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Academic literature on the topic 'On-site wastewater systems'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "On-site wastewater systems"

1

Branz, S., J. Tolliver, and M. Brandt. "Community On-site Wastewater Systems." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2001, no. 11 (January 1, 2001): 163–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864701790860010.

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2

Scandura, J. E., and M. D. Sobsey. "Viral and bacterial contamination of groundwater from on-site sewage treatment systems." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 11-12 (June 1, 1997): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0724.

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On-site septic tank-soil absorption systems treating domestic wastewater have contaminated groundwaters with enteric viruses and other pathogens and caused drinking waterborne outbreaks. The factors influencing pathogen transport, survival and fate at on-site wastewater treatment systems remain inadequately characterised. We studied the survival and transport of a model enterovirus (BE-1) and faecal coliform bacteria in four on-site wastewater treatment systems (three conventional and one low pressure, small pipe diameter, pumped system) located in sandy soils typical of the coastal plains. Septic system wastewaters were seeded seasonally with known amounts of BE-1 and the fate of BE-1, faecal coliforms and other wastewater constituents were followed for three months in seeded wastewaters and groundwaters of drainfield monitoring wells. BE-1 levels in seeded wastewaters declined exponentially by kinetics consistent with a 3d hydraulic residence time. BE-1 was detected in ground waters of monitoring wells as early as 1d after seeding and persisted up to two months. Virus detection in ground water was greater in winter than in summer and was positively associated with proximity to septic effluent distribution lines, drainfield soils with the lowest clay content, elevated ground water pH and shallower vadose zones. Viruses were not strongly associated with either distance from septic tank or faecal coliform levels in groundwater. Under optimum conditions, virus reductions were as high as 9 log10, but in systems with the most coarse (sand) soils and highest water tables (most shallow vadose zones), there was extensive ground water contamination by viruses and other wastewater constituents. Under some conditions, septic systems in sandy coastal plains soils can contaminate ground water with viruses and other wastewater constituents.
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3

Hellström, Daniel, and Lena Jonsson. "Evaluation of small on‐site wastewater treatment systems." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 17, no. 6 (November 2006): 728–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14777830610702548.

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4

Fastenau, Frits A., Jaap H. J. M. van der Graaf, and Gerard Martijnse. "Comparison of Various Systems for On-Site Wastewater Treatment." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 3-4 (March 1, 1990): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0181.

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Diffuse pollution, caused by direct discharges from individual houses, small built-up nuclei, farms, camp-sites, etc., for which connection to central wastewater treatment systems is unfeasible, may be significantly reduced by on-site treatment. Based on a large scale research, including intensive field-research work on 14 systems of different types and sizes in a range equal to population equivalents (p.e) of 5 - 200 persons, 8 different types of system were compared. The comparison involved technological features, such as removal efficiency, reliability, operational and maintenance aspects, environmental impacts and land claims, together with economical features showing significant differences. Advantages and disadvantages of each system are highlighted to enable a selection of suitable systems to be made. When no limiting factors are present, it was found that - in general-infiltration systems (infiltration pits; infiltration trenches) have the best features for on-site treatment up to 100 p.e. For larger capacities, or when infiltration is not possible, the rotating biological contactor will be the best solution mainly because of the lower costs.
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5

C. Roland Mote. "A Parallel Distribution Controller for On-Site Wastewater Systems." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 2, no. 2 (1986): 120–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.26724.

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6

McCray, John E., and Sara H. Christopherson. "On-Site Wastewater Systems and Interactions with the Environment." Journal of Hydrologic Engineering 13, no. 8 (August 2008): 653–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1084-0699(2008)13:8(653).

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7

Yamagata, H., M. Ogoshi, Y. Suzuki, M. Ozaki, and T. Asano. "On-site water recycling systems in Japan." Water Supply 3, no. 3 (June 1, 2003): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2003.0020.

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Non-potable urban water reuse is Japan's main water reuse practice, which includes water for environmental uses, in-stream flow augmentation, toilet flushing, and industrial reuse. On-site water recycling systems reclaim wastewater on site as well as harvest rainwater in one or more large buildings and distributing the reclaimed water within the buildings for non-potable reuse. Based on our survey conducted in 1999 on current status of on-site water recycling systems in 23 wards of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government District, the following findings are reported in this paper: (1) on the average, 61% of non-potable water demand is met by reclaimed water, and the deficit is made up by tap water from city water supply, (2) biological treatment or ultrafiltration processes can provide reliable treatment and suitable water quality. Some technical problems such as odor from on-site treatment facilities have occurred in a few buildings, (3) there has been no serious accident involving human health by accidentally ingesting reclaimed water, and (4) there is a scale merit in the construction cost of on-site water recycling systems. An on-site wastewater recycling system larger than 100 m3/d is more economically justifiable when compared to a conventional domestic water supply system. An on-site water recycling system can provide an effective, safe, and economical urban water resource for non-potable water reuse applications.
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8

Whitehead, J. H., and A. Leventhal. "On-site wastewater management system design and landslide risk assessment." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 10 (May 1, 2005): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0351.

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On-site wastewater management system design and performance is significant in assessing landslide risk in areas with potential for slope instability. Much of the development in Pittwater, NSW, local government area is on steep coastal land which has a history of slope instability. Concern over cases of poorly performing or failing on-site wastewater systems and the recognition that these and newly designed systems could be contributory to slope instability has been a factor in Pittwater Council, NSW, requiring that landslide risk assessment be undertaken for new and amended on-site wastewater management systems in potentially unstable areas. This paper describes the wastewater management system design and landslide risk assessment undertaken at Pittwater Youth Hostel in accordance with the Australian Geomechanics Society's Geotechnical Risk Management procedure to comply with the Pittwater Policy. The work completed illustrates both necessary and effective interaction of the wastewater and geotechnical professions to achieve a successful outcome for the client. It is likely that this professional interaction will be increasingly common along the NSW coast and elsewhere.
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9

Ho, G., S. Dallas, M. Anda, and K. Mathew. "On-site wastewater technologies in Australia." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 6 (September 1, 2001): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0346.

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Domestic wastewater reuse is currently not permitted anywhere in Australia but is widely supported by the community, promoted by researchers, and improvised by up to 20% of householders. Its widespread implementation will make an enormous contribution to the sustainability of water resources. Integrated with other strategies in the outdoor living environment of settlements in arid lands, great benefit will be derived. This paper describes six options for wastewater reuse under research by the Remote Area Developments Group (RADG) at Murdoch University and case studies are given where productive use is being made for revegetation and food production strategies at household and community scales. Pollution control techniques, public health precautions and maintenance requirements are described. The special case of remote Aboriginal communities is explained where prototype systems have been installed by RADG to generate windbreaks and orchards. New Australian design standards and draft guidelines for domestic greywater reuse produced by the Western Australian State government agencies for mainstream communities are evaluated. It is recommended that dry composting toilets be coupled with domestic greywater reuse and the various types available in Australia are described. For situations where only the flushing toilet will suffice the unique “wet composting” system can be used and this also is described. A vision for household and community-scale on-site application is presented.
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10

Kuan, Wen-Hui, Ching-Yao Hu, Li-Wei Ke, and Jung-Ming Wu. "A Review of On-Site Carwash Wastewater Treatment." Sustainability 14, no. 10 (May 10, 2022): 5764. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14105764.

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In recent years, people’s environmental awareness has increased. The high density of the urban population has caused a considerable increase in the demand for car washing services, which has created large quantities of car wash wastewater. The main pollutants in car wash wastewater are detergents, dirt, oil, and grease. Untreated wastewater released into rainwater sewer systems or other water bodies may pollute the water and generate excessive bubble foams, which negatively affects urban appearance. Car washes are divided into mechanical car washes and manual or self-service car washes. In general, car washes have a small operation and scale, occupy limited land, and cannot afford wastewater treatment costs. Therefore, most car washes are not equipped with wastewater treatment facilities. Consequently, the discharge of wastewater from car washes negatively affects the water quality in the surrounding environment and results in wasteful use of water resources. This study reviewed 68 research papers on the quality, treatment techniques, treatment costs, and treatment effectiveness of car wash wastewater to provide a reference for car wash operators to contribute to the preservation of water resources. We found that there is a higher chance of recycling car wash wastewater when combing two different techniques for car wash wastewater treatment.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "On-site wastewater systems"

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Hassinger, Elaine, and Jack Watson. "Mound Systems: Alternative On-site Wastewater Treatment." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146416.

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The conventional on-site household wastewater treatment system is known as the septic tank and absorption (leach) field. Local soil conditions; type, depth, texture and permeability all contribute to how well wastewater is treated as it moves toward groundwater. Soil conditions in parts of Arizona are not suitable for absorption fields, so alternative disposal systems are necessary. This article provides information on alternative disposal systems, the septic tank-mound system, and includes the description of the system, its background, where it should be used, and the cost and time consideration.
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2

Peterson, Craig E. "On-site wastewater treatment and disposal systems on reclaimed mined land." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41708.

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The development of southwest Virginia’s coal mining areas is severely hampered by a lack of building sites and waste disposal facilities. New technologies to reclaim mined lands have the capacity to produce large level expanses of land suitable for building sites by using the minespoil to reshape the land contours. Because these areas are generally too remote for centralized sewer to be economically feasible, the problem of waste disposal remains. Also, the current Virginia Department of Health regulations forbid placement of on-site waste water treatment and dispsoal systems (OSWTDS) in any fill material, including minespoil. The objective of this research is to examine alternative OSWTDS technologies for their applicability to treating wastewater in fill materials with respect to both removal of biological and chemical contaminants and hydraulic performance. In the fall of 1989, topsoil and minespoil materials were transported from southwest Virginia to Blacksburg, Virginia. The soil material was screened, air-dried, and packed into large plastic cylinders. Septic tank effluent and sand filter effluent was applied to the soil columns daily at three different loading rates for a period of 5 months. Wastewater samples were collected after passing through the soil columns and analyzed for several chemical parameters as well as fecal coliforms. Antibiotic-resistant Escherichia Coli and bacteriophage T-1 (virus) were introduced into the columns and analyzed in the filtrate. The soil material in the columns was also characterized for selected physical parameters. The results indicate that the concentration of total inorganic N was reduced 15 to 60% after the effluent was passed through the soil columns. However, the NO₃ - N concentrations were still above the 10 mg/L drinking water standard indicating that housing density should be considered when fill material is used for OSWTDS. The quantity of P emerging from the columns was higher than anticipated in minespoil column effluent which is probably related to the indigenous P present in the minespoil. The P concentration in topsoil column effluent increased with influent application and this relationship could be described by quadratic functions. The numbers of fecal coliforms were reduced (93 to 99%) by passing effluent through the soil columns. The concentration of indicator organisms indicated a gradual decline in viable bacterial cells and viral particles over time, with the indicator virus assays being completely negative by day 11. The tracer organism study also indicates that the survival time of these organisms can be effectively controlled in topsoil by reducing the influent loading rates, and in minespoil by reducing the influent loading rates and using some type of pretreatment, such as a sand filter. This study indicates that OSWTDS can be placed in selected topsoil areas in reclaimed minelands. It further indicates that at least 60 cm of unsaturated topsoil should be available for wastewater renovation. Minespoils were also effective at renovating wastewater, but may require pretreatment before application, a lower loading rate, a deeper unsaturated zone, or perhaps a combination of these factors.
Master of Science
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3

Shubail, Hani Yahya Ali. "Assessment of on-site wastewater treatment systems in unsewered communities in Jordan." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-284461.

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Centralized wastewater treatment systems need substantial funds besides high-cost operation and maintenance programs, which could be considered unsuitable for low-income developing countries. As a solution, it becomes the trend towards on-site wastewater treatment systems (OWTs) due to its cost-effectiveness and flexibility of implementation and management. However, the keenness to implement these systems appropriately and monitor them continually is crucial to ensure that they do not impact the surrounding environment and human health. Constructed wetland is one of the on-site wastewater treatment systems. These systems are comparatively affordable alternative technology, and adequate systems for small communities, rural, and hilly areas. In the present study, two constructed wetlands as on-site wastewater treatment systems in Sakib - Jerash Governorate, Jordan, were investigated regarding systems performance, social acceptance, and cost-benefit analysis. The first system is a vertical flow constructed wetland (VCW) that has been operating since January 2020. The second system is a recirculation vertical flow constructed wetland (RVCW) that has been in operation since July 2015. The checking of the theoretical design parameter and the actual loading conditions of the septic tanks and wetlands in both systems showed that both implemented septic tanks and the wetlands are adequate and appropriate for the design goals. The wetlands’ treatment performance showed sufficient capability in organic matter removal efficiencies: Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) removal efficiency. For pathogens: Total Coliform (TC) and Escherichia coli (E.coli), even though the removal efficiency was high, the effluents' values exceeded the local directive. Concerning nutrients removal, both systems showed low nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiencies. Some suggestions and recommendations were proposed for improving nutrients removal and pathogen removal efficiencies. These recommendations were in desludging the septic tanks, replacing the filtering media, introduce plantation or add other carbon sources to the system, and using an additional aerobic filtration unit in the wetlands’ outlets. The study showed that the Jordanian society's nonacceptance of the on-site wastewater treatment systems could be handled through full transparency, educational workshops, and public participation. The latter contributed an increased sense of ownership robustly and increased concern of responsibilities on the operational and maintenance matters. Regarding the cost-benefit analysis, the study results demonstrated that the implementation of a constructed wetland as an on-site wastewater treatment system could be a beneficial and valuable alternative for clusters in rural areas and even in newly urbanized plans. The promising method for the treated wastewater's disinfection using clay minerals needs further investigation to determine the optimum clay mineral concentration on treatment and the needed time for exposure.
För att täcka centraliserade avloppsreningssystems drift och underhåll är det kapitalinsättningen av stor betydelse, förutom högkostnadsprogram, något som anses vara olämpligt för låginkomstländer. In-situ avloppsreningssystem verkar vara en lovande lösning till detta. För att dock säkerställa att dessa ej belastar den omgivande miljö och fungerar som det skall i förbehåll att dessa ständigt övervakas. Konstruerade våtmarker är en typ av in-situ vattenreningsteknik. Dessa system är lämpliga för småstäder, bergiga och tätortsområden. Dessa system är kostnadseffektiva och flexibla vad dess implementering och hantering anbelangar. Två dylika system är i fokus av denna studie, nämligen två konstruerade våtmarker i Sakib - Jerash i Jordanien och i synnerhet utforskas dess prestanda, social acceptans i och dessutom utfördes en nyttokostnadsanalys. Båda våtmarkerna i denna rapport har konstruerats med ett vertikalt markflöde och är i drift sedan januari 2020 och juli 2015 respektive. Dessa två system ger goda reduktioner med avseende på biokemiskt syrebehov och kemiskt syrebehov (BOD, COD), totalt suspenderat material (TSS), och effektivitet rörande patogen borttagning (TC och E. coli). Även om patogen borttagningseffektivitet i sig var hög förblev patogenhalt hög i det lokala direktivs avseende; de lokala förutsättningarna, nämligen designparameter och belastningsförhållanden, tillåter dock uppbyggande och drift av dessa två systemen som i fokus i detta studium. Beträffande borttagning av näringsämnen visade det sig att båda systemen har låg kväve- och fosforborttagningseffektivitet. Vissa förslag och rekommendationer föreslogs för att förbättra näringsämnen samt systemens effektivitet vad gäller patogenborttagning; i synnerhet dessa förslag beträffar pumpa ut slammet ur septiktanken, utbyte och backspolning av vattenfiltermedia, vattenväxterinförande eller tillägg av en extern kolkälla samt användning av en ytterligare aerobfiltreringsenhet vid utlopp. Det visade sig att det jordanska samhälle sätter käppar i hjulet vad gäller implementering av dessa våtmarker emedan dess förfarande är oacceptabelt. Dylika problem kan överbryggas genom full insyn, föredrag och workshops samt allmänhetens deltagande. Det sistnämnda gav upphov till en ökad känsla av äganderätt robust, något som ledde till ökat intresse för ansvar i drifts- och underhållsfrågor. Vad nyttokostnadsanalysen anbelangar visade det sig att implementering av ett dylikt system skulle vara fördelaktigt och värdefullt som alternativ för kluster på tätorts- och landsbygdsområden. Avloppsvattenbehandlingen med lermineraler verkar hittills vara en lovande metod vid betraktande av tidigare studier. Det behöver dock göras ytterligare undersökningar för avloppsvattenbehandlingen med lermineraler vid bestämmande av den optimala lermineral koncentration och dess exponeringstid.
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4

Geary, Phillip M., University of Western Sydney, of Science Technology and Environment College, and of Science Food and Horticulture School. "On-site system effluent source tracking using geochemical and microbial tracers in a coastal catchment." THESIS_CSTE_SFH_Geary_P.xml, 2004. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/566.

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The principal aims of this thesis were to examine whether there were hydraulic links between individual on-site wastewater systems in sandy soils at Salt Ash and the Tilgerry Creek estuary near Port Stephens, New South Wales, and whether the chemical and microbiological contaminants from on-site systems could reach surface and groundwaters, and possibly lead to impacts on estuarine oyster growing waters. The research outcomes are contained within the thesis and in four refereed papers presented at conferences, and which have been subsequently published, or are in press. Copies of each of these papers are contained within the thesis Appendices. The presence of faecal contamination from domestic systems in the estuary, and surface drains in particular, has been confirmed by work contained in this thesis. The potential level of risk to human health from the consumption of contaminated oysters is, however, regarded as very low, although an assessment of health risk using established microbial assessment models has not been undertaken
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
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5

Carroll, Steven Paige. "Risk-based approach to on-site wastewater treatment system siting design and management." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2005. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16116/1/Steven_Carroll_Thesis.pdf.

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The use of on-site wastewater treatment systems (OWTS) for the treatment and dispersal of domestic effluent is common in urban fringe areas which are not serviced by centralised wastewater collection systems. However, due to inappropriate siting and soil characteristics, the failure of these systems has become a common scenario. The current standards and guidelines adopted by many local authorities for assessing suitable site and soil conditions for OWTS are increasingly coming under scrutiny due to the public health and environmental impacts caused by poorly performing systems, in particular septic tank-soil adsorption systems. In order to achieve sustainable on-site wastewater treatment with minimal impacts on the environment and public health, more appropriate means of assessment are required. The research described in the thesis details the processes adopted for the development and implementation of an integrated risk based approach to OWTS siting, design and management. This involved detailed investigations into resolution of some of the inherent deficiencies identified in the existing OWTS codes and guidelines, including more thorough site and soil assessment and data analysis, integration of the key risk facets of OWTS siting and design, environmental and public health, and the incorporation of scientific knowledge into the assessment processes. The research undertaken focused on four key research areas; (i) assessment of soil suitability for providing adequate treatment and dispersal of domestic wastewater; (ii) contamination of ground and surface waters as a result of OWTS failure and the major factors influencing contaminant fate and transport; (iii) assessment of environmental and public health risks due to poor OWTS performance; and (iv) the development of an integrated risk assessment framework for OWTS siting, design and management. The research conducted was multidisciplinary in nature, with detailed investigations of the physical, chemical and biological processes involved in on-site wastewater treatment and dispersal. This involved extensive field investigations, sampling, laboratory testing and detailed data analysis across the fields of soil science, groundwater and surface water quality, chemical and microbiological contamination, and contaminant fate and transport processes. The interactions between these different disciplines can be complex, resulting in large amounts of data being generated from the numerous field investigations and sampling processes undertaken. In order to understand the complex relationships that can occur, multivariate statistical techniques were utilised. The use of these techniques were extremely beneficial, as not only were the respective relationships between investigated parameters identified, but adequate decisions based on the respective correlations were formulated. This allowed a more appropriate assessment of the influential factors, and subsequently the inherent hazards related to OWTS, to be conducted. The primary research objectives for this research were investigated through a series of scientific papers centred on these key research disciplines. The assessment of soil suitability was achieved through extensive soil sampling throughout the study area and detailed laboratory testing and data analysis. The studies undertaken are described in Chapters 3, 4 and 5. Paper 1 (Framework for soil suitability evaluation for sewage effluent renovation) outlines a framework for assessing the renovation ability of the major soil groups located throughout Southeast Queensland. This framework formed the basis for the assessment of OWTS siting and design risks employed in the developed risk framework. Paper 2 (Use of Chemometric Methods and Multicriteria Decision-Making for Site Selection for Sustainable On-site Sewage Effluent Disposal) details and justifies the multivariate data analysis techniques used in establishing the soil framework. Paper 3 (Assessment of soil suitability for effluent renovation using undisturbed soil columns) describes investigations of the use of undisturbed soil cores for the assessment of long term soil renovation ability. This study was undertaken to validate the research outcomes achieved through the established framework developed in Paper 1. Papers 4, 5 and 6 (Chapters 6 - 8) focus on contamination issues of ground and surface waters resulting from poor OWTS treatment performance, and the different factors that influence pollutant fate and transport. The investigation of ground and surface water contamination, detailed in Paper 4 (Assessment of High Density of Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems on a Shallow Groundwater Coastal Aquifer using PCA) and Paper 5 (Environmental and anthropogenic factors affecting fecal coliforms and E. coli in ground and surface waters in a coastal environment) was achieved through extensive ground and surface water sampling and testing from several monitored study sites. Analysis of the resulting data indicated that several key factors, including rainfall, site and soil conditions and on-site system density can significantly influence the fate and transportation of pollutants emitted from OWTS. An additional issue found during this research in assessing faecal contamination of water resources was the necessity to ensure that the respective sources of contamination were actually OWTS. The inherent difficulty in identifying the actual source of contamination was resolved by employing a source tracking method, namely antibiotic resistance analysis of faecal coliforms (Paper 6; Sourcing fecal pollution from onsite wastewater treatment systems in surface waters using antibiotic resistance analysis). Finally, Paper 7 (Integrated Risk Framework for On-site Wastewater Treatment Systems) describes the development of the final generic integrated risk assessment framework and how the outcomes, as discussed through the previous 6 papers, were combined to assess the environmental and public health risks inherent in OWTS siting and design. The outcomes of this research have significantly contributed to knowledge of best practice in OWTS siting, design and management. The developed soil suitability framework allows more appropriate assessment of soil characteristics for providing effluent renovation. This is generally not done in the current assessment techniques for OWTS. Additionally, the use of this framework incorporates scientific knowledge into the assessment of OWTS, allowing a more rigorous and scientifically robust assessment process. The processes and techniques used in the soil suitability framework, although based on the common soil types typical of South East Queensland, can be implemented in other regions, provided appropriate soil information is collected for the area of interest. The integrated risk framework has also been developed on a generic level, allowing easy implementation into most assessment processes. This gives the framework the flexibility to be developed for other areas specifically targeting the most influential OWTS siting and design factors, and the potential environmental and public health hazards within those regions. The resulting research outcomes achieved through the studies undertaken were subsequently applied to a case study for the development of the integrated risk framework for the Gold Coast region. The developed framework, based on scientific research, has allowed a more appropriate means of assessing site suitability for OWTS and appropriate management and mitigation of the environmental and public health risks inherent with poor OWTS performance
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6

Carroll, Steven Paige. "Risk-Based Approach to On-site Wastewater Treatment System Siting Design and Management." Queensland University of Technology, 2005. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16116/.

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Abstract:
The use of on-site wastewater treatment systems (OWTS) for the treatment and dispersal of domestic effluent is common in urban fringe areas which are not serviced by centralised wastewater collection systems. However, due to inappropriate siting and soil characteristics, the failure of these systems has become a common scenario. The current standards and guidelines adopted by many local authorities for assessing suitable site and soil conditions for OWTS are increasingly coming under scrutiny due to the public health and environmental impacts caused by poorly performing systems, in particular septic tank-soil adsorption systems. In order to achieve sustainable on-site wastewater treatment with minimal impacts on the environment and public health, more appropriate means of assessment are required. The research described in the thesis details the processes adopted for the development and implementation of an integrated risk based approach to OWTS siting, design and management. This involved detailed investigations into resolution of some of the inherent deficiencies identified in the existing OWTS codes and guidelines, including more thorough site and soil assessment and data analysis, integration of the key risk facets of OWTS siting and design, environmental and public health, and the incorporation of scientific knowledge into the assessment processes. The research undertaken focused on four key research areas; (i) assessment of soil suitability for providing adequate treatment and dispersal of domestic wastewater; (ii) contamination of ground and surface waters as a result of OWTS failure and the major factors influencing contaminant fate and transport; (iii) assessment of environmental and public health risks due to poor OWTS performance; and (iv) the development of an integrated risk assessment framework for OWTS siting, design and management. The research conducted was multidisciplinary in nature, with detailed investigations of the physical, chemical and biological processes involved in on-site wastewater treatment and dispersal. This involved extensive field investigations, sampling, laboratory testing and detailed data analysis across the fields of soil science, groundwater and surface water quality, chemical and microbiological contamination, and contaminant fate and transport processes. The interactions between these different disciplines can be complex, resulting in large amounts of data being generated from the numerous field investigations and sampling processes undertaken. In order to understand the complex relationships that can occur, multivariate statistical techniques were utilised. The use of these techniques were extremely beneficial, as not only were the respective relationships between investigated parameters identified, but adequate decisions based on the respective correlations were formulated. This allowed a more appropriate assessment of the influential factors, and subsequently the inherent hazards related to OWTS, to be conducted. The primary research objectives for this research were investigated through a series of scientific papers centred on these key research disciplines. The assessment of soil suitability was achieved through extensive soil sampling throughout the study area and detailed laboratory testing and data analysis. The studies undertaken are described in Chapters 3, 4 and 5. Paper 1 (Framework for soil suitability evaluation for sewage effluent renovation) outlines a framework for assessing the renovation ability of the major soil groups located throughout Southeast Queensland. This framework formed the basis for the assessment of OWTS siting and design risks employed in the developed risk framework. Paper 2 (Use of Chemometric Methods and Multicriteria Decision-Making for Site Selection for Sustainable On-site Sewage Effluent Disposal) details and justifies the multivariate data analysis techniques used in establishing the soil framework. Paper 3 (Assessment of soil suitability for effluent renovation using undisturbed soil columns) describes investigations of the use of undisturbed soil cores for the assessment of long term soil renovation ability. This study was undertaken to validate the research outcomes achieved through the established framework developed in Paper 1. Papers 4, 5 and 6 (Chapters 6 - 8) focus on contamination issues of ground and surface waters resulting from poor OWTS treatment performance, and the different factors that influence pollutant fate and transport. The investigation of ground and surface water contamination, detailed in Paper 4 (Assessment of High Density of Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems on a Shallow Groundwater Coastal Aquifer using PCA) and Paper 5 (Environmental and anthropogenic factors affecting fecal coliforms and E. coli in ground and surface waters in a coastal environment) was achieved through extensive ground and surface water sampling and testing from several monitored study sites. Analysis of the resulting data indicated that several key factors, including rainfall, site and soil conditions and on-site system density can significantly influence the fate and transportation of pollutants emitted from OWTS. An additional issue found during this research in assessing faecal contamination of water resources was the necessity to ensure that the respective sources of contamination were actually OWTS. The inherent difficulty in identifying the actual source of contamination was resolved by employing a source tracking method, namely antibiotic resistance analysis of faecal coliforms (Paper 6; Sourcing fecal pollution from onsite wastewater treatment systems in surface waters using antibiotic resistance analysis). Finally, Paper 7 (Integrated Risk Framework for On-site Wastewater Treatment Systems) describes the development of the final generic integrated risk assessment framework and how the outcomes, as discussed through the previous 6 papers, were combined to assess the environmental and public health risks inherent in OWTS siting and design. The outcomes of this research have significantly contributed to knowledge of best practice in OWTS siting, design and management. The developed soil suitability framework allows more appropriate assessment of soil characteristics for providing effluent renovation. This is generally not done in the current assessment techniques for OWTS. Additionally, the use of this framework incorporates scientific knowledge into the assessment of OWTS, allowing a more rigorous and scientifically robust assessment process. The processes and techniques used in the soil suitability framework, although based on the common soil types typical of South East Queensland, can be implemented in other regions, provided appropriate soil information is collected for the area of interest. The integrated risk framework has also been developed on a generic level, allowing easy implementation into most assessment processes. This gives the framework the flexibility to be developed for other areas specifically targeting the most influential OWTS siting and design factors, and the potential environmental and public health hazards within those regions. The resulting research outcomes achieved through the studies undertaken were subsequently applied to a case study for the development of the integrated risk framework for the Gold Coast region. The developed framework, based on scientific research, has allowed a more appropriate means of assessing site suitability for OWTS and appropriate management and mitigation of the environmental and public health risks inherent with poor OWTS performance
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Tjernström, Linnéa. "Function of soil-based on-site wastewater treatment systems - Biological and chemical treatment capacity." Thesis, KTH, Mark- och vattenteknik (flyttat 20130630), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-210716.

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On-site wastewater treatment systems are among the main Swedish anthropogenic sources of nutrients causing euthropication of the Baltic Sea. Among on-site systems in Sweden almost half have septic tank treatment followed by a soil-based system, in which the wastewater is treated through soil filtration. In this study a soil based technique for on-site wastewater treatment is studied where wastewater is filtered through a sand filter. Composite samples of influent and effluent at two sand filters in the area of Stockholm are sampled to determine their chemical and biological function and to compare their treatment capacity to requirements. Parameters within the scope of the study are tot-P, NH4-N, DOC, pH, turbidity and dissolved oxygen. Biological function was considered to be good in both systems as nitrification was high and the effluent had sufficient levels of dissolved oxygen suggesting aerobic conditions. Prevailing aerobic conditions in the sand filters would also indicate good reduction of organic substances which is the case for DOC as it was reduced by above 85 % for one site and almost 70 % for the other site. The overall high reduction of organic micropollutants in the systems, reported in another study, also suggests that biological function when it comes to reduction of organic substances is good. On the other hand, chemical function, with respect to reduction of phosphorus, was not sufficient as none of the systems fulfilled the requirements from HaV for normal or high protection level. In the systems tot-P was reduced by 42 and 54 % respectively. A drawback with the method approach used in the study is that the obtained reduction results only can represent the actual situation if variations in incoming and outgoing flow, variations in influent concentrations and magnitude of dilution of effluent compared to daily wastewater load are small. As these are unknown in this case it adds uncertainty to the results.
Decentraliserade system för rening av avloppsvatten är bland de huvudsakliga svenska antropogena källorna till näringsämnen som bidrar till övergödning av Östersjön. Bland decentraliserade system i Sverige är nästan hälften system med slamavskiljare följt av ett markbaserat system i vilket avloppsvattnet renas genom infiltration i jord. I denna studie studeras en markbaserad teknik i vilken avloppsvattnet filtreras genom sand, en så kallad markbädd. En fältundersökning gjordes där samlingsprov av ingående och utgående avloppsvatten togs på två markbäddar i Stockholmsområdet för att bestämma deras biologiska och kemiska reningsfunktion samt att jämföra avskiljningen av fosfor i systemen med rekommendationer från HaV. Parametrar som inkluderats i studien är totalfosfor, ammonium-kväve, löst organiskt kol, pH, turbiditet och löst syre. Biologisk funktion ansågs bra i båda markbäddarna eftersom nitrifikationen var hög och utgående vatten hade tillräckliga halter av löst syre vilket implicerar att markbäddarna var väl syresatta. Rådande syrerika förhållanden i markbäddarna antyder också att organiskt material bryts ned avsevärt, vilket är fallet för löst kol som reducerades med mer än 85 % i en av markbäddarna och med nästan 70 % i den andra. Den höga reduktionen av organiska mikroföroreningar som påvisats i markbäddarna i en annan studie tyder också på att biologisk funktion med avseende på avsklijning av organiska substanser är bra. Kemisk funktion, med avseende på avskiljning av totalfosfor, var inte tillräcklig då ingen av markbäddarna levde upp till reduktionskraven från HaV för normal eller hög skyddsnivå. Totalfosfor avskiljdes med 42 respektive 54 % i markbäddarna. En nackdel med metoden som användes i studien är att de resultat som fåtts för avkiljning av de olika parametrarna endast kan representera den verkliga situationen om variationer i in- och utgående flöde samt variationer i ingående vattenkoncentrationer är små och om utspädningseffekten av utgående vatten är försumbar.
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Ringler, Joseph William. "MONITORING THE HYDROLOGY OF SOILS FOR ON-SITE WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS USING MATRIC POTENTIAL SENSORS." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1243013245.

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Ghumrawi, Marwa Jamal. "Potential for Nitrogen Losses from On-Site Wastewater Treatment Systems on Poorly Drained Soils to Curtain Drains." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1471876488.

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Nguyen, Thi Van Anh, Xuan Hien Dang, and Duc Toan Nguyen. "Research on model-based calculation of greenhouse gas emissions from domestic wastewater treatment systems in Vietnam." Technische Universität Dresden, 2016. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A32621.

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There are three important greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), which are generated from the domestic wastewater treatment systems, including on-site and off-site sources. On-site emission of greenhouse gases occurs during process of wastewater treatment, while the off-site emission of greenhouse gases occurs during energy using and other supporting activities of the treatment system. The research established model to calculate greenhouse gas emissions from the domestic wastewater treatment systems, was named No.0 MTH model. The No.0 MTH model was based on balance equations of substrate and biomass, biochemical reactions and Monod kinetics equations for biological treatment reactors and writen by programing Scalable language. Model was calibrated and applied on the Yen So wastewater treatment plant, Ha Noi and the results were obtained at 22oC as follows: off-site GHG emission is 29,560 kgCO2-eq/day; on-site GHG emission is 13,534 kgCO2-eq/day, and the rate of on-site emission is 2.506 kgCO2-eq/ kg BOD. Maybe using the No.0 MTH model to calculate greenhouse gas emissions from the domestic wastewater treatment systems with similar biological methods.
Có 3 khí nhà kính quan trọng là khí Cacbonic (CO2), khí Mêtan (CH4), và khí Đinitơ monoxit (N2O) được phát sinh từ hệ thống xử lý nước thải sinh hoạt gồm cả nguồn trực tiếp và gián tiếp. Phát thải trực tiếp khí nhà kính (KHK) xảy ra trong suốt quá trình xử lý còn phát thải gián tiếp khí nhà kính xảy ra trong quá trình sử dụng năng lượng và các hoạt động phụ trợ bên ngoài hệ thống xử lý. Nghiên cứu đã thiết lập mô hình tính toán phát thải khí nhà kính từ hệ thống xử lý nước thải sinh hoạt, được đặt tên là mô hình MTH số 0. Mô hình MTH số 0 đã dựa trên các phương trình cân bằng khối lượng cơ chất và sinh khối, các phản ứng hóa sinh và phương trình Monod đối với các thiết bị xử lý sinh học và được viết trên ngôn ngữ lập trình scala. Mô hình đã được hiệu chỉnh và được áp dụng tính toán tại nhà máy xử lý nước thải sinh hoạt Yên Sở, thành phố Hà Nội và kết quả thu được tại 22oC như sau: phát thải KNK gián tiếp là 29.560 kgCO2-tđ/ngày và phát thải KNK trực tiếp là 13.534 kgCO2-tđ/ngày với tỷ lệ phát thải khí nhà kính trực tiếp là 2,506 kgCO2-tđ/ kgBOD. Có thể sử dụng mô hình MTH số 0 để tính toán phát thải khí nhà kính từ hệ thống xử lý nước thải sinh hoạt bằng phương pháp sinh học tương tự.
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Books on the topic "On-site wastewater systems"

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On-site '01 (2001 University of New England, N.S.W.). On-site '01: Proceedings of On-site '01 Conference : advancing on-site wastewater systems : held at University of New England, 25th-27th September 2001. Armidale, N.S.W: Lanfax Laboratories, 2001.

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Dupuis, Rebecca P. Nitrogen removal performance of three on-site alternative wastewater treatment systems in Montana. Polson, Mont: Osprey Environmental Consulting, 2002.

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On-site '99 (1999 University of New England, N.S.W.). On-site '99: Proceedings of On-site '99 conference : making on-site wastewater systems work, held at University of New England, 13th-15th July 1999. Armidale, N.S.W: Lanfax Laboratories, 1999.

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Erlenbach, Dave. Planning guide for on-site greywater/wastewater disposal systems for recreational and administrative sites. San Dimas, Calif: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Technology & Development Program, 1998.

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Erlenbach, Dave. Planning guide for on-site greywater/wastewater disposal systems for recreational and administrative sites. San Dimas, Calif: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Technology & Development Program, 1998.

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Erlenbach, Dave. Planning guide for on-site greywater/wastewater disposal systems for recreational and administrative sites. San Dimas, Calif: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Technology & Development Program, 1998.

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Morgan, David S. Evaluation of approaches for managing nitrate loading from on-site wastewater systems near La Pine, Oregon. Reston, Va: U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2007.

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Herr, Richard D. The book on septics and mounds: A guide to understanding private on-site wastewater treatment systems for home owners and home builders. [Wisconsin]: Herr Environmental, 1997.

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American Society of Agricultural Engineers., ed. On-site wastewater treatment: Proceedings of the Sixth National Symposium on Individual and Small Community Sewage Systems, 16-17 December 1991, Chicago, Illinois. St. Joseph, Mich., USA: American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 1991.

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International, Symposium on Individual and Small Community Sewage Systems (7th 1994 Atlanta Ga ). On-site wastewater treatment: Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Individual and Small Community Sewage Systems, 11-13 December 1994, Atlanta, Georgia. St. Joseph, Mich: American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "On-site wastewater systems"

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Ishiguro, Yasushi, and Fusheng Li. "Management of On-Site Household Wastewater Treatment Systems (Johkasou) in Japan." In River Basin Environment: Evaluation, Management and Conservation, 187–209. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4070-5_9.

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Roland Mote, C., and Carl L. Griffis. "On-site domestic wastewater renovation system designs to overcome soil limitations." In Utilization, Treatment, and Disposal of Waste on Land, 129–38. Madison, WI, USA: Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/1986.utlizationtreatmentdisposal.c11.

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"On-Site Wastewater Systems." In Natural Wastewater Treatment Systems, Second Edition, 465–500. CRC Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b16637-11.

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"On-Site Wastewater Systems." In Natural Wastewater Treatment Systems, 515–50. CRC Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420026443-14.

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"On-Site Wastewater Systems." In Civil and Environmental Engineering, 493–527. CRC Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420026443.ch10.

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"On-Site Wastewater Treatment Systems." In Lake and Pond Management Guidebook, 253–74. CRC Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203010082-10.

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Mihelcic, James, and Marcos von Sperling. "Collection and Conveyance of Excreta and Wastewater in On-Site and Off-Site Systems." In Global Water Pathogen Project, edited by James Mihelcic and Matthew Verbyla. Michigan State University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.14321/waterpathogens.55.

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"Spatial Distribution of Fecal Indicator Bacteria in Groundwater beneath Two Large On-Site Wastewater Treatment Systems." In Water Treatment in Developed and Developing Nations, 323–48. Apple Academic Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b18650-19.

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Fuaad, N. A. Nik. "PACKAGE ON-SITE DOMESTIC WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEM." In Water Pollution Control in Asia, 383–89. Elsevier, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-036884-9.50057-0.

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Singh, Mohini, and R. K. Srivastava. "Vegetation Filters." In Handbook of Research on Uncovering New Methods for Ecosystem Management through Bioremediation, 196–221. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8682-3.ch009.

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Vegetation filter is an emerging wastewater treatment option in which phytoremediation strategies are employed for municipal applications. Short rotation woody crops combine both treatment and reuse of effluent and operate on ‘zero discharge' concept. This multifunctional system has become a viable alternative solution for wastewater treatment as well as biomass production by utilizing nutrient rich wastewater as cost efficient fertilizer. Fast growing species like Salix, Eucalyptus, and Populus with high water and nutrient requirements, highly selective heavy metal uptake and high evapotranspiration rate are generally preferred as vegetation filters for wastewater treatment. However, site-specific factors such as wastewater composition, climate, soil type, permeability, species or clonal characteristics must be taken into account when considering irrigation with municipal wastewater. This chapter discussses the prospects for vegetation filters to remediate contaminated water and soil and also facilitate recycling of valuable resources in society.
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Conference papers on the topic "On-site wastewater systems"

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Chang, Ni-Bin, and Marty Wanielista. "Subsurface Wetland Systems for On-Site Wastewater Treatment and Reuse." In International Low Impact Development Conference 2008. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41009(333)33.

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Talia Chalew and Howard Weinberg. "Developing Indicators of Contamination Originating from On-Site Wastewater Treatment." In Eleventh Individual and Small Community Sewage Systems Conference Proceedings, 20-24 October 2007, Warwick, Rhode Island. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.23976.

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Phillip M Geary, Steven A Lucas, Richard H Dunstan, and Peter J Coombes. "Distinguishing Wastewater Contamination From On-site Systems In Mixed Land Use Watersheds." In Eleventh Individual and Small Community Sewage Systems Conference Proceedings, 20-24 October 2007, Warwick, Rhode Island. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.24021.

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Gene Young, Kevin Neal, David Lindbo, Joe Lynn, and Andy Adams. "On-Site Wastewater Permit Nightmares or Easy Ways to Pay Tort Claims." In Eleventh Individual and Small Community Sewage Systems Conference Proceedings, 20-24 October 2007, Warwick, Rhode Island. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.23989.

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J E Surbrugg and A Amoozegar. "Distribution of Inorganic Chemicals Under a Small Community On-Site Wastewater Disposal System." In Eleventh Individual and Small Community Sewage Systems Conference Proceedings, 20-24 October 2007, Warwick, Rhode Island. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.24029.

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Liang, Zhihua, and Zhiqiang Hu. "Biological Nutrient Removal from On-Site Wastewater Treatment Systems Using a Membrane Aerated Bioreactor." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41036(342)564.

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James Milo Hassett, Alvin Chan, Jessica Susan Martin, and Thomas De John. "Effectiveness of Alternative On-Site Wastewater Treatment Technologies in the Catskill/Delaware Watershed." In Eleventh Individual and Small Community Sewage Systems Conference Proceedings, 20-24 October 2007, Warwick, Rhode Island. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.24020.

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"Estimating the Hydrological Performance of On-Site Wastewater (Leachbed) Treatment Systems in Poorly Drained Soil." In 2016 10th International Drainage Symposium. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/ids.20162493457.

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Laurence William Gill, Titiksh Patel, and Niall David O'Luanaigh. "A Comparison Between Distribution Devices used to Split On-site Wastewater Effluent Between Percolation Trenches." In Eleventh Individual and Small Community Sewage Systems Conference Proceedings, 20-24 October 2007, Warwick, Rhode Island. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.24010.

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Erguvan, Mustafa, and David W. MacPhee. "Analysis of a Multigeneration Energy System for Wastewater Treatment." In ASME 2021 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2021-65516.

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Abstract The United Nations World Water Development Report claims that more than 6 billion people will suffer from clean water shortage by 2050. This is a result of climate change, demand increase for water, increase of water pollution, increasing population, and reduction of water resources [1]. In order to delay / prevent water scarcity, humans must take action using less water or perhaps recovering wastewater. Aerobic digestion is one of the best common methods to treat wastewater; however, this technology requires heavily on the use of electric motors and is estimated to consume 2–3% of US electricity. In this paper, a multigeneration energy system is developed to treat wastewater using a net-zero energy building model. This system consists of four major sub-systems: an aerobic digester, an anaerobic digester, a Brayton cycle, and a Rankine cycle. Using anaerobic digestion to produce bio-fuels, which can then be used on-site to power aeration systems, may offer significant advantages to reduce electricity usage. This study shows that the required energy for a sample aeration case study process can be supplied by a multigeneration system. Parametric analyses are performed to show how system efficiency may be increased as well as to investigate the required oxygen and power for an activated sludge process in a wastewater treatment plant. It is found here that the proposed CHP system can produce 6 times more energy than the required energy for the aeration in the activated sludge process.
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Reports on the topic "On-site wastewater systems"

1

Liera, Carla, Mónica García, Kim Andersson, and Elisabeth Kvarnström. Combining sewered and non-sewered sanitation in Montero, Bolivia: scaling up sustainably. Stockholm Environment Institute, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2022.007.

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The city of Montero, through the cooperative utility COSMOL, has successfully implemented on-site sanitation services for part of its population, in parallel to sewer-based services. However, additional solutions, capacity development and strengthening of governance systems are needed to allow for increased sustainability, for both the sewered and non-sewered sanitation services in the city. Technical improvements are still needed in wastewater and excreta management and treatment, to reduce health and environmental impacts. However, optimizing the existing sanitation systems could increase environmental, health and hygiene sustainability. Urine-diverting dry toilets (UDDTs) have the potential to reduce environmental impact the most, once optimized and if urine and faeces are collected and treated for reuse. Local farmers have expressed demand for sanitation reuse products, as long as low price and quality can be guaranteed. From a household perspective, demand exists for high levels of service and maintenance by providers, no matter the type of system, to ensure simple maintenance by users. But the sanitation system still needs to be affordable, match cleanliness expectations, and remain free of odours, mosquitos and rodents. Upscaling on-site sanitation systems depends strongly on the support of the public institutions and resources available, including legal, economic and technical resources, as well as having a long-term vision.
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Sellgren, Katelyn, Christopher Gregory, Michael Hunt, Ashkay Raut, Brian Hawkins, Charles Parker, Ethan Klem, Jeffrey Piascik, and Brian Stoner. Development of an Electrochemical Process for Blackwater Disinfection in a Freestanding, Additive-Free Toilet. RTI Press, April 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2017.rr.0031.1704.

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Electrochemical disinfection has gained interest as an alternative to conventional wastewater treatment because of its high effectiveness and environmental compatibility. Two and a half billion people currently live without improved sanitation facilities. Our research efforts are focused on developing and implementing a freestanding, additive-free toilet system that treats and recycles blackwater on site. In this study, we sought to apply electrochemical disinfection to blackwater. We compared commercially available boron-doped diamond (BDD) and mixed metal oxide (MMO) electrodes for disinfection efficiency in E. coli–inoculated model wastewater. The MMO electrodes were found to be more efficient and thus selected for further study with blackwater. The energy required for disinfection by the MMO electrodes increased with the conductivity of the medium, decreased with increased temperature, and was independent of the applied voltage. Fecal contamination considerably increased the energy required for blackwater disinfection compared to model wastewater, demonstrating the need for testing in effluents representing the conditions of the final application.
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