Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'OMP'

Outer membrane proteins (OMPs) mediate the survival and pathogenicity of Gram negative bacteria. The biogenesis of these proteins, however, presents problems as they must be transported to, inserted and folded correctly in the outer membrane in the absence of ATP. This problem is resolved by the β-barrel assembly machinery (BAM) complex: a ~203 kDa complex of five proteins (BamA-E) that enables the membrane insertion and folding of substrate OMPs on a physiological timescale. Despite available crystal structures, the mechanism of this vital protein complex remains poorly understood. In this thesis I use a variety of structural and biochemical tools to probe the nature of BAM-assisted OMP folding, particularly the role of BamA dynamics. Successful purification of the intact BAM complex in the detergent DDM allowed the first cryo-electron microscopy structure of the complex to be obtained, at a resolution of 4.9 Å. This reveals the intact BAM complex with BamA in a laterally-open conformation in which the first (β1) and last (β16) strands of the barrel are no longer hydrogen bonded. In addition, biochemical assays provide the first in vitro evidence of the functional importance of BamA lateral gating in OMP folding. These assays demonstrate that in a reconstituted system utilising the BAM complex, inhibiting the lateral gating of BamA by incorporating new disulphide bonds diminishes the ability of BAM to assist substrate folding. This is shown with two different OMP substrates, tOmpA (the β-barrel domain of OmpA) and OmpT. In synthetic lipids, however, the presence of prefolded BamA is sufficient to aid substrate folding and inhibition of lateral gating by disulphide bonding in this case does not diminish the catalytic effect. The results indicate that BamA likely adopts different roles depending on substrate and lipid. Furthermore, this thesis discusses preliminary experiments towards determining the significance of the β-signal: a conserved sequence found towards the C-terminus of OMPs hypothesised to be important for recognition by BamA. The results show that while some mutations may slow the protein's intrinsic folding into the membrane they do not affect the apparent BamA-catalysed folding rate. However, other single amino-acid substitutions appear to incur a large energetic penalty, rendering the protein incapable of adopting its stable β-barrel structure. Combined, the data allow us to begin dissecting the mechanism of BAM-assisted folding of OMPs, particularly the role of BamA in passive membrane destabilization or active lateral opening.

Master of Science
Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology
Roman Reddy R. Ganta
Ehrlichia chaffeensis, a Gram-negative organism belonging to the order Rickettsiales, is responsible for an emerging infectious disease in humans, the human monocytic ehrlichiosis. E. chaffeensis also infects several other vertebrate hosts including dogs, goats, coyotes and white tailed deers. This organism is transmitted by an infected tick, Amblyomma americanum. The exact pathogenic mechanisms involved for the persistence of the pathogen in vertebrate hosts are still unclear. E. chaffeensis protein expression varies significantly in vertebrate and tick hosts. Differentially expressed proteins include the immunodominant outer membrane proteins encoded by the p28-Omp multigene locus. The p28-Omp 14 is expressed primarily in tick cells and the p28-Omp 19 is the major expressed protein in macrophages both under in vitro and in vivo conditions. The objective of this study is to prepare recombinant proteins and use them to assess the secondary structures and protein functions. The protein sequences were analyzed with the aid of bioinformatics programs to make structural predictions. The analysis suggested the presence of eight β barrel structures for both the p28-Omp proteins. The coding sequence of the p28-Omp genes were cloned and over expressions of proteins in in E. coli was accomplished by using the plasmid expression construct, pET28. The proteins were purified to near homogeneity and used to refold using detergents to mimic native protein structure in the bacterial outer membrane. Refolding of proteins was analyzed by two methods; SDS-PAGE and Circular Dichroism. The Circular dichroism spectroscopy analysis suggested the formation of β-sheet structures of proteins in micelles formed with the detergents. β-sheet structures may have been formed with the hydrophobic domains of the protein imbedded in the micelles. The hydrophilic segments (predicted by bio informatics analysis) may be exposed to the aqueous phase. The recombinant proteins were also iii used to prepare proteoliposomes and tested for the porin activity. The analysis demonstrated the porin activity for both p28-Omp 14 and 19 recombinant proteins by using mono-, di- and tetra- saccharides as well as for amino acid L-glutamine. This study forms the basis for initiating studies to compare the structural difference between the two differentially expressed proteins of E. chaffeensis.

Les mandats incluant la protection de populations civiles font-ils naître des obligations dont la violation serait susceptible de générer une responsabilité internationale ?Les OMP dotées de ce type de mandat dit « robuste » doivent-elles respecter les règles du jus ad bellum et du jus in bello durant l’exécution de leur mandat ?À quelle entité internationale, Nations Unies et/ou États fournisseurs, faut-il attribuer la responsabilité en cas de violation du mandat (défaut d'accomplissement du mandat et/ou de dépassement de celui-ci) ou des obligations internationales de la part des OMP dotées de mandat « robuste » étant donné qu’elles sont formées de contingents militaires dépendant, au plan fonctionnel, des Nations Unies et, au plan hiérarchique, des pays d’appartenance ?Dans la présente thèse, après avoir analysé le fondement juridique, les caractéristiques et la structure de commandement des opérations de maintien de la paix ainsi que l’évolution historique du mandat quant à la protection de la population civile, nous avons tenté de répondre à ces questions en démontrant que, même si la protection des civils en danger est une marque distinctive des OMP dotées d’un mandat robuste et, donc, une des conditions légitimant l’emploi de la force, l’usage de la force doit être considérée comme une option laissée au pouvoir discrétionnaire des opérations de maintien de la paix qui, normalement, préfèrent adopter des mesures de prévention et d’atténuation pour protéger la population civile.En cas d’intervention, les OMP doivent respecter les principes de nécessité et proportionnalité de la légitime défense (jus ad bellum) auxquels s’ajoutent les obligations découlant des normes pour la protection des droits de l’homme et des principes du droit international humanitaire lorsque les Forces des Nations Unies « participent activement à des combats » (jus in bello). À la lumière de ces considérations, on démontrera l’illégitimité, au plan du jus ad bellum et du jus in bello, de l’opération militaire de l’ONUCI qui, le 11 avril 2011, en Côte d’Ivoire a conduit à l’arrestation du président Laurent Gbagbo. Elle constitue un cas d’étude intéressant, puisqu’il s’agit d’un épisode exceptionnel qui n’a pas d’équivalent dans d’autres opérations conduites par les OMP dotées de mandat « robuste ».Enfin, compte tenu de la double dépendance des contingents militaires, qui relèvent fonctionnellement de la chaîne de commandement des Nations Unies et hiérarchiquement de l’État d’envoi, et vu les pouvoirs dont ces entités disposent sur ces forces et l’influence qu’elles exercent sur les processus de décision de leurs contingents, on démontrera que la responsabilité pour fait illicite commis par une OMP dotée de mandat robuste pourra être attribuée, selon le cas, aux Nations Unies, aux États fournisseurs ou bien à ces deux entités conjointement.
Doctorat en Sciences juridiques
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Pseudomonas aeruginosa displays high levels of tolerance and resistance to many antimicrobial agents. Much of this tolerance is related to the nature of the Gram-negative cell envelope and in particular, the outer membrane. The outer membrane plays an important role in excluding harmful molecules from the cell, whilst being selectively permeable to other solutes via its implanted proteins (outer membrane proteins or OMPs). In order to exert their antibacterial action, antimicrobial agents must enter the cell and attain sufficiently high concentrations at their target site(s). The OMPs are highly sensitive to environmental changes and have a physiological ability to respond to such changes. It is thought that the altered cell envelope structure contributes to the accessibility of antimicrobial agents into the cell interior and resistance to such agents is related to over expression or loss of certain OMPs. Brozel and Cloete (1994) observed a gradual increase in tolerance to increasing concentrations of biocide upon exposure of P. aeruginosa to KathonTM, a commercial biocide containing 1.15% v/v 5-chloro-N-methylisothiazolone (CMIT) and 0.35% v/v N-methylisothiazolone (MIT). This adaptation was associated with the concurrent disappearance of a 35kDa OMP, designated T-OMP. Therefore, they concluded that the biocide entered the sensitive cells via the T-OMP and that the observed resistance was the result of the absence of this OMP. The aim of this investigation was to induce tolerance in cultures of P. aeruginosa PAOl towards the pure active forms of the three isothiazolone biocides 1,2-benzisothiazolone (BIT), MIT, CMIT and the thiol-interactive agent thiomersal (used as a positive control). An increase was observed in the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of all four biocides by at least 58% between the sensitive and resistant cultures. In some cases the percentage increase in MIC was in excess of 150%. However, when the tolerant cells were removed from the presence of the biocide, the MIC began to decrease, indicating a loss in tolerance. Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDSPAGE) analysis of the OMP profiles from the tolerant-induced cultures illustrated the loss of T-OMP in all cases. Analysis of the sensitive and resistant cultures using twodimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) indicated that the T-OMP disappeared in the tolerant cultures. However, these observations also suggested that other outer membrane alterations occur concurrently in T-OMP depleted tolerant cells. Investigations into the cross-resistance of the resistant cultures towards the other test biocides, indicated that resistance was, to some extent, transferable, once it had been developed towards one member of the biocide group. Following routine passaging of the resistant cultures on gradient plates two distinct colonial morphologies were observed, mucoid and non-mucoid. An increase in the cell surface hydrophobicity was noted between the mucoid and non-mucoid cultures, which indicated a loss or reduction in the B-band OPolysaccharide. However, there were no observable differences in the lipopolysaccharide banding patterns between the mucoid and non-mucoid cells. These observations suggested that other alterations were occurring in the tolerant cells upon exposure to biocide, over and above the simple disappearance of T-OMP. Therefore, it is suggested that the observed tolerant development in biocide exposed cells, was not solely due to the loss of T-OMP. Investigations into Gram-negative bacteria isolated from contaminated industrial samples preserved with isothiazolone compounds exhibited higher MICs towards the preservative biocides than would normally be expected in the species of bacteria isolated and identified. However, there were no observable alterations in their OMP profiles.

This thesis reports the characterisation of a novel outer membrane protein (OMP) from M. catarrhalis, designated M35, with a molecular mass of 36.1 kDa. This protein is structurally homologous to classic Gram-negative porins, such as OMP C from E. coli and OMP K36 from K. pneumoniae, with a predicted structure of 8 surface loops connecting 16 antiparallel -sheets. Comparison of the DNA sequences of the M35 genes from 18 diverse clinical isolates showed that the gene was highly conserved (99.6-100 % of nucleotides) with only one isolate (ID78LN266) having base variations that resulted in amino acid substitutions. A single amino acid mutation in the 3rd external loop of M35 in isolate ID78LN266 significantly affected antibody recognition, indicating that loop 3 contains an immunodominant B-cell epitope. The reduction in antibody-binding to M35 from ID78LN266 was similar to that caused by complete removal of loop 3. Since loop 3 folds into the porin channel in the classic structure, the antibody specificity to loop 3 was hypothesised to be a potential mechanism for evasion of host immune responses targeted to M35, potentially explaining the high degree of conservation across isolates. A series of recombinant proteins were constructed to analyse the binding to M35 of antibodies specificity for loop 3 or the remainder of the protein. It was found that loop 3- specific antibodies were not able to bind to M35 on the surface of M. catarrhalis and that this corresponds both with a lack of ability to enhance opsonophagocytosis in vitro and bacterial clearance in vivo. Additionally, antibodies raised against a version of M35 lacking loop 3 and M35 from the variant isolate ID78LN266 were both no less effective than the full consensus M35 by both these measures. It therefore appears that while the majority of antibodies raised against M35 are specific for loop 3 these antibodies do not mediate anti-M. catarrhalis actions. Two deletion mutant strains of M. catarrhalis that do not contain the outer membrane protein M35 were created by insertional inactivation of the M35 gene. Growth comparisons between these mutant strains and their wildtype parent strains initially led to the hypothesis that M35 is necessary for efficient glutamic acid uptake by M. catarrhalis, however this hypothesis was later shown to be incorrect. Efficient uptake of glutamic acid seemed to be mediated by a novel 40 kDa protein that was up-regulated in the deletion mutant strains, presumably to compensate for the lack of M35. M35 was also found to be essential for in vivo survival of M. catarrhalis in the nasal cavities of mice, indicating that it is an essential functional protein for colonisation of the mucosal surface.

This report is a master thesis, written by an engineering physics and electrical engineering student at Luleå University of Technology.The desires of this project was to remove dislocations from wrapped phase maps using sparse reconstructive methods. Dislocations is an error that can appear in phase maps due to improper filtering or inadequate sampling. Dislocations makes it impossible to correctly unwrap the phasemap.The report contains a mathematical description of a sparse reconstructive method. The sparse reconstructive method is based on KSVDbox which was created by R. Rubinstein and is free for download and use. The KSVDbox is a MATLAB implementation of a dictionary learning algorithm called K-SVD with Orthogonal Matching Pursuit and a sparse reconstructive algorithm. A guide for adapting the toolbox for inpainting is included, with a couple of examples on natural images which supports the suggested adaptation. For experimental purposes a set of simulated wrapped phase maps with and without disloca-tions were created. These simulated phase maps are based on work by P. Picart. The MATLAB implementation that was used to generate these test images can be found in the appendix of this report such that they can easily be generated by anyone who has the interest to do so. Finally the report leads to an outline of five different experiments that was designed to test the KSVDbox for the processing of dislocations. Each one of these experiments uses a different dictionary. These experiments are due to inpainting with, 1. A dictionary based on Discrete Cosine Transform. 2. An adaptive dictionary, where the dictionary learning algorithm has been shown what thearea in the phase map that was damaged by dislocations should look like. 3. An adaptive dictionary, where the dictionary learning algorithm has been allowed to trainon the phase map that with damages. This is done such that areas with dislocations areignored. 4. An adaptive dictionary, where training is done on a separate image that has been designedto contain general phase patterns. 5. An adaptive dictionary, that results from concatenating the dictionaries used in experiment 3 and 4. The first three experiments are complimented with experiments done on a natural image for comparison purposes.The results show that sparse reconstructive methods, when using the scheme used in this work, is unsuitable for processing of dislocations in phase maps. This is most likely because the reconstructive method has difficulties in acquiring a high contrast reconstruction and there is nothing in the algorithm that causes the inpainting from any direction to match with the inpainting from other directions.

With the tremendous growth in the mobile data traffic, the demand for highdata rate is increasing rapidly, and higher frequency resources shall be exploredto alleviate the congestion in the overcrowded spectrum, thus, the millimeterwave (mmWave) frequency resource ranging from 30 GHz to 300 GHz has beenrecognized as a nature fit for the fifth-generation (5G) and beyond network. Tocompensate the severe path-loss in the mmWave band as well to realize theefficient transmissions by applying the low-cost architecture, it is of intereststo investigate the beamforming schemes with large-scale antenna arrays andthe full-duplex (FD) relaying strategy, which are indispensable in the operationof directional signal transmission and the efficient spectrum utilization inthe mmWave transmission, respectively. However, the self-interference (SI)occurring between the separate antenna arrays is the main impediment inrealizing a FD wireless node while considering the simultaneous transmission andreception.This thesis project aims to design efficient hybrid beamforming algorithms toimprove spectral efficiency and eliminate SI. The orthogonal matching pursuit(OMP)-based hybrid analog-digital beamforming design, and the alternatingdirection method of multipliers (ADMM)-based schemes are explored to improvethe spectral efficiency and eliminate the SI in this work. Moreover, a fast ADMMenabledhybrid precoding approach with SI cancellation is proposed to achievethe efficient performance and superior convergence compared with the existingschemes, as it is verified by the presented numerical simulations.
Med den enorma tillväxten i den mobila datatrafiken ökar efterfrågan påhög datahastighet snabbt, och högre frekvensresurser ska undersökas för attminska trängseln i det överbefolkade spektrumet, vilket innebär att Volymvågens(mmwave) frekvensresurs, som sträcker sig från 30 GHz till 300 GHz, har erkäntssom en naturlig resurs för den femte generationen (5G) och utanför nätverket.För att kompensera den allvarliga förlusten av tågläge i mmwave-bandet ochför att förverkliga de effektiva sändningarna genom att tillämpa den billigaarkitekturen.Det är av intresse att undersöka strålformningsprogrammen medstorskaliga antennmatriser och strategin för återutläggning av hela duplex (FD),som är oumbärliga för att driva den direkta signal överföringen och det effektivaspektrumutnyttjandet i mmwave-transmissionen.separata antennmatriser är etthuvudhinder för att förverkliga en trådlös nod från FD samtidigt som manöverväger samtidig överföring och mottagning.Syftet med detta avhandlingsprojekt är att utforma effektiva kombineradestrålformningsinformationsalgoritmer för att förbättra spektraleffektiviteten ocheliminera SI. Den ortogonala matchande jakten (OMP)-baserad hybrid analogdigitalstrålformning, och metoden med alternerande riktning för multiplikatorer(ADMM)-baserade system utforskas för att förbättra spektraleffektiviteten ochelimineraSI i det här arbetet. Dessutom föreslås en snabb, adMM-aktiveradhybrid förkonditionering med SI-annullering för att uppnå effektiv prestandaoch överlägset konvergens jämfört med de befintliga systemen, eftersom denkontrolleras av de presenterade numeriska simuleringarna.

IntroduÃÃo: Os estados reacionais da hansenÃase, classificados como tipo 1 (reaÃÃo reversa - RR) e tipo 2 (Eritema Nodoso HansÃnico â ENH) e neurite isolada, levam ao risco potencial de desenvolver incapacidades e deformidades antes, durante o tratamento e apÃs a alta. Necessitam diagnÃstico precoce e tratamento adequado. Este estudo justifica-se pela escassez de estudos sobre ocorrÃncia, seguimento e fatores associados aos episÃdios reacionais apÃs a alta do tratamento especÃfico, bem como o desconhecimento dos problemas enfrentados do diagnÃstico, ao manejo terapÃutico, sob a perspectiva das pessoas com reaÃÃes hansÃnicas. MÃtodos: estudo transversal, a partir da populaÃÃo alvo identificada, consistindo de avaliaÃÃo neurolÃgica simplificada, exame dermato-neurolÃgico e entrevista individual (Projeto MAPATOPI). Foram incluÃdos cinco municÃpios em Ãreas do cluster: AraguaÃna (TO), Floriano (PI), Bacabal e Caxias (MA) e Marabà (PA). A populaÃÃo alvo consistiu de todos os indivÃduos que apresentaram reaÃÃes hansÃnicas, em pÃs-alta do tratamento poliquimioterÃpico, residentes e acompanhados nos serviÃos de saÃde no perÃodo de 2007 a 2009, independente da data de inicio de tratamento. Utilizou-se a comparaÃÃo do escore OMP (olho-mÃo-pÃ) ou EHF (Eyes-Hand-Foot) do diagnÃstico com o atual. Outro desfecho binÃrio utilizado foi analisar a presenÃa de incapacidade 0-1 no escore OMP atual. Na anÃlise binÃria utilizou-se o teste chi quadrado de Pearson. Naquelas associaÃÃes onde o valor esperado era menor que cinco utilizou-se o teste exato de Fischer. Resultados: foram incluÃdos 280 pacientes. 190 (67,9%) eram do sexo masculino. A idade mÃnima de 8 a 85 anos, com media de 46,5 anos. Seis eram menores de 15 anos e cinco entre 15 e 17 anos. A renda mÃdia por mÃs foi de R$ 1077,00 com valores entre R$ 60,00 e R$ 6.000,00 reais. Mais de noventa por cento residia na zona urbana. Quanto à escolaridade 53 (18,9%) eram analfabetos e 53,6% tinham o primeiro grau incompleto. No total 45 (16,1%) foram classificados como PB e 232 (83,7%) foram classificados como MB. A forma clÃnica predominante foi a dimorfa com 115(41,1%), seguida da virchowiana 82 (29,6%). A reaÃÃo tipo 1 estava presente em 104 (37,1%), tipo 2 (18,6%), a neurite isolada (13,9%). A neurite associada foi encontrada em 51,9% dos pacientes com tipo 2. A quantidade de episÃdios reacionais variou de um atà seis episÃdios. Um episÃdio foi desenvolvido por 215 (77,3%). O primeiro episÃdio ocorreu durante o tratamento para 121 (43,2%), seguido, em frequÃncia de ocorrÃncia, em pacientes pÃs-alta. O escore OMP (EHF) no diagnÃstico variou de 0 a 11 e na avaliaÃÃo atual, de 0 a 10, com maior distribuiÃÃo no intervalo entre 1 a 4. Quanto à piora do escore OMP 88/198 (44,4%) pioraram. Entre as variÃveis sÃcio-demogrÃficas, o risco de piora foi associado a: ser analfabeto (RP= 1, 64; IC de 95% 1,21 â 2,21; p=0,003), viÃvo (RP= 1,98; IC de 95% 1,20 â 3,96, p=0,013). E como fator de proteÃÃo ter segundo grau de escolaridade (RP= 0,4; IC de 95% 0,23 â 0,71 p=0,000). Quanto à piora do OMP associada a variÃveis clÃnicas, a forma clÃnica dimorfa (RP= 3,71; IC de 95% 1,00 â 13,70; p=0,009), ter reaÃÃo durante a PQT (RP= 1, 70; IC de 95% 1,13 â 2,54 P=0,004), ter algum nervo espessado ((RP= 1, 78; IC de 95% 1,30 â 3,08; p=0,024). Quanto ao percurso atà o diagnÃstico, a autopercepÃÃo foi encontrada em 240 (85,8%), entre os sinais e sintomas 176 (62,9%) buscaram os serviÃos por dermatoses em geral. Na busca do diagnÃstico, a atenÃÃo primÃria foi a primeira entrada para 95 (34%) na rede de assistÃncia. As principais manifestaÃÃes de reaÃÃes citadas foram sinais dermatolÃgicos 115 (42%) e neurolÃgicos 97 (35,4%). No total, 206/280 (73,5%) responderam que a hanseniase trouxe mudanÃas, problemas e transtornos para a sua vida. Dentre as mudanÃas intrapessoais, as alteraÃÃes fÃsicas tiveram papel importante para 129 (62,6%) participantes. Essas alteraÃÃes levaram a limitaÃÃes do seu desempenho no trabalho e renda, seguindo do comprometimento das atividades de vida diÃria. ConclusÃes: EpisÃdios reacionais agravam o comprometimento fÃsico, psico-social de participaÃÃo social e comprometem o trabalho e a realizaÃÃo das atividades de vida diÃria. à necessÃrio foco na qualidade de vida dos indivÃduos no pÃs-alta, principalmente entre aqueles com incapacidades fÃsicas instaladas. O escore OMP à um importante instrumento para detectar a progressÃo das incapacidades fÃsicas e deve ser utilizado no diagnÃstico, alta e durante os episÃdios reacionais em todos os pacientes. Os serviÃos de atenÃÃo primÃria e secundÃria dos municÃpios envolvidos necessitam melhorar o acompanhamento aos indivÃduos no perÃodo pÃs-alta, nÃo apenas para aqueles indivÃduos com incapacidades jà instaladas (grau um e dois), mas tambÃm naqueles que nÃo apresentaram incapacidades no momento da alta. EvidÃncias apontaram a necessidade do empoderamento das pessoas afetadas pela hansenÃase em lidar eficazmente com os sinais e sintomas de reaÃÃes apÃs a PQT. Sugere-se instituir um sistema de monitoramento e vigilÃncia dos estados reacionais por um perÃodo mÃnimo de seis meses atà cinco anos apÃs a alta, considerando a existÃncia de grupos de pacientes onde o comprometimento neurolÃgico ocorre lenta e silenciosamente, com possibilidade de danos nÃo sà fÃsicos, mas psicossociais.
Introduction: Leprosy reactions are classified as type 1 (reversal reaction - RR), type 2 (Erythema Nodosum Leprosum - ENL) and pure neuritis. These lead to a potential risk of developing disabilities and deformities before and during anti-leprosy treatment as well as after release from treatment (RFT). Reactions must be diagnosed early and treated effectively. This research is justified by the scarcity of studies on the occurrence of reactions, monitoring practices of patients and factors associated with reaction episodes after RFT. We know little about existing diagnostic problems, about case management from the perspective of the affected persons with reactions.Methods: Transversal study design, consisting of a simplified neurological examination, a dermato-neurological examination and interviews of the defined target group. Five municipalities were included in the cluster areas: Araguaina (Tocantins), Floriano (PiauÃ), Bacabal and Caxias (MaranhÃo) and Marabà (ParÃ). The target population consisted of all resident individuals with leprosy reactions after being released from multidrug therapy, who presented themselves to the health services in the period 2007 to 2009, regardless of the date of start of treatment. We compared the EHF (eye-hand-foot) scores at diagnosis and during the respondentsâ examinations. In another analysis we compared the presence of disability scores (0-1) to the current EHF scores. In the analysis we used the Chi square test and for those associations where the expected value was less than 5 we used Fischerâs exact test. Results: A total of 280 patients were included in the study. Of those, 190 (67.9%) were male. The ages ranged from 8 to 85 years, with a mean of 46.5 years. Six patients were under 15 years and five aged between 15 and 17 years. The average monthly income of the respondents was R$ 1,077.00 (around â400) with values between R$ 60 (â22) and R$ 6,000 (â2200). More than ninety per cent lived in urban areas. As for education, 53 persons (18.9%) were illiterate and 53.6% had an incomplete primary education. In total 45 patients (16.1%) were classified as PB and 232 (83.7%) were classified as MB. The predominant clinical form (Madrid classification) was dimorphous in 115 (41.1%) cases, followed by 82 lepromatous forms (29.6%). Type 1 reaction was present in 104 patients (37.1%), type 2 reactions in 18.6% of cases and pure neuritis in 13.9%. An associated neuritis was found in 51.9% of patients with type 2 reactions. The frequency of reaction episodes ranged from one to six. One episode only was developed by 215 patients (77.3%). The first episode occurred during anti-leprosy treatment for 121 patients (43.2%), followed in frequency of occurrence by patients after RFT. The EHF score at the time of diagnosis ranged from 0 to 11. At the time of the examination the EHF score range was 0-10, with a predominance of scores between 1 and 4. In 88 out of 198 patients (44.4%) their scores worsened. The risk of worsening was associated with the following socio-demographic variables: being illiterate (PR = 1.64, 95% CI: 1.21 - 2.21, p = 0.003), being widower (PR = 1.98, 95% CI: 1.20 - 3.96, p = 0.013). A protective factor was found: having completed secondary school education (PR = 0.4, 95% CI: 0.23 - 0.71 p = 0.000). Worsening of the EHF scores was associated with borderline leprosy (PR = 3.71, 95% CI: 1.00 - 13.70, p = 0.009), having had a reaction during MDT (PR = 1, 70; 95% CI 1.13 to 2.54 P = 0.004), and the presence of a thickened nerve (PR = 1, 78, 95% CI: 1.30 - 3.08 p = 0.024). In the patientsâ health seeking behaviour towards diagnosis, self-perception of symptoms was reported by 240 respondents (85.8%). Dermatological symptoms were the main complaint, in 176 (62.9%) cases. Primary health care services were the first point of entry for 95 patients (34%). The main reaction symptoms mentioned were of dermatological nature, in 115 (42%) cases Neurological complaints were mentioned by 97 (35.4%) respondents. In total, 206 out of the 280 patients (73, 5%) responded that leprosy brought about changes, problems and troubles in their lives. Among the intrapersonal changes, physical changes played an important role for 129 (62.6%) participants. These changes led to limitations in work performance and income, as well as causing restrictions in activities of daily living. Conclusions: Episodes of reactions worsen physical and psycho-social impairments, reduce social participation, cause problems at work and hamper activities of daily living. It is necessary to focus on the quality of life of individuals after RFT, especially among those with already established physical disabilities. The EHF score is an important tool to detect the progression of physical disability. The tool should be used in the diagnostic procedure, at the time of RFT and during reactions for all patients. Primary health care services and reference centres in the municipalities involved need to improve monitoring persons after RFT. Improved monitoring is needed not just in those patients with existing disabilities (DG1 and DG2), but also for those without disability present at discharge. Evidence indicates the need for empowerment of people affected by leprosy to deal effectively with the signs and symptoms of reaction after MDT. It is suggested to establish a system for monitoring and surveillance of reactions for a period of minimally six months up to five years after RFT. This surveillance is especially important considering that patients may develop neurological impairment gradually and without presenting symptoms, with the subsequent possibility of physical and psycho-social harm.

This diploma thesis discusses methods of dictionary learning to inpaint missing sections in the audio signal. There was theoretically analyzed and practically used algorithms K-SVD and INK-SVD for dictionary learning. These dictionaries have been applied to the reconstruction of audio signals using OMP (Orthogonal Matching Pursuit). Furthermore, there was proposed an algorithm for selecting the stationary segments and their subsequent use as training data for K-SVD and INK-SVD. In the practical part of thesis have been observed efficiency with training set selection from whole signal compared with algorithm for stationary segmentation used. The influence of mutual coherence on the quality of reconstruction with incoherent dictionary was also studied. With created scripts for multiple testing in Matlab, there was performed comparison of these methods on genre distinct songs.

La brucellose est une maladie qui se transmet de l’animal à l’homme. Elle est causée par la bactérie Brucella. Lors de ma thèse, j’ai montré que Brucella persiste dans les cellules de la moelle osseuse des animaux infectés. Ces observations sont très importantes car la moelle est un organe responsable de la génération des cellules du système immunitaires et c’est la principale niche des cellules souches hématopoïétiques. Au cours de ma thèse, j'ai montré que la protéine de la membrane externe 25 de Brucella (Omp25) est capable de lier au récepteur SLAMF1, une molécule exprimée par les cellules souches hématopoïétiques. Cette interaction conduit à la génération d'un plus grand nombre de cellules myéloïdes par les cellules souches hématopoïétiques. Les cellules myéloïdes sont la niche préférée de Brucella. Ainsi, cette stratégie permet à la bactérie d'envahir l’hôte et d'établir une infection chronique de longue durée. SLAMF 1 apparaît comme une nouvelle cible thérapeutique pour le contrôle des maladies infectieuses chroniques, ce qui représenterait une avancée importante dans la génération de nouveaux médicaments
Brucellosis is a disease that is transmitted from animals to humans. It is caused by the pathogenic bacterium Brucella. During my thesis, I showed that Brucella persists in the bone marrow cells of infected animals. These observations are very important because the bone marrow is an organ of the immune system responsible for the generation of the immune cells, as it is the principal niche of hematopoietic stem cells. During my thesis, I showed that Brucella outer membrane 25 (Omp25) is able to bind SLAMF1, a hematopoietic stem cell molecule. This interaction leads to the production of more myeloid cells by the hematopoietic stem cell. Myeloid cells are the favorite niche of Brucella. Thus, this strategy allows the bacteria to invade the host and establish a long lasting chronic infection. SLAMF 1 appears as a new therapeutic target for controlling chronic infectious diseases, which would represent an important advance in the generation of new drugs

The asymmetric outer membrane (OM) of a Gram-negative bacterium has many proteins embedded as β-barrel structures in it called outer membrane proteins (OMPs). The majority of these OMPs (porins) form non-selective channels across the OM to allow passive uptake of substrates. The treatment for infections caused by such bacteria mostly involves the administration of drugs/antibiotics, for which these porins play a very crucial role by providing an efficient (although not yet fully understood) route through their channel. The goal of this study is to study small-molecule permeation through the major porins, OmpU and OmpT, of Vibrio cholerae (the causative agent of cholera) for potential use of these proteins as the target for designing antibiotics or vaccines. Towards this project, we have succeeded in solving the 3D X-ray crystal structures of OmpU and OmpT as well as the structures of the major porins from Klebsiella pneumoniae (OmpK36) and Enterobacter cloacae (OmpE36, OmpE35). The proteins (OmpU/T, OmpE35/E36 and OmpK36) show the typical arrangement of porins with three β-barrel monomers arranged into a trimer. Each monomer displays 16 antiparallel β-strands forming the hollow β-barrel formed by 8 long extracellular loops and 8 short periplasmic turns. The latching loop L2 stabilises the trimer while loop L3 departs from the β-barrel fold and constricts the pore half-way through the channel. An unusual feature is observed in the channels of OmpU and OmpT that distinguishes them from other typical porins. In OmpU, the first 10 residues of N-terminus insert into the barrel and constrict the pore. In contrast, the structure of OmpT reveals that the extracellular loop L8 folds inwards to constrict the lumen of the channel. Such constriction elements not only reduce the pore sizes of OmpU and OmpT but may also dramatically affect the internal electrostatics of these channels, which is very important for small-molecule permeation. In addition, we also performed single channel electrophysiology experiments with OmpU and OmpT which revealed interesting features with the addition of carbapenems.

Le concept du radar MIMO est prometteur en raison des nombreux avantages qu'il apporte par rapport aux architectures radars actuelles : flexibilité pour la formation de faisceau à l'émission - large illumination de la scène et résolution fine après traitement - et allègement de la complexité des systèmes, via la réduction du nombre d'antennes et la possibilité de transférer des fonctions de contrôle et d'étalonnage du système dans le domaine numérique. Cependant, le radar MIMO reste au stade du concept théorique, avec une prise en compte insuffisante des impacts du manque d'orthogonalité des formes d'onde et des défauts matériels.Ce travail de thèse, dans son ambition de contribuer à ouvrir la voie vers le radar MIMO opérationnel, consiste à anticiper et compenser les défauts du monde réel par des traitements numériques. La première partie traite de l'élaboration des formes d'onde MIMO. Nous montrons que les codes de phase sont optimaux en termes de résolution spatiale. Nous présentons également leurs limites en termes d'apparition de lobes secondaires en sortie de filtre adapté. La seconde partie consiste à accepter les défauts intrinsèques des formes d'onde et proposer des traitements adaptés au modèle de signal permettant d'éliminer les lobes secondaires résiduels induits. Nous développons une extension de l'Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP) qui satisfait les conditions opérationnelles, notamment par sa robustesse aux erreurs de localisation, sa faible complexité calculatoire et la non nécessité de données d'apprentissage. La troisième partie traite de la robustesse des traitements vis-à-vis des écarts au modèle de signal, et particulièrement la prévention et l'anticipation de ces phénomènes afin d'éviter des dégradations de performance. En particulier, nous proposons une méthode numérique d'étalonnage des phases des émetteurs. La dernière partie consiste à mener des expérimentations en conditions réelles avec la plateforme radar MIMO Hycam. Nous montrons que certaines distorsions subies non anticipées, même limitées en sortie de filtre adapté, peuvent impacter fortement les performances en détection des traitements dépendant du modèle de signal
The MIMO radar concept promises numerous advantages compared to today's radar architectures: flexibility for the transmitting beampattern design - including wide scene illumination and fine resolution after processing - and system complexity reduction, through the use of less antennas and the possibility to transfer system control and calibration to the digital domain. However, the MIMO radar is still at the stage of theoretical concept, with insufficient consideration for the impacts of waveforms' lack of orthogonality and system hardware imperfections.The ambition of this thesis is to contribute to paving the way to the operational MIMO radar. In this perspective, this thesis work consists in anticipating and compensating the imperfections of the real world with processing techniques. The first part deals with MIMO waveform design and we show that phase code waveforms are optimal in terms of spatial resolution. We also exhibit their limits in terms of sidelobes appearance at matched filter output. The second part consists in taking on the waveform intrinsic imperfections and proposing data-dependent processing schemes for the rejection of the induced residual sidelobes. We develop an extension for the Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP) that satisfies operational requirements, especially localization error robustness, low computation complexity, and nonnecessity of training data. The third part deals with processing robustness to signal model mismatch, especially how it can be prevented or anticipated to avoid performance degradation. In particular, we propose a digital method of transmitter phase calibration. The last part consists in carrying out experiments in real conditions with the Hycam MIMO radar testbed. We exhibit that some unanticipated encountered distortions, even when limited at the matched filter output, can greatly impact the performance in detection of the data-dependent processing methods

The thesis deals with addition of pixels outside the image. Lists some methods for inpainting using computers and highlights the pitfalls that appear here. Examines methods for interpolation and approximation of functions in order to find the best method for extrapolating the image beyond its borders. Describes the basics of Wavelet transformation and Multiresolution analysis and briefly discusses about spatial filtering, edge detection and the algorithm OMP, falling within the sparse representation of signals. Theoretical knowledge of these areas are used in the design of several methods for adding pixels outside the image. PSNR and SSIM are used to compare achieved results. Also discussed is the development environment of MATLAB as a tool for the implementation of algorithms that practically solves the given problem.

This thesis is focused on object tracking by a decentralized sensor network using fusion center-based and consensus-based distributed particle filters. The model includes clutter as well as missed detections of the object. The approach uses sparsity of global likelihood function, which, by means of appropriate sparse approximation and the suitable dictionaty selection can significantly reduce communication requirements in the decentralized sensor network. The master's thesis contains a design of exchange methods of sparse data in the sensor network and a comparison of the proposed methods in terms of accuracy and energy requirements.

Introduction of this thesis is dedicated to the description of basic concepts and algorithms for image processing using sparse representation. Furthermore there is mentioned neural network model called Restricted Boltzmann machine, which is in the practical part of the thesis subject of behaving observation in the task of determining the optimal block size for extrapolation using K-SVD algorithm

Serratia marcescens is a microorganism that constitutes one of the primary causes of nosocomial outbreaks in hospitals. One characteristic of S. marcescens clinical isolates is the high resistance to antimicrobials used in the clinic. Recent reports have attributed antibiotic resistance to altered porin expression. In this study, S. marcescens Db11 isogenic porin mutants were generated using the generalized transducing phage IF3 to move marked target-genes between isogenic strain backgrounds, prior to removal of the antibiotic resistance cassette by Flp-FRT strategy. Mutants for three classical porins were obtained and the effect of ompF and ompC deletion on antimicrobial resistance was evaluated by MIC. The use of this method avoided the incorporation of additional resistance markers and is an alternative strategy to create clean unmarked Serratia mutant strains. The lack of OmpF, but not OmpC, significantly increased MIC values to the β-lactam drugs such as ampicillin and cefoxitin as well as to nitrofurantoin. Genetic deletion of both ompF and ompC did not compromise the integrity of the bacterial cell envelope in optimal growth conditions, suggesting that other outer-membrane porins may function in a compensatory role to facilitate nutrient uptake and cell envelope integrity. S. marcescens is a pathogen of C. elegans and can be used to study host response to bacterial infections. The host model Caenorhabditis elegans was used in this study to investigate if porin deficits affected bacterial virulence. When porin mutants were evaluated in the C. elegans host model, the virulence of the single porin mutant strains increased in comparison to the wild-type. This study demonstrated that mutations of ompF and ompC did not attenuate S. marcescens virulence, but rather demonstrated a hypervirulent phenotype when they were assessed in C. elegans. The absence of OmpF and OmpC porins in S. marcescens appeared to increase the bacterial invasion of C. elegans nematode tissue. Further studies are required to fully investigate the hypervirulent phenotype of these mutant strains. This study reveals that decrease of outer membrane permeability due to porin mutation alters antimicrobial resistance and does not generate virulence attenuation in S. marcescens Db11.
May 2015

This study focused on using magnetic sensors for localization and identification of targets with a wireless sensor network (WSN). A wireless sensor network with MICAz motes was set up utilizing a centralized tree-based system. The MTS310, which is equipped with a 2-axis magnetic sensor was used as the sensor board on MICAz motes. The use of magnetic sensors in wireless sensor networks is a topic that has gained limited attention in comparison to that of other sensors. Research has generally focused on the detection of large ferromagnetic targets (e.g., cars and airplanes). Moreover, the changes in the magnetic field intensity measured by the sensor have been used to obtain simple information, such as target direction or whether or not the target has passed a certain point. This work aims at understanding the sensing limitations of magnetic sensors by considering small-scale targets moving within a 30 cm radius. Four heavy iron bars were used as test targets in this study. Target detection, identification and sequential localization were accomplished using the Minimum Euclidean Distance (MED) method. The results show the accuracy of this method for this job. Different forms of sensor sensing region discretization were considered. Target identification was done on the boundaries of sensing regions. Different gateways were selected as entrance point for identification point and the results of them were compared with each other. An online ILS system was implemented and continuous movements of the ferromagnetic objects were monitored. The undesirable factors which affect the measurements were discussed and techniques to reduce or eliminate faulty measurements are presented. A magnetic sensor orientation detector and set/reset strap have been designed and fabricated. Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP) algorithm was proposed for multiple sensors multiple target case in ILS systems as a future work. This study can then be used to design energy-efficient, intelligent magnetic sensor networks

Flavobacterium est une bactérie Gram négative pathogène de poissons. Par une approche protéomique, nous avons pu identifier certains composants de la membrane externe : des adhésines putatives, des protéines impliquées dans l'acquisition du fer ou dans les systèmes d'efflux, une HtrA homologue et plusieurs molécules de fonctions inconnues. L'analyse de la membrane externe a révélé plusieurs antigènes protéiques majoritaires dont OmpA/P60. La susceptibilité des deux protéines aux traitements in situ des cellules avec de la protéinase K et la mise en évidence d'effets bactériostatiques/bactéricides d'anticorps spécifiques indiquent sans ambiguité l'exposition en surface de ces deux molécules. Des essais de vaccination ont montré que ces deux protéines pouvaient induire un fort taux d'anticorps protecteurs. Ces résultats indiquent qu'OmpA/P60 et OmpH/P18 sont des candidats prometteurs pour le développement de futurs vaccins
Flavobacterium psychrophilum is a Gram negative bacteria responsible for fish infection. We used a proteomic approach to identify some outer membrane components such as putative adhesins, proteins involved in iron acquisition or in efflux systems, a HtrA homologue and some other molecules with unknown function. Several major antigens have been identified in the outer membrane including the two components OmpH/P18 and OmpA/P60. They are surface-exposed since they were completely digested by in situ proteinase K treatment and the two monospecific sera were bacteriostatic/bactericidal. Vaccination trials showed that both proteins can induce a high titter of specific antibodies which are protective. Collectively, these results indicate that these two proteins could be used in future vaccine development as promising candidate antigens

Accurate and timely SO2 and NOx emission inventories are required to simulate and forecast SO2 and NO2 concentrations in the atmosphere. However, bottom-up emission inventories have a time lag of at least one year, as it takes time to collect necessary activity rates and emission factors. This thesis focuses on using satellite data from Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), Ozone Mapper and Profile Suite (OMPS), and Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) to optimize SO2 and NOx emissions through the GEOS-Chem adjoint model. The optimized emission inventories are further applied to improve air quality simulation and forecasts. We firstly integrate OMI SO2 satellite measurements and GEOS-Chem adjoint model simulations to constrain monthly anthropogenic SO2 emissions. The effectiveness of this approach is demonstrated for 14 months over China; resultant posterior emissions not only capture a 20% SO2 emission reduction in Beijing during the 2008 Olympic Games but also improve agreement between modeled and in situ surface measurements. Further analysis reveals that posterior emissions estimates, compared to the prior, lead to significant improvements in forecasting monthly surface and columnar SO2. SO2 and NO2 observations from the newer sensor OMPS are used to optimize SO2 and NOx emissions over China for October 2013 through GEOS-Chem adjoint model. OMPS SO2 and NO2 observations are assimilated separately to optimize corresponding emissions, respectively, and posterior emissions, compared to the prior, yield improvements in simulating columnar SO2 and NO2, which are validated with both OMI and OMPS observations. The posterior emissions from assimilating OMPS SO2 and NO2 simultaneously are within -3% to 15% of separate assimilations for SO2 emissions and ±1% for NOx, and the joint assimilation saves about 50% computational time. Changes of NH3 emissions modify NO2 lifetime, hence affecting posterior NOx emissions in separate assimilations, and having impacts on both posterior SO2 and NOx emissions in joint assimilation. All these assimilation experiments are conducted at coarse (2°×2.5°) spatial resolution to save computational time, but coarse-resolution simulations underestimate hot spots of surface SO2 and NO2. Thus, the posterior coarse-resolution emissions are further efficiently downscaled to fine resolution (0.25°×0.3125°) according to spatial distributions of prior MIX emissions or VIIRS nighttime lights. Posterior fine-resolution simulation and forecasts, validating with in situ surface SO2 and NO2 measurements, improve on the prior ones.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
The work presents the effect of plasma treatment when applied in fibers or carbon/glass posts in the adhesion fiber/resin and posts/cement. This has for objective the modification of the surface of the fibers, as well as the wettability of the posts, seeking the improvement of the adhesion and of the connection fiber/resin in the processing of polymeric composites reinforced with the same ones. 120 posts (Reforpost) were used and 30 meters of fibers of carbon and of glass (Fibrex), of the company Angelus. The samples were divided in three groups of 40 specimens: GROUP I - 20 posts of glass fiber and 20 of carbon without treatment to it shapes, GROUP II -20 posts of glass fiber and 20 of carbon treated to it shapes in the surface and GROUP III - 20 posts of glass fiber and 20 of carbon make with fibers in natura after plasma treatment. The plasma treatment was accomplished with oxygen and with temperature in the camera fixed at 200?C, for one hour of exhibition. The posts and the fibers were characterized before and after the treatment. The wettability was measure by pendent drop method, and interface fiber/resin and posts/cement were observed by optical and electronic microscopy. It was observed that both wettability and texture were increased with plasma treatment
O presente trabalho aborda o tratamento superficial a plasma de pinos e fibras de carbono e de vidro, para uso odontol?gico. Este tem por objetivo a modifica??o da superf?cie das fibras, bem como a superf?cie dos pinos, visando a melhoria da ades?o fibra/resina e pino/cimento. Foram utilizados 120 pinos (Reforpost) e 30 metros de fibras de carbono e de vidro (Fibrex), da empresa Angelus. As amostras foram divididas em tr?s grupos de 40 esp?cimes: GRUPO I - 20 pinos de fibra de vidro e 20 de fibra de carbono sem tratamento em plasma, GRUPO II -20 pinos de fibra de vidro e 20 de carbono tratados a plasma na superf?cie e GRUPO III- 20 pinos de fibra de vidro e 20 de carbono confeccionados a partir do tratamento em plasma da fibra in natura . O tratamento em plasma foi realizado com atmosfera de oxig?nio durante 1 hora. Tanto as fibras como os pinos foram colocados a uma dist?ncia de 7cm, de modo a evitar o aquecimento dos mesmos. A temperatura do catodo foi de 200?C. Os pinos e as fibras foram caracterizados antes e ap?s o tratamento, atrav?s de metalografia, microscopia ?tica e eletr?nica de varredura. Em seguida, foram realizados ensaios de capilaridade das fibras, tor??o e molhabilidade nos pinos. Os resultados mostram que o tratamento empregado modifica a superf?cie das fibras, aumenta a molhabilidade dos pinos, modifica a textura superficial de ambos quando em compara??o com as amostras sem tratamento, como tamb?m demonstra um aumento da ades?o das interfaces fibra/matriz e pino/cimento resinoso

The master's thesis deals with target tracking. For this a decentralized sensor network using distributed particle filter with likelihood consensus is used. This consensus is based on a sparse representation of local likelihood function in a suitable chosen dictionary. In this thesis two dictionaries are compared: the widely used Fourier dictionary and our proposed B-splines. At the same time, thanks to the sparsity of distributed data, it is possible to implement compressed sensing method. The results are compared in terms of tracking error and communication costs. The thesis also contains scripts and functions in MATLAB.

Alors que le renseignement et l’ONU apparaissent encore comme un oxymore du fait d’une vieille méfiance remontant à la guerre froide et de tentatives clandestines d’instrumentalisation des Nations Unies par ses Etats membres, le renseignement d’intérêt militaire est désormais peu à peu devenu un facteur essentiel d’efficacité opérationnelle des déploiements des Casques bleus. L’analyse de plusieurs cas d’OMP depuis une vingtaine d’années démontre qu’elles sont considérées comme impliquant des missions de renseignement dont l’activité principale est la recherche de l’information par l’observation, en totale conformité avec les principes du maintien de la paix. La multiplication des OMP dans des contextes fortement dégradés et soumis à des menaces asymétriques, rend les OMP dépendantes du renseignement d’intérêt militaire qui est désormais un formidable multiplicateur d’effets et de forces. Ce phénomène induit aussi une augmentation exponentielle des informations recueillies ainsi que la nécessité de mieux les exploiter et les stocker, tant au niveau opératif que stratégique. L’émergence du concept de protection des civils, placé au cœur de chaque mandat d’OMP, rend la détention d’une capacité autonome de renseignement incontournable afin de permettre aux autorités de l’ONU de disposer de l’ensemble des informations pour décider d’agir en toute connaissance de cause. Certes la nature même du renseignement n’est pas compatible avec l’état de multilatéralité car il repose sur une relation de confiance approfondie entre les différents producteurs et consommateurs du renseignement. Acquérir une capacité autonome de recueil et d’analyse nécessite donc de développer un corpus doctrinal adapté aux Nations Unies et de formaliser les actions de renseignement afin de rassurer ses Etats membres
While Intelligence and the UN still appear as an oxymoron because of an old mistrust that goes back to the Cold war era and secret attempts of instrumentalization of the United Nations by its member States, Military Intelligence has been gradually considered as an essential factor of operational efficiency of peacekeepers deployments. The analysis of former PKOs shows that they are valued as intelligence missions, of which the main activity is the collection through information by observation, in total conformity with peacekeeping principles. The multiplication of the PKOs in strongly deteriorated contexts, and additionally subjected to asymmetric threats, makes PKOs strongly dependent on Military Intelligence, which is henceforth widely considered as a great multiplier of effects and strengths. This phenomenon also leads to an exponential increase of gathered information as well as the necessity of better exploiting them and of storing them, just as well at the operational level, as at the strategic one. The emergence of the concept of protection of the civilians, placed at the core of each and every PKO mandate, makes inescapable the holding of an autonomous Intelligence capacity, in order to allow the senior UN authorities to decide and to act with full awareness. Indeed the nature of Intelligence is hardly compatible with the state of multilateralism, for it relies on a deep relationship of trust between the various producers and consumers of Intelligence. Acquiring an autonomous capacity of collection and analysis thus requires to develop a doctrinal corpus adapted to the United Nations and to formalize the actions of Intelligence in order to reassure its member States

Tese (dourorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Jurídicas. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito.
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À medida que as relações de comércio multilateral multiplicam-se e tornam-se mais sofisticadas, as disputas relacionadas comerciais reguladas pela OMC também tendem a tornarem-se mais frequentes. De fato, a partir de 1995 houve um aumento significativo de disputas levadas a OMC, comparativamente ao número de disputas discutidas sob os auspícios GATT. O grande número de controvérsias indica não só que há desentendimentos entre membros sobre a inconsistência de medidas comerciais, mas também que o estabelecimento de um mecanismo de regras resultou num ambiente mais seguro e confortável para se resolver as disputas. O sistema de solução de controvérsias confere estabilidade ao comércio multilateral e demonstra a credibilidade de seus membros no sentido de resolverem as controvérsias sob um sistema de solução legalizado e previsível. Entretanto, ainda que o sistema pareça muito eficiente - sobretudo devido ao seu índice de cumprimento de decisões, há lacunas e inconsistências que não devem ser desconsideradas. Esta pesquisa tem foco na fase de implementação das decisões adotadas pelo OSC. Essa é a fase quando as assimetrias econômicas são ressaltadas, uma vez que a maior ou menor importância de acesso a certo mercado parece ser determinante para a decisão de cumprir com uma decisão da OMC. De fato, se um membro desenvolvido perdedor em uma disputa contra um país em desenvolvimento prefere pagar o preço do descumprimento ao invés de cumprir a decisão, parece não haver uma maneira eficiente de o reclamante induzir o cumprimento. Considerando este cenário, o presente estudo está interessado nas soluções dadas pelo ESC ao lidar com problemas de cumprimento e implementação de decisões de acordo com suas disposições. Em especial, o estudo foca no mecanismo de retaliação cruzada comercial, mecanismo que é apontado pela academia e por profissionais da área como uma possível solução para as assimetrias econômicas entre oponentes numa disputa comercial.
As the multilateral trade relations multiply and become more sophisticated, trade disputes governed by the WTO also tend to become more frequent. In fact, since 1995 there was a significant increase in disputes brought before the WTO, compared to the number of disputes discussed before GATT. The large number of controversies not only indicates that there are disagreements among members about the inconsistency of trade measures, but also that the establishment of a rules engine resulted in a more secure and comfortable environment to solve disputes. The dispute settlement system provides stability to the multilateral trade and reflects the credibility of its members to solve disputes under a system of legalized and predictable solution. However, although the system appears to be very effective - especially due to the high rate of compliance with WTO decisions, there are gaps and inconsistencies that should not be overlooked. This research focuses on the phase of implementation of decisions adopted by the DSB. This is the stage when the economic asymmetries are emphasized, since the greater or lesser importance of access to certain market seems to be crucial to the decision to comply with a WTO ruling. In fact, if one loser developed member in a dispute against a developing country member prefer to pay the price of failure rather than comply with the decision, there seems to be no effective way to induce compliance. Considering this scenario, the present study is interested in the solutions given by the DSU in dealing with compliance issues and implementing decisions in accordance with its provisions. In particular, this study focuses on the cross-retaliation mechanism, a mechanism that is appointed by the academy and by professionals as a possible solution to the economic asymmetries between opponents in a trade dispute.

La empresa OME Industrial S.A.C. está orientada a la elaboración, envasado y comercialización de Hipoclorito de Sodio (lejía) al 5% de concentración, para uso doméstico. La unidad de venta es una bolsa de 100 cojines de Lejía, cada cojín contiene 130 gr. y es envasado en cojines de PVC. La empresa inició sus actividades de comercializadora de Lejía frente a la gran demanda anual del producto en Piura, equivalente a 1’546,276 unidades (bolsas de 100 cojínes), de las cuales se pretende capturar el 0.30%, para esto se ha contratado una planta (Outsourcing) para la producción de 3,040 unidades, con la finalidad de satisfacer una venta anual que va desde 122 unidades durante el primer año, hasta alcanzar la capacidad máxima a partir del décimo año. Para esto es necesaria una inversión total de S/. 3 000, siendo el capital de trabajo de S/. 800. El producto esta compuesto en un 95% de agua, las otras dos materias primas básicas son el Cloro gaseoso al 100% y la Sosa Cáustica en solución al 50%, otros materiales utilizados son las mangas de PVC y las bolsas de polietileno que corresponden al envasado del producto. El proceso se puede dividir en 7 partes: Desmineralizado, mezcla, enfriamiento, cloración, inspección, envasado (Llenado de Mangas y Sellado), cortado y empacado. Después de haber fijado un valor de venta unitario de S/. 21 y haber definido el costo total para el año 2005, se determinó el punto de equilibrio equivalente a 147 (147.27 = 147) unidades mensuales, con un ingreso mensual de S/. 3 093. El ingreso es generado por la venta de Lejía con un total que va desde el primer año con S/. 7 671 hasta el décimo año con S/. 98 636; además se tiene un gasto ó egreso total para el primer año equivalente a S/. 7 981 hasta el décimo año con S/. 77 227. Con respecto a la evaluación económica se obtuvo un VAN de S/. 3 230, una TIR de 44.87%, con una relación beneficio - costo de 2,1. Por otro lado, en la evaluación financiera se logró un VAN de S/. 2 677, una TIR de 39.17% y una relación beneficio – costo de 1,9.
Tesis

The complexes Ru(OEP)(DPS)₂ (1) and Ru(OEP)(DecHS)₂ (2) were prepared in vacuo on a 100-mg scale by treatment of the dimeric species [Ru(OEP)]₂ (3) with a CH₂CI₂ solution containing a slight excess of the appropriate thioether [OEP= dianion of octaethylporphyrin; DPS= diphenylsulphide; DecMS= decylmethylsulphide]. In vacuo recrystallization, from n-heptane in the case of 1, and from n-pentane/methanol for 2, gave analytically pure material in 40 and 80 % yields, respectively. Both products were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis, uv/vis absorption and nmr spectrometry, as well as elemental analysis. Variable temperature nmr studies were carried out with both complexes. JL was found to be in thermodynamic equilibrium with 3, the dimer being favoured at about 80° C, and 1 at lower temperatures. Sharp nmr signals for the OEP protons of both equilibrating species, even at 80° C, indicated that exchange between them was slow on the nmr time scale; but, broadening and eventual coalescence at 80° C of the nmr signals for free and coordinated DPS suggested that the axial ligands of JL were quite labile. Cooling solutions of 2 caused the thioether methylene signals to broaden, and at -60° C the signals due to the methylenes closest to the sulphur split into broad doublets, this resulting from the prochiral nature of DecMS. The fact that only one nmr signal was observed for these methylene protons at room temperature implies rapid alternate coordination of the sulphur lone pairs. The crystal structures of 1 and 2 revealed Ru-S bond lengths typical of Ru complexes containing trans-thioethers. The bond distances and angles of the porphyrin core were typical of those of monomeric Ru(Porp) complexes. Dv/vis absorption, and nmr spectrometric studies, showed that 1 was extremely air-sensitive in solution, readily giving [Ru(OEP)OH]₂O and free DPS. Dv/vis absorption, nmr, and gc/mass spectrometric studies revealed that 2 reacted with dioxygen over a period of months to give Ru(OEP)(DecMS)(DecMSO) and Ru(OEP)(DecMSO)₂ as major products, as well as Ru(OEP)(CO)L (L= DecMS and DecMSO), and two other unidentified Ru(Porp) complexes as minor by-products [DecMSO= decylmethylsulphoxide]. In the presence of excess DecMS 2 catalyzed slow autoxidation of the free ligand to give DecMSO, DecMSO₂, and didecyldisulphide; the rate of this reaction was increased by addition of small quantities of HOAc [DecMSO₂ = decylmethyl-sulphone]. A major Ru(Porp) end-product both in the presence and absence of HOAc was Ru(OEP)(CO)L, the CO coming from Ru[sup II] (Porp)-mediated decarbonylation reactions.
Science, Faculty of
Chemistry, Department of
Graduate

Concept Development and Experimentation (CD & E) är en utvecklingsmetod som idag inryms inom FM. Idén är att den skall bidra med ett metodiskt arbetssätt för framtida utveckling av organisationen. Ambitionen är att tillämpa metoden inom olika delar av hela FM utvecklingsprocess. När CD & E lanseras som det nya sättet att bedriva utvecklingsarbete infinner sig frågan: - Hur har vi historiskt utvecklat förmågor och i vilken mån tar CD & E hand om tidigare erfarenheter från genomförda organisations- och metodförsök (OMF)? Finns det en spänning mellan CD & E och tidigare arbeten med OMF, eller stödjer de olika delar av utvecklingen? Denna uppsats beskriver hur OMF och CD & E kan komplettera varandra och bidra till FM förmågeutveckling.

A dissertação analisa como, ao longo do tempo, o GATT adquiriu características de instituição (North) e como seu funcionamento tornou possível a criação de uma organização internacional do comércio (OMC).
This work reports how GATT became an institution and how it made possible the creation of the WTO.

La transition entre le gatt, accord temporaire, et l'organisation mondiale du commerce, entree en activite le 1er janvier 1995, dotee d'une structure institutionnelle solide et imposant un cadre juridique plus contraignant, a ete une experience originale et complexe en matiere de succession de traites internationaux. La mise en fonctionnement de l'organisation a ete, sur le plan juridique et institutionnel, efficace, mais elle souffre aujourd'hui de problemes de positionnement et de maturite. L'echec de la conference ministerielle de seattle de decembre 1999 l'a prouve. Une mise en uvre des accords issus du cycle d'uruguay plus adaptee, une meilleure transparence, une ecoute accrue de la societe civile, une meilleure integration des pays en developpement, une amelioration de la cooperation avec d'autres organisations internationales et des methodes de negociations et de prises de decisions plus participatives sont autant de defis pour la nouvelle organisation. Pour etre reconnue et acceptee en tant qu'outil juridique au service des echanges commerciaux internationaux, cette jeune institution a besoin de s'adapter et de produire des resultats concrets et consensuels. La souplesseet le pragmatisme herite du gatt semblent avoir dote l'omc de cette capacite.

Les systèmes de communications sans fil ne cessent de se multiplier pour devenir incontournables de nos jours. Cette croissance cause une augmentation de la demande des ressources spectrales, qui sont devenues de plus en plus rares. Afin de résoudre ce problème de pénurie de fréquences, Joseph Mitola III, en 2000, a introduit l'idée de l'allocation dynamique du spectre. Il définit ainsi le terme " Cognitive Radio " (Radio Intelligente), qui est largement pressenti pour être le prochain Big Bang dans les futures communications sans fil [1]. Dans le cadre de ce travail on s'intéresse à la problématique du spectrum sensing qui est la détection de présence des Utilisateurs Primaires dans un spectre sous licence, dans le contexte de la radio intelligente. L'objectif de ce travail est de proposer des méthodes de détection efficaces à faible complexité et/ou à faible temps d'observation et ceci en utilisant le minimum d'information a priori sur le signal à détecter. Dans la première partie on traite le problème de détection d'un signal aléatoire dans le bruit. Deux grandes méthodes de détection sont utilisées : la détection d'énergie ou radiomètre et la détection cyclostationnaire. Dans notre contexte, ces méthodes sont plus complémentaires que concurrentes. Nous proposons une architecture hybride de détection des bandes libres, qui combine la simplicité du radiomètre et la robustesse des détecteurs cyclostationnaires. Deux méthodes de détection sont proposées qui se basent sur cette même architecture. Grâce au caractère adaptatif de l'architecture, la détection évolue au cours du temps pour tendre vers la complexité du détecteur d'énergie avec des performances proches du détecteur cyclostationnaire ou du radiomètre selon la méthode utilisée et l'environnement de travail. Dans un second temps on exploite la propriété parcimonieuse de la Fonction d'Autocorrelation Cyclique (FAC) pour proposer un nouvel estimateur aveugle qui se base sur le compressed sensing afin d'estimer le Vecteur d'Autocorrelation Cyclique (VAC), qui est un vecteur particulier de la Fonction d'Autocorrelation Cyclique pour un délai fixe. On montre par simulation que ce nouvel estimateur donne de meilleures performances que celles obtenues avec l'estimateur classique, qui est non aveugle et ceci dans les mêmes conditions et en utilisant le même nombre d'échantillons. On utilise l'estimateur proposé, pour proposer deux détecteurs aveugles utilisant moins d'échantillons que nécessite le détecteur temporel de second ordre de [2] qui se base sur l'estimateur classique de la FAC. Le premier détecteur exploite uniquement la propriété de parcimonie du VAC tandis que le second détecteur exploite en plus de la parcimonie la propriété de symétrie du VAC, lui permettant ainsi d'obtenir de meilleures performances. Ces deux détecteurs outre qu'ils sont aveugles sont plus performants que le détecteur non aveugle de [2] dans le cas d'un faible nombre d'échantillons.

This work aims to discuss the contemporary view on religion and is an investigation of the body’s capacity for spiritual expression. By combining spirituality with contemporary fashion scene and what is praised today, the result presents a suggestion for a new religion, with references to the development of religion through the history of humanity and how the body has functioned in that, exchanged to materials, shapes and symbols used of the contemporary man. The work defines spirituality and religion as two different things, that spirituality is genetic and religion is based on culture. The assumtion is that culture creates its religion based in inherited spirituality. It is be based on the findings of the connections between culture and religion, the ideas of human transformed into gods, and aims to state the importance of religion in societies, even in our modern one, and that is it natural to believe, but the work also aims to brakes the illusion of religions as “real”, but rather is a social and cultural construction to help us deal with our inherited spirituality.

In this thesis, real time image rendering for hand held devices is studied according to user&rsquo
s view point choice and using image frames with corresponding depth maps obtained from 2 different cameras, of which positions on coordinate system is known. User&rsquo
s view point choice is restricted to the area between right, and left cameras. Occlusion handling methods for image rendering systems is explored and discussed together with frame enhancement techniques. Median filtering is studied for multicolor image frames and post processing methods are discussed for image enhancement at the end of rendering algorithm. In this thesis, OMAP3530 microprocessor is used as the main processor which processes suggested rendering algorithm with occlusion handling and frame enhancement. proposed algorithms are implemented on DSP core and ARM cores of OMAP3530 separately and their performances are evaluated through experiments. Embedded Linux (Kernel-2.6.22) is run as the operating system for applications. Driver usage together with devices for Linux embedded operating system is explored and studied. 3 boards are used for the realization of proposed system. OMAP35x EVM board from Mistral Solutions Company is used for processor utilization, high resolution LCD utilization, system monitoring, user interface and communication purposes. Two daughter cards are designed for user view point determination. First daughter card handles communication process with EVM board and calculates view point according to input from second daughter card with single axis response GYRO sensor (ADIS16060). Spartan®
-3A DSP FPGA family is utilized in this system for view point determination. DSP slices that are hardly present inside gate arrays of this FPGA family are utilized and their performance is studied. Asynchronous memory interface, i2c bus interface, SPI interface are studied and implemented on FPGA.

Orientador: Eleri Cardozo
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação
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Resumo: Este trabalho objetiva a implementação de canais ODP (Open Distributed Processing). O desenvolvimento do trabalho se inicia com o estudo da especificação ODP, padronizada pela ISSO (International Organization for Standardization), em resposta ao aumento da demanda por sistemas distribuídos que se tornaram possíveis com os avanços tecnológicos recentes. Com base neste estudo, é proposta uma implementação de canal para transmissão de fluxos contínuos de dados, por exemplo, áudio e vídeo. A implementação utiliza como infra-estrutura de distribuição de objetos uma plataforma comercial CORBA (Common Object Request Broker Architecture). Enquanto o controle do canal é realizado por intermédio da plataforma, os dados são transmitidos por um sistema de transporte que utiliza TCP ou UDP. Uma aplicação de áudio-conferência é construída para avaliar a implementação. Algumas medidas de monitoramento de qualidade de serviço do canal são apresentadas. Este trabalho contribui na identificação dos requisitos necessários ao desenvolvimento de aplicações distribuídas e no desenvolvimento de uma infra-estrutura de suporte à implementação de aplicações multimídia distribuídas
Abstract: This work aims at the implementation of a component of the ODP (Open Distributed Processing) reference model: the channel. The work begins with a study of the ODP standards, a ISO (International Organization for Standadization) international effort in response to the rapid growth of the distributed processing due to recent advances in computing and network technologies. After that, the work proposes an implementation of ODP channels for supporting the transport of continuous media, such as audio and video over the network. The implementation employs a commercial CORBA (Common Object Request Broker Architecture) plataform. The control of the channel is processed though the CORBA plataform while the media flows though a transport infrastructure based on TCP or UDP. An audio-conference application was developed in order to validate the implementation. Finally, this work contributes to the development of distributed applications as well as to the design of infrastructure for supporting distributed multimedia applications
Mestrado
Automação Industrial
Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Il y a vingt ans, personne n'aurait imaginé que le droit communautaire remette en cause les fiscalités directes nationales. Toutefois, depuis vingt ans, force est de constater que le nombre de décisions communautaires en matière de fiscalité directe ne cesse de croître. Toutes ces affaires sont relatives à la compatibilité des mesures d'impositions directes, ou de dispositions fiscales conventionnelles, avec les articles du Traité relatifs aux aides d'État et au principe de non­ discrimination. Le constat est exactement le même pour le droit édicté par l'OMC. Si les principes de non-discrimination fiscale et d'interdiction des subventions fiscales trouvent une consécration en droit OMC et en droit communautaire, il est néanmoins évident que l'OMC et l'DE n'ont pas les mêmes objectifs. En pratique, ces deux systèmes peuvent s'appliquer de manière concurrente ou complémentaire. Ainsi, le droit OMC, dont le but est d'assurer les possibilités concurrentielles des importateurs, se caractérise par la complémentarité des principes de non-discrimination et d'interdiction des subventions fiscales, et par la complémentarité des notions qu'il utilise dans ce cadre. À l'inverse, le droit communautaire, dont le but est de parvenir à l'achèvement du Marché commun, se caractérise par la confusion des principes de non-discrimination et d'interdiction des aides d'État, et par la confusion des notions qu'il utilise dans ce cadre. L'OMC et l'DE consacrent finalement des principes communs dont les divergences permettent à chaque système de prendre le relais de l'autre.

Software Process Improvement initiatives have been implemented by many companies in order to achieve quality of products and practices. Many models like CMMI and IDEAL have been adopted as a means to gain competitive advantages among competitors and trustworthiness of customers. Although these models have proved successful results, the inherent characteristics of SMEs make it difficult and in many cases unfeasible to implement such models, without meaning that those companies are less capable of producing quality products or adopting well-defined practices. This research presents a model to guide Software Process Improvement (SPI) according to the context of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) using the Open Maturity Model (OMM) elaborated by the QualiPSo consortium. Different literature reviews, a survey and a focus group were done in order to build the theoretical foundations that support the structure of the proposed SPI model, validate the findings and evaluate the resulting SPI model. SPI in SMEs, CMMI implementations in SMEs, issues affecting SPI programs, and Knowledge Management approaches supporting improvement of software processes and practices are the four main pillars of the theoretical background supporting the design of the proposed SPI model, which is the major outcome of this thesis project and is aimed to guide SPI programs considering OMM assessment results. The proposed SPI model was subject of a preliminary evaluation with researchers and a validation with practitioners. The results have confirmed that SPI outcomes are more valuable when business requirements and SPI objectives are chosen to drive the improvement actions. The importance of organizational awareness and the value of knowledge management strategies to mitigate potential problems faced when implementing SPI has also been highlighted when evaluating the model.

La protéine BamB est une lipoprotéine de membrane externe appartenant au complexe BAM (β-Barrel Assembly Machinery) et impliquée dans l’assemblage des protéines de membrane externe (PME), la sensibilité aux antibiotiques, le contrôle de l’expression des trois systèmes de sécrétion de type III (T3SS) et la virulence de Salmonella. Chez E. coli, au sein du complexe BAM, elle interagit directement avec la protéine BamA. De plus, chez cette bactérie, BamB présente une activité sérine-thréonine kinase. Afin de mieux caractériser le rôle de BamB, nos objectifs ont été d’étudier (1) l’impact de l’altération de l’interaction de BamB avec le complexe BAM ou de sa séquestration dans le cytoplasme sur l’ensemble des rôles décrits de BamB et (2) l’activité kinase putative de BamB chez Salmonella. Nos résultats montrent que certains rôles de BamB sont dissociables entre eux et que l’interaction BamA/BamB n’est pas requise pour le rôle de BamB dans le contrôle de l’expression des T3SS, la virulence de Salmonella et l’assemblage des PME à la membrane externe. Aucune activité kinase ni aucune activité cytoplasmique de la protéine n’a pu être formellement démontrée
BamB is an outer-membrane lipoprotein belonging to the BAM complex (β-Barrel Assembly Machinery). In Salmonella, it is involved in the assembly of outer membrane proteins (OMP), in antibiotic susceptibility, in the transcriptional control of the three Type-Three-Secretion-Systems (T3SS) related genes and also in virulence. In E. coli, BamB interacts directly with the BamA protein. Moreover, BamB has been shown to have a serine-threonin kinase activity in this bacterium. In order to better characterize the roles of the BamB protein, our purposes were to study (1) the impact of the alteration of the interaction of BamB with the BAM complex or of its cytoplasmic sequestration and (2) its putative kinase activity in Salmonella. Our results show that some of the BamB roles are dissociable and that the BamA/BamB interaction is not required for T3SS expression, Salmonella virulence or OMP assembly in the outer membrane. Currently, neither a kinase activity nor a cytoplasmic activity has been clearly demonstrated for this protein

A high voltage bushing is a very important accessory of power transformers. Bushings are used to insulate high voltage conductors where they feed through steel tank of a power transformer. There are different sources of electric stress that may result in degradation of bushing. Partial discharges (PDs) are one of the main sources of electrical degradation. PDs occur due to defects in electrical insulations, and can lead to insulation failure. This thesis is composed of two parts. The first part deals with design of a 145 kV oil impregnated paper (OIP) bushing by using capacitive radial grading technique. In capacitive grading the foils of calculated length are placed at predetermined radial distance between the paper layers in order to distribute voltage and electric field uniformly between high voltage conductor and ground potential. A 145kV OIP bushing was designed according to dimensions of ABB GOE type bushing. After calculations, the 145 kV bushing geometry was modeled in COMSOL Multiphysics in order to analyze the voltage and electric field distribution in the bushing. In the second part of this thesis a scaled down model was designed using the capacitive radial grading technique. After designing, the scale down model was implemented in COMSOL in order to ensure that the voltage and electric field distribution should be similar to the full scale model of bushing. The scaled down bushing test model was made in laboratory by wrapping impregnated papers and foils on conductor tube according to calculated dimensions. These papers were impregnated with mineral oil. The test model was placed in an oil filled tube. Different defects were added in scale down bushing model and model was connected to PD measurement set up. PD inception voltage was measured and PD patterns were recorded on an insulation condition monitoring system (ICM). These patterns are analyzed in order to conclude about the signature of partial discharges in OIP bushings. From the PD pattern, the type and location of PDs can be concluded. PD patterns reveal that the main causes of PDs in OIP bushing can be gas filled cavities and surface discharges from foil edges.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
O objetivo desse trabalho é analisar o julgado do embate envolvendo a Comunidade Européia e o Brasil em relação à proibição brasileira de importação de pneumáticos reformados provenientes da Comunidade Européia, proferida no âmbito da Organização Mundial do Comércio, sob a ótica da Justiça Ambiental. Nesse contexto, o julgado DS332, como é identificado na OMC, é usado como ferramenta para abordagem da Justiça Ambiental, conceito novo e carente de fundamentação dogmática robusta, especialmente quando se vislumbra sua aplicação na esfera internacional. Buscou-se, pois, analisar a decisão sob a ótica do conflito entre interesses comerciais e ambientais. Como conseqüência dessa abordagem, é elaborada uma proposta de utilização da noção de Justiça Ambiental aos embates internacionais que contraponham esses interesses.

Orientador: Eleri Cardozo
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação
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Resumo: O crescente desenvolvimento tecnológico e o aumento da demanda por sistemas e aplicações distribuídas levaram à definição de um padrão para processamento distribuído aberto, RM-ODP (Reference Model for Open Distributed Processing), e ao surgimento de plataformas comerciais capazes de integrar aplicações que estão espalhadas em um ambiente heterogêneo. O trabalho representa uma proposta para implementação de alguns dos serviços básicos do RM-ODP utilizando uma arquitetura de integração baseada na especificação CORBA (Common Object Request Broker Architecture). Entre os serviços oferecidos estão o suporte e o gerenciamento de objetos, cluster, cápsula e nó. A principal contribuição do trabalho está na identificação de alguns requisitos tecnológicos necessários à construção de sistemas distribuídos abertos e heterogêneos, e no mapeamento em termos de implementação dos conceitos propostos pelo modelo ODP do ponto de vista computacional para o de engenharia
Abstract: The increasing technological development and the demand for distributed systems and applications resulted in the definition of ODP (Open Distributed Processing) standard and and architectures able to integrate applications in a heterogeneous environment. This work aims to provide some basic services described in the ODP standard using a distributed computing plataform based on the CORBA specification. Management services of the leveI of objects, cluster, capsule and node are offered. The main contribution of this work is the identification of important technological requirements to construct open distributed systems, as well as mapping of some concepts from the ODP computational viewpoint to engineering viewpoint
Mestrado
Automação Industrial
Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica