PHs (n>2) showed very promising results
Wallez, Claire. "Absorption et diffusion des ondes électromagnétiques par les hydrométéores. Application à l'imagerie radiométrique en ondes millimétriques." Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30089.
Full textZolla, Frédéric. "Contribution à l'étude de la diffraction et de l'adsorption des ondes électromagnétiques : structures bipériodiques minces, structures cylindriques par la méthode des sources fictives." Aix-Marseille 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993AIX30070.
Full textJawad, Ourouk. "Etude de l'exposition des personnes aux ondes électromagnétiques en environnement complexe." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066292/document.
Full textResearch in non-ionizing numerical dosimetry has been improved thanks to high calculation capacity of computers. These years, integrating variability in the field of dosimetry has become a major issue. Sources of variability are numerous; among them, there are the exposure conditions to electromagnetic radiation which can lead to very different absorbed doses. Indoor channel modeling enables to have a deep knowledge of the exposure conditions of a human body located inside this indoor environment. The aim of this thesis is to develop a statistical method of calculation of the absorbed dose by the human body and to adapt the stochastic channel model to dosimetry. The statistical study of exposure reveals the need to obtain Specific Absorption Rate values for a plane wave exposure for all possible angles of incidence. Taking into account that computation in dosimetry is time consuming, an efficient interpolation method, kriging method, is implemented in order to get whole body Specific Absorption Rate values. Kriging method enables to obtain Specific Absorption Rate for all possible angles of incidence and then to calculate expectation and variance of Specific Absorption Rate. Sensitivity Analysis of expectation and variance to the statistical channel parameters reveals the impact of each parameter. The channel model has been simplified and then adapted to dosimetry by estimating the approximation error induced by this reduction. This thesis answers to the issue of integrating variability in dosimetry in a complex environment and develop the tools that open a new path in studying exposure in any complex environment
Jawad, Ourouk. "Etude de l'exposition des personnes aux ondes électromagnétiques en environnement complexe." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066292.
Full textResearch in non-ionizing numerical dosimetry has been improved thanks to high calculation capacity of computers. These years, integrating variability in the field of dosimetry has become a major issue. Sources of variability are numerous; among them, there are the exposure conditions to electromagnetic radiation which can lead to very different absorbed doses. Indoor channel modeling enables to have a deep knowledge of the exposure conditions of a human body located inside this indoor environment. The aim of this thesis is to develop a statistical method of calculation of the absorbed dose by the human body and to adapt the stochastic channel model to dosimetry. The statistical study of exposure reveals the need to obtain Specific Absorption Rate values for a plane wave exposure for all possible angles of incidence. Taking into account that computation in dosimetry is time consuming, an efficient interpolation method, kriging method, is implemented in order to get whole body Specific Absorption Rate values. Kriging method enables to obtain Specific Absorption Rate for all possible angles of incidence and then to calculate expectation and variance of Specific Absorption Rate. Sensitivity Analysis of expectation and variance to the statistical channel parameters reveals the impact of each parameter. The channel model has been simplified and then adapted to dosimetry by estimating the approximation error induced by this reduction. This thesis answers to the issue of integrating variability in dosimetry in a complex environment and develop the tools that open a new path in studying exposure in any complex environment
Mazingue, Thomas. "Conception et élaboration d'un capteur optique à ondes guidées pour la détection d'espèces chimiques." Phd thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011293.
Full textBamba, Aliou. "Channel modeling for the investigation of human absorption in realistic indoor environments." Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL10040/document.
Full textWe briefly review the modeling of wireless channels. We demonstrate that the room electromagnetics is a suitable channel model to address the human absorption due to diffuse fields. Next, an easy-to-implement methodology to determine the reverberation time in a reverberation chamber is presented and validated with a high-resolution algorithm. Then, we introduce the absorption cross section in diffuse fields (ACSwb,dmc). An experimental method to determine the ACSwb,dmc of a canonical phantom is developed and validated via numerical simulations. The reverberation time properties are investigated in several offices in Ghent (Belgium), and in Aalborg (Denmark), using the virtual Multiple-Input Multiple-Ouput channel sounder and the real channel sounder. Next, the reverberation time values allow us the measurement of the ACSwb,dmc of humans in a realistic office. We then address for the first time an experimental method to determine the whole-body averaged specific energy absorption rate (SARwb) of humans under realistic propagation conditions in indoor environments. Several scenarios have been considered and we show that the contribution of the diffuse fields in the absorption rate of humans may be prominent and cannot be systematically neglected. Moreover, a simple formula (as an alternative to numerical and experimental approaches) is proposed to determine the total SARwb of humans in presence of diffuse fields. The formula is validated via numerical simulations of four 3-D heterogeneous human models and can be used in dosimetry studies to assess accurately and rapidly the total SARwb of humans.Finally, a conclusion and future research opportunities end this thesis
Mohamed, elarif Abderemane. "Évaluation et contrôle non destructifs des barreaux et plaques par génération acoustique induite par absorption de micro-ondes." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR14235/document.
Full textMany studies in the field of both nondestructive evaluation and testing of mechanical structures have been conducted so far by analyzing the contribution of the microwaves induce acoustic technique. This new non-contact technique can be easily adopted to generate acoustic waves in non-conducting materials. This work begins with studying the lateral vibrations generated within viscoelastic bars hold inside grooved electromagnetic waveguides and subjected to short microwave irradiations. A parametrical model is established in order to predict the shape of the temperature rise within the sample. Results emphasize the fact that these types of waveguides generate a sudden asymmetric temperature rise, which produces some flexural modes. Besides, the development of a 3D numerical model allow the prediction of new vibration modes which are related to the deformations of the bar cross-sections during the sudden thermal heating. Then, direct methods are developed to complete the assessment of the viscoelastic properties of bars placed inside conventional electromagnetic waveguides. Different analytical models are proposed to study the effects of the Poisson ratio either on the ratio between lateral and longitudinal vibrations or on the dispersion of longitudinal waves. An optimization algorithm that allows the Poisson ratio and the real part of the complex slowness evaluation by means of dispersion curves is elaborate before being applied in the specific case of two polymeric bars. Finally, analytical and numerical finite element methods are conducted to analyze the acoustic waves generated by a circular defect (hole) contained in a plate and heated locally by microwaves. Two acoustic approaches are performed to predict the temperature rise form. Furthermore, a nondestructive testing method is highlighted by a direct relationship between the size of the defect and the frequencies of some peaks that appear on the velocity spectra of the plate. This method could be applied to set up an inverse procedure that can be used to size these kinds of defects
Héron, Anne. "Etude par simulation numérique de l'absorption résonnante d'une onde électromagnétique par un plasma et des instabilités paramétriques associées." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066472.
Full textChemat, Farid. "Le chauffage micro-ondes dans les procédés de synthèse organique : application à l'hydrolyse des nitriles et à la pyrolyse de l'urée." Toulouse, INPT, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPT017G.
Full textVenkatachalam, Sri Saran. "Polymer-derived carbon materials for terahertz wave absorption." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10013.
Full textThe aim of this work is the development of broadband absorbers and thermal detectors, based on carbon materials issued from pyrolysis of polymers and devoted to terahertz (THz) applications. Two types of polymer, organic (polyimide) and hybrid organic-inorganic polysiloxane, have been used. The progress of thermal conversion of these polymers in inert atmosphere was followed by thermogravimetric analysis coupled with mass spectrometry, and IR and Raman spectroscopies. The pyrolysis of polymers up to 1200 °C left black residues materials.Organic-derived materials are composed of mainly graphitic-carbon with a yield of about 55 wt%, while organosiloxane polymers result in a ceramic composite material, in which free carbon domains are embedded into an oxycarbide network, with a yield of 85 wt%.It has been found that the presence of sp2 carbon is necessary but not sufficient in and itself for the absorption of terahertz radiations. Carbon must be at least partially ordered into a few stacked-graphene layers. The THz absorbance of up to 78% over the broadband of 0.2-3 THz was obtained for a 0.95 mm thick sample resulting from pyrolysis of organosiloxane polymer at 1500 °C. The main advantage of using polymers lies in their ability to form complex small parts in a near net-shape by the casting process.Finally, using net-shaped pyramidal ceramic structures as absorbers, a proof of concept was achieved with the fabrication of a broadband terahertz micro-bolometer, with a responsivity of 0.76 V/W, time constant of 180 ms, and noise equivalent power of 2 nW/Hz1/2, thus putting it in fair competition with commercial thermal detectors
Frère, Jeanne. "Caractérisation numérique de l'exposition électromagnétique des personnes en bandes HF et VHF." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1S027/document.
Full textIn military environments, especially land field, high frequencies (HF, 3 - 30 MHz), very high frequencies (VHF, 30 - 300 MHz) and ultra high frequencies (UHF, 300 - 3000 MHz) have been used for long range and shortrange communications, for communication interference or for detection. To have all those functions on the same carrier, they require many antennas, therefore they are increasing the operator's electromagnetic overexposure risk. Civilian and military standards were published providing limits on external electromagnetic fields and dosimetric quantities (specific absortion rate SAR, current density and internal electric field) to limit this overexposure risk between 0 and 300 GHz. The PhD thesis project has two main objectives. First, civilian and military standards are studied to understand how they were developed and if they are really suited for HF and VHF frequencies. Second, a new validation method of Thales radio product is proposed and validated. This PhD thesis project have characterized numerically the human body electromagnetic and thermal behavior during electromagnetic exposure in HF and VHF. Then, by studying couplings between external electromagnetic fields, induced current and human body, formulas to calculate both whole-body averaged SAR and local SAR 10 g in homogeneous body are proposed for the first time
Maulois, Mélissa. "Etude expérimentale et numérique de la cinétique de plasmas d'air produits par rayonnement X impulsionnel." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30121/document.
Full textThe irradiation of air by an X-ray, produces an air plasma which can affect the generation and the propagation of electromagnetic fields, disrupting the surrounding electronic systems. Quantifying these constraints requires beforehand a comprehensive study of the plasma generated by the energetic particles. A 0D chemical kinetics model was developed to characterize the time evolution of the air X-ray induced plasma for different air pressures. The model is defined by the coupling of the evolution equation of the densities of the main species plasma with the equation of conservation of the mean energy density of electrons. To develop and test the model, it was first applied to a theoretical case where the plasma is generated by an X-ray flash with a duration of 100 ns with a constant mean energy equal to 1 MeV. The irradiation of dry air by X-rays leads to the generation of two populations of electrons Compton "relativistic" and "non-relativistic". In fact, these Compton electrons initiate the electron avalanches leading to the formation of the studied plasma. The obtained results show that the plasma is primarily generated by ionization of the gas by the relativistic Compton electrons. Although initiated by hard X-rays, the plasma generated is weakly ionized with a maximum electron density of 1013 cm-3 at atmospheric pressure and a maximum electron mean energy of about 4 eV. The validation of the model is based on the electron density measurements. For various air pressures, the experiments performed consist of irradiating an air-filled waveguide, by an X-ray pulse during 90 ns. The aim of the experiment is to measure the absorption of an electromagnetic wave after its passage through the plasma contained in the guide. The absorption coefficient of the wave in the guide depends on the constant of propagation in free space, which is proportional to the plasma frequency and thus to the electron density. The experimental electron density is then determined using the formalism of absorption in a plasma filled waveguide. To compare the experimental and numerical results, the kinetic model was adapted to the experiments by considering more particularly the waveguide walls and the humidity of the air. In the case of air with 76% of relative humidity, between 30 mbar and atmospheric pressure, the relative gap between the measurements and the model for the maximum electron density is lower than 10% knowing that the maximum of the density varies from 3.5x1013 to 4x1011 cm-3. The deviation between the measured electron density and the simulated one, increases when the whole X-ray pulse duration is considered, with a mean relative deviation of about 30%. Knowing that the measurement of the electron density is determined with an uncertainty of ± 30%, the kinetic model results are satisfying and thus enable the model validation. The kinetic model has also allowed to determine the time evolution of the mean electron energy of the plasma
Luc, Jérôme. "Propriétés optiques non linéaires et structuration photo-induite de nouveaux complexes organométalliques à base de ruthénium." Phd thesis, Université d'Angers, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00351578.
Full textNous déterminons, à l'aide de diverses techniques expérimentales (DFWM, SHG, THG, Zscan), l'influence de la fonctionnalisation de ces structures moléculaires sur l'amélioration de leurs propriétés ONL du deuxième et troisième ordre en jouant notamment sur la nature du fragment accepteur et du transmetteur π-conjugué. Nous présentons les résultats de calculs théoriques de chimie quantique afin de proposer une étude ONL de ces complexes à l'échelle moléculaire. Enfin, nous complétons ce travail sur des complexes ruthéniumacétylure contenant un fragment azobenzène dans leur système organique p-conjugué, par la diffusion des rayons X aux grands angles (WAXS) et par l'étude, en régime picoseconde, de la dynamique de formation de réseaux de surface photo-induits (SRGs) en utilisant une technique d'holographie en transmission et la microscopie à force atomique (AFM).
Durant, Stéphane. "Propagation de la lumière en milieu aléatoire : rôle de l'absorption, de la diffusion dépendante et du couplage surface-volume." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale Paris, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00004154.
Full textLa majeure partie de cette thèse est consacrée à cet aspect : la détermination des paramètres de l'ETR pour un milieu contenant des particules de taille comparable à la longueur d'onde, aléatoirement disposées dans un milieu absorbant. Alors que les modèles pour l'obtention de ces paramètres décrits dans la littérature en présence d'absorption sont tous phénoménologiques, nous présentons une méthode basée sur une théorie de champ rigoureuse et qui permet de définir sans ambiguïté ces paramètres. Nous analysons par ailleurs le rôle des corrélations en milieu absorbant (diffusion dépendante).
Nous nous intéressons aux milieux fortement chargés pour lesquels les corrélations sur les positions des diffuseurs jouent un rôle fondamental et rendent le calcul très complexe. Nous présentons les premiers pas d'une méthode numérique capable de prendre en compte toutes les corrélations entre les paires de particules, ce qui permet de calculer le coefficient d'extinction au delà de l'approximation de la diffusion indépendante.
Enfin, nous cherchons à évaluer les propriétés radiatives d'un système couramment rencontré : celui d'une couche diffusante a la fois en surface et en volume. Nous étudions en particulier le rôle de la diffusion multiple entre l'interface rugueuse et le volume chargé.