Relevant bibliographies by topics / On grammar

Academic literature on the topic 'On grammar'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "On grammar"

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Hartwell, Patrick. "Grammar, Grammars, and the Teaching of Grammar." College English 47, no. 2 (February 1985): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/376562.

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Nitay, Dolav, Dana Fisman, and Michal Ziv-Ukelson. "Learning of Structurally Unambiguous Probabilistic Grammars." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 35, no. 10 (May 18, 2021): 9170–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v35i10.17107.

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The problem of identifying a probabilistic context free grammar has two aspects: the first is determining the grammar's topology (the rules of the grammar) and the second is estimating probabilistic weights for each rule. Given the hardness results for learning context-free grammars in general, and probabilistic grammars in particular, most of the literature has concentrated on the second problem. In this work we address the first problem. We restrict attention to structurally unambiguous weighted context-free grammars (SUWCFG) and provide a query learning algorithm for strucuturally unambiguous probabilistic context-free grammars (SUPCFG). We show that SUWCFG can be represented using co-linear multiplicity tree automata (CMTA), and provide a polynomial learning algorithm that learns CMTAs. We show that the learned CMTA can be converted into a probabilistic grammar, thus providing a complete algorithm for learning a strucutrally unambiguous probabilistic context free grammar (both the grammar topology and the probabilistic weights) using structured membership queries and structured equivalence queries. We demonstrate the usefulness of our algorithm in learning PCFGs over genomic data.
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Rice, Keren. "A typology of good grammars." Perspectives on Grammar Writing 30, no. 2 (March 31, 2006): 385–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.30.2.10ric.

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Writing a grammar is an exhilarating and exhausting experience. All grammars must meet high expectations. This paper reports on a study of qualities sought in grammars based on a survey of reviews of grammars. The study reveals that linguists expect a grammar to be comprehensive, clear, and accessible to all. It should also contain careful argumentation and a wealth of data that is appropriate, authentic, and meticulously checked. Writers of grammars must ask themselves a variety of questions before they begin, including what the goal of the grammar is, who the audience for the grammar is, how much time there is to write the grammar, and what the language reveals about its grammar. The paper then discusses and evaluates specific examples of good grammars of various types.
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Li and, Xin, Linda C. Schmidt, Weidong He,, Lixing Li, and, and Yuanmei Qian. "Transformation of an EGT Grammar: New Grammar, New Designs." Journal of Mechanical Design 126, no. 4 (July 1, 2004): 753–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1758256.

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True design with grammars lies in the creation of the grammar rules, not in the application of the rules to generate design alternatives. Existing grammars can be modified to describe new languages of designs [1–4]. Studying an epicyclic gear train graph grammar leads to purposeful relaxation of grammar rules and subsequent discovery of new designs. A revised new EGT grammar is presented, which is designed to generate a wider selection of valid EGTs.
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Ham, Sanda. "Croatian Shtokavian grammar books." St open 1 (2020): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.48188/so.1.10.

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This paper describes the criteria for the systematic periodization of Croatian grammar books. These criteria are exclusively linguistic and take into account the phonological and morphological structure described in these grammar books; where the grammar books contain a dictionary, the lexical organization has been taken into consideration as well. Based on these criteria, all Croatian grammar books may be systematized into four periods: I. 1604 – 1836 (old Croatian grammars), II. 1836 – 1899 (Croatian grammars from the Illyrian Movement to the end of the 19th century, with two parallel subgroups: grammars by the Zagreb School and Croatian Vukovians), III. 1899 – 1986 (with three successive subgroups: Croatian grammars from the beginning of the 20th century to 1940, Croatian grammars from 1940 to 1945, Croatian grammars from 1945 to the 1970s), IV. contemporary Croatian grammars. All these grammars clearly reveal the continuity of the Croatian literary language. This language is recognizable and comprehensible in all grammars, primarily owing to its Shtokavian stylization – and not to any kind of “organic basis”.
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Kolln, Martha. "A Comment on "Grammar, Grammars, and the Teaching of Grammar"." College English 47, no. 8 (December 1985): 874. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/376626.

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Williams, Joe, Richard D. Cureton, Carole Moses, and Edward A. Vavra. "Four Comments on "Grammar, Grammars, and the Teaching of Grammar"." College English 47, no. 6 (October 1985): 641. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/377166.

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Huckin, Thomas N. "A Comment on "Grammar, Grammars, and the Teaching of Grammar"." College English 48, no. 4 (April 1986): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/377267.

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Reichardt, Johannes. "Deterministic grammars and grammar morphisms." Acta Informatica 23, no. 5 (September 1986): 567–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00288470.

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Andersen, Vibeke. "Nye tiltag i grammatikundervisningen." HERMES - Journal of Language and Communication in Business 15, no. 29 (March 3, 2017): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/hjlcb.v15i29.25703.

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The author discusses the disadvantages of traditional grammar teaching from a didactic and learning perspective. Traditional grammar teaching is typically based on a theoretical introduction by means of system-orientated grammars, followed by product-orientated training. Due to the disadvantages of traditional grammar teaching, the author suggests replacing system-orientated grammars with holistic grammars and product-orientated training with comprehension-orientated training. A holistic grammar integrates systemic and pragmatic linguistic description with a view to making grammar relevant and interesting to the learner, while comprehension-oriented training moves focus away from production and on to comprehension for the purpose of promoting learning.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "On grammar"

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Carazzai, Marcia Regina Pawlas. "Grammar and grammar teaching." Florianópolis, SC, 2002. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/83160.

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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras/Inglês e Literatura Correspondente.
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Partindo do pressuposto de que para melhor compreender o ensino de línguas é essencial saber que tipo de concepções, conhecimentos e crenças os professores de língua têm (Freeman & Richards, 1996), esta pesquisa enfoca nas crenças de nove professores de inglês como língua estrangeira - LE a respeito da gramática e do ensino da gramática, e nas práticas de um desses professores ao trabalhar a gramática numa sala de aula de inglês - LE. A pesquisa objetiva investigar (a) as crenças que os professores têm à respeito da gramática, (b) as funções que os professores atribuem à gramática e ao seu ensino na sala de aula de inglês - LE, (c) os fatores que influenciam as crenças desses professores à respeito da gramática e de seu ensino, (d) como essas crenças podem ser contextualizadas com os dados das aulas de um desses professores. Na primeira fase de coleta e análise de dados, um questionário aberto foi aplicado aos professores com a finalidade de atingir os três primeiros objetivos da pesquisa. Posteriormente, com o objetivo de contextualizar as crenças encontradas na análise dos dados do questionário, um segundo estágio de coleta e análise de dados focalizou em episódios de aulas de um dos professores participantes. A análise dos dados mostra que de acordo com esses professores de inglês - LE a gramática e o ensino da gramática devem ser usados como facilitadores para ajudar os alunos em seu processo de aprendizagem. Os resultados também indicam que as crenças desses professores sobre a gramática e o seu ensino são influenciadas por fatores interativos - cognitivos, contextuais e experienciais - corroborando, portanto, os resultados de Borg (1999c).
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Tegel, Sara. "Grammar structures." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Engelska, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-1653.

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Mayall, Kevin. "Landscape Grammar." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/987.

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The protection and enhancement of visual resources constitute an on-going challenge to the planning authorities in many communities. The crux of this challenge is to guide development towards built and natural landscape forms that will not cause detriment to an existing landscape character. To understand and cope with this problem, there is the need for a means to define and model a landscape's character, to identify methods for constructing that character definition, to create tools for storing and using such a definition to visualize its spatial manifestations, and to incorporate alternative development regulatory parameters in order to assess their impact on landscape character. Current spatial data technologies are able to portray inventories of specific, real-world objects. While well established in the planning profession, these technologies and their attendant data manipulation tools do not easily facilitate the creation of generalized, non-specific statements that are applicable across a region. Such generalized statements regarding visual and spatial features are at the heart of descriptions of landscape character and implicit within most planning regulations intended to produce a desirable landscape character. Current spatial data tools therefore do not satisfy the stated needs of planning for landscape character. In satisfying these conceptual, methodological and technological deficiencies, the research presented in this dissertation defines and demonstrates a theory of landscape grammar which formally draws parallels between the structures of linguistics and the character of landscapes. A landscape grammar defines a landscape character using a spatial vocabulary and syntax rules and can be applied to a site to generate landscape forms that embody the defined character. In this dissertation, the spatial counterparts of the linguistic concepts of vocabulary and grammar rules are formalized and implemented for use in a custom-developed geographic information system. Methods that enable the use of landscape grammars in a planning environment are presented and subsequently applied through the formal expression of planning regulations into the grammar-based model. The theory, methods and software implementation are demonstrated using a residential area of the island of Bermuda. The iterative grammatical generation of an example two-dimensional landscape scene is demonstrated with further three-dimensional representations of the results for visualization purposes. Alternative planning regulations are also incorporated into the case study grammar and resultant three-dimensional landscapes are shown. Several suggestions for future research on landscape grammars are offered in the conclusions of the dissertation.
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Begay, Kayla Rae. "Wailaki Grammar." Thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10745621.

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Wailaki, a Dene language of northwestern California, is known as what is referred to in academic literature and sources such as the Ethnologue as an “extinct” language. While Wailaki descendant people may remember an older generation of relatives who spoke Wailaki to one another, as far as is known, there are no people alive today who grew up speaking this language (Golla 2011:81). This term extinct used to describe such languages, however, does not reflect the desire of communities for languages to be spoken again, and the efforts many are taking towards language revitalization. Extinct conveys finality to language loss and shift; however, the term sleeping is today used to describe dormant languages with substantial documentation that may be spoken again (Leonard 2011). Wailaki is one such language.

For Wailaki, documentation exists; however, no detailed description of the language exists prior to this work. For any scholar and language learner interested in the language, published materials on related languages such as Hupa or Mattole are referenced in order to make sense of available Wailaki documentation. This dissertation puts forth a phonological, morphological, and limited syntactic description of Wailaki, which is a cover term, used by many tribal descendants, for a dialect continuum also known as Eel River Athabaskan/Dene (Golla 2011).

Chapter 1 gives background information regarding the people, the resources available for analysis. Chapter 2 is a description of phonological processes within the dialect continuum. Chapter 3 is a description of word classes in Wailaki, and what criteria and behavior (either morphological or syntactic) that may be given to delineate classes. Chapter 4 describes the verbal morphology, and Chapter 5 describes the nominal morphology. Chapter 6 titled Clitics and Syntax describes clitics that express categories such as tense, aspect or mode, or perform syntactic functions. In addition, Chapter 6 gives limited description of aspects of Wailaki syntax such as conjunctions, negation, question formation, and some discussion of word order.

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Daniels, Michael W. "Generalized ID/LP grammar a formalism for parsing linearization-Based HPSG grammars /." Connect to resource, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1118867950.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Ohio State University, 2005.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xiii, 173 p.; also includes graphics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 160-171). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center
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Morrill, Glyn Verden. "Extraction and coordination in phrase structure grammar and categorial grammar." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/6609.

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A large proportion of computationally-oriented theories of grammar operate within the confines of monostratality (i.e. there is only one level of syntactic analysis), compositionality (i.e. the meaning of an expression is determined by the meanings of its syntactic parts, plus their manner of combination), and adjacency (i.e. the only operation on terminal strings is concatenation). This thesis looks at two major approaches falling within these bounds: that based on phrase structure grammar (e.g. Gazdar), and that based on categorial grammar (e.g. Steedman). The theories are examined with reference to extraction and coordination constructions; crucially a range of 'compound' extraction and coordination phenomena are brought to bear. It is argued that the early phrase structure grammar metarules can characterise operations generating compound phenomena, but in so doing require a categorial-like category system. It is also argued that while categorial grammar contains an adequate category apparatus, Steedman's primitives such as composition do not extend to cover the full range of data. A theory is therefore presented integrating the approaches of Gazdar and Steedman. The central issue as regards processing is derivational equivalence: the grammars under consideration typically generate many semantically equivalent derivations of an expression. This problem is addressed by showing how to axiomatise derivational equivalence, and a parser is presented which employs the axiomatisation to avoid following equivalent paths.
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Beamish, Anne 1954. "A tropical grammar : an architectural grammar for hot humid climates." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/64518.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1993.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 171-177).
This thesis considers the viability of an architectural grammar based on traditional Caribbean architecture as an aid to designing climatically responsive architecture in hot humid climates. It argues that since traditional Caribbean architecture is a successful response to the constraints of climate and resources, a grammar based on this architecture would produce designs with similar characteristics and therefore would still be relevant today. The purpose of focusing on the relationship between architectural form and energy use is to help designers understand the consequences of basic design decisions and to help them to use these issues positively to generate form. In order to investigate this issue, a number of questions were addressed in the thesis. They were: What are shape grammars? What is appropriate design in hot humid climates? What is traditional Caribbean architecture and is it climatically appropriate? What would a tropical grammar look like and what would it produce? and How could it be used practically? A grammar was formulated based on a set of 16 traditional Caribbean houses and as a test, two new designs were generated. Shape grammars, in their most basic form, are essentially a set of rules that if followed, will generate designs in the same family as the original set. Typically, they are used to study a particular architect's style or occasionally a building style. This thesis states that shape grammars have two serious limitations which reduce their usefulness to designers. The first is that shape grammars focus only on physical form and the second is that they do not increase the user's understanding of the reasons for the grammar rules. However, it was found that, in contrast, the process of developing or formulating a grammar (as opposed to using one) was exceptionally useful for developing a deep understanding of the architectural style or type. The thesis concludes that architectural grammars can be a very useful and accessible tool for designers: 1. if they are able to go beyond physical form to include other architectural issues and knowledge; 2. if means are developed for presenting grammars which allow users to understand the rules, and not simply follow them; and 3. if methods are developed for analyzing and evaluating the designs that are generated by the grammar. It also concludes that a grammar is a useful tool to familiarize designers with the most successful characteristics of traditional architectural vocabulary. The purpose of this type of grammar is not to copy or duplicate a style, but to learn from its practical solutions in order to create new combinations of form that would be appropriate to the conditions found today.
by Anne Beamish.
M.S.
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Cardó, Carles 1975. "Algebraic dependency grammar." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/463326.

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We propose a mathematical formalism called Algebraic Dependency Grammar with applications to formal linguistics and to formal language theory. Regarding formal linguistics we aim to address the problem of grammaticality with special attention to cross-linguistic cases. In the field of formal language theory this formalism provides a new perspective allowing an algebraic classification of languages. Notably our approach suggests the existence of so-called anti-classes of languages associated to certain classes of languages. Our notion of a dependency grammar is as of a definition of a set of well-constructed dependency trees (we call this algebraic governance) and a relation which associates word-orders to dependency trees (we call this algebraic linearization). In relation to algebraic governance, we define a manifold which is a set of dependency trees satisfying an agreement condition throughout a pattern, which is the algebraic form of a collection of syntactic addresses over the dependency tree. A boolean condition on the words formalizes the notion of agreement. In relation to algebraic linearization, first we observe that the notion of projectivity is quintessentially that certain substructures of a dependency tree always form an interval in its linearization. So we have to establish well what is a substructure; we see again that patterns proportion the key, generalizing the notion of projectivity with recursive linearization procedures. Combining the above modules we have the formalism: an algebraic dependency grammar is a manifold together with a linearization. Notice that patterns sustain both manifolds and linearizations. We study their interrelation in terms of a new algebraic classification of classes of languages. We highlight the main contributions of the thesis. Regarding mathematical linguistics, algebraic dependency grammar considers trees and word-order different modules in the architecture, which allows description of languages with varied word-order. Ellipses are permitted; this issue is usually avoided because it makes some formalisms non-decidable. We differentiate linguistic phenomena structurally by their algebraic description. Algebraic dependency grammar permits observance of affinity between linguistic constructions which seem superficially different. Regarding formal language theory, a new system for understanding a very large family of languages is presented which permits observation of languages in broader contexts. We identify a new class named anti-context-free languages containing constructions structurally symmetric to context-free languages. Informally we could say that context-free languages are well-parenthesized, while anti-context-free languages are cross-serial-parenthesized. For example copy languages and respectively languages are anti-context-free.
Es proposa un formalisme matemàtic anomenat Gramàtica de Dependències Algebraica amb aplicacions a la lingüística formal i a la teoria de llenguatges formals. Pel que fa a la lingüística formal es pretén abordar el problema de la gramaticalitat, amb un èmfasi especial en la transversalitat, això és, que el formalisme sigui apte per a un bon nombre de llengües. En el camp dels llenguatges formals aquest formalisme proporciona una nova perspectiva que permet una classificació algebraica dels llenguatges. Aquest enfocament suggereix a més a més l'existència de les aquí anomenades anti-classes de llenguatges associades a certes classes de llenguatges. La nostra idea d'una gramàtica de dependències és en un conjunt de sintagmes ben construïts (d'això en diem recció algebraica) i una relació que associa ordres de paraules als sintagmes d'aquest conjunt (d'això en diem linearització algebraica). Pel que fa a la recció algebraica, introduïm el concepte de varietat sintàctica com el conjunt de sintagmes que satisfan una concordança sobre un determinat patró. Un patró és un conjunt d'adreces sintàctiques descrit algebraicament. La concordança es formalitza a través d'una condició booleana sobre el vocabulari. En relació amb linearització algebraica, en primer lloc, observem que l'essencial de la noció clàssica de projectivitat rau en el fet que certes subestructures d'un arbre de dependències formen sempre un interval en la seva linearització. Així doncs, primer hem d'establir bé que vol dir subestructura. Un cop més veiem que els patrons en proporcionen la clau, tot generalitzant la noció de projectivitat a través d'un procediment recursiu de linearització. Tot unint els dos mòduls anteriors ja tenim el nostre formalisme a punt: una gramàtica de dependències algebraica és una varietat sintàctica juntament amb una linearització. Notem que els patrons són a la base de tots dos mòduls: varietats i linearitzacions, així que resulta del tot natural estudiar-ne la interrelació en termes d'un nou sistema de classificació algebraica de classes de llenguatges. Destaquem les principals contribucions d'aquesta tesi. Pel que fa a la matemàtica lingüística, la gramàtica de dependències algebraica considera els arbres i l'ordre de les paraules diferents mòduls dins l'arquitectura la qual cosa permet de descriure llenguatges amb una gran varietat d'ordre. L'ús d'el·lipsis és permès; aquesta qüestió és normalment evitada en altres formalismes per tal com la possibilitat d'el·lipsis fa que els models es tornin no decidibles. El nostre model també ens permet classificar estructuralment fenòmens lingüístics segons la seva descripció algebraica, així com de copsar afinitats entre construccions que semblen superficialment diferents. Pel que fa a la teoria dels llenguatges formals, presentem un nou sistema de classificació que ens permet d'entendre els llenguatges en un context més ampli. Identifiquem una nova classe que anomenem llenguatges anti-lliures-de-context que conté construccions estructuralment simètriques als llenguatges lliures de context. Informalment podríem dir que els llenguatges lliures de context estan ben parentetitzats, mentre que els anti-lliures-de-context estan parentetitzats segons dependències creuades en sèrie. En són mostres d'aquesta classe els llenguatges còpia i els llenguatges respectivament.
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Cummings, Brian Allen. "Grammar and grace." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.238645.

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Meyer, Marie-Christine Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Ignorance and grammar." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/84420.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, 2013.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 176-186).
In this thesis, I propose a new theory of implicature. I argue that the two main theories available so far - the (Neo-)Gricean pragmatic theory on the one hand (e.g., Sauerland (2004)), and the hybrid grammatical theory of scalar implicatures on the other hand (e.g., Fox (2007)) - cannot provide a satisfactory account of disjunctions like Al drank some or all of the beers. As I will show, the meaning of these sentences is characterized by the presence of grammatical ignorance implicatures. In this they differ from their simpler alternatives. I will show how the proposed Matrix K theory of implicature derives this result. The new theory is a radically grammatical theory in that all kinds of implicatures - weak, scalar, and ignorance implicatures - are derived in the grammar. I will also show how Hurford's constraint can be derived from a general principle of manner in the new theory. I will then turn to logically under-informative statements like Some elephants are mammals and show how their oddness falls out from the Matrix K theory without further stipulations. Next, I argue that the theory extends to infelicitous Hurford disjunctions like Jean is from France or from Paris. Both phenomena can receive a uniform explanation in terms of grammatically derived, contextually inconsistent implicatures, without stipulating obligatory scalar implicatures. Lastly, I turn to the case of implicature suspension and show how the new theory can account for missing implicatures.
by Marie-Christine Meyer.
Ph.D.
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Books on the topic "On grammar"

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Mallon, Alexis. Coptic grammar: Grammaire copte. [Boulder?, Colo.]: Boulos Ayad Ayad, 2004.

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editor, Raby Valérie, ed. Grammaire françoise: French grammar. Paris: Classiques Garnier, 2014.

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Peck, E. J. Eskimo grammar =: Inuktitut grammar. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, 1997.

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Turk, Phil. Action grammaire!: A new French grammar. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1996.

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Rosen, Leonard J. Correct spelling of "Grammer" - Grammar. Barnes & Noble, 1985.

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Vive La Grammaire! (GCSE Grammar). Hodder Arnold H&S, 1998.

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Action Grammaire! (A Level Grammar). Hodder Arnold H&S, 1996.

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Holton, David. Greek: A Comprehensive Grammar (Routledge Grammars). Routledge, 1997.

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Po-Ching, Yip. Chinese: An Essential Grammar (Essential Grammars). Routledge, 2006.

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Karlsson, Fred. Finnish: An Essential Grammar (Routledge Grammars). Routledge, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "On grammar"

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McCarthy, Michael. "Grammar policy, grammar politics and grammar police." In English Grammar, 145–67. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367633677-7.

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Arrington, Robert L. "The Grammar of Grammar." In Wittgenstein — Eine Neubewertung / Wittgenstein — Towards a Re-Evaluation, 210–20. Munich: J.F. Bergmann-Verlag, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-30086-2_19.

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Aarts, Flor G. A. M., and Herman Chr Wekker. "Grammar and Contrastive Grammar." In A Contrastive Grammar of English and Dutch, 1–8. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-4984-8_1.

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Garcea, Alessandro. "Grammar." In A Companion to Late Antique Literature, 451–70. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118830390.ch28.

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Turkstra, Lyn S. "Grammar." In Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology, 1604–5. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57111-9_890.

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Pinborg, Jan. "Grammar." In Philosophie et science au Moyen Age / Philosophy and Science in the Middle Ages, 779–82. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3649-7_9.

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Horobin, Simon. "Grammar." In Chaucer’s Language, 96–127. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-27457-1_6.

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Turkstra, Lyn S. "Grammar." In Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology, 1. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56782-2_890-4.

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Topaloğlu, Simge. "Grammar." In Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science, 1–5. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_2415-1.

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Valenzuela, Hannah. "Grammar." In Linguistics for TESOL, 107–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40932-6_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "On grammar"

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Li, Xin, Linda Schmidt, Weidong He, Lixing Li, and Yuanmei Qian. "Transformation of an EGT Grammar: New Grammar, New Designs." In ASME 2001 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2001/dtm-21716.

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Abstract Grammars generate design options through the application of predefined rules that transform collections of symbols into more meaningful expressions. Research on the nature of grammars tells us that writing the rules is where the fundamental design activity occurs. Using the grammar rules allows us to explicitly articulate one design at a time. We can exploit the design power of grammars further by modifying a grammar to describe new languages of designs. Here we examine an existing grammar to demonstrate how modifying its rule base to relax an assumption can expand the space of solutions it generates significantly. We show that investing our design attention on the grammar itself can yield dramatic results.
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Stouffs, Rudi. "On Shape Grammars, Color Grammars and Sortal Grammars: A sortal grammar interpreter for varying shape grammar formalisms." In eCAADe 2012 : Digital Physicality. eCAADe, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2012.1.x.j7v.

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Stouffs, Rudi. "On Shape Grammars, Color Grammars and Sortal Grammars: A sortal grammar interpreter for varying shape grammar formalisms." In eCAADe 2012 : Digital Physicality. eCAADe, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2012.1.x.j7v.

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Nikitin, Yury R., and Sergei A. Trefilov. "Diagnostics of robot drives based on DC motors by identifiability criterion of nonlinear discrete model in state space." In The VI International Forum "Instrumentation Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications - 2020". Publishing House of Kalashnikov ISTU, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22213/2658-3658-2020-24-31.

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The paper deals with the formation of contextual grammars in the methods of complex scene recognition. It proposes the use of multi-level grammar, which includes the task of syntactic analysis of image sequences and the task of syntactic analysis of a scene taking into account the multi-level movement of objects. It is shown that the formation of grammar, describing both the structural information of the image and the interaction of images, is associated with the need to develop an algorithm to output grammar on a given set of dynamic images, which represent a learning sample. As a result of training, structural descriptions of images and descriptions of their relations are formed and later used for syntactic analysis of complex structure events. It is postulated that for dynamic scenes with multi-level movement and complex structure, which is constantly changing in time, it is reasonable to apply context grammar rules, and in this connection arises the concept of multi-level context grammar. Some basic principles of the theory of formal grammars inherent in structural methods of recognition are described.
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Sidnyaev, Nikolay I., Yulia I. Butenko, and Elizaveta E. Bolotova. "A syntactic method in recognizing unidentified objects." In The VI International Forum "Instrumentation Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications - 2020". Publishing House of Kalashnikov ISTU, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22213/2658-3658-2020-32-39.

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The paper deals with the formation of contextual grammars in the methods of complex scene recognition. It proposes the use of multi-level grammar, which includes the task of syntactic analysis of image sequences and the task of syntactic analysis of a scene taking into account the multi-level movement of objects. It is shown that the formation of grammar, describing both the structural information of the image and the interaction of images, is associated with the need to develop an algorithm to output grammar on a given set of dynamic images, which represent a learning sample. As a result of training, structural descriptions of images and descriptions of their relations are formed and later used for syntactic analysis of complex structure events. It is postulated that for dynamic scenes with multi-level movement and complex structure, which is constantly changing in time, it is reasonable to apply context grammar rules, and in this connection arises the concept of multi-level context grammar. Some basic principles of the theory of formal grammars inherent in structural methods of recognition are described.
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McCormack, Jay, and Jonathan Cagan. "Enabling the Use of Shape Grammars: Shape Grammar Interpretation Through General Shape Recognition." In ASME 2000 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2000/dtm-14555.

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Abstract Shape grammars have recently shown promise in engineering applications. The need to efficiently implement such grammars, rather than hard code them, in a way that supports creativity through shape emergence has still remained an ongoing research challenge. This paper introduces a shape grammar interpreter that supports parametric shape recognition, and thereby shape emergence. The approach divides shapes into hierarchies of subshapes based on specified geometric relationships within the shape. A default hierarchy based on geometric relations often found in engineering and architectural designs is presented as an efficient example of one appropriate hierarchy. A classic shape grammar demonstrates the interpreter’s shape recognition and generation abilities.
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Agarwal, Manish, and Jonathan Cagan. "Shape Grammars and Their Languages: A Methodology for Product Design and Product Representation." In ASME 1997 Design Engineering Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc97/dtm-3867.

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Abstract This paper argues that shape grammars and the languages they define are an ideal means to generate and represent products where basic functionality can be decomposed into discrete processes, forms can be created to fulfill those functional processes, and variation in those forms differentiates between competitive products. A shape grammar for the design of coffee makers is highlighted and used to illustrate how an infinite set of a class of products can be articulated through a concise shape grammar. Novel coffee makers and coffee makers in the market today are generated from the grammar.
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Kim, Yoon, Chris Dyer, and Alexander Rush. "Compound Probabilistic Context-Free Grammars for Grammar Induction." In Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/p19-1228.

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Königseder, Corinna, and Kristina Shea. "A Method for Visualizing the Relations Between Grammar Rules, Performance Objectives and Search Space Exploration in Grammar-Based Computational Design Synthesis." In ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-46761.

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Design grammars have been successfully applied in numerous engineering disciplines, e.g. in electrical engineering, architecture and mechanical engineering. A successful application of design grammars in Computational Design Synthesis (CDS) requires a) a meaningful representation of designs and the design task at hand, b) a careful formulation of grammar rules to synthesize new designs, c) problem specific design evaluations, and d) the selection of an appropriate algorithm to guide the synthesis process. Managing these different aspects of CDS requires not only a detailed understanding of each individual part, but also of the interdependencies between them. In this paper, a new method is presented to analyze the exploration of design spaces in CDS. The method analyzes the designs generated during the synthesis process and visualizes how the design space is explored with respect to a) design characteristics, and b) objectives. The selected algorithm as well as the grammar rules can be analyzed with this approach to support the human designer in successfully understanding and applying a CDS method. The case study demonstrates how the method is used to analyze the synthesis of bicycle frames. Two algorithms are compared for this task. Results demonstrate how the method increases the understanding of the different components in CDS. The presented research can be useful for both novices to CDS to help them gain a deeper understanding of the interplay between grammar rules and guidance of the synthesis process, as well as for experts aiming to further improve their CDS application by improving parameter settings of their search algorithms, or by further refining their design grammar. Additionally, the presented method constitutes a novel approach to interactively visualize design space exploration considering not only designs objectives, but also the characteristics and interdependencies of different designs.
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McCormack, Jay P., and Jonathan Cagan. "Increasing the Scope of Implemented Shape Grammars: A Shape Grammar Interpreter for Curved Shapes." In ASME 2003 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2003/dtm-48643.

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The complexity of shape grammars being produced continues to surpass the technology behind implementing them. One step towards implementing more useful shape grammars is the creation of a subshape matching technique for shapes composed of curved lines that lie in a plane. An interpreter with this ability allows for the practical implementation in general of two-dimensional grammars as well as opening the door for new applications of shape grammars. Our method for matching shapes consisting of curved lines is outlined and some examples from the Buick brand shape grammar, which was implemented by our interpreter, are shown. The emergent properties of shape grammars are also explored and considered using the new technique.
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Reports on the topic "On grammar"

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Obua, Steven. Indentation-Sensitive Parsing with Pyramids. Steven Obua (trading as Recursive Mind), March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47757/pwp.1.

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Echevarria, II, and Antulio J. War's Second Grammar. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada509111.

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Stuart, Joshua, and Elizabeth Bradley. Learning the Grammar of Dance. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada452050.

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Stevens, Anthony R. Transformational Generative Grammar: A Survey. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada196636.

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Коваленко, Г. С., and А. Д. Подвінська. Розвиток граматичних навичок на уроках з англійської мови у школярів основної школи за допомогою навчальних інтернет-програм. Криворізький державний педагогічний університет, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/5999.

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Статтю присвячено використанню навчальних iнтернет-програм на уроках англiйської мови для розвитку граматичних навичок в учнiв основної школи. Розроблено план-конспект уроку з англiйської мови у 7 класi на тему “City features”, пiдтему “Quantifiers” з використанням мобiльних додаткiв “Johnny Grammar’s Word Challenge” та “Oxford English Grammar and EnglishListening”.
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Oates, Tom, and Brent Heeringa. Estimating Grammar Parameters using Bounded Memory. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada459912.

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Gaynor, Robert. Computer Grammar Checkers and ESL Writers. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.6679.

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Gildea, Daniel, and Julia Hockenmaier. Identifying Semantic Roles Using Combinatory Categorial Grammar. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada459462.

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Lafferty, John, Saniel Sleator, and Davy Temperley. Grammatical Trigrams: A Probabilistic Model of Link Grammar. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada256365.

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Gurney, Jr, Claffy John O., Elbaum Kimberly C., and Jason H. Implementing a Definite Clause Grammar for Parsing Surface Syntax. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada205268.

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