Academic literature on the topic 'On-demand urban delivery'
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Journal articles on the topic "On-demand urban delivery"
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Aguilera, Anne, Laetitia Dablanc, and Alain Rallet. "Digital Work and Urban Delivery: Profile, Activity and Mobility Practices of On-Demand Food Delivery Couriers in Paris (France)." Information 13, no. 9 (September 13, 2022): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info13090433.
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Platform-based on-demand delivery services are rapidly developing in urban areas, especially in the food sector, raising new issues for urban planners, especially in the field of transport. Based on a survey of over 100 couriers conducted in 2018 in the municipality of Paris (France), this work aims at analyzing the profile, delivery activity and mobility practices of the couriers working for these platforms. The main objective is to show how mobility practices are shaped by the characteristics of digital work in the urban delivery sector, and to highlight new challenges for urban authorities and research. Compared to other studies, our work is based on quantitative data and distinguishes three categories of couriers, depending on whether they have another activity: students, people with another paid job, and people with no other paid or non-paid activity. Findings show that these three categories have different characteristics, regarding age, education, residential location, the intensity of delivery activity and the characteristics of mobility practices, especially regarding the transport modes used. The article ends with the discussion of a number of new challenges for both urban authorities and researchers regarding the sustainability of these new forms of digital work in urban delivery.
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Huang, Yixiao, Lei Zhao, Warren B. Powell, Yue Tong, and Ilya O. Ryzhov. "Optimal Learning for Urban Delivery Fleet Allocation." Transportation Science 53, no. 3 (May 2019): 623–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/trsc.2018.0861.
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In a two-tiered city logistics system, an urban logistics company usually partitions the urban area into regions and allocates its delivery fleet (e.g., vehicles, couriers) to these regions. On a daily basis, the delivery station in each region receives the delivery packages from the city distribution centers and delivers them to customers within the region, using its allocated delivery vehicles. A tactical decision in such a city logistics system is the allocation of its delivery fleet to the regions to minimize the expected operational cost of the entire system. However, because of the complexity of the urban delivery operations and the day-to-day variance of the customer demand, an accurate evaluation of the expected operational cost associated with an allocation decision can be very expensive. We propose a learning policy that adaptively selects the fleet allocation to learn the underlying expected operational cost function by incorporating the value of information. Specifically, we exploit the monotonicity of the expected operational cost in the number of allocated delivery vehicles in a region and extend the idea of knowledge gradient with discrete priors with resampling and regeneration (KGDP-R&R). Our numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of KGDP-R&R against other learning policies as well as its managerial implications compared with heuristics in practice. The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/trsc.2018.0861 .
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Jaoua, Amel, Marouen Ben Ammar, and Anjali Awasthi. "A Decision Support System for On-Demand Goods Delivery Using Shared Autonomous Electric Vehicles." International Journal of Decision Support System Technology 11, no. 2 (April 2019): 72–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijdsst.2019040105.
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This article presents a strategic decision support system (DSS) for on-demand delivery companies in urban areas. This DSS is designed and developed for the promising new concept of goods delivery based on a fleet of Shared Autonomous Electric Vehicles (SAEVs). A simulation-based optimization model is proposed to solve the fleet sizing and composition problems. The efficiency of the developed strategic DSS in determining best fleet size and composition under different scenarios is demonstrated. This article provides managerial insights to help goods delivery companies, who intend to use SAEVs, in determining the type and number of vehicles to acquire.
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Lebedeva, Ol'ga. "INTEGRATED APPROACH TO MODELING CARGO DELIVERY." Modern Technologies and Scientific and Technological Progress 2022, no. 1 (May 16, 2022): 175–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.36629/2686-9896-2022-1-175-176.
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The article discusses the models used to optimize freight deliveries based on tours and urban transportation logistics and an approach to integrating them. The study demonstrates a functional model framework that can address the limitations of existing freight demand forecasting models
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Xiong, F., P. S. Gong, Z. Q. Peng, and J. F. Fan. "Optimization of Urban Traffic Distribution Path Under Quick Response Demand." Open House International 43, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-01-2018-b0022.
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Under the background of the rapid development of e-commerce and information network, the demand for urban distribution is also changing; especially customers' demand for fast delivery of products is increasing. Based on this, the optimization of urban traffic distribution path was studied under the fast response demand. In this paper, the importance and theoretical basis of the design of urban traffic planning under rapid response demand were expounded; then, the urban traffic distribution path planning was designed, and the layout principle of urban traffic roads, the division of road levels and the planning and design of motor vehicle roads were analyzed; through the planning project of the traffic distribution path in a city, analysis of the planning on roadways, three-dimensional traffic paths was achieved.
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Timko, Peter, and Rianne van Melik. "Being a Deliveroo Rider: Practices of Platform Labor in Nijmegen and Berlin." Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 50, no. 4 (March 10, 2021): 497–523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891241621994670.
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On-demand delivery platforms have become a common feature of urban economies across the globe. Noted for their hyper-outsourced, “lean” business models and reliance on independent contractors, these companies evade traditional employer obligations while still controlling workers through complex algorithmic management techniques. Using food delivery platform Deliveroo as a case-study, this paper investigates the diverse array of practices that on-demand workers carry out in order to enact this new platform labor arrangement in different spatial contexts. One of us conducted an auto-ethnographic project, working as a Deliveroo Rider in Nijmegen and Berlin for a period of nine months. Additionally, we interviewed 13 fellow platform workers. The findings reveal the motley, contingent, and conditional ways in which on-demand labor comes together on the ground. The paper concludes with discussing the uneven distribution of these practices across locations and social groups, and the sometimes contradictory impacts they have on the structure of platform labor.
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Rossolov, A., O. Lobashov, and A. Botsman. "LOCAL DEPOT-BASED URBAN SUPPLY CHAIN FOR LIVEABLE CITIES." Municipal economy of cities 6, no. 159 (November 27, 2020): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2020-6-159-153-160.
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The paper presents the theoretical and experimental study results on construction sustainable urban supply chain, namely last mile delivery. Within the theoretical part we proposed to estimate the necessary number of local depots within the supply chain taking into account the direct and indirect impacts from a delivery system functioning. The indirect effect is presented with CO2 emissions. The conducted experiment has covered the pes-simistic and optimistic scenarios for delivery system states. Within the experiment along with demand attributes we assessed the range of vehicle carrying capacity from 0.5 to 2 tons. The obtained experimental results revealed the shift in necessary local depots number to guarantee the sustainable effect for delivery system and promote liveable state for the urban area.
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Anbaroglu, B., B. Heydecker, and T. Cheng. "HOW TRAVEL DEMAND AFFECTS DETECTION OF NON-RECURRENT TRAFFIC CONGESTION ON URBAN ROAD NETWORKS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B2 (June 7, 2016): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b2-159-2016.
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Occurrence of non-recurrent traffic congestion hinders the economic activity of a city, as travellers could miss appointments or be late for work or important meetings. Similarly, for shippers, unexpected delays may disrupt just-in-time delivery and manufacturing processes, which could lose them payment. Consequently, research on non-recurrent congestion detection on urban road networks has recently gained attention. By analysing large amounts of traffic data collected on a daily basis, traffic operation centres can improve their methods to detect non-recurrent congestion rapidly and then revise their existing plans to mitigate its effects. Space-time clusters of high link journey time estimates correspond to non-recurrent congestion events. Existing research, however, has not considered the effect of travel demand on the effectiveness of non-recurrent congestion detection methods. Therefore, this paper investigates how travel demand affects detection of non-recurrent traffic congestion detection on urban road networks. Travel demand has been classified into three categories as low, normal and high. The experiments are carried out on London’s urban road network, and the results demonstrate the necessity to adjust the relative importance of the component evaluation criteria depending on the travel demand level.
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Anbaroglu, B., B. Heydecker, and T. Cheng. "HOW TRAVEL DEMAND AFFECTS DETECTION OF NON-RECURRENT TRAFFIC CONGESTION ON URBAN ROAD NETWORKS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B2 (June 7, 2016): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b2-159-2016.
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Occurrence of non-recurrent traffic congestion hinders the economic activity of a city, as travellers could miss appointments or be late for work or important meetings. Similarly, for shippers, unexpected delays may disrupt just-in-time delivery and manufacturing processes, which could lose them payment. Consequently, research on non-recurrent congestion detection on urban road networks has recently gained attention. By analysing large amounts of traffic data collected on a daily basis, traffic operation centres can improve their methods to detect non-recurrent congestion rapidly and then revise their existing plans to mitigate its effects. Space-time clusters of high link journey time estimates correspond to non-recurrent congestion events. Existing research, however, has not considered the effect of travel demand on the effectiveness of non-recurrent congestion detection methods. Therefore, this paper investigates how travel demand affects detection of non-recurrent traffic congestion detection on urban road networks. Travel demand has been classified into three categories as low, normal and high. The experiments are carried out on London’s urban road network, and the results demonstrate the necessity to adjust the relative importance of the component evaluation criteria depending on the travel demand level.
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Dalla Chiara, Giacomo, André Romano Alho, Cheng Cheng, Moshe Ben-Akiva, and Lynette Cheah. "Exploring Benefits of Cargo-Cycles versus Trucks for Urban Parcel Delivery under Different Demand Scenarios." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 5 (May 2020): 553–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120917162.
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Urban deliveries are traditionally carried out with vans or trucks. These vehicles tend to face parking difficulties in dense urban areas, leading to traffic congestion. Smaller and nimbler vehicles by design, such as cargo-cycles, struggle to compete in distance range and carrying capacity. However, a system of cargo-cycles complemented with strategically located cargo-storing hubs can overcome some limitations of the cargo-cycles. Past research provides a limited perspective on how demand characteristics and parking conditions in urban areas are related to potential benefits of this system. To fill this gap, we propose a model to simulate the performance of different operational scenarios—a truck-only scenario and a cargo-cycle with mobile hubs scenario—under different delivery demand and parking conditions. We apply the model to a case study using data synthesized from observed freight-carrier demand in Singapore. The exploration of alternative demand scenarios informs how demand characteristics influence the viability of the solution. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis clarifies the contributing factors to the demonstrated results. The combination of cargo-cycles and hubs can achieve progressive reductions in kilometers-traveled and hours-traveled up to around densities of 150 deliveries/km2, beyond which savings taper off. Whereas the reduction in kilometers-traveled is influenced by the the carrying capacity of the cargo-cycle, the reduction in hours-traveled is related to to the cargo-cycle ability to effectively decrease the parking dwell time by reducing, for instance, the time spent searching for parking and the time spent walking to a delivery destination.
Books on the topic "On-demand urban delivery"
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Connellan, Geoff. Water Use Efficiency for Irrigated Turf and Landscape. CSIRO Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643106888.
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Achieving high water use efficiency in maintaining turf, trees and landscape areas is a core responsibility of open space managers. Water Use Efficiency for Irrigated Turf and Landscape provides a logical and scientifically sound approach to irrigation in urban areas in Australia. It is based on green space delivering defined outcomes using the principles of water sensitive urban design and irrigation efficiency.
The book covers all stages of the water pathway – from the source to delivery into the plant root zone. Major topics include system planning, estimating water demand, water quality, irrigation systems, soil management and irrigation performance evaluation.
Clearly presented explanations are included, as well as line drawings and worked examples, and a plant water use database covering more than 250 plant species. A Water Management Planning template is included to guide water managers and operators through a process that will deliver a sound plan to achieve sustainable turf, urban trees and landscapes.
Best Management Practice Irrigation principles are outlined and their implementation in open space turf and landscape situations is explained. The benefits and limitations of the various methods of delivering water to plants are covered, together with case studies and guidelines for specific horticultural situations. Methodologies to evaluate irrigated sites are included along with recommended benchmark values.
The book presents the latest irrigation technology, including developments in water application, control technology and environmental sensors such as weather stations, soil moisture sensors and rain sensors.
Book chapters on the topic "On-demand urban delivery"
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Popoola, Ayobami Abayomi, Yamah Dele Adeyemi, Femi Emmanuel Oni, Odunayo Omojola, Bamiji Michael Adeleye, Samuel Medayese, and Ojoma Gloria Popoola. "Rural-Urban Food Movement." In Practice, Progress, and Proficiency in Sustainability, 276–98. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4817-2.ch017.
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The production of the food is majorly composite to the rural setting, and the consumption of this food is not only restricted to the rural area. This rural food production and urban area demand/consumption emphasises the need for rural-urban market linkages. This study employed mixed methods to investigate the role of road transport in the flow of food products from rural areas to the urban markets. Ten urban markets were sampled and 250 respondents from urban markets in Ibadan. The study revealed that household collaboration in the production and marketing of food produce exists in Ibadan. It was established that distance and transportation cost plays a vital role in supply volume, pricing, and delivery price. The variance in delivery cost is dependent on factors such as bargaining power, the season of the year, demand, destination, and road condition. In conclusion, improved roads condition and workable traffic policies that eliminate roadblocks are recommended.
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Cruz-Mejía, Oliverio. "Order Picking Performance in Warehouses With Multi-Item Orders." In Advances in Human Resources Management and Organizational Development, 443–52. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8131-4.ch026.
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Internet sales have increased exponentially in the last decade. Much of the internet sales are of physical products in urban areas that require product delivery transportation with a tight delivery lead time. With this challenge, a new type of transportation services has been developed aiming to cope with a strict control of transportation lead time. In this chapter, an internet product delivery service with customer orders that are multi-item as well as single item is simulated. The authors address specifically the mismatch between supply and demand when retailers for any reason are unable to estimate the configuration of multi-item orders. Three scenarios of demand patterns are simulated (demand as forecasted, lower than forecasted, and higher than forecasted) using discrete-event simulation to look at the effect on transportation lead time. Results show the positive effect on the mismatch between demand and resource capacity which is expressed in higher number delayed delivery orders. The excess of capacity in the product delivery supply chain has not had a positive impact on delivery time of orders.
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Somasundram, Sotheeswari. "Impact of E-Commerce on the Urban Landscape." In Strategies and Tools for Managing Connected Consumers, 34–45. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9697-4.ch003.
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Consumers in large cities are projected to contribute 81% to global consumption in 2030 with B2C e-commerce sales growth projected to increase globally by 24% in 2020. The inquiry of the present study is to understand the impact of this growth on the urban landscape. Three key areas influenced by e-commerce which in turn impact the urban landscape, city logistics, warehousing, and retail experience. Rising home deliveries impact city logistics where delivery trucks contribute to traffic congestion and environmental hazards. E-commerce influences locational demand for warehouses differently, depending on the section of the logistic chain. The positive gains include reduced damage to road infrastructures and higher valuation of logistics real estate in urban areas. The final area, retail experience, influences the sustainability of malls in urban areas. Malls in urban centers could remain relevant by reconfiguring retail spaces to accommodate temporary guide stores and pop-up stores instead of anchor tenants.
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Isikdag, Umit, Jason Underwood, Murat Kuruoglu, and Alias Abdul-Rahman. "Geospatial Views for RESTful BIM." In Handbook of Research on Building Information Modeling and Construction Informatics, 473–82. IGI Global, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-928-1.ch020.
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In the near future Building Information Modelling will be applied in different areas of the AEC industry. Building Information Models (BIMs) will be used as resources to enable interoperability of software and ‘Building Information Modelling’ based Integrated Project Delivery will be realised as a common process of managing a project over a single shared information backbone. Thus, facilitating the collaborative use of shared BIMs is becoming important in parallel with the industrial demand in the field. Some urban management tasks such as disaster management, delivery of goods and services, and cityscape visualisation are managed by using Geospatial Information Systems as the current state-of-art, as the tasks in these processes require a high level and volume of integrated geospatial information. Several of these tasks such as fire response management require detailed geometric and semantic information about buildings in the form of geospatial information, while tasks such as visualisation of the urban fabric might require less (geometric and semantic) information. Today service-oriented architectures are becoming more popular in terms of enabling integration and collaboration over distributed environments. In this context, this short chapter presents an enhancement for a BIM Web Service pattern (i.e. RESTful BIM) that will help in facilitating information transfer from Building Information Models into the geospatial environment. The chapter starts with the background section later provides a review on the RESTful BIM pattern. Geospatial Views that can be developed for the RESTFul BIM will be elaborated on later in the chapter.
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Poon, Simon K., Yiren Liu, Ruihua Guo, and Mu Li. "Digital Health." In Science, Technology, and Innovation for Sustainable Development Goals, 288–309. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190949501.003.0014.
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Digital health is the intersection of information, computer, and medical science and healthcare, which focusses on adopting information technology (IT) within clinical and healthcare processes. In this chapter, a maturity measurement framework of digital health in China is developed. The framework is applied to contextualize different aspects of the recent progress, opportunities, and challenges of digital health in China; more specifically, to identify its potential in improving the quality and delivery of healthcare (SDG3) and the way health information is shared through new value chains in the health system. The demand of quality education, digital health literacy, and expansion of complementary skills among health professionals, patients, and the general population will become more important to ensure inclusive and equitable education and to promote lifelong learning (SDG4). Transforming health service supply through digitization (automating processes) as well as digitalization (changing to new model of care deliveries) will enable better access in rural regions and help prevent the urban–rural divide faced by many people. Progress in digital health can facilitate equality between populations and reduce inequality among different groups of population by location, health, or economic status (SDG10). This chapter discusses the recent establishment of the Chinese National Health Information Platform, also known as the 4631-2 project, and then takes a system perspective to assess the impacts by covering four dimensions: translation, education, transformation, and technology. Finally, the chapter provides future projections on the basis of the literature synthesis, including opportunities and challenges for a sustainable digital health system in China.
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Kalaivanan, Duraisamy, Govindan Selvakumar, and Arockiasamy Carolin Rathinakumari. "Soilless Cultivation to Secure the Vegetable Demand of Urban and Peri-Urban Population." In Soilless Culture [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.102695.
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Globally, more people live in urban areas than in rural areas, with 54% of the world’s population residing in urban areas in 2014. It is estimated that by the year 2050, the world’s population would increase to 10 billion, and close to 80% of human settlements would be concentrated in and around urban locations. This growing urban population will need access to healthy and nutritious food. To provide food to these urban-based inhabitants, vast areas of cultivable land might be required. But then again due to competition from sectors other than agriculture, researchers, experts, and planners are skeptical about the accessibility of such spread-out land parcels, particularly those around the prevailing and futuristic metropolitan agglomerations. This strong worldwide urbanization also puts a demand for producing vegetables in close proximity to the consumers. This gives us one of today’s major challenges. Land, water, chemical fertilizers, and energy are vital resources for food production. Only 1% of freshwater found on the earth is accessible or available for human usage. Nearly 70% of that water is used in agriculture mainly for irrigation. Reserves of fertilizers, that are crucial for the production of food, are running out. With agricultural land becoming scarcer and the need for producing closer to or even in the cities to shorten the supply chain, not always the best soil can be chosen for producing crops. In this critical condition, we have to identify some alternatives to produce the vegetable crops without using soil medium in urban and peri-urban areas where rooftop/terrace space is available abundantly. When grown on the substrate, the quality of underlying soil is not a consideration, since plants do not root in the underlying soil; water and nutrients are delivered directly to the crop via the substrate. Substrate cultures can even take place without soil, for example, on concrete floors in buildings.
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Chinigò, Davide. "Performing Entrepreneurship: Job Creation in Kolfe." In Everyday Practices of State Building in Ethiopia, 148–76. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192869654.003.0005.
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Abstract The chapter discusses the promotion of entrepreneurship schemes in Kolfe Keranyo, one peri-urban sub-city of Addis Ababa. Against a context in which, towards the end of the 2000s, addressing unemployment in rapidly expanding urban centres became an urgent political and economic priority, the Ethiopian government implemented a comprehensive policy of job creation relying on the promotion micro and small enterprises. Empirically the chapter discusses the practices through which young entrepreneurs manoeuvred the few opportunities mobilized by these schemes, such as access to credit, to perform other side and informal businesses that allowed them to make up for their social and economic reproduction which state-mandated enterprises were not able to deliver. The political subject is mobilized here through a subtle and quite sophisticated performance of power. Entrepreneurs diverted time and resources from state-mandated enterprises because the formal businesses they were asked to enrol were not productive (in this way contributing to their failure), but without openly dismissing the demand by the state to participate in such development. In the process of enacting themselves as political subjects, aspiring entrepreneurs opened up new opportunities for themselves, without dismissing the policy of job creation, which because of their informal work could still be regarded by the Ethiopian government as a success story.
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Morgan, Kevin, Terry Marsden, and Jonathan Murdoch. "Introduction." In Worlds of Food. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199271580.003.0008.
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When Guillermo Vargas from Costa Rica visited the British House of Commons in 2002 to publicize Fairtrade Fortnight, he delivered a stark message. ‘When you buy Fairtrade’, he said, ‘you are supporting our democracy’. It is hard to imagine a more powerful testament to the ripple effect of our food choices. Buying food may be a private matter, but the type of food we buy, the shops or stalls from where we buy it, and the significance we attach to its provenance have enormous social consequences. Our food choice has multiple implications—for our health and well-being, for economic development at home and abroad, for the ecological integrity of the global environment, for transport systems, for the relationship between urban and rural areas and, as the Fairtrade story shows, for the very survival of democracy in poor, commodity-producing countries. Although food consumption habits show considerable differences between countries, and between social classes within countries, a number of generic trends have emerged in recent years, some of which have been attributed to the globalization of style and taste. In the processed food cultures of the US and the UK, for example, the key trends include the increasing popularity of convenience foods, the decreasing amount of time devoted to preparing meals, the falling share of money devoted to food in the household budget, the primacy of price when buying food, and, more recently, burgeoning concerns among all classes of consumer about the quality and safety of food. Some of these trends appear to be contradictory, particularly the emphasis on cheap food on the one hand and the growing demand for healthy food on the other. Another example might be the growing interest in local food, which is often equated with fresh and wholesome produce, and ‘global sourcing’, which aims to transcend the constraints of locality and seasonality. Conventional food retailers are acutely conscious of the need to accommodate these conflicting signals, as a trade body in the UK freely acknowledged when it said that ‘the industry challenge is to find a balance between supporting British farmers and reducing food miles, and satisfying consumer demand for year round availability of an increased number of products, at ever lower prices’ (IGD, 2002).
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Crane, Hewitt, Edwin Kinderman, and Ripudaman Malhotra. "Energy Needs to 2050." In A Cubic Mile of Oil. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195325546.003.0012.
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Having looked at the evolution of energy use and the current state of the energy industry in the previous chapters, we are now ready to make some projections for the future. As the famous Danish physicist Niels Bohr once said, “Prediction is very difficult, especially about the future.” Forecasts of human activity are fraught with uncertainty. This is clearly true of energy forecasts, given that regional and national economic, political, and social trends can change world energy use, as can scientific discoveries and engineering developments unanticipated when the forecast was made. Among the technological changes that have had the largest impact on our pattern of energy consumption, perhaps foremost is the development of the internal combustion engine in transportation, and the accompanying enormous increase in the use of petroleum. The mobility afforded to individuals by automobiles, trains, and later by airplanes greatly shrunk the world, bringing people and economies closer together but also in many cases, unfortunately, helping precipitate international conflicts. Perhaps equally important has been the rise in the use of electricity. The development of the electric power system and its extension beyond urban areas profoundly influenced the daily lives of everyone touched by it. Likewise, the discovery of semiconductors and their application in information technologies, including computers, the Internet, wireless personal communication, and space-based global communication, have altered the way we interact with one another and our surroundings. While the use of these technologies has increased the demand for energy—particularly electricity—it has also contributed immensely to our productivity and thus at the same time helped mitigate the increase. The discovery of atomic fission and its uses in peace and in war have had ramifications in the technological and geopolitical realm. Following the Second World War, great optimism prevailed as exemplified by the statement in 1954 attributed to Lewis Strauss, then chairman of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, that nuclear power will be “too cheap to meter.” The ability of nuclear power to deliver electricity abundantly and cheaply helped it become a significant contributor to global primary energy within 20 years.
Conference papers on the topic "On-demand urban delivery"
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Nyende-Byakika, S., G. Ngirane-Katashaya, and J. M. Ndambuki. "Impact of water demand management on sustainable water supply service delivery." In Urban Water 2012. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/uw120161.
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Woźniak-Szpakiewicz, Ewelina. "EU migrant crisis and increasing demand for modular construction: modular social housing complex for refugees in Munich." In Virtual City and Territory. Barcelona: Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.8094.
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More than a million migrants and refugees crossed into Europe in 2015. The number of asylum applications received in 2014 in EU Member States has risen by 25 per cent compared to the same period in 2013 and it is still increasing (The UN Refugee Agency). The current migrant crisis in Europe is described as the most serious since the Second World War. Reception Centers that provide homes for asylum-seekers and refugees, both as individuals and families, in most EU countries are overcrowded. Due to a growing problem of the luck of infrastructural facilities, the topic of modular construction is more and more relevant in european context.
The article deals with the problematic of increasing demand for modular buildings as an answer (time, and cost effective) for European migrant crisis that requires delivery of the housing infrustructes in a very short time frame. The author asking the question about the near future of the modular social housing. How would it reflect on urban-space, living-space and whole attitude to modular construction issues? What is the role of the architect during the process of design-build? Is it possible to make references to “beauty” in the context of modular construction? The focus will be placed on the project based on permanent modular construction (PMC) - the modular social housing complex, implemented in July 2015 in Munich (scientific partner of the project is the Faculty of Architecture, Cracow University of Technology).
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Camacho Novaes de Oliveira, Amanda, Amit Bhaya, and Daniel Ratton Figueiredo. "A Transportation System Model Based on Smart Autonomous Vehicles with Distributed Coordination." In Workshop de Computação Urbana. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/courb.2020.12368.
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Public transportation in urban centers is of fundamental importance, being a widely investigated topic. Smart autonomous vehicles (SAVs) present a great potential in revolutionizing transportation systems in urban areas, providing more flexible and efficient solutions. This work proposes a new transportation model based on SAVs that provides a station-based, point-to-point service, with distributed coordination. The model offers two different modes of operation, one with exclusive rides, and the other with ride sharing between clients. A simulator has been developed, through which the system’s characteristics are analyzed, and the two modes of operation compared. It was observed that with the increase in the system client demand over time the ride sharing mode gets more efficient than the mode with exclusive rides, both in terms to the average time required to deliver clients and the total distance traveled.
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Fikar, Christian, and Manfred Gronalt. ""Agent-based simulation of restaurant deliveries facilitating cargo-bikes and urban consolidation"." In The 20th International Conference on Harbor, Maritime and Multimodal Logistic Modeling &Simulation. CAL-TEK srl, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.46354/i3m.2018.hms.002.
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"Last-mile distribution in urban areas is challenged by congestion and restriction for motorized traffic. To support operations, this work investigate the impact of operating urban consolidation points and facilitating cargo-bikes for urban last-mile distribution. Motivated by sample setting originating from the food delivery industry, a decision support system combining agentbased simulation with heuristic optimization procedure is developed. It considers a logistics provider who performs the last-mile delivery for multiple competing restaurants in an urban area. Therefore, both demand and the availability of cargo-bikes, which are operated by freelancers, are subject to randomness. Computational experiments investigate the impact of the available amount of cargo-bike drivers as well as the number of operated consolidation points, highlighting the importance of facilitating simulation models to support operations in highly dynamic and uncertain settings."
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"Remaining Connected with our Graduates: A Pilot Study." In InSITE 2019: Informing Science + IT Education Conferences: Jerusalem. Informing Science Institute, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/4162.
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[This Proceedings paper was revised and published in the 2019 issue of the Interdisciplinary Journal of E-Skills and Lifelong Learning, Volume 15.] Aim/Purpose This study aims to determine where nursing students from a metropolitan university subsequently work following graduation, identify the factors that influence decisions to pursue careers in particular locations, ascertain educational plans in the immediate future; and explore the factors that might attract students to pursue postgraduate study. Background The global nursing shortage and high attrition of nursing students remain a challenge for the nursing profession. A recurrent pattern of maldistribution of nurses in clinical specialities and work locations has also occurred. It is imperative that institutions of learning examine their directions and priorities with the goal of meeting the mounting health needs of the wider community. Methodology Qualitative and quantitative data were obtained through an online 21-item questionnaire. The questionnaire gathered data such as year of graduation, employment status, the location of main and secondary jobs, the principal area of nursing activity, and plans for postgraduate study. It sought graduates’ reasons for seeking employment in particular workplaces and the factors encouraging them to pursue postgraduate study. Contribution This study is meaningful and relevant as it provided a window to see the gaps in higher education and nursing practice, and opportunities in research and collaboration. It conveys many insights that were informative, valuable and illuminating in the context of nurse shortage and nurse education. The partnership with hospitals and health services in providing education and support at the workplace is emphasized. Findings Twenty-three students completed the online questionnaire. All respondents were employed, 22 were working in Australia on a permanent basis (96%), 19 in urban areas (83%) with three in regional/rural areas (13%), and one was working internationally (4%). This pilot study revealed that there were varied reasons for workplace decisions, but the most common answer was the opportunity provided to students to undertake their graduate year and subsequent employment offered. Moreover, the prevailing culture of the organization and high-quality clinical experiences afforded to students were significant contributory factors. Data analysis revealed their plans for postgraduate studies in the next five years (61%), with critical care nursing as the most popular specialty option. The majority of the respondents (78%) signified their interest in taking further courses, being familiar with the educational system and expressing high satisfaction with the university’s program delivery. Recommendations for Practitioners The results of the pilot should be tested in a full study with validated instruments in the future. With a larger dataset, the conclusions about graduate destinations and postgraduate educational pursuits of graduates would be generalizable, valid and reliable. Recommendation for Researchers Further research to explore how graduates might be encouraged to work in rural and regional areas, determine courses that meet the demand of the market, and how to better engage with clinical partners are recommended. Impact on Society It is expected that the study will be extended in the future to benefit other academics, service managers, recruiters, and stakeholders to alert them of strategies that may be used to entice graduates to seek employment in various areas and plan for addressing the educational needs of postgraduate nursing students. The end goal is to help enhance the nursing workforce by focusing on leadership and retention. Future Research Future directions for research will include canvassing a bigger sample of alumni students and continuously monitoring graduate destinations and educational aspirations. How graduates might be encouraged to work in rural and regional areas will be further explored. Further research will also be undertaken involving graduates from other universities and other countries in order to compare the work practice of graduates over the same time frame.
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Solis-Navarro, Carlos, and Anna-Carin Brink. "Widening jointed reinforced concrete pavements on the Easing Sydney’s Congestion Program." In 12th International Conference on Concrete Pavements. International Society for Concrete Pavements, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33593/y0qxjehe.
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The aim of this paper is to demonstrate how existing jointed reinforced concrete pavements (JRCPs) are incorporated in the design of new and/or widened lanes as part of the Easing Sydney's Congestion (ESC) Program. The ESC Program is one of the Transport for New South Wales' initiatives to meet the increasing demand for infrastructure in the state. At the inception of the Program in 2016, major capital expenditure was set over AU $2.1 billion over five years to 2021. NSW is the State in Australia with the largest number of concrete pavements in the urban road network; mostly JRCPs many of which are now more than 40 years old and surfaced with nominal 50 mm asphalt. As part of the more than 50 projects delivered, the existing concrete pavements required widening to allow for additional lanes and extension of turning lanes. Whilst the pavement designs had to meet minimum engineering standards with a design life of 40 years, they also needed to cater for rapid construction to mitigate disruption to road users in limited construction space. This paper will describe the approach used to gain information on the existing pavements, the different pavement structures constructed, the detailing of the widenings, the specification of various concrete mixes including high-early strength materials and lessons learnt from the construction phase.
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Zheng, Yu, and Zhanxun Dong. "An experimental study on the applicability of Fusion display and Overlay display of AR smart city data and information." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001729.
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Background Smart digital twin cities digitally create virtual models of urban systems,It simulates the behavior of physical entities in a realistic environment with the help of data . And through virtual and real interactive feedback, data fusion analysis, decision iterative optimization and other means to design and build smart city platforms, Thus adding or extending new capabilities to smart city management.In conjunction with the trend towards AR glasses， paperless information design，the visual expression of information models, will be an important trend in the future, In demand for AR smart city related information reading, The right visual expression can assist managers in their exploration of the city's data.The key to AR information presentation is the presentation of the information, i.e. the way information is covered. Based on past research findings，There are two most conventional and operational ways to present，Fusion display and Overlay display. However, which one to use as the dominant form of presentation needs to be explored experimentally.Method In order to investigate which is more suitable for smart city data overlay, Fusion display or Overlay display. This experiment used Rhino 3D tools to build a 3D model of the city, The model contains three smart city operation scenarios: building equipment operation status, community power management system, and smart operation of business district，The content of the message is consistent in each scenario，while it is expressed through both Fusion display and Overlay display. Twenty identical questions and answers were set up for each comparison group's information presentation.The experiment will last for five weeks and the number of recruits will be 32, Recruiters are divided into groups A and B, each with sixteen members. The experiment required the subject to be able to read 12pt Arial regular characters without wearing glasses，Group A uses Fusion display, Group B uses Overlay display，Comparison of accuracy of information delivery and fatigue of information reading by subjects after test subjects have completed the same information questionnaire，The applicability of the interface was verified using the NASA- TLX scale. The specific experiments are as follows：(1)Information accuracy test session, this session is for the experimenter to wear the TOBII eye-movement instrument and conduct a 2 question visual expression test to ensure that the experimenter is familiar with the experimental process.(2) Cognitive experiment, the experimenter first read the questions carefully, after clarifying the questions, the experimenter picked up the tablet computer for AR overlay on the images, then the subject looked at the centre of the screen, received the "start" command, clicked on the centre of the screen and started reading to find information and complete the questions, a total of 5 groups of 20 questions, the experimenter recorded the time for each question.(3）Fatigue experiment, in this session, we ask the experimenter to test the fatigue of reading information in two types of visual information presentation: Fusion display and Overlay display，after the experimenter says "start", the experimenter will carry out a 10-minute information reading task of the same type of visual information presentation, read the information in the diagram The test is completed with multiple-choice questions. After reading the same type of visual expression, a five-minute break is taken and another visual expression reading task follows.(4）Interface usability questionnaires, in which the subjects are asked to evaluate the experimental interface according to their own circumstances, fill in an experimental research questionnaire and provide preferences and experimental suggestionsResultAt the end of the experiment, questionnaires, question completion schedules, eye-tracking point charts, thermograms, eye-beat charts and point analysis charts were collected from the AB group, and conclusions were generated through statistical analysis of the experimental data,The results are as follows：1) In terms of correctness data analysis, the Fusion display has a significantly lower correctness rate than the Overlay display2) In terms of completion efficiency, the Fusion display is significantly slower than the Overlay display in recognitionConclusion(1)Under the task-oriented experiment, users in the Fusion display were more focused on text.(2)Users who used the Fusion display f tended to search more in the central area.(3)Users' subjective feedback shows that fusion displays are preferred because they are more technological in nature(4)The range of eye movements of the subjects in the Fusion display is wider, while in the Overlay display, the trajectory of the subjects' eye movements is concentrated on the layer information. (5)The saturated color module has a higher number of user attentions
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Sayed, Aya Nabeel, Faycal Bensaali, and Yassine Himeur. "Intelligent Edge-based Recommender System for Internet of Energy Applications." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2021.0161.
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When investigating how people conserve energy, most researchers and decision-makers render a conceptual distinction between prevention (e.g. unplugging devices) and productivity measures. Nevertheless, such a two-dimensional approach is inefficient from both a conceptual and policy standpoint, since it ignores individual differences that influence energy-saving behavior. Preserving electricity in homes and buildings is a big concern, owing to a scarcity of energy resources and the escalation of current environmental issues. Furthermore, the COVID-19 social distancing policies have resulted in a temporary transition of energy demand from industrial and urban centers to residential areas, resulting in greater consumption and higher costs. In order to promote the sustainability and preservation of resources, the use of new technologies to increase energy efficiency in homes or buildings becomes increasingly necessary. Hence, the goal of the project is to provide consumers with evidence-based data on the costs and advantages of ICT-enabled energy conservation approaches, as well as clear, timely, and engaging information and assistance on how to realize the energy savings that are attainable, in order to boost user uptake and effectiveness of such techniques. End-users can visualize their consumption patterns as well as ambient environmental data using the Home-assistant user interface. More notably, explainable energy-saving recommendations are delivered to end-users in form of notifications via the mobile application to facilitate habit change. In this context, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first attempt for developing and implementing an energy-saving recommender system on edge devices. Thus, ensuring better privacy preservation since data are processed locally on the edge, without the need to transmit them to remote servers, as is the case with cloudlet platforms.
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Becker, Johannes, Corey Richards, Guenter Sundag, and Ronald Wittig. "Improving Data Collection With In-Line Inspection in Low-Pressure Gas Distribution Networks." In 2020 13th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2020-9481.
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Abstract A large majority of urban gas distribution pipelines are designed to accommodate future integrity management surveys with in-line inspection (ILI) tools. However, even with typical inspection design parameters considered, many pipelines end up on a “difficult-to-inspect” list and/or fall into a “gray” zone. Often this is due to operational parameters, which may have adverse effects on how in-line inspection technologies perform during a survey. One of these effects may be stop-start behaviors of the tool itself. Although most segments meet minimum technical specifications to conduct ILI surveys, vintage pipeline design practices, such as numerous 1.5D bends, multiple heavy wall transitions, and narrow ID fittings, consistently present ongoing issues when running ILI tools in gas distribution lines. The first assessment characteristically indicates that standard inspection tools are viable solutions for these types of pipelines, but results from previous inspections typically indicate, after the first inspection of the pipeline, that standard technologies should not be applied, or rather, do not deliver satisfactory results. New methodologies and technologies are required to reduce, if not eliminate, the incidents of stationary tools and the resultant areas of degraded data while improving overall data quality. In the end, operators consider these lines a critically important component of their entire system and are keen to gain a clear picture of the assets’ integrity. Suitable in-line inspection solutions are therefore in demand to instill confidence in the assets safe and efficient operation. This paper outlines several elements, including technologies, procedures, or mechanical adaptations, that are often overlooked when selecting and applying inspection and/or cleaning technologies to these gray-zone pipelines. Applying these elements may allow for inspection tools to traverse various obstacles and debris fields encountered while still providing high-resolution data sets. A detailed case study of a NPS 08” pipeline will be used to support the content. This pipeline did not provide the required operational parameters to gather acceptable data when utilizing standard ILI technologies. This NPS 08” line contained various challenges, such as: • Unknown or unreliable pipeline information, specifically for bend radii and wall thicknesses • No previous cleaning and inspection records • Low operational pressures of 1000 to 2100 kPa • Pipeline length over 100 km • MOP restrictions did not allow for higher pressures • Flow rate was only available within limited windows • Cleanliness was unknown and assumed to be a concern • Pipe grade documentation required verification Many technical challenges were encountered in the initial stages of the project. The lessons learned will be discussed and outlined to better support the approach chosen. In the end, tailored geometry and low-friction MFL technologies, capable of safely traversing the pipeline and gathering high-quality data, were utilized for the inspection. This case study will provide other operators valuable insights into how to inspect similar assets while also outlining specialized technologies suited to support the inspection.
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Liu, Yunmei, Kihyun Pyo, Christopher Cunningham, Thomas Chase, and David Kaber. "Driver Situation Awareness and Cognitive Workload Effects of Novel Interchange Configurations and Associated Signage." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002459.
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In recent years, there has been a push towards use of grade-separated interchange (GSI) design to increase the overall capacity of intersections. The primary recommendation has been to resolve physical intersection constraints, including signalized left turns (in the U.S.). However, few, if any, investigations have made comparisons of driver situation awareness (SA) and cognitive workload in navigating novel grade-separated configurations and how to effectively implement associated signage to promote driver and traffic safety at different types of interchanges. To address this research gap, this study designed and conducted a driving simulation experiment to compare driver SA and cognitive workload in negotiating standard GSIs vs. novel GSI conditions, including contra-flow and quadrant configurations. All GSIs accommodated cross-traffic flows (north, south, east, and west) with four-lane roadways running in each direction through urban environments. The experiment also manipulated driver exposure to lane assignment (LA) signs (present and absent) and decision point (DP) signs with either overhead or right-side mount configurations. Forty-eight (48) licensed drivers participated in the experiment with each driver experiencing each GSI configuration in two trials for a total of six experiment trials for each participant (total of 288 trials). Participants in the experiment were divided into two groups according to age, including young (18-24 yrs.) and middle-aged (25-64 yrs.). The participants were also assigned to unique combinations of LA and DP signs (LA present + DP overhead; LA present + DP right-side mounted; LA absent + DP overhead; LA absent + DP right-side mounted), which remained consistent across GSI configurations for each driver. A high-fidelity and full-motion driving simulator was used in this study. During each trial, a driver was required to maintain posted speed limits and to achieve a pre-identified destination (“Garden St. North), as posted on the LA and DP signs. At specific stopping points in each test trial, driver SA was assessed using the Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique (SAGAT). The simulation scenario was frozen and drivers were posed with multiple queries addressing perception, comprehension, and projection of roadway conditions, vehicle and traffic states, and routes. Qualtrics survey software was used to present questions in an electronic format (using driver mobile devices) with all being randomly selected from a large pool of questions on the driving environment. Driver responses to queries were graded based on recordings of ground-truth simulator settings. That SAGAT output as a percentage of correct responses to all queries delivered at a simulation freeze with range [0,1]. Driver cognitive workload was assessed using the NASA Task Load index. The purpose of using this index was to determine the cognitive load imposed on drivers by the signage conditions in negotiating the various types of GSIs. At the beginning of the experiment, participants ranked the importance of six workload demand components, including mental, physical, temporal, performance, effort, and frustration for the driving task. At the end of each test trial, participants rated their perceived mental workload, according to the various demand components on a 100-point scale. The NASA TLX was calculated as the rank-weighted sum of the demand ratings scaled from 0 to 100 points. The results revealed driver SA and workload to significantly differ among GSIs. The standard and contra-flow GSIs were not different in driver SA but both were superior to the quadrant configuration. There were no significant differences in SA detected for the use (LA) and placement (DP) of signs. Regarding cognitive workload, results corresponded with SA findings, indicating the standard and contra-flow GSIs produced lower cognitive demands for drivers than the quadrant configuration. However, there were no significant differences in cognitive workload detected between the use and placement of signs. No interactions were detected among the GSI configurations and use and placement of signs for both SA and cognitive workload. In addition, correlation analyses were also applied to the SA and workload responses. Results indicated that SA and workload were complimentary in the context of the present experiment and they represent unique methods for assessing human behavior/performance in driving research.On the basis of these results, it was concluded that novel GSI designs influence driver SA and workload responses compared with standard interchanges; however, the presence of LA signs and positioning of DP signs does not appear to positively influence these responses. There is a need for additional empirical driving research to determine what aspects of GSI geometry and other traffic control devices may serve to promote comparable levels of driver SA and workload for new designs as compared to standard interchanges.
Reports on the topic "On-demand urban delivery"
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Shaheen, Susan, Elliot Shaheen, Adam Cohen, Jacquelyn Broader, and Richard Davis. Managing the Curb: Understanding the Impacts of On-Demand Mobility on Public Transit, Micromobility, and Pedestrians. Mineta Transportation Institute, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.1904.
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In recent years, innovative mobility and shifts in travel and consumption behavior are changing how people access and use the curb. Shared mobility—the shared use of a vehicle, bicycle, scooter, or other mode—coupled with outdoor dining, curbside pick-up, and robotic delivery are creating new needs related to the planning, management, and enforcement of curb access. This study examines curb planning and management from several angles, such as safety, social equity, and multimodal connections. This research employs a multi-method approach to identify the changing needs for curb space management and how to meet these needs through new planning and implementation policies and strategies. As part of this study, the authors conducted 23 interviews. Respondents were chosen to represent public, private, and non-profit sector perspectives. Additionally, the authors employed a survey of 1,033 curb users and 241 taxi, transportation network company (TNC), and public transportation drivers. The study finds that changes in mode choice and curbside use can result in a variety of impacts on access, social equity, congestion, device management, pick-up and drop-off, and goods delivery, to name a few. The curb also has the potential to be disrupted by emerging modes, such as robotic delivery vehicles (also known as personal delivery devices) and automated vehicles. As these emerging developments continue to impact the curb, it is becoming increasingly important for policymakers to have an appropriate framework for planning and managing curb space in urban areas.
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Hartle, Jennifer C., Ossama (Sam) A. Elrahman, Cara Wang, Daniel A. Rodriguez, Yue Ding, and Matt McGahan. Assessing Public Health Benefits of Replacing Freight Trucks with Cargo Cycles in Last Leg Delivery Trips in Urban Centers. Mineta Transportation Institute, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.1952.
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Increased urbanization, population growth, and demand for time-sensitive deliveries means increased freight movement in cities, which contributes to emissions, noise, and safety concerns. One innovative mode gaining widespread attention for urban deliveries is cargo cycles—bicycles adapted for freight delivery. Despite the recognized potential and possible success of transporting at least 25% of freight via cycle, research remains limited. This research investigates the potential of cargo cycle delivery for last mile freight in Oakland, California, with a focus on the West Oakland neighborhood. The data collection included interviews, focus groups, vehicle field observation and counts, and traffic simulation modeling. The traffic simulation examined scenarios where businesses converted different percentages of current deliveries to cargo cycles using a transfer hub as the starting point for their cargo cycle delivery. The best-case scenario—where the maximum percentage of deliveries were made with cargo cycle instead of motorized vehicles—resulted in reductions of 2600 vehicle miles traveled (VMT) per day. In that case scenario, the vehicle miles traveled (VMT) reduction is equivalent to a reduction in emissions of PM2.5, PM10, NOx, and reactive organic gas (ROG) of taking about 1000 Class 4 box trucks off the roads of West Oakland per day. In the worst-case scenario, with a significantly smaller percentage of motorized package deliveries converted to cargo cycles, there is a reduction of 160 VMT, equivalent to the removal of approximately 80 Class 4 box trucks off the roads of West Oakland per day. This potential reduction in air pollution and traffic congestion, as well as job creation, would benefit West Oakland residents.
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Muhoza, Cassilde, Wikman Anna, and Rocio Diaz-Chavez. Mainstreaming gender in urban public transport: lessons from Nairobi, Kampala and Dar es Salaam. Stockholm Environment Institute, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2021.006.
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The urban population of Africa, the fastest urbanizing continent, has increased from 19% to 39% in the past 50 years, and the number of urban dwellers is projected to reach 770 million by 2030. However, while rapid urbanization has increased mobility and created a subsequent growth in demand for public transport in cities, this has not been met by the provision of adequate and sustainable infrastructure and services. The majority of low-income residents and the urban poor still lack access to adequate transport services and rely on non-motorized and public transport, which is often informal and characterized by poor service delivery. Lack of access to transport services limits access to opportunities that aren’t in the proximity of residential areas, such as education, healthcare, and employment. The urban public transport sector not only faces the challenge of poor service provision, but also of gender inequality. Research shows that, in the existing urban transport systems, there are significant differences in the travel patterns of and modes of transport used by women and men, and that these differences are associated with their roles and responsibilities in society. Moreover, the differences in travel patterns are characterized by unequal access to transport facilities and services. Women are generally underrepresented in the sector, in both its operation and decision-making. Women’s mobility needs and patterns are rarely integrated into transport infrastructure design and services and female users are often victims of harassment and assault. As cities rapidly expand, meeting the transport needs of their growing populations while paying attention to gender-differentiated mobility patterns is a prerequisite to achieving sustainability, livability and inclusivity. Gender mainstreaming in urban public transport is therefore a critical issue, but one which is under-researched in East Africa. This research explores gender issues in public transport in East Africa, focusing in particular on women’s inclusion in both public transport systems and transport policy decision-making processes and using case studies from three cities: Nairobi, Kampala and Dar es Salaam.
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Bano, Masooda, and Daniel Dyonisius. The Role of District-Level Political Elites in Education Planning in Indonesia: Evidence from Two Districts. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2022/109.
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Focus on decentralisation as a way to improve service delivery has led to significant research on the processes of education-policy adoption and implementation at the district level. Much of this research has, however, focused on understanding the working of the district education bureaucracies and the impact of increased community participation on holding teachers to account. Despite recognition of the role of political elites in prioritising investment in education, studies examining this, especially at the district-government level, are rare. This paper explores the extent and nature of engagement of political elites in setting the education-reform agenda in two districts in the state of West Java in Indonesia: Karawang (urban district) and Purwakarta (rural district). The paper shows that for a country where the state schooling system faces a serious learning crisis, the district-level political elites do show considerable levels of engagement with education issues: governments in both districts under study allocate higher percentages of the district-government budget to education than mandated by the national legislation. However, the attitude of the political elites towards meeting challenges to the provision of good-quality education appears to be opportunistic and tokenistic: policies prioritised are those that promise immediate visibility and credit-taking, help to consolidate the authority of the bupati (the top political position in the district-government hierarchy), and align with the ruling party’s political positioning or ideology. A desire to appease growing community demand for investment in education rather than a commitment to improving learning outcomes seems to guide the process. Faced with public pressure for increased access to formal employment opportunities, the political elites in the urban district have invested in providing scholarships for secondary-school students to ensure secondary school completion, even though the district-government budget is meant for primary and junior secondary schools. The bupati in the rural district, has, on the other hand, prioritised investment in moral education; such prioritisation is in line with the community's preferences, but it is also opportunistic, as increased respect for tradition also preserves reverence for the post of the bupati—a position which was part of the traditional governance system before being absorbed into the modern democratic framework. The paper thus shows that decentralisation is enabling communities to make political elites recognise that they want the state to prioritise education, but that the response of the political elites remains piecemeal, with no evidence of a serious commitment to pursuing policies aimed at improving learning outcomes. Further, the paper shows that the political culture at the district level reproduces the problems associated with Indonesian democracy at the national level: the need for cross-party alliances to hold political office, and resulting pressure to share the spoils. Thus, based on the evidence from the two districts studied for this paper, we find that given the competitive and clientelist nature of political settlements in Indonesia, even the district level political elite do not seem pressured to prioritise policies aimed at improving learning outcomes.