To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: On-site.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'On-site'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'On-site.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Riviere, Jérémy Maxime. "On-site surface reflectometry." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/55885.
Full textAbstract:
The rapid development of Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) applications over the past years has created the need to quickly and accurately scan the real world to populate immersive, realistic virtual environments for the end user to enjoy. While geometry processing has already gone a long way towards that goal, with self-contained solutions commercially available for on-site acquisition of large scale 3D models, capturing the appearance of the materials that compose those models remains an open problem in general uncontrolled environments. The appearance of a material is indeed a complex function of its geometry, intrinsic physical properties and furthermore depends on the illumination conditions in which it is observed, thus traditionally limiting the scope of reflectometry to highly controlled lighting conditions in a laboratory setup. With the rapid development of digital photography, especially on mobile devices, a new trend in the appearance modelling community has emerged, that investigates novel acquisition methods and algorithms to relax the hard constraints imposed by laboratory-like setups, for easy use by digital artists. While arguably not as accurate, we demonstrate the ability of such self-contained methods to enable quick and easy solutions for on-site reflectometry, able to produce compelling, photo-realistic imagery. In particular, this dissertation investigates novel methods for on-site acquisition of surface reflectance based on off-the-shelf, commodity hardware. We successfully demonstrate how a mobile device can be utilised to capture high quality reflectance maps of spatially-varying planar surfaces in general indoor lighting conditions. We further present a novel methodology for the acquisition of highly detailed reflectance maps of permanent on-site, outdoor surfaces by exploiting polarisation from reflection under natural illumination. We demonstrate the versatility of the presented approaches by scanning various surfaces from the real world and show good qualitative and quantitative agreement with existing methods for appearance acquisition employing controlled or semi-controlled illumination setups.
2
Lysne, Christian Aleksander. "Implications of Selecting On-Site and Off-Site Outsourcing Projects." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for industriell økonomi og teknologiledelse, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-26159.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this master thesis is to identify the advantages and disadvantages of selecting on-site and off-site outsourcing projects, in an attempt to strengthen the knowledge concerning this area of research. By looking at the selection criteria, risk factors and success factors, one can get a greater understanding of the implications of selecting one type of outsourcing over the other. A review of relevant theories is presented within the area of outsourcing, including the process of outsourcing and how it relates to organizational structures. A potential gap in the literature is identified, being that little empirical research has gone into investigating the different implications of location-based outsourcing and how these relate to each other. The literature review is used to identify the advantages and disadvantages of on-site and off-site outsourcing. These are then used to construct a survey among the employees in the microcontroller-development firm Atmel, in order to see how these factors relate to real-life experiences. The findings from the survey were then used as a foundation for three in-depth interviews with managers at Atmel to further elaborate on the differences between on-site and off-site outsourcing.The findings from this research indicate that on-site outsourcing is preferred over off-site outsourcing because of improved day-to-day communication and more effective management of expectations. Off-site outsourcing however, offers access to a greater pool of resources and talents. The survey found that more time was spent on the preparation phase in off-site projects, while training and managing the relationship was more time-consuming on-site. The interviews revealed that good communication in off-site outsourcing can be challenging, and developing a good relationship with the vendor is more of a challenge in off-site outsourcing relationships than it is for on-site. The practical implications of the physical distance between the outsourcing partners would dictate the client's ability to follow up and being able to influence the service provider during the outsourcing process. This conclusion is supported in the case of Atmel, where the levels of satisfaction are much higher in on-site outsourcing compared to off-site.
3
Watters, Susan Elaine 1959. "Site stability assessment on a clay loam upland range site." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291494.
Full textAbstract:
Ground cover, species composition, average distance between perennial plants, standing biomass, frequency of bare quadrats, and site stability rating were evaluated as predictor variables in determining the degree of site protection from accelerated soil erosion on a clay loam upland range site. Interpretations of range condition, species diversity, and the WEPP model predicted sediment yield were analyzed to determine their usefulness in detecting a threshold of site protection. Standing biomass, basal cover, average distance between plants and frequency of bare quadrats demonstrated strong correlations to the site stability rating and were useful in examining thresholds of site protection. The WEPP model was useful in determining a threshold of protection with the site stability rating. The diversity index and range condition rating showed poor relationships with the stability indices and plant community attributes measured. Thus, individually, these ratings do not provide and adequate assessment of the degree of site protection.
4
Legmpelos, Nikolaos. "On-site construction versus prefabrication." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/82714.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2013.<br>This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.<br>Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis. "June 2013."<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 107-109).<br>The question this thesis tries to answer is "How does one decide whether or not to use prefabrication in a project?" Since this is a broad question, we focus on a more specific topic: "How does one decide whether or not to use prefabricated bathrooms in a project?" The problem is approached with the formation of one case study and with the help of construction industry experts (owners, contractors, architects and academics). The case study is created based on data from a real project. The decision-making methodology used to run our comparison is called "Choosing by Advantages" and is described in detail in the thesis. Three alternatives are investigated: on-site bathroom construction, prefabrication of bathrooms adjacent to the worksite and prefabrication in a factory. Experts from the construction industry evaluate the solutions available, given the same information and data, in an attempt to understand which of the options they would consider to be more appropriate. They assign weights on each of the advantages in order to decide which solution is preferable. The primary goal of this thesis is to establish a methodology that can be used to tackle broader problems of the construction industry. Our case study could be used as guidance in addressing wider problems and could help the decision-making process. At the same time, the methodology established can be used to identify where differences in opinions lie, to help project stakeholders focus on these differences and to facilitate them in reaching agreement. A secondary goal for this thesis is to explore the difference in philosophy (if any) between all professionals involved in construction projects. We intend to investigate, for example, if all contractors agree among each other when presented identical information. The results are displayed in chapter 4.<br>by Nikolaos Legmpelos.<br>M.Eng.
5
Ng, Iok Tong. "Geotechnical site characterization based on SPT." Thesis, University of Macau, 1999. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1445031.
Full text
6
Surjandari, Isti. "Three essays on site specific management /." The Ohio State University, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1486402544591182.
Full text
7
GARDNER, ANDREW ALTON. "VIABILITY OF ON-SITE RECYCLING UNIT." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/190449.
Full text
8
NDUNGU, PETER K. "Sustainable Construction: Comparison of Environmental Impacts Due to Off-Site vs. On-Site Construction." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1218825073.
Full text
9
Milatos, Gerasimos Dionisios. "Evaluation of site effects on a high frequency direction finding single site location system." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1993. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA267465.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.S. in Electrical Engineering) Naval Postgraduate School, March 1993.<br>Thesis advisor(s): Adler, Richard W. "March 1993." Includes bibliographical references (p. 111-113). Also available online.
10
Ndungu, Peter K. "Sustainable construction comparison of environmental impacts due to off-site vs. on-site construction /." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc_num=ucin1218825073.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.S.)--University of Cincinnati, 2008.<br>Advisors: Cynthia Tsao PhD (Committee Chair), Jeffrey Molavi PhD (Committee Member), Mingming Lu PhD (Committee Member), Margaret Kupferle PhD (Committee Member) Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed Sept. 27, 2008). Includes abstract. Keywords: Sustainable Construction; Building LCA; Environmental Impacts; Prefabrication; On-Site Construction; Off-Site Construction Includes bibliographical references.
11
Anderson, Kyle J. "Essays on online price comparison site competition." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2009. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3380058.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, School of Business, 2009.<br>Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Jul 12, 2010). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-12, Section: A, page: 4791. Adviser: Michael R. Baye.
12
McGlynn, Shawn Erin. "Investigations on [FeFe]-hydrogenase active site biosynthesis." Diss., Montana State University, 2010. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2010/mcglynn/McGlynnS0810.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Hydrogenase enzymes, which catalyze the reversible oxidation of molecular hydrogen, occupy important roles as catalysts in microbial energy transfer and conservation. This seemingly simple reaction between protons and electrons necessitates the utilization of some of nature's most complicated organo-metallic cofactors. Remarkably, two evolutionarily independent types of enzymes capable of catalyzing this reaction exist - termed the [NiFe] and [FeFe]-hydrogenases. The biosynthesis of the cofactors harbored by these enzymes poses questions as to the assembly pathways involved in constructing hydrogen competent catalysts, and herein research as to the biosynthesis of the [FeFe]-hydrogenase active site is presented. Data as to the protein components involved in this process are presented which include the development of an E.coli based expression system for hydrogenase maturation protein factors, their isolation, and the first functional assignment of two of these proteins. The HydF protein is shown to be operative as an H-cluster intermediate bearing scaffold for [FeFe]-hydrogenase active site assembly, and the HydG protein is demonstrated to be responsible for the formation of cyanide and carbon monoxide from tyrosine. In addition, observations of a novel radical SAM enzyme is reported in conjunction with its putative involvement in the biosynthesis of the Hmd-hydrogenase found in methanogens. Together, these observations contribute to understanding biology's ability to construct complex organo-metallic cofactors, and lay a foundation for the consideration of the evolutionary events that led to the biological ability to assemble complex metallocofactors.
13
Babahaji, Meibodi Amir. "On-site concrete waste minimisation in Iran." Thesis, Kingston University, 2015. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/35583/.
Full textAbstract:
Construction waste minimization and management plays an efficient role in achieving sustainability by providing appropriate consideration to the environment, community, and social conditions by delivering built assets. The construction industry has a significant effect on the environment in terms of resource consumption and waste production. Recent statistics published by the UK Government disclose that the construction and demolition sector generates approximately 32% of the total waste in the UK, which is three times more than the waste generated by all households combined. Concrete has been a leading construction material for more than a century. However, current and on-going studies in the field of construction waste minimization and management mostly focus on general waste management or examine one specific method of waste minimization. While only a limited number of studies have been conducted to examine on-site concrete waste minimization, the literature reveals that research in this context is required. This research aimed to propose an on-site concrete waste minimisation framework (OCWMF) for construction projects, which could potentially be applicable and achievable in Iran. In this pursuit, six objectuves were determined to guide the research, which are: to identify the common methods on OCWM in the UK as a successful pattern in WM; to rank OCWM methods in UK; to rank OCWM methods in Iran; to identify the differences between common methods of OCWM in the UK and Iran and explore the possible causes of these differences; and to investigate the causes of differences in the favoured methods in the UK and the favoured methods in Iran. Finally, the last objective was to propose a framework for Iran. Both quantitative and qualitative strategies as well as a combination of qualitative and quantitative strategies were adopted for this research. Data was collected through face-to-face semi-structured interviews in the UK (N=5), a self-administered postal questionnaire survey in the UK (N=196 distributed, N=73 received), a self-administered postal questionnaire survey in Iran (N=196 distributed, N=110 received), and face-to-face semi-structured interviews in Iran (N=10). Interviewees were project managers, site superintendents, consultants, and engineers selected from the top 100 contractor companies and the top 100 consultant companies in the UK and in Iram. The questionnaire questions were developed on the findings of the literature review and the semi-structured interviews in the UK. Then, to examine the outcomes of interviews in Iran, three case studies in Iran was observed. Finally, emanating from study results, an OCWMF was developed and refined using discussions (N=2), a questionnaire (N=6), and interviews (N=7). Key findings that emerged from the study include: legislation and regulations in the UK are the main drivers for construction waste reduction; governmental initiatives in reducing waste, use of pre-fabricated building components, and education and training are the most recommended OCWM methods in the UK in terms of overall worthiness or spending to create savings or minimize waste; governmental incentives to reduce waste, education and training, and purchase management are the most recommended methods in Iran; the main differences between proposed OCWM methods in Iran and in the UK are in the use of pre-fabricated concrete elements (PCEs) and ready-mix concrete; the cost of using PCEs in the main cause of difference in methods between the countries; and the consultants and contractors involved in the case study were not interested in using PCEs in their projects due to the high costs involved despite the significant reduction in waste when this method is used. In conclusion, the framework proposed various remedies that could potentially be used for improving OCWM in Iran. This study has also made some recommendations for the industry, policy makers, and for further research. The content should be of interest to contractors, clients, and engineers.
14
Dey, Ayanangshu. "NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT IN ON-SITE WASTEWATER TREATMENT." MSSTATE, 2009. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11052009-110323/.
Full textAbstract:
Groundwater and surface water contamination has been linked in the past to inadequate or failing on-site wastewater treatment and disposal systems. The on-site wastewater systems installed in coastal areas have more potential for inflicting this kind of environmental damage. This work studied the regulatory compliance and environmental protection of the four types of on-site wastewater disposal systems found on the Mississippi Gulf Coast; i.e., vegetative rock filter, subsurface drip irrigation, sand mound, and sprinkler systems, by statistical techniques. Compliance was also evaluated for groundwater samples collected from monitoring wells installed at four corners of a disposal field. This work eventually culminated in formulation of strategy for modifying the aerobic treatment prior to disposal to help reduce nitrogen loading on the discharging environment. Process modeling and simulations were performed to optimize conditions for biological nitrogen reduction in the treatment unit by efficient management of aeration. Two separate proposals were developed, such as either running the aerator unit in a low operating dissolved oxygen concentration or intermittent aeration mode.
15
Meiering, Elizabeth M. "Studies on the active site of barnase." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.259633.
Full text
16
Cai, Levi. "On-site autonomous fabrication at architectural scales." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/119078.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Architecture and Planning, Program in Media Arts and Sciences, 2018.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 100-107).<br>Recent developments in digital fabrication tools and materials have pushed how fast, how well, and in what forms products can be made. The construction industry has been interested in using these automated technologies, however, material and machine constraints prevent them from being adopted at the scales that are demanded. This thesis is focused on how we might automate construction, especially when physical human intervention may be difficult. What approaches can we pursue now? What approaches should we aim for in the future? How can we achieve high scalability and maintain sustainability throughout? I will focus on how methodologies in controls and design must shift, but will also discuss how materials, sensors, and structural and machine morphologies inform these decisions and must be jointly developed to create robust autonomous construction systems. Climate change has instituted the need to reduce waste and use environmentally-friendly materials. Refugee crises have created severe housing shortages in remote and dangerous parts of the world. Growing curiosity about extra-terrestrial exploration have captured our imaginations about fabricating off-world habitats. These scenarios have further encouraged the development of novel platforms, that are not only autonomous, but can fabricate site- and task-specific structures, on-site and in unstructured environments. I present a pathway through which we can explore and feasibly implement this research at every step. I propose we begin by (1) modifying and automating combinations of existing construction processes and materials. These systems, however, are not simply scaled, for which I present (2) strategies for developing new types of inherently parallelizable systems that use different materials, and are designed from scratch. And finally, inspired by nature, I speculate about (3) a truly sustainable, scalable, and inter-species cooperative future for construction. For this I explore the relation of social behaviors to fabrication and how to create them in both biological and artificial contexts, in the present.<br>by Levi Cai.<br>S.M.
17
FELLOWS, RUSHIA GLEN. "AN ON-SITE FACTORY-BUILT HOUSING EXPERIMENT." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/555234.
Full text
18
Jimenez, Alexander. "Towards Understanding Productivity in On-Site Housebuilding." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Industriellt och hållbart byggande, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-81370.
Full textAbstract:
Global reports over the years indicate that productivity development in construction is poor if compared to other industries, even negative in some countries, calling for a change to increase productivity. However, the construction industry has a problem of defining, measuring and using productivity. Previous research suggest that productivity is a multifaceted term, which meaning depends on the purpose of addressing productivity, the context where one uses the term, the level of analysis (e.g. task, project or industry) or even the background of who addresses the term. The multifaceted meaning seems to have encouraged the development of multiple methods for measuring productivity in construction. The variety of understandings indicate that different aspects of productivity are accounted for by different people. Moreover, the construction productivity measures at different levels account for different things, and there is a lack of a clear connection between the levels of analysis. Subsequently, the multiple meanings and measures hamper how to understand construction productivity, what or how to measure and how to use the measures to improve overall productivity. This thesis furthers how housebuilding productivity can be understood by drawing on how the literature and on‐site housebuilding contractors address productivity concerning how it is defined, measured and used. An understanding of productivity that has a base in how productivity can be defined and measured, including how different performance measures can be applied to represent measures of productivity and then be used to improve productivity. The research questions of how productivity is understood, measured and used by Swedish housebuilding contractors are answered and synthesized to contribute with an enhanced understanding of construction productivity. Empirical data was collected through 17 semi‐structured interviews and four workshops. The interviews were held with practitioners ranging from site‐, to project‐, to business area managers from one small and four of Sweden’s largest contractors. The workshops were held with senior managers in charge of production development at the four large companies. Data was cross‐analyzed to identify commonalities and contrasting findings connected to how productivity is defined or understood to represent and include, how productivity is measured, and how productivity is used. The findings suggest that productivity in on‐site housebuilding production is about how efficiently the production system reaches its goal. That is, how efficiently the building is produced in conformance with the requirements to meet client values. Hence, productivity in housebuilding production integrates efficiency, effectiveness and many other factors that make the production system function better towards reaching its goal. Yet, what is included in, and thus what productivity represents, differs, caused by the choice of level of analysis (e.g. task, project or industry) and the length of the considered system or value chain (e.g. only production, or design, planning and production). The results also indicate that housebuilding productivity includes planning, measurement, control and reporting results. While separate direct productivity measures can be used in planning and for reporting results, many different indirect productivity measures are applied to enable for and control productivity during operations. These different measures represent different factors understood to influence productivity at different levels. However, the choice of measures vary, their use is unstructured and the measures usually stay undocumented. The results suggest that one measure of productivity is not enough to understand productivity of building production systems, it is rather through the combination of direct and indirect measures of productivity. Yet, there is a need to adopt a systems perspective to understand how to structure and connect the different measures from sub‐processes to processes and productivity, which this thesis suggests as a line of future research. Moreover, it is not enough to measure productivity to develop productivity. Systematic routines for measurements, review and action based on the measures must be developed and implemented.
19
Winkelman, Paul M. "On-site testing of crop drying fans." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45939.
Full textAbstract:
<p>The commercial peanut dryers used today were first conceived when energy was relatively inexpensive. Since then, energy costs have increased significantly, and more efficient peanuts dryers are
desirable. To evaluate dryer efficiency, a mobile fan test facility was designed, built and calibrated for on-site fan airflow and energy measurements. Four-, six-, and eight-trailer peanut dryers were tested for performance. The characteristics observed were delivery of fan airflow as compared to manufacturers' ratings, air distribution to each of the trailer supply ports, plenum leaks, and energy savings achieved by the use of flow controls. For testing, air to the dryer fan was provided by a centrifugal supply fan, where the flowrate was determined by measuring the pressure drop across
calibrated perforated plate positioned between the two fans. Airflow through each of the trailer
supply ports was determined in a similar manner by measuring the pressure drop across calibrated
resistance plates. Measured airflow to the trailers from dryer fans was found to be 75 to 100% of the airflow given by the manufacturers' ratings. Air distribution was poor in dryers with no baffle. However, the installation of a baffle resulted in significant improvement in air distribution. The baffle a pressure rise which reduced total airflow up to 5%. Based on a recommended airflow of 0.167 m<sup>3</sup>/s
per m<sup>3</sup> of peanuts, fan inlets were restricted to reduce airflow, and energy savings as high
as 35% were achieved. Repairs on poorly maintained dryers increased flowrate from 3 to 7%.</p><br>Master of Science
20
Brotherson, Brett Andrew. "Site blocking effects on adsorbed polyacrylamide conformation." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/26509.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph.D)--Chemical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008.<br>Committee Chair: Yulin Deng; Committee Co-Chair: Peter Ludovice; Committee Member: James Frederick; Committee Member: Lawrence Bottomley; Committee Member: Preet Singh. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
21
Peterson, Nicole L. Srebric Jelena. "On-site performance of extensive green roofs." [University Park, Pa.] : Pennsylvania State University, 2009. http://honors.libraries.psu.edu/theses/approved/WorldWideIndex/EHT-23/index.html.
Full text
22
Hassinger, Elaine, and Jack Watson. "Mound Systems: Alternative On-site Wastewater Treatment." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146416.
Full textAbstract:
2 pp.<br>The conventional on-site household wastewater treatment system is known as the septic tank and absorption (leach) field. Local soil conditions; type, depth, texture and permeability all contribute to how well wastewater is treated as it moves toward groundwater. Soil conditions in parts of Arizona are not suitable for absorption fields, so alternative disposal systems are necessary. This article provides information on alternative disposal systems, the septic tank-mound system, and includes the description of the system, its background, where it should be used, and the cost and time consideration.
23
Ameen, Noor, and Hassan Safawizadeh. "Visualizing Material on Site for Machines and Humans: A Step toward an Autonomous Construction Site." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för maskinteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-14937.
Full textAbstract:
The construction industry has not seen the same growth in productivity as e.g. the manufacturing- and automobile industry. This is largely due to the ease of implementing automation and robotics in the latter mentioned industries. Now more than before when the urbanization rate is increasing, there is a strong need in increasing the efficiency of the construction industry. That is why the research questions of this thesis work involves finding a complementary solution that will help autonomous construction machines operate in a dynamic construction site. The aim is permeated by two visions. The first one being to have autonomous construction machines collaborating with humans in the most remote places in the world. The second vision is that multiple smaller construction machines is more beneficial. Meaning a few machine breakdowns would not halt the entire construction process. During the research work, using the design research methodology and the innovation process, data showed that a construction site is very dynamic and complex. Having a change in factors such as size of construction site, number of involved stakeholders, location of the construction site, and time phase heavily affects the complexity of the site. Throughout the three case studies there were different characteristics, but there was a pattern. All the mentioned factors played a huge role in what needs expressed by the interviewees. The more complex a site was, the more there was a need to organize the material, personnel and machine flow. Therefore, the final solution is to decentralize the information flow of the construction site. Meaning that all humans, machines and material on site is to communicate its information. The suggested solution is the usage of a tag using GPS and Wi-Fi to communicate location and the necessary information. Thus, when attaching the tag onto a material, the workers and the machine will know of its information. The analogy is that when the implementation of autonomous machines is up to pace, the sites need to be prepared with all the errors and issues that might come with it. Since the autonomous construction machines will be collaborating with humans, it means that the issues expressed today will reappear in the future. Also, since the implementation of autonomy and robotics has been slow for the construction industry, there is a clear need of a complementary solution to speed up the process. By decentralizing the construction site and implementing tags on each interesting point, the once complex and changing construction site, will turn into a fully digitized infrastructure.<br>ME310 2017 Volvo CE
24
Uggla, Annika. "Utveckling av verktyg för jämförelse av kundanpassade och platsspecifika enskilda avloppssystem : Development of a comparative tool for custom-made and site-specific on-site sewage systems." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-176142.
Full textAbstract:
REFERAT Övergödning är ett högst reellt hot mot många av Sveriges sjöar och vattendrag och inte minst mot Östersjön. Utsläpp av ej tillräckligt renat avloppsvatten och läckage av näringsämnen från jordbruksmarker är problem som länderna kring Östersjön måste lösa. Sverige arbetar både nationellt och internationellt med att förbättra Östersjöns ekologiska status. Riksdagen har satt upp flera miljökvalitetsmål som bland annat tydliggör att Sverige måste minska tillförseln av näringsämnen till sjöar och vattendrag. Orsaken är att dessa föroreningar är en bidragande orsak till övergödning. Det här har resulterat i en ökad ansträngning från kommunerna att åtgärda diffusa utsläpp som enskilda avlopp. Ett enskilt avlopp antas vara en avloppsanläggning med en lokal hantering av hushållsavloppsvatten och är inte kopplat till ett regionalt ledningsnät och reningsverk. Avloppsvatten från hushåll består av BDT-vatten, vatten från bad, disk och tvätt, samt vatten från toalett. Avloppsvatten innehåller näringsämnen såsom fosfor och kväve samt organiskt material och bakterier. Om utloppsvattnet når recipienter utan att tillräcklig rening finns risk för övergödning och smittspridning. För att skydda grund- och ytvatten föreslår Naturvårdsverket att krav ställs på reduktion av näringsämnen och organiskt material för att det enskilda avloppet ska bli godkänt av kommunen. Sverige har uppskattningsvis en miljon enskilda avlopp varav nästan hälften bedöms vara undermåliga och i behov av att göras om. Det kan vara svårt för fastighetsägare att överblicka de krav som ställs och de många olika alternativ som finns för att anlägga eller göra om en avloppsanläggning. Ett verktyg som hanterar produkter och typlösningar för enskilda avlopp har tagits fram. Verktyget benämns LEA vilket står för Lösningar för Enskilda Avlopp och har utvecklats i Microsoft Excel®. LEA genererar och presenterar lösningsförslag utifrån plats- och kundspecifika parametrar vilka matas in i verktyget. Jämförelse kan göras mellan de föreslagna lösningsalternativen med avseende på olika parametrar, som exempelvis reduktionsgrad, utsläpp av näringsämnen och organiskt material, möjlighet till lokalt kretslopp och kostnad. LEA förväntas användas av sakkunnig och syftar till att effektivisera utredningar av enskilda avloppsanläggningar. Att användaren kontinuerligt uppdaterar och kompletterar databasen är centralt för verktygets fortsatta funktion och tillförlitlighet.<br>ABSTRACT Eutrophication is a serious threat to many of Sweden's lakes and streams, and in particular to the Baltic Sea. Discharge of inadequately treated waste water and leaching of nutrients from agricultural lands are problems that the countries surrounding the Baltic Sea have to find a solution to. Sweden strives both nationally and internationally towards improving the ecological status of the Baltic Sea. The government has decided upon several Environmental Quality Objectives that sets out that Sweden must reduce the emissions of nutrients to the sea, lakes and streams. This is of great importance as these are contributing factors to eutrophication. This has initiated the Swedish municipalities to investigate diffuse discharges such as small scale on-site sewage systems. An on-site sewage system is assumed to locally treat domestic waste water and is not connected to a waste water treatment plant. Domestic waste water includes greywater, which is the effluent from kitchen and bathroom, and most often also water from toilet use. The waste water contains nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen as well as organic matter and bacteria. If the waste water reaches the receiving waters without adequate treatment this is associated with a risk of eutrophication and contamination. The Swedish EPA has recommended reduction levels to be reached for organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus. The municipalities are recommended to require these levels to be met for the on-site sewage system to be approved. Sweden has approximately one million on-site sewage systems of which nearly 50% is considered substandard and in need of upgrading. It may be difficult for property owners to overview the requirements as well as the large number of products and options available to construct or modify an on-site sewage system. A program, LEA, which handles products for household sewage systems, has been developed in Microsoft Excel®. The tool generates suggestions of different sewage systems depending on customer and site-specific parameters. Comparisons are made between the proposed solutions with respect to various parameters which include reduction efficiency, effluent emissions, on-site recycling and cost. The user of LEA can update and supplement the database, which is central to the tool's continued function and reliability. LEA is expected to be used by experts and aims to enhance investigations in the choice of on-site sewage systems.
25
Forrester, Catherine Margaret. "The Influence of On-site Professional Development on Teacher Practice." Thesis, Australian Catholic University, 2018. https://acuresearchbank.acu.edu.au/download/1c98ddfb5f1ff302feb888e849c19e2d94242a71358d9ec3b2f54a1a13cbcd8e/6328919/Forrester_2018_The_influence_of_on_site_professional_development.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this research was to explore how on-site professional development (PD) addresses the goal of improved teacher practice. It was conducted within the context of a national educational reform in Australia. This reform, implemented from 2009 to 2012/13, was a National Partnership Agreement (NPA) with the Commonwealth Government that included the Smarter Schools National Partnerships (SSNP).
This research was a multi-site case study of five Catholic primary schools that implemented on-site PD for four years as part of a system response to a reform agenda. Learning on-site was a change in practice for teachers that involved the establishment of professional learning communities (PLCs) and the appointment in each school of an additional school leader entitled a ‘Teacher Educator’ (TE).
The interpretative paradigm of research, through the lens of symbolic interactionism and the epistemology of constructionism, was adopted to guide and inform the study. A multi-site case study methodology was chosen as the five schools constituted a single case on multiple sites that shared the phenomenon of interest, i.e., on-site PD (Huberman & Miles, 2002). The data gathering methods were semi-structured interviews, group interviews and a pre-interview self-reflection tool. Findings emerged through qualitative data analysis that utilised the Constant Comparative Method (Merriam, 1998).
The major research question was: How does on-site professional development influence teacher practice?
Findings from this research indicate that on-site PD influenced teacher practice in certain ways. First, underpinning the approach to changing teacher practice was collaboration. School leaders shared the instructional leadership role and worked collaboratively with teachers, primarily in classrooms, to demonstrate how teaching practice could change. The influence of system leaders on teacher practice was a secondary process mediated by school leaders. Due to a perceived lack of strategic direction, teacher consultation, or involvement in schools throughout the reform, system leaders were not seen as having a positive influence on teacher practice. Second, the structure of the in-situ leadership role of the TE was a key influence on changed teacher practice because it had a singular emphasis on teaching and learning. However, these new roles also led to tension, defensiveness and feelings of vulnerability from teachers; therefore, building trusting relationships and credibility were critical to their influence. Third, because the evolution of PLCs was an organic process, they emerged differently and did not adhere to any set structure. They morphed over time and the guiding principle that drove their creation was the articulated needs of teachers and what the data revealed to be those of the students. The use of data, the deprivatisation of teaching practice and professional dialogue were associated and instrumental in building teacher capacity, and formed the core focus of the PLCs. These three characteristics influenced teacher practice as their data skills were built along with pedagogical content knowledge. Fourth, the construct of on-site PD influenced teacher practice because the learning for teachers was coherent, active, context specific, relevant, timely, accessible and immediate.
26
Bilge, Gulsah. "3D landscape visualization on mobile devices for participatory planning and design : a comparison of off-site versus on-site engagement." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/19664/.
Full text
27
Alonso, Rachel (Rachel Margaret). "Analyzing the flexibility of inclusionary zoning : should affordable units be built on-site or off-site?" Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/73808.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2012.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 151-164).<br>Inclusionarv zoning (IZ), a strategy first adopted by municipalities in the 1970S to create affordable housing, requires private developers of market-rate residential projects to set-aside a certain percentage of units as affordable. The original intention of IZ was to foster socioeconomic integration in the nation's suburbs - but now, the tool has been adopted in urban areas, where threats of gentrification are more of a concern. Often, developers are able to fulfill the obligations imposed by inclusionary ordinances through alternative means of compliance: namely, off-site construction of affordable units or fee payments in-lieu of construction. Such flexibility is the primary focus of this thesis: how flexible are cities in the ways developers are permitted to fulfill inclusionary requirements? What are the ramifications of flexibility? Should cities be more or less flexible? My research has found good reasons for creating flexible inclusionary ordinances, beyond just protection from legal challenges. In-lieu fees can be used as gap financing for entirely affordable projects, which can be more beneficial to residents and low-income neighborhoods from a holistic community development perspective. Usually, this also results in production of a greater number of affordable units than on-site construction would have yielded. However, flexibility should be subject to certain restrictions, with cities maintaining authority to approve the means of compliance. In-lieu fees must be set at a meaningful level, equivalent to the actual cost to develop a unit of affordable housing. Additionally, imposing geographic restrictions on off-site construction is a good way to balance the need to produce affordable housing while furthering socioeconomic integration at the neighborhood, rather than building, level. Evidence regarding the benefits of mixed-income developments for lower-income residents is still inconclusive, and the strategy fails to address the underlying structural causes that perpetuate poverty. Thus, IZ ordinances should not rigidly require on-site construction of affordable units.<br>by Rachel Alonso.<br>M.C.P.
28
Massingill, K. B. "A Comparison of Communication Motives of On-Site and Off-Site Students in Videoconference-Based Courses." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2002. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3229/.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of this investigation is to determine whether student site location in an instructional videoconference is related to students' motives for communicating with their instructor. The study is based, in part, on the work of Martin et al. who identify five separate student-teacher communication motives. These motives, or dimensions, are termed relational, functional, excuse, participation, and sycophancy, and are measured by a 30-item questionnaire. Several communication-related theories were used to predict differences between on-site and off-site students, Media richness theory was used, foundationally, to explain differences between mediated and face-to-face communication and other theories such as uncertainty reduction theory were used in conjunction with media richness theory to predict specific differences.Two hundred eighty-one completed questionnaires were obtained from Education and Library and Information Science students in 17 separate course-sections employing interactive video at the University of North Texas during the Spring and Summer semesters of the 2001/2002 school year. This study concludes that off-site students in an instructional videoconference are more likely than their on-site peers to report being motivated to communicate with their instructor for participation reasons. If off-site students are more motivated than on-site students to communicate as a means to participate, then it may be important for instructors to watch for actual differences in participation levels, and instructors may need to be well versed in pedagogical methods that attempt to increase participation, The study also suggests that current teaching methods being employed in interactive video environments may be adequate with regard to functional, excuse-making, relational and sycophantic communication.
29
Miller, Andrew David. "Studies on the active site of PBG deaminase." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235915.
Full text
30
Rich, David. "On-site application of self-compacting concrete (SCC)." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2014. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/17229.
Full textAbstract:
Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) is a material which under its own self-weight flows to form and fill any shape, attains full compaction, without external energy input, to create a dense homogenous mass (based on Holton, 2003; The Concrete Society and BRE, 2005; Damtoft et al, 2008). It is, in respect to the history of concrete, a relatively new development, with its first UK application occurring in the late 1990s. Since then a significant amount of research has sought to understand its physical and structural properties, but there is a lack of a knowledge base on its practical application and performance in construction projects. Where it does exist, such research lacks robust and transparent data, particularly relating to the claimed attributes of the material (such as better surface finish, faster construction and lower overall costs). Using a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods, this research investigates the construction practices employed when pouring SCC and presents new data on its practical applications. Interviews with a range of building contractors, ranging from multinationals to small UK businesses (SMEs), show that current perceptions of SCC limit its use to specific applications because practitioners see SCC as just another type of concrete . A critical examination of these attitudes led to the identification of three distinct scenarios for the use of SCC: 1. Reactive selection: in which a particular attribute of SCC provokes its use to solve a particular problem, often as a last minute substitution for conventional concrete the most common scenario. 2. Strategic change: in which the material is chosen on the basis of a balanced assessment of all its benefits and on the understanding that such benefits can only be attained if the contractor appreciates that there may be implications for the construction process a rarely experienced scenario. 3. Specification: in which there is complete acceptance of SCC as a method, not just as a material; a significant amount of early project involvement with knowledge holders, such as contractors and material suppliers, optimises the construction process. A rigorous work measurement study of live construction projects has made it possible to quantify the as-built costs of SCC for selected UK residential slab and multi-storey flat slab applications and compare this with the equivalent conventional concrete slab construction. On-site use of self-compacting concrete vi The results indicate that SCC can reduce construction times of structural topping layers of residential slabs by up to 73%, and has shown that SCC can also match, if not reduce, total as-built concrete placement costs in multi-storey applications. This new data will enable contractors, designers and specifiers to better understand the practical implications of using SCC for on-site applications, thereby leading to more potential instances of its early and planned specification, hence resulting in more of its full benefits being realised.
31
Srejber, Zdenek, and Blanken Rients Wiebren Johannes van. "On-site Information Findability: Towards an integrative view." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Jönköping University, IHH, Informatik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-48752.
Full textAbstract:
A major component of the internet are websites which each have their information architecture, but more importantly, findability. This thesis focusses on the topic of findability, which is defined by Morville as “The quality of being locatable or navigable” (Morville, 2005, p. 4). Findability has become more crucial due to an increasing amount of information and time people spent on searching and gathering information. This motivation has led to the aim of investigating findability through insights into, and a delineation of, two complementary perspectives: information architecture and social informatics. Empirical evidence was collected through semi-structured interviews with design practitioners, and a literature review was conducted to provide an integrated view of findability. The STIN-model and berry-picking model provide a frame of reference which designers can use to improve the findability of their digital platforms. The most predominant suggestions based on the empirical evidence are as follows. Firstly, designers should remember that they are problem solvers and should always use methods appropriate to the problem that needs to be resolved. Secondly, designers should start with problem analysis, which should combine qualitative and quantitative methods to reach the optimal results with regards to user research. Finally, do not reinvent the wheel, make use of already existing tools that incorporate upgradeability and reusability.
32
Yang, Jing. "Field study on mercury behavior in landfill site." Kyoto University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/235083.
Full text
33
Hakjung, Kim. "Studies on site-specifically modified human dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 1992. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1055966843.
Full text
34
Cruz, Mara Lisa Fróis de Almeida. "Produção de oxigénio "on site" : indústria de celulose." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/3003.
Full textAbstract:
Mestrado em Engenharia Química<br>Neste trabalho estuda-se a produção de oxigénio “on site” pelo método VSA
comparando-o com outros métodos e evidenciando os benefícios da escolha do
mesmo para a produção de oxigénio.
O trabalho é constituído pela identificação da instalação, pelo enquadramento no
processo de branqueamento e caracterização da instalação, pelas opções de processo
e equipamento aplicável, pelos princípios de engenharia química envolvidos,
aplicações particulares a uma linha de pré-deslenhificação e branqueamento de pasta,
análise económica do investimento.
ABSTRACT: In this work the production “on site” of oxygen is studied and compared with other
methods underlying the benefits of this choice for the oxygen production.
The work is composed by the installation identification, characterization and integration
in the pulp bleaching process, the process options and main equipment, the principles
of chemical engineering involved in the process, particular applications in a
delignification stage and pulp bleaching line and the economical analysis of the
investment.
35
Sefton, Caryll. "Site and artefact patterns on the Woronora Plateau." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/7222.
Full text
36
MAGANTE, MARIE CARROLINE. "Multi-Scalar Analyses on Migrant Settlement-Site Selection." Doctoral thesis, Gran Sasso Science Institute, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12571/10261.
Full textAbstract:
Rather than a singular event, migration is a complex series of temporal and spatial phenomenon occurring on a number of scales. As such, our frameworks and theories for understanding migration, and in particular explaining push and pull factors, are drawn from various disciplines. This thesis uses a variety of economic and sociological theories to explore the factors which influence migration settlement decisions. The three chapters approach the question of migration mobility at different scales. The first chapter explores the relationship between migrant location and poverty concentration in receiving society, exploring the co-location of migrants and poverty at the neighborhood level. The second chapter investigates the responsiveness of migrants to regional conditions focusing on a singular ethnic group. Finally, the third chapter examines the effect of individual characteristics and interregional migration. The intent is to contribute to the field of migration studies through an evaluation of how individual, place-based, and community-level factors influence migratory flows and settlement patterns.
The first chapter uses novel neighborhood data in the five cities of Netherlands to explore the link between migrant presence and the contribution of migrants in space. The findings suggest that neighborhoods with higher migrant concentrations have significantly higher levels of poverty relative to those populated by the Dutch. The chapter also explores differences between groups and some of the common explanations for these differences. This chapter furthermore studies how specific elements may establish the pattern of ethnic neighborhood and poverty.
The prevailing argument in migration literature is that migration is relatively inelastic in Europe. The second chapter explores whether that is true, focusing on the response of Filipino labor migrants to economic and demographic indicators within the twenty regions of Italy. The findings offer support for prior scholarship which has shown that the presence of Filipino migrant stock is the most significant variable driving locational decision making. This is noteworthy given the emphasis in the literature on Italian regional labor market differentiation and the spatial distribution of labor.
Finally, the third chapter explores interregional migration in Great Britain and the effect of migration on wage at the regional level. The findings show that individual characteristics are largely insignificant in determining regional migration but are highly important in influencing wages. Controlling for selectivity bias, this thesis identifies the influence of education, skills, and housing tenure on migration decision and wages.
37
Peterson, Craig E. "On-site wastewater treatment and disposal systems on reclaimed mined land." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41708.
Full textAbstract:
The development of southwest Virginia’s coal mining areas is severely hampered by a lack of building sites and waste disposal facilities. New technologies to reclaim mined lands have the capacity to produce large level expanses of land suitable for building sites by using the minespoil to reshape the land contours. Because these areas are generally too remote for centralized sewer to be economically feasible, the problem of waste disposal remains. Also, the current Virginia Department of Health regulations forbid placement of on-site waste water treatment and dispsoal systems (OSWTDS) in any fill material, including minespoil. The objective of this research is to examine alternative OSWTDS technologies for their applicability to treating wastewater in fill materials with respect to both removal of biological and chemical contaminants and hydraulic performance. In the fall of 1989, topsoil and minespoil materials were transported from southwest Virginia to Blacksburg, Virginia. The soil material was screened, air-dried, and packed into large plastic cylinders. Septic tank effluent and sand filter effluent was applied to the soil columns daily at three different loading rates for a period of 5 months. Wastewater samples were collected after passing through the soil columns and analyzed for several chemical parameters as well as fecal coliforms. Antibiotic-resistant Escherichia Coli and bacteriophage T-1 (virus) were introduced into the columns and analyzed in the filtrate. The soil material in the columns was also characterized for selected physical parameters. The results indicate that the concentration of total inorganic N was reduced 15 to 60% after the effluent was passed through the soil columns. However, the NO₃ - N concentrations were still above the 10 mg/L drinking water standard indicating that housing density should be considered when fill material is used for OSWTDS. The quantity of P emerging from the columns was higher than anticipated in minespoil column effluent which is probably related to the indigenous P present in the minespoil. The P concentration in topsoil column effluent increased with influent application and this relationship could be described by quadratic functions. The numbers of fecal coliforms were reduced (93 to 99%) by passing effluent through the soil columns. The concentration of indicator organisms indicated a gradual decline in viable bacterial cells and viral particles over time, with the indicator virus assays being completely negative by day 11. The tracer organism study also indicates that the survival time of these organisms can be effectively controlled in topsoil by reducing the influent loading rates, and in minespoil by reducing the influent loading rates and using some type of pretreatment, such as a sand filter. This study indicates that OSWTDS can be placed in selected topsoil areas in reclaimed minelands. It further indicates that at least 60 cm of unsaturated topsoil should be available for wastewater renovation. Minespoils were also effective at renovating wastewater, but may require pretreatment before application, a lower loading rate, a deeper unsaturated zone, or perhaps a combination of these factors.<br>Master of Science
38
VONA, Veronica. "A typological approach contribution to risk analysis: a GIS system based on widespread seismic damage for cemetery type." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Ferrara, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11392/2496477.
Full textAbstract:
In Italy, the Guidelines for the evaluation and reduction of seismic risk on Cultural Heritage, and the Directive 12/12/2013 “Procedures for management of activities for cultural heritage securing and safeguarding in the event of emergencies caused by natural disasters” identify the compilation of forms to provide vulnerability and damage level representation on movable and immovable assets as an initial procedure. In particular, they establish two important survey instruments: the A-DC Churches and the B-DP Stately Buildings forms.
These are the only two instruments used between 2012 and 2013 for the damage level characterization of the cultural heritage caused by the “Emilia 2012” earthquake. The widespread use of these forms has brought to light several problems that have negatively affected the successive economic assessment of the intervention. In fact, if these sheets describe the vulnerabilities of the specialized types, such as Churches or Stately Buildings well, they are simultaneously ill suited to types with different features, which, in the Emilia-Romagna case, represent about 30% of damage to cultural heritage numerically and economically. In particular, a significant sample of these types is the cemetery type with more than 100 buildings damaged, a percentage equal to 70% of the entire complex of cemeteries located within the crater area.
Accordingly, the aim of this research is to analyse the damage suffered by this type so as to improve the damage assessment procedures, both in the emergency phase and in terms of seismic risk mitigation. The main purpose is to address the cultural heritage restoration policies towards more technically and economically sustainable actions.
Therefore, based on the data collected for the cemeteries damaged in the “Emilia 2012” earthquake, the cemetery type was investigated according to its several aspects: historic and architectural, economic, level of damage, and finally vulnerability. Each of these aspects provided the framework for the definition of a new first-level tool that could be both a damage survey tool and a proactive vulnerability assessment tool. Indeed, the complete compilation of the tool provides an estimate of the damage index and the related repair cost. The partial compilation, on the contrary, allows for the identification of the parameters for the definition of a vulnerability index correlated with a vulnerability curve specifically defined for cemeteries. In the first case it is possible to use the tool in the immediate and urgent phases of the emergency to determine the material and economic impact of the earthquake on the assets; in the second case, instead, it is possible to address the policies of seismic risk mitigation through vulnerability analyses at a territorial scale.
Finally, its status of land-management tool has resulted in its development on a GIS-based digital format for its integration within the regional technical cartography and for the on-site survey.
More than a final solution to the issue of damage assessment in cemeteries, however, this study on cemetery type should be considered as a first step towards the optimization of damage assessment procedures for building types other than churches and Stately Buildings. Only after a seismic event may the new form application provide the feedback on its effective use in emergencies and lead towards its progressive refinement.<br>In Italia, le “Linee guida per la valutazione e la riduzione del rischio sismico del patrimonio del MIBAC” e la Direttiva 12/12/2013 “Procedure per la gestione delle attività di messa in sicurezza e salvaguardia del patrimonio culturale in caso di emergenze derivanti da calamità naturali” individuano come prima procedura conoscitiva, durante le fasi di emergenza, la redazione di schede studiate per fornire una rappresentazione del livello di danno su beni mobili ed immobili. In particolare fanno riferimento a due importantissimi strumenti di rilevo: la scheda A-DC Chiese e la scheda B-DP Palazzi.
Questi sono i due strumenti attraverso i quali tra 2012 e 2013 si è preso atto dello stato del patrimonio culturale costruito dopo il terremoto in Emilia-Romagna e la cui applicazione in questo caso ha portato alla luce diverse problematiche. Tra queste, quella che maggiormente ha afflitto il processo di rilievo del danno, riverberandosi sul processo di quantificazione economica, è l’incapacità dei due strumenti sopracitati di trarre una fotografia esatta del danno per l’intero complesso dei beni culturali. Infatti, se queste schede ben interpretano le vulnerabilità intrinseche degli edifici che rappresentano, mal si adattano a tipologie con caratteristiche differenti che, nel caso dell’Emilia-Romagna, rappresentano il 30% dei beni danneggiati. Uno tra i campioni più significativi di queste tipologie è quello dei cimiteri con oltre 100 edifici danneggiati, una percentuale pari al 70% dell’intero complesso dei cimiteri collocati all’interno dell’area del cratere.
La presente ricerca si è concentrata dunque sull’analisi del danno occorso a questa tipologia edilizia con obiettivo di migliorarne le procedure di rilievo del danno, sia in fase di emergenza che in chiave di mitigazione del rischio sismico. Il fine è infatti quello di indirizzare le politiche di recupero del Patrimonio Culturale verso interventi sempre più sostenibili sia tecnicamente che economicamente. A partire dunque dai dati raccolti per i cimiteri danneggiati nel sisma “Emilia 2012” il tipo cimiteriale è stato indagato nelle sue diverse componenti: storico-architettoniche, economiche, di danno ed infine di vulnerabilità.
Ognuno di questi aspetti ha fornito i caratteri chiave per la definizione di un nuovo strumento di primo livello che si configurasse tanto come strumento per il rilievo del danno, quanto come strumento per la caratterizzazione della vulnerabilità del tipo in chiave proattiva. La compilazione integrale dello strumento fornisce infatti una stima dell’indice di danno e del relativo costo di riparazione. La compilazione parziale, al contrario, permette di individuare i parametri per la definizione di un indice di vulnerabilità dell’edificio correlabile con una curva di vulnerabilità specificatamente definita per i cimiteri. Nel primo caso è possibile utilizzare lo strumento nelle immediate e concitate fasi dell’emergenza per determinare l’impatto fisico ed economico del sisma sui beni, nel secondo caso, invece, è possibile effettuare valutazioni a scala territoriale per indirizzare le politiche di mitigazione del rischio sismico. La natura di strumento per la gestione del territorio ha indirizzato infine il suo sviluppo su supporto digitale di tipo GIS per l’integrazione con la cartografia tecnica regionale.
Il presente contributo sull’organismo cimiteriale va però inteso come un primo passo verso l’ottimizzazione delle procedure di rilievo del danno per tipologie edilizie diverse da chiese e palazzi, e non come una risposta conclusiva al tema del rilievo del danno ai cimiteri. Solo dopo un evento sismico l’applicazione diretta della nuova scheda potrà fornirci risposte sul suo effettivo utilizzo in emergenza e guidarci verso il suo progressivo affinamento.
39
VONA, Veronica. "A typological approach contribution to risk analysis: a GIS system based on widespread seismic damage for cemetery type." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Ferrara, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11392/2496476.
Full textAbstract:
In Italy, the Guidelines for the evaluation and reduction of seismic risk on Cultural Heritage, and the Directive 12/12/2013 “Procedures for management of activities for cultural heritage securing and safeguarding in the event of emergencies caused by natural disasters” identify the compilation of forms to provide vulnerability and damage level representation on movable and immovable assets as an initial procedure. In particular, they establish two important survey instruments: the A-DC Churches and the B-DP Stately Buildings forms.
These are the only two instruments used between 2012 and 2013 for the damage level characterization of the cultural heritage caused by the “Emilia 2012” earthquake. The widespread use of these forms has brought to light several problems that have negatively affected the successive economic assessment of the intervention. In fact, if these sheets describe the vulnerabilities of the specialized types, such as Churches or Stately Buildings well, they are simultaneously ill suited to types with different features, which, in the Emilia-Romagna case, represent about 30% of damage to cultural heritage numerically and economically. In particular, a significant sample of these types is the cemetery type with more than 100 buildings damaged, a percentage equal to 70% of the entire complex of cemeteries located within the crater area.
Accordingly, the aim of this research is to analyse the damage suffered by this type so as to improve the damage assessment procedures, both in the emergency phase and in terms of seismic risk mitigation. The main purpose is to address the cultural heritage restoration policies towards more technically and economically sustainable actions.
Therefore, based on the data collected for the cemeteries damaged in the “Emilia 2012” earthquake, the cemetery type was investigated according to its several aspects: historic and architectural, economic, level of damage, and finally vulnerability. Each of these aspects provided the framework for the definition of a new first-level tool that could be both a damage survey tool and a proactive vulnerability assessment tool. Indeed, the complete compilation of the tool provides an estimate of the damage index and the related repair cost. The partial compilation, on the contrary, allows for the identification of the parameters for the definition of a vulnerability index correlated with a vulnerability curve specifically defined for cemeteries. In the first case it is possible to use the tool in the immediate and urgent phases of the emergency to determine the material and economic impact of the earthquake on the assets; in the second case, instead, it is possible to address the policies of seismic risk mitigation through vulnerability analyses at a territorial scale.
Finally, its status of land-management tool has resulted in its development on a GIS-based digital format for its integration within the regional technical cartography and for the on-site survey.
More than a final solution to the issue of damage assessment in cemeteries, however, this study on cemetery type should be considered as a first step towards the optimization of damage assessment procedures for building types other than churches and Stately Buildings. Only after a seismic event may the new form application provide the feedback on its effective use in emergencies and lead towards its progressive refinement.<br>In Italia, le “Linee guida per la valutazione e la riduzione del rischio sismico del patrimonio del MIBAC” e la Direttiva 12/12/2013 “Procedure per la gestione delle attività di messa in sicurezza e salvaguardia del patrimonio culturale in caso di emergenze derivanti da calamità naturali” individuano come prima procedura conoscitiva, durante le fasi di emergenza, la redazione di schede studiate per fornire una rappresentazione del livello di danno su beni mobili ed immobili. In particolare fanno riferimento a due importantissimi strumenti di rilevo: la scheda A-DC Chiese e la scheda B-DP Palazzi.
Questi sono i due strumenti attraverso i quali tra 2012 e 2013 si è preso atto dello stato del patrimonio culturale costruito dopo il terremoto in Emilia-Romagna e la cui applicazione in questo caso ha portato alla luce diverse problematiche. Tra queste, quella che maggiormente ha afflitto il processo di rilievo del danno, riverberandosi sul processo di quantificazione economica, è l’incapacità dei due strumenti sopracitati di trarre una fotografia esatta del danno per l’intero complesso dei beni culturali. Infatti, se queste schede ben interpretano le vulnerabilità intrinseche degli edifici che rappresentano, mal si adattano a tipologie con caratteristiche differenti che, nel caso dell’Emilia-Romagna, rappresentano il 30% dei beni danneggiati. Uno tra i campioni più significativi di queste tipologie è quello dei cimiteri con oltre 100 edifici danneggiati, una percentuale pari al 70% dell’intero complesso dei cimiteri collocati all’interno dell’area del cratere.
La presente ricerca si è concentrata dunque sull’analisi del danno occorso a questa tipologia edilizia con obiettivo di migliorarne le procedure di rilievo del danno, sia in fase di emergenza che in chiave di mitigazione del rischio sismico. Il fine è infatti quello di indirizzare le politiche di recupero del Patrimonio Culturale verso interventi sempre più sostenibili sia tecnicamente che economicamente. A partire dunque dai dati raccolti per i cimiteri danneggiati nel sisma “Emilia 2012” il tipo cimiteriale è stato indagato nelle sue diverse componenti: storico-architettoniche, economiche, di danno ed infine di vulnerabilità.
Ognuno di questi aspetti ha fornito i caratteri chiave per la definizione di un nuovo strumento di primo livello che si configurasse tanto come strumento per il rilievo del danno, quanto come strumento per la caratterizzazione della vulnerabilità del tipo in chiave proattiva. La compilazione integrale dello strumento fornisce infatti una stima dell’indice di danno e del relativo costo di riparazione. La compilazione parziale, al contrario, permette di individuare i parametri per la definizione di un indice di vulnerabilità dell’edificio correlabile con una curva di vulnerabilità specificatamente definita per i cimiteri. Nel primo caso è possibile utilizzare lo strumento nelle immediate e concitate fasi dell’emergenza per determinare l’impatto fisico ed economico del sisma sui beni, nel secondo caso, invece, è possibile effettuare valutazioni a scala territoriale per indirizzare le politiche di mitigazione del rischio sismico. La natura di strumento per la gestione del territorio ha indirizzato infine il suo sviluppo su supporto digitale di tipo GIS per l’integrazione con la cartografia tecnica regionale.
Il presente contributo sull’organismo cimiteriale va però inteso come un primo passo verso l’ottimizzazione delle procedure di rilievo del danno per tipologie edilizie diverse da chiese e palazzi, e non come una risposta conclusiva al tema del rilievo del danno ai cimiteri. Solo dopo un evento sismico l’applicazione diretta della nuova scheda potrà fornirci risposte sul suo effettivo utilizzo in emergenza e guidarci verso il suo progressivo affinamento.
40
James, Darren Stuart, and mikewood@deakin edu au. "Environmental site assessment for abalone ranching on artificial reef." Deakin University. School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 2005. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20060914.100744.
Full textAbstract:
This study investigated the feasibility of ranching the abalone Haliotis rubra (Leach) and Haliotis laevigata (Donovan) on concrete artificial reefs at a site chosen by industry investors on silty bottom off Altona Beach, Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. The study started from the premise that artificial reef deployment combined with abalone stock enhancement may achieve the dual purpose of habitat and stock improvement. It evaluated the hydrodynamics of the site in relation to artificial reef structural stability and drift algal transport, the development and ecology of the artificial reef assemblage, and abalone enhancement by seeding the reefs with hatchery juvenile abalone and transplanting adult broodstock abalone.
Despite a scarcity of reports on culturing abalone on artificial reef, a literature review examined broadly the functions of artificial reefs, particularly in the context of abalone enhancement, and the relationship between artificial reefs, hydrodynamics and ecology. The major finding was that the success of artificial reef projects is highly dependent on the environment of the chosen site, and that preliminary studies are essential to predict their likely success. This consideration alone provided strong justification to undertake this study.
The topography at the Altona site was generally flat, with natural patches of low basalt boulder reef, offering low habitat complexity, yet supporting a diverse range of flora and fauna, including a low-density wild stock of H. rubra. Water depth was a mean of 3.3 m at low tide and 4.4 m at high tide.
A single, uncomplicated, concrete artificial reef of H-shape design, was tested as abalone habitat.
The hydrodynamic analysis confirmed previous studies of Port Phillip Bay, with mild current speeds
of mean 0.045 m.s-1, and maximum-modelled wave height (H1/3) of 1.21 m and period (T1/3) of 4.51 sec. Water temperature ranged from 9.9ºC during July to 23.8ºC during January, with salinity averaging of 35.5 ppt. The site had a low probability of receiving drift algae, necessary as a food source for abalone, because of its geographic location, potentially affecting ranch productivity.
Ecological monitoring of the three-year old artificial reef shows complex changes in the flora and fauna over time, particularly in respect of the sessile fauna. Key differences between the artificial reef and a nearby natural reef community were: lower cover of corallines and late colonisers, such as sponges. High levels of sedimentation were recorded at the Altona site.
Hatchery juvenile H. laevigata, with mean survival of 15% after two years and a mean annual growth rate of 39 mm, showed the most promise for outplanting. In comparison, for hatchery juvenile H. rubra, mean survival was 9% after three years and mean annual growth rate was 22 mm. No natural recruitment of H. laevigata was recorded on artificial reef despite transplants of adult broodstock on the reefs. Natural recruitment of H. rubra was also low and insufficient to reliably contribute to abalone ranch stock.
Having examined the hydrodynamic, ecological and enhancement attributes of the Altona site, the study concluded that the site was marginally viable for abalone ranching, and that an alternative site near Werribee, 20 km further southwest, had superior attributes for growth and survival of abalone.
41
Yanitski, Norman William. "Site-based management, its impact on school decision-making." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq23103.pdf.
Full text
42
Benoit, Paul Daniel. "Impact of on-site physician care in penetrating trauma." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0022/MQ50721.pdf.
Full text
43
Kuhn, Reinaldo. "On site measurements of kraft pulp pump system efficiency." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/656.
Full textAbstract:
With increasing energy costs and competitive pressures, interest has increased
in surveying installed pumps for potential energy savings. Field pump efficiency
tests are required to assess pumping performance and help to identify
improvement opportunities.
This work concerns the on-site measurements of pulp-suspension pumping
efficiency. This involves the measurement of pump head, flow rate and power
consumption. Provided that consistent flow measurements are available, it is
possible to reliably and non-invasively measure actual pump system efficiencies
in pulp suspension flow, with a minimum process disturbance.
As part of a most appropriate measurement-procedure study, four portable nonintrusive
flow meters were evaluated on site for pulp suspension flow. The Fast
Fourier Transform Doppler was found to be the most suitable for a pulp mill pump
survey.
Efficiency measurements were performed on six pump systems with motors
between 100 and 700 HP. It is shown that as-installed pump efficiency can be
used to help predict the degradation of the pump and also its effect on the
pumping system’s operation. A system approach analysis was performed in each
case, which can be effective in assessing system performance and finding
potential enhancements.
The use of variable speed drives allows the operating point to move along the
system curve, requiring less energy to drive the pump. VSD of larger motors are
expensive and their profitability compared to other modification alternatives
should always be carefully checked by calculations based on accurate on site
measurements and life cycle costs.
Finally, in this survey of six pump systems, significant potential savings of around
30% of present power consumption were found.
44
Mongeau, Raymond. "Antidepressant and anxiolytic action on the Serotonin1A binding site." Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=59934.
Full textAbstract:
Several lines of evidence suggest an involvement of serotonin$ sb{ rm 1A}$ (5-HT$ sb{ rm 1A}$ receptors in the regulation of emotions. In order to investigate the molecular basis of recent electrophysiological findings which implicated 5-HT$ sb{ rm 1A}$ receptors in the mechanism of action of antidepressants and anxiolytics, radioligand binding and autoradiographic studies using tritiated 8-hydroxy-2-(di-N-propylamino)-tetralin ( ($ sp3$H) -8-OH-DPAT) were done in rat brain following various treatments. These included: the tricyclic antidepressant imipramine; the reuptake blockers paroxetine and indalpine; the monoamine oxidase inhibitor clorgyline; electroconvulsive shock; lithium; the classic benzodiazepine diazepam; and the 5-HT$ sb{ rm 1A}$ partial agonist gepirone. None of these treatments, nor the fluctuation in 5-HT availability provoked by the circadian cycle, gave any significant changes, with the exception of clorgyline which initially appeared to decrease the affinity of ($ sp3$H) -8-OH-DPAT for its receptor. A further series of studies in vitro and in vivo ascertained the possibility that the 5-HT$ sb{ rm 1A}$ receptors may display two interconvertible affinity states and that, in fact, clorgyline induces a shift of the high to the lower affinity state. The findings from this second series of experiments suggested that labile changes, which may possibly be disrupted during membrane preparation, in the coupling between the 5-HT$ sb{ rm 1A}$ receptor and a guanine nucleotide binding protein (G-protein) may account for the effects that certain treatments have on 5-HT$ sb{ rm 1A}$ receptor responsiveness.
45
Yang, Yanning. "Wireless sensor data processing for on-site emergency response." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2011. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/8501.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis is concerned with the problem of processing data from Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) to meet the requirements of emergency responders (e.g. Fire and Rescue Services). A WSN typically consists of spatially distributed sensor nodes to cooperatively monitor the physical or environmental conditions. Sensor data about the physical or environmental conditions can then be used as part of the input to predict, detect, and monitor emergencies. Although WSNs have demonstrated their great potential in facilitating Emergency Response, sensor data cannot be interpreted directly due to its large volume, noise, and redundancy. In addition, emergency responders are not interested in raw data, they are interested in the meaning it conveys. This thesis presents research on processing and combining data from multiple types of sensors, and combining sensor data with other relevant data, for the purpose of obtaining data of greater quality and information of greater relevance to emergency responders. The current theory and practice in Emergency Response and the existing technology aids were reviewed to identify the requirements from both application and technology perspectives (Chapter 2). The detailed process of information extraction from sensor data and sensor data fusion techniques were reviewed to identify what constitutes suitable sensor data fusion techniques and challenges presented in sensor data processing (Chapter 3). A study of Incident Commanders' requirements utilised a goal-driven task analysis method to identify gaps in current means of obtaining relevant information during response to fire emergencies and a list of opportunities for WSN technology to fill those gaps (Chapter 4). A high-level Emergency Information Management System Architecture was proposed, including the main components that are needed, the interaction between components, and system function specification at different incident stages (Chapter 5). A set of state-awareness rules was proposed, and integrated with Kalman Filter to improve the performance of filtering. The proposed data pre-processing approach achieved both improved outlier removal and quick detection of real events (Chapter 6). A data storage mechanism was proposed to support timely response to queries regardless of the increase in volume of data (Chapter 7). What can be considered as “meaning” (e.g. events) for emergency responders were identified and a generic emergency event detection model was proposed to identify patterns presenting in sensor data and associate patterns with events (Chapter 8). In conclusion, the added benefits that the technical work can provide to the current Emergency Response is discussed and specific contributions and future work are highlighted (Chapter 9).
46
Cortinas, David B. "On-site construction productivity improvement through Total Quality Management." Thesis, Springfield, Virginia: Available from National Technical Information Service, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/28422.
Full text
47
Pearson, Graham S. "The Importance of On-site Investigations." 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/687.
Full text
48
Tu, Shih-Ben, and 凃世本. "Study on the Function Difference Analysis for the On-Site and Off-Site Detention Ponds." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/38719470184429781333.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>水土保持學系所<br>98<br>Since Taiwan is intensely populated with narrow-strip of land as well as limited natural resources, large-scale development of river upstream catchment region has, with fast progress of economic, largely reduced the size of forest and paddy field that performs the function as natural reservoir as it can effect to conserve water sources and lower flood peak. Furthermore, with increase of impermeable size as buildings and roads it has resulted in runoff to quickly converge and flood water increase tremendously; as such, flood control and drainage facilities at down-stream are unable to cope with the burden, and disaster from flood water has intensified, with effect of rivers and watercourse regulation largely affected. In order to alleviate the impact on existing flood control facilities by urban development, those newly developed areas lately (such science parks) have mostly programmed to install various kinds of detention ponds so as to effectively control the runoff from the increasing torrential rain, and lower the drainage burden and reduce flood damage to the down-stream areas.
Detention pond is the kind of compatible measures for flood and disaster prevention employed according to law with land development. In most of the cases, they would select the relatively low-lying land within the drainage system for location installation, or make use of park, greenery belt, or basement of the parking lot as its location, whereas its primary function is to conserve flood water, lower the amount of peak flood, and reduce disaster from flood. As for the runoff from torrential rain as created with areas of massive development, detention pond is planned and designed, which can be found as on-site and off-site detention pond according to the manner how flood water flows in.
This study uses triangular unit hydrograph method will estimate the changes of runoff flow before and after the development of catchment region, then from the estimation capacity of detention pond and the use of the puls method that carry out the computation of inflow and outflow of the detention pond to analyze and correlate the detention effect between on-site and off-site detention pond, with the 5 cases at Southern Taiwan Science Park and Central Taiwan Science Park are being illustrated to explore the application conditions, difference of operation, and detention effect between on-site and off-site detention pond. It is then learned from the study: 1. on-site detention pond is most suitable to be used at the middle and upper-stream of the catchment region of hillside drainage with relatively steep slope, while off-site detention pond is more suitable for drainage at level land of relatively less steep; 2. based on similar consideration for effect drainage and flood reduction at lower-stream, the capacity of detention pond for on-site detention pond should be larger than that of off-site detention pond; 3. at the entry and most gate-free control facilities with on-site detention pond, there is fewer problem with operation; however, since the entry of off-site detention pond has mostly employed gate-control, it would be more appropriate to formulate related operation regulations. Thus, the conditions of applications as well as difference of operation should be taken into account when it is planned.
49
WEN, KO HUNG, and 柯鴻文. "Experiment Study on Bond Strength Influenced by On-site ContaminantsExperiment Study on Bond Strength Influenced by On-site Contaminants." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/39858835809428225624.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立高雄應用科技大學<br>土木工程與防災科技研究所<br>98<br>Taiwan public works has implemented the three-tier quality control system for many yeas. Quality requirement and management concepts are upgrading among works and contractor. However, arguments about cleaning the contaminants on reinforcement still exist. All the specifications of construction and inspection require that the reinforcement should keep clean and the rust, oil, mud spot should be cleaned. Cleaning the reinforcement will cost time-consuming and expenses of engineering. The argument occurs between the supervisor inspector and contractor, which how clean are clean that would not affect the bond strength and cost time- consuming and expenses. To really understand the problem, bond strengths of seven common contaminants attached on reinforcements are studied.
Experiment specimens are prepared at a building construction site. Clay, paint, curing agent, form release agent, surface rust, mark tapes, and the spotted concrete, these seven types of contaminants were made on 90cm long SD280W D13 rebars. With 15cmX30cm cylinder form, fixing rebar at center, 210kgf/cm2 ready-mixed concrete was used to make 80 pullout test specimens where 10 specimens for each polluted type and clean typ. Also 10 specimens for concrete compression test were made. After 28 days curing of specimens, MTS machine with 100t capacity was used to do pullout tests. Rebar is pullout failure in all tests. The bond strength of each pollution type is compared to the clean rebar bond strength. The results show that except clay pollution situation, the bond strengths lie on 92.84%~101.74% of clean rebar bond strength.
50
Kottke, Albert R. (Albert Richard). "Impact of input ground motions and site variability on seismic site response." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/30468.
Full textAbstract:
Seismic site response analysis allows an engineer to assess the effect of local soil conditions on the ground motions expected during an earthquake. In seismic site response analysis, an input ground motion on rock is propagated through a site specific soil column. The computed response at the surface is dependent on both the input ground motion and the soil properties that characterize the site. However, there is uncertainty in both the input ground motion and the soil properties, as well as natural variability in the soil properties across a site. To account for the uncertainty in the input ground motions, engineers use a suite of motions that are selected and scaled to fit a scenario input motion. This study introduces a semi-automated method to select and scale the input motions to fit a target input motion and its variability. The proposed method is intended to replace tedious trials of combinations by hand with combinations performed by a computer. However, as in the traditional selection methods, the final selection of the combination is done by the engineer.The effect of the selected ground motion combination on the computed surface response spectrum from the site response analysis, and its variability, was investigated in this study. The results show by using a combination with as few as five motions, the median surface response spectrum can be predicted with an error of 10%. Additionally, the manner used to scale the input motions does not impact the accuracy of the median surface response spectrum, as long as the median response spectrum of the input combination agrees with the target input response spectrum. However, if the standard deviation of the surface response spectrum is to be considered (e.g., to develop median plus one standard deviation spectra), a input combination of at least 20 motions is recommended and the combination must be scaled such that the standard deviation of the input combination matches the standard deviation of the input target spectrum. Monte Carlo simulations were used to assess the impact of soil property variability on surface spectra computed by seismic site response. The results from this study indicate that by accounting for the variability of the shear-wave velocity profile of a site can cause a significant decrease in the median surface response spectrum, as well as a slight increase in the standard deviation of the surface response spectrum at periods less than the site period. By considering the variability of the nonlinear properties (shear modulus reduction and damping ratio) the median response spectrum decreased only slightly, but the standard deviation increased in a manner similar to the increase observed when considering the variability of the shear-wave velocity profile. Simultaneously considering the variability of the shear-wave velocity profile and nonlinear properties resulted in a median surface response spectrumsimilar to the median surface response spectrumcomputed with considering the variability of the shear-wave velocity alone. However, the standard deviation of the surface response spectrum was larger than the standard deviation computed by independent consideration of the variability of the shear-wave velocity or nonlinear properties.