Relevant bibliographies by topics / On-state voltage

Academic literature on the topic 'On-state voltage'

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Published: 14 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "On-state voltage"

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Mohammed, Jamal Abdul-Kareem, Sahar R. Al-Sakini, and Arkan Ahmed Hussein. "Assessment of disturbed voltage supply effects on steady-state performance of an induction motor." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 10, no. 3 (June 1, 2020): 2259. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v10i3.pp2259-2270.

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An electric power system is usually exposed to unequal and variable loads across its three phases, which leads to voltage unbalance and variation, making the three-phase voltages asymmetrical in nature at the distribution end. This problem is clearly evident in Iraq country, particularly with regard to the fluctuating voltage levels of electricity distribution during peak hours. Providing a three-phase motor with asymmetric voltages is badly affecting its working performance. Estimating the performance of this motor at steady-state under different conditions of voltage disturbances is investigated in this paper through Matlab simulation using Symmetrical component approach. The motor performance represented by active and reactive input powers, output put power, developed torque, power losses, efficiency and power factor is analyzed under full load conditions. Also, the steady-state power losses- and torque-slip characteristics at certain degrees of voltage unbalance have been calculated and plotted
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Kuo, Ting-Tzu, Ying-Chung Chen, Ting-Chang Chang, Mao-Chou Tai, Yu-Xuan Wang, Kuan-Hsu Chen, Yu-Shan Lin, et al. "Analysis of abnormal threshold voltage shift induced by surface donor state in GaN HEMT on SiC substrate." Applied Physics Letters 120, no. 23 (June 6, 2022): 233505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0090133.

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This study investigates the recovery behavior of GaN high-electron mobility transistors on SiC substrates under different hot-carrier stress conditions. The threshold voltage shifts positively due to hot electron trapping at the buffer layer under hot-carrier stress. However, the recovery between semi-on (Vt < VG < 0 V) hot-carrier stress and on-state (VG > 0 V) carrier stress is significantly different. This phenomenon is systematically discussed in terms of the applied gate voltage under stress condition, which affects the occupation of the surface donor states. After applying a semi-on hot-carrier stress, the threshold voltage continues to shift positively after relaxing the applied voltage. In contrast, the threshold voltage exponentially recovers after applying an on-state hot-carrier stress. Silvaco technology computer aided design (TCAD) simulation was performed to verify the effect of the surface donor state on the threshold voltages. Since switching between on-state and off-state in RF-applications includes both conditions, we suggest that the surface donor states are crucial to determine the failure of devices.
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Lebedev, V., V. Zhukov, and A. Yablokov. "Analysing the thermal state of voltage transformer based on resistive voltage divider." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 93 (October 13, 2015): 012020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/93/1/012020.

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Deng, Yaping, Lu Wang, Hao Jia, Xiaohui Zhang, and Xiangqian Tong. "A Deep Learning Method Based on Bidirectional WaveNet for Voltage Sag State Estimation via Limited Monitors in Power System." Energies 15, no. 6 (March 21, 2022): 2273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15062273.

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Voltage sag state estimation on the basis of a limited number of installed monitors is essential to dividing the responsibility for the voltage sag and taking corresponding measurements for improvement in voltage quality. Therefore, a deep learning methodology via bidirectional WaveNet for the voltage sag state estimation is proposed in this paper. The presented method can simultaneously estimate voltage sag state at non-monitored buses via limited monitors. Especially, the proposed deep learning method using the bidirectional WaveNet is designed to explore the long-term and long-range temporal dependencies in both the forward and backward directions. In this way, only by using original measured voltages through monitors, high accuracy for voltage sag state estimation can be achieved without restructured or redesign of the raw monitored data. An excellent advantage of the presented algorithm is that it can be implemented without system parameters or operating conditions or any other prior information. The presented methodology was verified by the IEEE 30-bus benchmark system. The experimental results illustrated that the accuracy of the voltage sag state estimation results was over 99.83%. Furthermore, a comparison among different models, including the bidirectional GRU-based model, one-way WaveNet-based model, and bidirectional WaveNet-based model, was also conducted. The results illustrated that the proposed bidirectional WaveNet-based model achieved the highest accuracy and quickest convergence speed.
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Kong, Qingyi, Mingxing Du, Ziwei Ouyang, Kexin Wei, and William Hurley. "A Model of the On-State Voltage across IGBT Modules Based on Physical Structure and Conduction Mechanisms." Energies 12, no. 5 (March 5, 2019): 851. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12050851.

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The on-state voltage is an important electrical parameter of insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) modules. Due to limits in instrumentation and methods, it is difficult to ensure accurate measurements of the on-state voltage in practical working conditions. Based on the physical structure and conduction mechanism of the IGBT module, this paper models the on-state voltage and gives a detailed method for extracting the on-state voltage. Experiments not only demonstrate the feasibility of the on-state voltage separation method but also suggest a method for measuring and extracting the model parameters. Furthermore, on-state voltage measurements and simulation results certified the accuracy of this method.
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Lian, Han. "The State Monitoring Method of Electronic Voltage Transformer Based on L-M Algorithm." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 23, no. 3 (May 20, 2019): 385–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2019.p0385.

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In the traditional method of monitoring the state of electronic voltage transformer, there are problems of large monitoring error and weak robustness. Therefore, a new state monitoring method of electronic voltage transformer based on L-M algorithm is proposed. The relationship between input voltage and output voltage of capacitor voltage divider in electronic voltage transformer is obtained by using Laplasse transform. The transfer function model of electronic voltage transformer is constructed based on the relationship result and L-M algorithm. The transfer function model is used to analyze the frequency characteristics of the electronic voltage transformer and the range of normal measurement frequency, and then the partial pressure ratio of the electronic voltage transformer under the high frequency condition is derived. On this basis, by calculating the over voltage amplitude on the two sides of acquisition card in the electronic voltage transformer, the capacitance value between the two adjacent coaxial cylindrical cylinders of the capacitance divider in the electronic voltage transformer is obtained, thus the monitoring of the state of the electronic voltage transformer is completed. The experimental results show that the proposed method has low detection error and strong robustness, and can effectively improve the reliability of electronic voltage transformer.
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Golub, Irina, and Evgeny Boloev. "Methods of linear and nonlinear state estimation of distribution network." E3S Web of Conferences 58 (2018): 03010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185803010.

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The paper proposes a new approach to the problem of state estimation of a low voltage distribution network by the measurements coming from smart meters. The problem of nonlinear state estimation based on the measurements of nodal powers and voltages is solved by the method of simple iteration which minimizes the quadratic function of the residues with and without the consideration of the constraint on the zero currents in the transit nodes. The same algorithms are proposed to use for linear state estimation based on the measurements of nodal currents and voltages. The effectiveness of the proposed methods for linear and nonlinear state estimation is illustrated on the 33 nodes three-phase four-wire low-voltage network.
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Popovic, Dragan, and Milos Stojkovic. "An efficient generator voltages control method for improvement of voltage-reactive states in transmission network." Facta universitatis - series: Electronics and Energetics 21, no. 2 (2008): 221–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuee0802221p.

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This paper presents an efficient generator voltage control method for improvement of voltage-reactive states in transmission networks. This method enables fast and sufficiently accurate definition of generator voltages to realize the favorable voltage-reactive states. In peak load state, this generator voltage control is made to improve the economic operation, e.g. to reduce the active and reactive power losses or to enlarge the reactive reserve of generators. In minimum load state, this voltage control is made to reduce the generator under-excitation states, or to make the favorable redistribution of those under-excitation states. The verification of method proposed is made in context of steady-state and dynamic simulation models, on the examples of realized and perspective states of Serbian transmission network, in own wide environment. .
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Costa Nascimento, Priscila, Michel Girotto de Oliveira, and José Carlos M. Vieira. "Investigation on Using Low Voltage Automatic Regulation to Minimize the Impacts of Charging Plug-in Electric Vehicles in Distribution Systems." Renewable Energy and Power Quality Journal 19 (September 2021): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.24084/repqj19.222.

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The growth of micro and mini distributed generation and, more recently, the use of electric energy storage systems and the incentives for electric mobility are important examples of the transformations that distribution networks have been going through. In this context, this paper firstly presents the impacts of uncoordinated plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) charging in a real Brazilian distribution system. Four scenarios were elaborated with different PEVs penetration levels and the results show increased voltage unbalance, system losses, and violations of the steady-state voltage limits, even in the presence of an automatic voltage regulator installed in the medium voltage network. Then, as the main contribution, the potential usage of automatic voltage regulation at the low voltage network was investigated to minimize the negative impacts of uncontrolled PEV charging on distribution system steady-state operation. It is important to highlight that this is not a common practice of utilities in Brazil. The obtained results showed that regulating the voltage at the low voltage side could be an effective solution to keep the voltages within statutory limits.
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Horrigan, Frank T., and Richard W. Aldrich. "Coupling between Voltage Sensor Activation, Ca2+ Binding and Channel Opening in Large Conductance (BK) Potassium Channels." Journal of General Physiology 120, no. 3 (August 26, 2002): 267–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.20028605.

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To determine how intracellular Ca2+ and membrane voltage regulate the gating of large conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channels, we examined the steady-state and kinetic properties of mSlo1 ionic and gating currents in the presence and absence of Ca2+ over a wide range of voltage. The activation of unliganded mSlo1 channels can be accounted for by allosteric coupling between voltage sensor activation and the closed (C) to open (O) conformational change (Horrigan, F.T., and R.W. Aldrich. 1999. J. Gen. Physiol. 114:305–336; Horrigan, F.T., J. Cui, and R.W. Aldrich. 1999. J. Gen. Physiol. 114:277–304). In 0 Ca2+, the steady-state gating charge-voltage (QSS-V) relationship is shallower and shifted to more negative voltages than the conductance-voltage (GK-V) relationship. Calcium alters the relationship between Q-V and G-V, shifting both to more negative voltages such that they almost superimpose in 70 μM Ca2+. This change reflects a differential effect of Ca2+ on voltage sensor activation and channel opening. Ca2+ has only a small effect on the fast component of ON gating current, indicating that Ca2+ binding has little effect on voltage sensor activation when channels are closed. In contrast, open probability measured at very negative voltages (less than −80 mV) increases more than 1,000-fold in 70 μM Ca2+, demonstrating that Ca2+ increases the C-O equilibrium constant under conditions where voltage sensors are not activated. Thus, Ca2+ binding and voltage sensor activation act almost independently, to enhance channel opening. This dual-allosteric mechanism can reproduce the steady-state behavior of mSlo1 over a wide range of conditions, with the assumption that activation of individual Ca2+ sensors or voltage sensors additively affect the energy of the C-O transition and that a weak interaction between Ca2+ sensors and voltage sensors occurs independent of channel opening. By contrast, macroscopic IK kinetics indicate that Ca2+ and voltage dependencies of C-O transition rates are complex, leading us to propose that the C-O conformational change may be described by a complex energy landscape.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "On-state voltage"

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DE, BOSIO FEDERICO. "Effect of State Feedback Coupling on the Design of Voltage Source Inverters for Standalone Applications." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2674750.

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This Ph.D. thesis aims at investigating the effect of state feedback cross‐coupling decoupling of the capacitor voltage on the dynamics performance of Voltage Source Inverters for standalone microgrids/Uninterruptible Power Supply systems. Computation and PWM delays are the main factors which limit the achievable bandwidth of current regulators in digital implementations. In particular, the performance of state feedback decoupling is degraded because of these delays. Two decoupling techniques aimed at improving the transient response of voltage and current regulators are investigated, named nonideal and ideal capacitor voltage decoupling respectively. In particular, the latter solution consists in leading the capacitor voltage on the state feedback decoupling path in order to compensate for system delays. Practical implementation issues are discussed with reference to both the decoupling techniques. Moreover, different resonant regulators structures for the inner current loop are analysed and compared to investigate which is the most suitable for standalone microgrid applications. A design methodology for the voltage loop, which considers the closed loop transfer functions developed for the inner current loop, is also provided. Proportional resonant voltage controllers tuned at specific harmonic frequencies are designed according to the Nyquist criterion taking into account application requirements. For this purpose, a mathematical expression based on root locus analysis is proposed to find the minimum value of the resonant gain at the fundamental frequency. The exact model of the output LC filter of a three‐phase inverter is derived in the z‐domain. The devised formulation allows the comparison of two techniques based on a lead compensator and Smith predictor structure. These solutions permit the bandwidth of the current regulator to be widened while still achieving good dynamic performance. As a consequence, the voltage regulator can be designed for a wide bandwidth and even mitigates odd harmonics arising with unbalance loads supply. Discrete‐time domain implementation issues of an anti‐wind up scheme are discussed as well, highlighting the limitations of some discretization methods. Experimental tests performed in accordance to Uninterruptible Power Supply standards verify the theoretical analysis.
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Noda, Yasushi, Hitoshi Saito, Hiromasa Sato, Hitoshi Okubo, Ryouki Nishimura, Naoki Hayakawa, and Hiroki Kojima. "Conditioning Mechanism of Cu-Cr Electrode Based on Electrode Surface State under Impulse Voltage Application in Vacuum." IEEE, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/20726.

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STELLA, FAUSTO. "On-line Junction Temperature Estimation of SiC Power MOSFETs." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2734315.

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Hermann, David [Verfasser], and Andreas [Akademischer Betreuer] Draguhn. "Effects of Abeta Oligomers and State-Dependent Channel Blockers on High Voltage-Activated Calcium Channels / David Hermann ; Betreuer: Andreas Draguhn." Heidelberg : Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1177148390/34.

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Mulpuri, Vamsi. "Failure Analysis and High Temperature Characterization of Silicon Carbide Power MOSFETs." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron151076214366849.

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Alves, Diego Bruno Saraiva. "High gain Boost converter based on the bidirectional version of the three-state switching cell." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2014. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=13325.

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This paper presents the study and development of a topology of nonisolated converter operating at high frequency, which is suitable for the integration of battery banks, photovoltaic panels, and a high voltage dc link in a single conversion stage. The topology is based on the bidirectional version of the three-state switching cell and is recommended for battery charging, while a 200V dc link can be obtained in a single conversion stage using photovoltaic (PV) panels. The presented converter is able to supply a 200V dc link using a battery bank and a PV array and, depending on the solar irradiance level, it is also possible to charge the batteries by using a single conversion stage. Moreover, all the switches of the converter are able to operate under zero voltage switching (ZVS) condition over a wide operation range. The experimental results are obtained from a 500W laboratory prototype, which has been developed and tested in three situations: energy flow from the battery bank to the load, energy flow from the PV panel to the load; and energy flow from the panel to the battery bank, achieving the efficiency of 94,18%, 96,09% e 94,67% respectively. The high gain afforded by this topology and the excellent performance obtained in all operations mode, shows as a solution where the requirement of increasing the voltage to 200V or 400V from low input voltage energy sources, typically 12V, 24V or 48V, provided by batteries, solar panels or others sources of energy, for Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS), or a DC link, for example.
Este trabalho tem por escopo apresentar o estudo e desenvolvimento de um conversor CC-CC nÃo isolado de trÃs portas, adequado à integraÃÃo em um Ãnico estÃgio de conversÃo: um banco de baterias, um conjunto de painÃis fotovoltaicos e o link CC. A topologia proposta apresenta um conversor boost de alto ganho baseado na versÃo bidirecional da cÃlula de comutaÃÃo de trÃs estados na qual se tem integrado um banco de baterias e um conjunto de painÃis fotovoltaicos com capacidade para gerar um barramento CC de 200V em um Ãnico estÃgio de processamento. A caracterÃstica bidirecional da topologia permite aos painÃis fotovoltaicos carregar as bateiras e alimentar a carga dependendo da incidÃncia solar. No caso de ausÃncia de sol, o banco de baterias supre a carga. Outra importante caracterÃstica deste conversor à a comutaÃÃo suave em modo ZVS para todas as chaves. Foi desenvolvido um protÃtipo experimental com potÃncia nominal de 500W de forma a validar todo o embasamento teÃrico e de simulaÃÃo apresentados. O conversor desenvolvido foi submetido a trÃs condiÃÃes: o fluxo de energia da bateria para a carga, do painel fotovoltaico para a carga e do painel para o banco de baterias, sendo obtido o rendimento de 94,18%, 96,09% e 94,67% respectivamente para cada condiÃÃo. AlÃm disso, as formas de ondas experimentais e de simulaÃÃo para cada condiÃÃo e o comparativo de rendimento de topologias, tambÃm sÃo apresentados. O alto ganho e o rendimento alcanÃado nesta topologia, a torna uma forte soluÃÃo quando hà necessidade de elevar a tensÃo a partir de baterias ou painÃis fotovoltaicos, quando os valores fornecidos por estes geralmente sÃo de 12V, 24V ou 48V. Ressalte-se que este trabalho contribui cientificamente na Ãrea da eletrÃnica de potÃncia, mais especificamente, no que concerne ao estudo e desenvolvimento de novas topologias de conversores CC-CC nÃo isolados de trÃs portas para aplicaÃÃes em energias renovÃveis.
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Gong, Yanfeng. "Development of an improved on-line voltage stability index using synchronized phasor measurement." Diss., Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2005. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/ETD-browse/browse.

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Ekechukwu, Chinedum. "Improving Low Voltage Ride-Through Requirements (LVRT) Based on Hybrid PMU, Conventional Measurements in Wind Power Systems." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för fysik och elektroteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-31449.

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Previously, conventional state estimation techniques have been used for state estimation in power systems. These conventional methods are based on steady state models. As a result of this, power system dynamics during disturbances or transient conditions are not adequately captured. This makes it challenging for operators in control centers to perform visual tracking of the system, proper fault diagnosis and even take adequate preemtive control measures to ensure system stability during voltage dips. Another challenge is that power systems are nonlinear in nature. There are multiple power components in operation at any given time making the system highly dynamic in nature. Consequently, the need to study and implement better dynamic estimation tools that capture system dynamics during disturbances and transient conditions is necessary. For this thesis work, we present the Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) which integrates Unscented Transformation (UT) to Kalman Filtering. Our algorithm takes as input the output of a synchronous machine modeled in MATLAB/Simulink as well as data from a PMU device assumed to be installed at the terminal bus of the synchronous machine, and estimate the dynamic states of the system using a Kalman Filter. We have presented a detailed and analytical study of our proposed algorithm in estimating two dynamic states of the synchronous machine, rotor angle and rotor speed. Our study and result shows that our proposed methodology has better efficiency when compared to the results of the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) algorithm in estimating dynamic states of a power system.  Our results are presented and analyzed on the basis of how accurately the algorithm estimates the system states following various simulated transient and small-signal disturbances.
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Ravi, Ajaay. "Run-Time Active Leakage Control Mechanism based on a Light Threshold Voltage Hopping Technique (LITHE)." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1302550444.

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Mallangi, Siva Sai Reddy. "Low-Power Policies Based on DVFS for the MUSEIC v2 System-on-Chip." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för informations- och kommunikationsteknik (ICT), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-229443.

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Multi functional health monitoring wearable devices are quite prominent these days. Usually these devices are battery-operated and consequently are limited by their battery life (from few hours to a few weeks depending on the application). Of late, it was realized that these devices, which are currently being operated at fixed voltage and frequency, are capable of operating at multiple voltages and frequencies. By switching these voltages and frequencies to lower values based upon power requirements, these devices can achieve tremendous benefits in the form of energy savings. Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS) techniques have proven to be handy in this situation for an efficient trade-off between energy and timely behavior. Within imec, wearable devices make use of the indigenously developed MUSEIC v2 (Multi Sensor Integrated circuit version 2.0). This system is optimized for efficient and accurate collection, processing, and transfer of data from multiple (health) sensors. MUSEIC v2 has limited means in controlling the voltage and frequency dynamically. In this thesis we explore how traditional DVFS techniques can be applied to the MUSEIC v2. Experiments were conducted to find out the optimum power modes to efficiently operate and also to scale up-down the supply voltage and frequency. Considering the overhead caused when switching voltage and frequency, transition analysis was also done. Real-time and non real-time benchmarks were implemented based on these techniques and their performance results were obtained and analyzed. In this process, several state of the art scheduling algorithms and scaling techniques were reviewed in identifying a suitable technique. Using our proposed scaling technique implementation, we have achieved 86.95% power reduction in average, in contrast to the conventional way of the MUSEIC v2 chip’s processor operating at a fixed voltage and frequency. Techniques that include light sleep and deep sleep mode were also studied and implemented, which tested the system’s capability in accommodating Dynamic Power Management (DPM) techniques that can achieve greater benefits. A novel approach for implementing the deep sleep mechanism was also proposed and found that it can obtain up to 71.54% power savings, when compared to a traditional way of executing deep sleep mode.
Nuförtiden så har multifunktionella bärbara hälsoenheter fått en betydande roll. Dessa enheter drivs vanligtvis av batterier och är därför begränsade av batteritiden (från ett par timmar till ett par veckor beroende på tillämpningen). På senaste tiden har det framkommit att dessa enheter som används vid en fast spänning och frekvens kan användas vid flera spänningar och frekvenser. Genom att byta till lägre spänning och frekvens på grund av effektbehov så kan enheterna få enorma fördelar när det kommer till energibesparing. Dynamisk skalning av spänning och frekvens-tekniker (såkallad Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling, DVFS) har visat sig vara användbara i detta sammanhang för en effektiv avvägning mellan energi och beteende. Hos Imec så använder sig bärbara enheter av den internt utvecklade MUSEIC v2 (Multi Sensor Integrated circuit version 2.0). Systemet är optimerat för effektiv och korrekt insamling, bearbetning och överföring av data från flera (hälso) sensorer. MUSEIC v2 har begränsad möjlighet att styra spänningen och frekvensen dynamiskt. I detta examensarbete undersöker vi hur traditionella DVFS-tekniker kan appliceras på MUSEIC v2. Experiment utfördes för att ta reda på de optimala effektlägena och för att effektivt kunna styra och även skala upp matningsspänningen och frekvensen. Eftersom att ”overhead” skapades vid växling av spänning och frekvens gjordes också en övergångsanalys. Realtidsoch icke-realtidskalkyler genomfördes baserat på dessa tekniker och resultaten sammanställdes och analyserades. I denna process granskades flera toppmoderna schemaläggningsalgoritmer och skalningstekniker för att hitta en lämplig teknik. Genom att använda vår föreslagna skalningsteknikimplementering har vi uppnått 86,95% effektreduktion i jämförelse med det konventionella sättet att MUSEIC v2-chipets processor arbetar med en fast spänning och frekvens. Tekniker som inkluderar lätt sömn och djupt sömnläge studerades och implementerades, vilket testade systemets förmåga att tillgodose DPM-tekniker (Dynamic Power Management) som kan uppnå ännu större fördelar. En ny metod för att genomföra den djupa sömnmekanismen föreslogs också och enligt erhållna resultat så kan den ge upp till 71,54% lägre energiförbrukning jämfört med det traditionella sättet att implementera djupt sömnläge.
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Books on the topic "On-state voltage"

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Maltisovs, Matīss. Operating Methods of High Voltage Bistable Smart Glass Electronics Systems. RTU Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7250/9789934227448.

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The Thesis focuses on Smectic-A (SmA) liquid crystals' (LCs) functional behaviour in order to understand if this will be the next generation product that could improve the daily life of the society. The optical properties of this liquid crystal are by far the best compared to the products available in the market, i.e., the light transmittance in transparent state is >85 % and in scatter state <2 %. Enabling the LC to be used for a variety of purposes, such as smart windows to scatter light on a sunny day or provide a sense of privacy in an open type office space. An in-depth literature review discusses the existing studies, obtained experimental data and attempts to develop functional products. The main unresolved problems are highlighted, described in detail and solutions are offered. In order to understand the potential of SmA LC in the smart glass/window technology, analysis of existing products was performed, a summary of an active smart glass/windows provided, and a comparative study between them was made. In addition, an in-depth study of long-term functional stability was performed during which the most popular types of defects were listed and analysed. Solutions for defect elimination and recommendations for optimization of switching systems and production processes are provided. A methodology for determining the electrical parameters of an LC has been developed in order to create an electrical simulation model and facilitate the development of electronic switching systems.
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Nitta, J. Spin generation and manipulation based on spin-orbit interaction in semiconductors. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787075.003.0013.

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This chapter focuses on the electron spin degree of freedom in semiconductor spintronics. In particular, the electrostatic control of the spin degree of freedom is an advantageous technology over metal-based spintronics. Spin–orbit interaction (SOI), which gives rise to an effective magnetic field. The essence of SOI is that the moving electrons in an electric field feel an effective magnetic field even without any external magnetic field. Rashba spin–orbit interaction is important since the strength is controlled by the gate voltage on top of the semiconductor’s two-dimensional electron gas. By utilizing the effective magnetic field induced by the SOI, spin generation and manipulation are possible by electrostatic ways. The origin of spin-orbit interactions in semiconductors and the electrical generation and manipulation of spins by electrical means are discussed. Long spin coherence is achieved by special spin helix state where both strengths of Rashba and Dresselhaus SOI are equal.
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Mason, Peggy. Electrical Communication Within a Neuron. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190237493.003.0010.

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Postsynaptic potentials integrate across time and space within a single neuron. The influence of the length constant on spatial summation and of the time constant on temporal summation is described. Whereas passive properties give rise to graded potentials, the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) supports the all-or-none action potential. The action potential can be used to conduct information across long distances and is therefore used in the majority of neurons that have axons. How the inactivated state of VGSCs gives rise to the refractory period and dynamic polarization is described. The meaning of the action potential threshold is fully considered and then applied to understand the clinical condition of hyperkalemic periodic paralysis. Trains of action potentials carry information, and degradation of the spike train compromises the message. The speed of action potential conduction along both unmyelinated and myelinated axons is explored. In closing, an overview of demyelinating diseases is offered.
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Mason, Peggy. The Neuron at Rest. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190237493.003.0009.

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Neuronal membrane potential depends on the distribution of ions across the plasma membrane and the permeability of the membrane to those ions afforded by transmembrane proteins. Ions cannot pass through a lipid bilayer but enter or exit neurons through ion channels. When activated by voltage or a ligand, ion channels open to form a pore through which selective ions can pass. The ion channels that support a resting membrane potential are critical to setting a cell’s excitability. From the distribution of an ionic species, the Nernst potential can be used to predict the steady-state potential for that one ion. Neurons are permeable to potassium, sodium, and chloride ions at rest. The Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation takes into consideration the influence of multiple ionic species and can be used to predict neuronal membrane potential. Finally, how synaptic inputs affect neurons through synaptic currents and changes in membrane resistance is described.
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Campagna, Norbert, and Rüdiger Voigt, eds. Das Jahrhundert Voltaires. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845299877.

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Voltaire is still the most important representative of the Enlightenment in Europe. He was a firm critic of absolutism, feudalism and the Catholic Church. Throughhis extensive correspondence, which consisted of over 20,000 letters, intellectuals were more aware of him than any other writer at that time. His sarcastic humour and irony were feared intellectual weapons in those circles. Especially in times in which trust in reason seems to be vanishing, it is evident that we should analyse the thoughts of this great philosopher of the Enlightenment. To what extent did Voltaire influence the era of Enlightenment? Which of his works were particularly important and widely read, by whom and in which countries? This book is divided into four sections: the Enlightenment in Europe, Discussing Voltaire‘s Thinking, Voltaire in France and England, and Voltaire and Frederick the Great. With contributions by Norbert Campagna, Andreas Heyer, Oliver Hidalgo, Skadi Siiri Krause, Urs Marti-Brander, Volker Reinhardt, Gideon Stiening, Damien Tricoire, Rüdiger Voigt and Laurence Weyer. The editors Norbert Campagna, Professeur-associé at the University of Luxembourg and a senior teacher at the Lycée de Garçons Esch, is the author of numerous books on both the philosophy of law and the state as well as sexual ethics. Rüdiger Voigt, a professor emeritus of administrative science at the University of the German Armed Forces in Munich, is the author and editor of numerous books on state theory and state practice.
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Tiwari, Sandip. Nanoscale transistors. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759874.003.0002.

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This chapter brings together the physical underpinnings of field-effect transistors operating in their nanoscale limits. It tackles the change in dominant behavior from scattering-limited long-channel transport to mesoscopic and few scattering events limits in quantized channels. It looks at electrostatics and a transistor’s controllability as dimensions are shrunk—the interplay of geometry and control—and then brings out the operational characteristics in “off”-state, e.g., the detailed nature of insulator’s implications or threshold voltage’s statistical variations grounded in short-range and long-range effects, and “on”-state, where quantization, quantized channels, ballistic transport and limited scattering are important. It also explores the physical behavior for zero bandgap and monoatomic layer materials by focusing on real-space and reciprocal-space funneling as one of the important dimensional change consequences through a discussion of parasitic resistances.
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Book chapters on the topic "On-state voltage"

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Ushakov, Vasily Y. "Influence of Dielectric Properties, State, and Electrodes on Electric Strength." In Insulation of High-Voltage Equipment, 27–82. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07918-8_3.

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Kang, Chengwei, Peicheng Cong, and Jinpeng Li. "Research on IGBT Condition Monitoring Based on On-State Voltage Drop." In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Information Technologies for Rail Transportation (EITRT) 2021, 204–10. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9905-4_24.

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Zhan, Cao, Lingyu Zhu, Chenshuo Liu, Liang Pan, Jiangyu Liu, and Shengchang Ji. "Condition Monitoring of High Voltage Press-Pack IGBT with On-State Collector-Emitter Voltage." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 949–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31676-1_89.

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Yao, Ying, Dalong Ji, and Wenjin Fu. "Research on Topology Generation and Fault Prediction Technology of Low Voltage Distribution Network Based on State Perception." In Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 1371–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11051-1_140.

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Li, Shenghu, Jing Xue, Bijun Li, Yunsong Yan, and Ning Sun. "Adverse Control Effects on Steady-State Voltage Stability in Wind Power Systems Based on Sensitivities of B and L Indices." In Proceedings of PURPLE MOUNTAIN FORUM 2019-International Forum on Smart Grid Protection and Control, 353–64. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9783-7_28.

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Bernal Alzate, Efrain, Diana Lancheros-Cuesta, and Zihao Huang. "Cyber-Attack Mitigation on Low Voltage Distribution Grids by Using a Novel Distribution System State Estimation Approach." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 107–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53021-1_11.

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Liu, Pengcheng, Zheng Wang, Bo Wang, and Ming Cheng. "Improved Decoupling Control for Medium-Voltage Current Source Converter-Fed PMSM Drives Based on Complex State Variables Analysis." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 369–81. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3171-0_30.

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Tanzawa, Toru. "Charge Pump State of the Art." In On-chip High-Voltage Generator Design, 97–114. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3849-6_3.

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Yablokov, Andrey, Elena Gotovkina, Nikolay Smirnov, and Grigory Parfenov. "Studying the Impact of Weather Conditions and Operating Modes on the Thermal State of the Primary Voltage Converter of a 110 kV Digital Transformer." In Proceedings of 14th International Conference on Electromechanics and Robotics “Zavalishin's Readings”, 587–96. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9267-2_48.

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Gjonaj, Erion, Yun Ouedraogo, and Sebastian Schöps. "Modelling of Droplet Dynamics in Strong Electric Fields." In Fluid Mechanics and Its Applications, 107–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09008-0_6.

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AbstractWe describe a modelling approach for the simulation of droplet dynamics in strong electric fields. The model accounts for electroquasistatic fields, convective and conductive currents, contact angle dynamics and charging effects associated with droplet breakup processes. Two classes of applications are considered. The first refers to the problem of water droplet oscillations on the surface of outdoor high-voltage insulators. The contact angle characteristics resulting from this analysis provides a measure for the estimation of the electric field inception thresholds for electrical discharges on the surface. The second class of applications consists in the numerical characterization of electrosprays. Detailed simulations confirm the scaling law for the first electrospray ejection and, furthermore, provide insight on the charge-radius characteristics for transient as well as steady state electrosprays.
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Conference papers on the topic "On-state voltage"

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Wang, Baojie, Kefu Liu, and Jian Qiu. "Analysis of the on-state resistance influenced by the on-state current." In 2012 IEEE International Power Modulator and High Voltage Conference (IPMHVC). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ipmhvc.2012.6518828.

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Yin, S., X. Li, Z. Cai, and S. Li. "Detection scheme of commutation failure based on temporal features of thyristor valve in the on-state and off-state." In 22nd International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering (ISH 2021). Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/icp.2022.0405.

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Pokryvailo, Alex, and Costel Carp. "Accurate Measurement of on-State Losses of Power Semiconductors." In 2008 IEEE International Power Modulators and High Voltage Conference (IPMC). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ipmc.2008.4743663.

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Ueno, Ken, Tetsuya Hirose, Tetsuya Asai, and Yoshihito Amemiya. "CMOS Voltage Reference Based on the Threshold Voltage of a MOSFET." In 2007 International Conference on Solid State Devices and Materials. The Japan Society of Applied Physics, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/ssdm.2007.p-5-4.

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Wang, J., M. Ding, J. Wang, and Z. Chen. "Research on insulation aging state of XLPE Cables under accelerated aging." In 22nd International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering (ISH 2021). Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/icp.2022.0239.

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Abdel-Majeed, Ahmad, Stefan Tenbohlen, and Krzysztof Rudion. "Effects of state estimation accuracy on the voltage control of low voltage grids." In 2015 International Symposium on Smart Electric Distribution Systems and Technologies (EDST). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sedst.2015.7315264.

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Chilard, O., S. Grenard, O. Devaux, and L. de Alavaro Garcia. "Distribution state estimation based on voltage state variables: assessment of results and limitations." In 20th International Conference and Exhibition on Electricity Distribution (CIRED 2009). IET, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp.2009.0814.

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Ming Li, Li-Wu Yang, Jinfeng Kang, and Yangyuan Wang. "A low-voltage voltage doubler without body effect." In 2008 9th International Conference on Solid-State and Integrated-Circuit Technology (ICSICT). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsict.2008.4734962.

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Zhang, N. Q., J. P. Ibbetson, S. Keller, R. Vetury, S. DenBaars, and U. K. Mishra. "High Voltage GaN HEMTs." In 1999 International Conference on Solid State Devices and Materials. The Japan Society of Applied Physics, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/ssdm.1999.c-5-4.

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Wang, Baocheng, Deyu Wang, Xiaofeng Sun, and Weiyang Wu. "Compact high voltage solid-state pulse generator based on series RSD." In 2010 IEEE International Power Modulator and High Voltage Conference (IPMHVC). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ipmhvc.2010.5958369.

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Reports on the topic "On-state voltage"

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Wisniewski, Michael, Samir Droby, John Norelli, Dov Prusky, and Vera Hershkovitz. Genetic and transcriptomic analysis of postharvest decay resistance in Malus sieversii and the identification of pathogenicity effectors in Penicillium expansum. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597928.bard.

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Use of Lqh2 mutants (produced at TAU) and rNav1.2a mutants (produced at the US side) for identifying receptor site-3: Based on the fact that binding of scorpion alpha-toxins is voltage-dependent, which suggests toxin binding at the mobile voltage-sensing region, we analyzed which of the toxin bioactive domains (Core-domain or NC-domain) interacts with the DIV Gating-module of rNav1.2a. This analysis was based on the assumption that the dissociation of toxin mutants upon depolarization would vary from that of the unmodified toxin should the substitutions affect a site of interaction with the channel Gating-module. Using a series of toxin mutants (mutations at both domains) and two channel mutants that were shown to reduce the sensitivity to scorpion alpha-toxins, and by comparison of depolarization-driven dissociation of Lqh2 derivatives off their binding site at rNav1.2a mutant channels we found that the toxin Core-domain interacts with the Gating-module of DIV. Details of the experiments and results appear in Guret al (2011). Mapping receptor site 3 at Nav1.2a by extensive channel mutagenesis (Seattle): Since previous studies with photoaffinity labeling and antibody mapping implicated domains I and IV in scorpion alpha-toxin binding, Nav1.2 channel mutants containing substitutions at these extracellular regions were expressed and tested for receptor function by whole-cell voltage clamp. Of a large number of channel mutants, T1560A, F1610A, and E1613A in domain IV had ~5.9-, ~10.7-, and ~3.9-fold lower affinities for the scorpion toxin Lqh2, respectively, and mutant E1613R had 73-fold lower affinity. Toxin dissociation was accelerated by depolarization for both wild-type and mutants, and the rates of dissociation were also increased by mutations T1560A, F1610A and E1613A. In contrast, association rates for these three mutant channels at negative membrane potentials were not significantly changed and were not voltage-dependent. These results indicated that Thr1560 in the S1-S2 loop, Phe1610 in the S3 segment, and Glu1613 in the S3-S4 loop in domain IV participate in toxin binding. T393A in the SS2-S6 loop in domain I also showed a ~3.4-fold lower affinity for Lqh2, indicating that this extracellular loop may form a secondary component of the toxin binding site. Analysis with the Rosetta-Membrane algorithm revealed a three-dimensional model of Lqh2 binding to the voltage sensor in a resting state. In this model, amino acid residues in an extracellular cleft formed by the S1-S2 and S3-S4 loops in domain IV that are important for toxin binding interact with amino acid residues on two faces of the wedge-shaped Lqh2 molecule that are important for toxin action. The conserved gating charges in the S4 transmembrane segment are in an inward position and likely form ion pairs with negatively charged amino acid residues in the S2 and S3 segments (Wang et al 2011; Gurevitz 2012; Gurevitzet al 2013).
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