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Wirnitzer, Katharina, Mohamad Motevalli, Derrick Tanous, Gerold Wirnitzer, Claus Leitzmann, Karl-Heinz Wagner, Thomas Rosemann, and Beat Knechtle. "Training and Racing Behaviors of Omnivorous, Vegetarian, and Vegan Endurance Runners—Results from the NURMI Study (Step 1)." Nutrients 13, no. 10 (October 7, 2021): 3521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13103521.
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As a key modulator of training adaptations and racing performance, nutrition plays a critical role in endurance runners’ success, and the training/racing behaviors of runners are potentially affected by their diet types. The present study aimed to investigate whether distance runners with a vegan diet (i.e., devoid of foods or ingredients from animal sources), vegetarian diet (i.e., devoid of meat and flesh foods), and omnivorous diet (i.e., a mixed diet with no restriction on food sources) have different training and racing patterns in general and based on race distance subgroups. A total of 3835 recreational runners completed an online survey. Runners were assigned to dietary (omnivorous, vegetarian, and vegan) and race distance (<21 km, half-marathon, and marathon/ultra-marathon) groups. In addition to sociodemographic information, a complete profile of data sets focusing on running and racing behaviors/patterns was evaluated using a questionnaire-based epidemiological approach. There were 1272 omnivores (47% females), 598 vegetarians (64% females), and 994 vegans (65% females). Compared to vegans and vegetarians, omnivorous runners prepared for a longer time period for running events, had a higher number of half-marathons and marathons completed with a better finish time, and had more reliance on training under supervision (p < 0.05). The present findings indicate an important association of diet types with patterns of training and racing amongst endurance runners that may be related to different motives of omnivorous, vegetarian, and vegan runners for participating in events.
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Brytek-Matera, Anna. "Interaction between Vegetarian Versus Omnivorous Diet and Unhealthy Eating Patterns (Orthorexia Nervosa, Cognitive Restraint) and Body Mass Index in Adults." Nutrients 12, no. 3 (February 28, 2020): 646. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12030646.
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The objective of the present study was two-fold: Firstly, to investigate unhealthy eating patterns and body mass index among individuals following a vegetarian diet and those following an omnivorous diet. Secondly, to examine interaction between vegetarian versus omnivorous diet and unhealthy eating patterns (orthorexia nervosa, cognitive restraint) and body mass index using a structural equation modeling approach (SEM). The study included 370 participants: 188 participants following a vegetarian diet and 182 following an omnivorous diet. Unhealthy eating patterns and body mass index were measured. Our results showed that individuals following a vegetarian diet were more likely to engage in orthorexic eating behavior compared to individuals following an omnivorous diet. In addition, they had a significantly lower levels of cognitive restraint and lower body mass index than individuals following an omnivorous diet. Use of SEM method showed that: (1) following a vegetarian diet and orthorexia nervosa were directly associated, (2) following an omnivorous diet and cognitive restraint were directly related and (3) following an omnivorous diet had a greater tendency to cognitive restraint and an elevated body mass index. More research is necessary to further understand the complexity of the relationship between type of diet and unhealthy eating patterns in adults.
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Weder, Stine, Esther H. Zerback, Sina M. Wagener, Christian Koeder, Morwenna Fischer, Ute Alexy, and Markus Keller. "How Does Selenium Intake Differ among Children (1–3 Years) on Vegetarian, Vegan, and Omnivorous Diets? Results of the VeChi Diet Study." Nutrients 15, no. 1 (December 21, 2022): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15010034.
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In regions with low selenium soil concentrations, selenium can be considered a critical nutrient for vegetarians and vegans. While the number of vegetarians and vegans is increasing in many countries, a large research gap remains in this field. For example, to date, no study seems to have assessed selenium intake in vegetarian and vegan children. Therefore, the selenium intake of 1- to 3-year-old vegetarian, vegan, and omnivorous children who participated in the cross-sectional VeChi Diet study was determined. Selenium intake was assessed based on 3-day food diaries (not including supplements) and food selenium concentrations provided by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Between-group differences were assessed with analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The median daily selenium intake was 17 µg, 19 µg, and 22 µg in vegetarian, vegan, and omnivorous children, respectively. However, only the difference between the vegan and omnivorous children was statistically significant. On average, all three groups met the harmonized average requirement (H-AR) for selenium of 17 µg/day. Nevertheless, the hypothesis that vegetarian and vegan children generally consume less selenium than omnivorous children could be confirmed, and 39% of vegetarians, 36% of vegans, and 16% of omnivores fell below the adequate intake for selenium (provided by EFSA) of 15 µg/day.
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Purwana, Arie, Budiono Budiono, Jose RL Batubara, and Muhammad Faizi. "Association of Growth Velocity with Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 and Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-3 Levels in Children with a Vegan Diet." Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research 6, no. 1 (February 6, 2020): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jbtr.v6i1.5474.
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Background: The vegan diet in children provides the benefit of reducing the risk of being overweight and improving the fat profile. The risk that can occur in the provision of a vegan diet in children is anthropometric size below reference and low caloric intake. Growth hormone (GH) and Insulin like Growth Factors (IGFs) are powerful stimulators for longitudinal growth of bone and require insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBPs) which acts as a transport protein for IGF-1. A vegan diet with lower calorie intake in children has lower IGF-I levels than children with an omnivorous diet.Objective: Examining the effect of vegan diets on IGF-1 levels, IGFBP-3 levels, and growth velocity.Methods: This study was done with a prospective cohort design. The study subjects were divided into two groups, namely the vegan group and the omnivorous group, then matched based on age and sex. During the study, anthropometric data collection, IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 levels measurements were done in both vegan children and omnivorous children.Results: During 6 months of observation, 22 subjects were divided into two groups, namely children with a vegan diet and children with an omnivorous diet. IGF-1 (ng / mL) in vegan children was 105.5 ± 47.3 compared to 102.7 ± 42.3 in omnivorous children with a value of p = 0.89. IGFBP-3 (ng / mL) in vegan children was 2146.4 ± 595.1 compared to 2142 ± 609.1 in omnivorous children with value of p = 0.99 and Growth Velocity (cm / 6 months) was 3.0 in vegan children (1.0-5.30), and 3.2 (2.6-6.5) in omnivorous children with value of p = 0.41.Conclusion:Children with vegan diet had IGF-1 level, IGFBP-3 level, and growth velocity that were the same as children with an omnivorous diet.
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Greenfield, Aaron, and T. E. Graedel. "The omnivorous diet of modern technology." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 74 (May 2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2013.02.010.
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Blancquaert, Laura, Audrey Baguet, Tine Bex, Anneke Volkaert, Inge Everaert, Joris Delanghe, Mirko Petrovic, et al. "Changing to a vegetarian diet reduces the body creatine pool in omnivorous women, but appears not to affect carnitine and carnosine homeostasis: a randomised trial." British Journal of Nutrition 119, no. 7 (March 23, 2018): 759–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000711451800017x.
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AbstractBalanced vegetarian diets are popular, although they are nearly absent in creatine and carnosine and contain considerably less carnitine than non-vegetarian diets. Few longitudinal intervention studies investigating the effect of a vegetarian diet on the availability of these compounds currently exist. We aimed to investigate the effect of transiently switching omnivores onto a vegetarian diet for 6 months on muscle and plasma creatine, carnitine and carnosine homeostasis. In a 6-month intervention, forty omnivorous women were ascribed to three groups: continued omnivorous diet (control,n10), vegetarian diet without supplementation (Veg+Pla,n15) and vegetarian diet combined with dailyβ-alanine (0·8–0·4 g/d) and creatine supplementation (1 g creatine monohydrate/d) (Veg+Suppl,n15). Before (0 months; 0M), after 3 months (3M) and 6 months (6M), a fasted venous blood sample and 24-h urine was collected, and muscle carnosine content was determined by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS). Muscle biopsies were obtained at 0M and 3M. Plasma creatine and muscle total creatine content declined from 0M to 3M in Veg+Pla (P=0·013 andP=0·009, respectively), whereas plasma creatine increased from 0M in Veg+Suppl (P=0·004). None of the carnitine-related compounds in plasma or muscle showed a significant time×group interaction effect.1H-MRS-determined muscle carnosine content was unchanged over 6M in control and Veg+Pla, but increased in Veg+Suppl in soleus (P<0·001) and gastrocnemius (P=0·001) muscle. To conclude, the body creatine pool declined over a 3-month vegetarian diet in omnivorous women, which was ameliorated when accompanied by low-dose dietary creatine supplementation. Carnitine and carnosine homeostasis was unaffected by a 3- or 6-month vegetarian diet, respectively.
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Neves, Mayara P., Pavel Kratina, Rosilene L. Delariva, J. Iwan Jones, and Clarice B. Fialho. "Seasonal feeding plasticity can facilitate coexistence of dominant omnivores in Neotropical streams." Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 31, no. 2 (March 6, 2021): 417–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11160-021-09648-w.
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AbstractCoexistence of ecomorphologically similar species in diverse Neotropical ecosystems has been a focus of long-term debate among ecologists and evolutionary biologists. Such coexistence can be promoted by trophic plasticity and seasonal changes in omnivorous feeding. We combined stomach content and stable isotope analyses to determine how seasonal variation in resource availability influences the consumption and assimilation of resources by two syntopic fish species, Psalidodon aff. gymnodontus and P. bifasciatus, in the Lower Iguaçu basin. We also tested the impact of seasonality on trophic niche breadth and diet overlap of these two dominant omnivores. Seasonal changes in resource availability strongly influenced the consumption and assimilation of resources by the two fish species. Both species exhibited high levels of omnivory, characterized by high diversity of allochthonous resources in the wet season. Terrestrial invertebrates were the main component of diet during this season. However, in the dry season, both species reduced their isotopic niches, indicating diet specialization. High diet overlap was observed in both seasons, but the isotopic niche overlap was smaller in the dry season. Substantial reduction in the isotopic niche of P. bifascistus and a shift toward aquatic invertebrates can facilitate coexistence during this season of resource shortage. Feeding plasticity allows omnivorous fish to adjust their trophic niches according to seasonality, promoting the exploitation of different resources during periods of greater resource diversity. This seasonal variation could be an important mechanism that contributes to the resource partitioning and coexistence of dominant omnivores in Neotropical streams.
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Ambroszkiewicz, Jadwiga, Magdalena Chełchowska, Grażyna Rowicka, Witold Klemarczyk, Małgorzata Strucińska, and Joanna Gajewska. "Anti-Inflammatory and Pro-Inflammatory Adipokine Profiles in Children on Vegetarian and Omnivorous Diets." Nutrients 10, no. 9 (September 6, 2018): 1241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10091241.
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Adipose tissue is a highly active endocrine organ that secrets many pro-inflammatory as well anti-inflammatory adipokines. The aim of the study was to assess serum adipokine profile in prepubertal vegetarian and omnivorous children. Sixty-two children on a vegetarian diet and fifty-five children on an omnivorous diet, aged 5 to 10 years, were studied. Dietary assessment was performed using a nutritional software program. Body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Serum concentrations of adipokines: leptin, soluble leptin receptor (sOB-R), adiponectin (total and high molecular weight), resistin, visfatin, vaspin, and omentin were determined by immunoenzymatic assays. Both studied groups of children were comparable in terms of age, weight, height, body mass index, and body composition. Vegetarians had a lower (p = 0.017) leptin/sOB-R ratio and lower serum concentrations of resistin (p = 0.051), compared with omnivores. Average levels of other adipokines did not differ between both groups of children. However, we observed significantly higher ratios of anti-inflammatory to pro-inflammatory adipokines: adiponectin/leptin 0.70 (0.37–0.93) vs 0.39 (0.28–0.74), p = 0.005, and omentin/leptin 0.40 (0.23–0.83) vs. 0.33 (0.15–0.48), p = 0.011 in vegetarians compared with omnivores. A well-planned vegetarian diet might beneficially affect the adipokine profile and inflammatory status expressed by the ratios of anti-inflammatory to pro-inflammatory adipokines in prepubertal children.
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Crozier, Sarah R., Keith M. Godfrey, Philip C. Calder, Sian M. Robinson, Hazel M. Inskip, Janis Baird, Catharine R. Gale, et al. "Vegetarian Diet during Pregnancy Is Not Associated with Poorer Cognitive Performance in Children at Age 6–7 Years." Nutrients 11, no. 12 (December 11, 2019): 3029. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11123029.
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Compared with omnivorous mothers, vegetarian mothers have lower intakes of some nutrients required for neurological development. However, there is a lack of information about the impact of vegetarianism during pregnancy on subsequent cognitive function in children. The aim of this study was to investigate whether vegetarianism during pregnancy is associated with altered maternal nutritional status and with cognitive function in children at six to seven years of age. Women aged 20–34 years participating in a prospective observational study who provided dietary data and blood samples in early pregnancy (11 weeks; 78 vegetarians and 2144 omnivores) or late pregnancy (34 weeks; 91 vegetarians and 2552 omnivores). Compared with omnivorous women, vegetarian women had lower blood concentrations of arachidonic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and cobalamin in early and late pregnancy. Vegetarianism in pregnancy was linked to higher maternal educational attainment, longer breastfeeding duration, lower incidence of smoking during pregnancy and a tendency towards higher IQ in the mothers. Concentrations of some nutrients required for neurodevelopment were lower in maternal blood during gestation; however, after controlling for confounders consuming a vegetarian diet during pregnancy was not associated with poorer neurocognitive development of the children in this study.
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Craddock, Joel C., Yasmine C. Probst, and Gregory E. Peoples. "Vegetarian and Omnivorous Nutrition—Comparing Physical Performance." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 26, no. 3 (June 2016): 212–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2015-0231.
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Humans consuming vegetarian-based diets are observed to have reduced relative risk for many chronic diseases. Similarly, regular physical activity has also been shown to assist in preventing, and reducing the severity of these conditions. Many people, including athletes, acknowledge these findings and are adopting a vegetarian-based diet to improve their health status. Furthermore, athletes are incorporating this approach with the specific aim of optimizing physical performance. To examine the evidence for the relationship between consuming a predominately vegetarian-based diet and improved physical performance, a systematic literature review was performed using the SCOPUS database. No date parameters were set. The keywords vegetarian OR vegan AND sport OR athlete OR training OR performance OR endurance were used to identify relevant literature. Included studies (i) directly compared a vegetarian-based diet to an omnivorous/mixed diet, (ii) directly assessed physical performance, not biomarkers of physical performance, and (iii) did not use supplementation emulating a vegetarian diet. Reference lists were hand searched for additional studies. Seven randomized controlled trials and one cross-sectional study met the inclusion criteria. No distinguished differences between vegetarian-based diets and omnivorous mixed diets were identified when physical performance was compared. Consuming a predominately vegetarian-based diet did not improve nor hinder performance in athletes. However, with only 8 studies identified, with substantial variability among the studies’ experimental designs, aims and outcomes, further research is warranted.
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Kabeerdoss, Jayakanthan, R. Shobana Devi, R. Regina Mary, and Balakrishnan S. Ramakrishna. "Faecal microbiota composition in vegetarians: comparison with omnivores in a cohort of young women in southern India." British Journal of Nutrition 108, no. 6 (December 20, 2011): 953–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114511006362.
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The effect of vegetarian diets on faecal microbiota has been explored largely through culture-based techniques. The present study compared the faecal microbiota of vegetarian and omnivorous young women in southern India. Faecal samples were obtained from thirty-two lacto-vegetarian and twenty-four omnivorous young adult women from a similar social and economic background. Macronutrient intake and anthropometric data were collected. Faecal microbiota of interest was quantified by real-time PCR with SYBR Green using primers targeting 16S rRNA genes of groups, including: Clostridium coccoides group (Clostridium cluster XIVa), Roseburia spp.–Eubacterium rectale, Bacteroides–Prevotella group, Bifidobacterium genus, Lactobacillus group, Clostridium leptum group (Clostridium cluster IV), Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Ruminococcus productus–C. coccoides, Butyrivibrio, Enterococcus species and Enterobacteriaceae. The groups were matched for age, socio-economic score and anthropometric indices. Intake of energy, complex carbohydrates and Ca were significantly higher in the omnivorous group. The faecal microbiota of the omnivorous group was enriched with Clostridium cluster XIVa bacteria, specifically Roseburia–E. rectale. The relative proportions of other microbial communities were similar in both groups. The butyryl-CoA CoA-transferase gene, associated with microbial butyrate production, was present in greater amounts in the faeces of omnivores, and the levels were highly correlated with Clostridium cluster XIVa and Roseburia–E. rectale abundance and to a lesser extent with Clostridium leptum and F. prausnitzii abundance and with crude fibre intake. Omnivores had an increased relative abundance of Clostridium cluster XIVa bacteria and butyryl-CoA CoA-transferase gene compared with vegetarians, but we were unable to identify the components of the diet responsible for this difference.
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Jian, Zhi-Hong, Yi-Chen Chiang, Chia-Chi Lung, Chien-Chang Ho, Pei-Chieh Ko, Oswald Ndi Nfor, Hui-Chin Chang, Yi-Ching Liaw, Yu-Chiu Liang, and Yung-Po Liaw. "Vegetarian diet and cholesterol and TAG levels by gender." Public Health Nutrition 18, no. 4 (June 25, 2014): 721–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980014000883.
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AbstractObjectiveThe present study assessed the effects of vegetarian and omnivorous diets on HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), TAG and the ratio of HDL-C to total cholesterol (TC) by gender.DesignHDL-C, LDL-C, TAG and HDL-C:TC were compared among three diet groups (vegan, ovo-lacto vegetarian and omnivorous). Multivariate linear regression analysis was performed to examine factors significantly and independently associated with vegetarian status and to estimate the β value of lipid profiles for the diet groups.SettingsA cross-sectional study. Data were obtained from the Taiwanese Survey on the Prevalence of Hyperglycemia, Hyperlipidemia and Hypertension (TwSHHH).SubjectsThe study comprised included 3257 men and 3551 women.ResultsAfter adjusting for confounders, vegan and ovo-lacto vegetarian diets lowered LDL-C levels (β=−10·98, P=0·005 and β=−7·12, P=0·025, respectively) in men compared with omnivorous diet. There was a significant association between HDL-C and vegan diet (β=−6·53, P=0·004). In females, the β values of HDL-C, TAG and HDL-C:TC were −5·72 (P<0·0001), 16·51 (P=0·011) and −0·02 (P=0·012) for vegan diet, and −4·86 (P=0·002), 15·09 (P=0·008) and −0·01 (P=0·026) for ovo-lacto vegetarian diet, when compared with omnivorous diet.ConclusionsVegan diet was associated with lower HDL-C concentrations in both males and females. Because the ovo-lacto vegetarian diet was effective in lowering LDL-C, it may be more appropriate for males.
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Ambroszkiewicz, Jadwiga, Joanna Gajewska, Joanna Mazur, Witold Klemarczyk, Grażyna Rowicka, Mariusz Ołtarzewski, Małgorzata Strucińska, and Magdalena Chełchowska. "Does a Vegetarian Diet Affect the Levels of Myokine and Adipokine in Prepubertal Children?" Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 17 (September 3, 2021): 3995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10173995.
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Myokines are cytokines secreted by muscle and exert autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine effects. Myokines mediate communication between muscle and other organs, including adipose tissue. The aim of the study was to assess serum myokines and their relationships with adipokines and anthropometric and nutritional parameters in children following vegetarian and omnivorous diets. One hundred and five prepubertal children were examined. Among them there were 55 children on a vegetarian diet and 50 children on an omnivorous diet. Concentrations of myokines (myostatin, irisin) and adipokines (leptin, adiponectin, omentin, visfatin) in serum were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We observed comparable median values of serum myokines and adipokines (except of leptin concentration) in both of the studied groups of children. We also found several correlations between myokine and adipokine levels and certain nutritional parameters. Serum myostatin was positively correlated with omentin levels in vegetarians and omnivores (p = 0.002). Serum irisin was positively associated with omentin (p = 0.045) levels in omnivores and inversely with visfatin concentration (p = 0.037) in vegetarians. Myostatin concentration was negatively correlated with the percentage of energy from protein (p = 0.014), calcium (p = 0.046), and vitamin A (p = 0.028) intakes in vegetarians and with dietary vitamin C (p = 0.041) and vitamin E (p = 0.021) intakes in omnivores. In multivariate regression analyses, positive correlations of serum myostatin with omentin levels were revealed in both study groups (β = 0.437, p < 0.001 for vegetarians; and β = 0.359, p = 0.001 for omnivores). Consuming a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet did not influence serum levels of myokines (myostatin, irisin) and adipokines such as adiponectin, visfatin, and omentin in prepubertal children. However, leptin levels were significantly lower in vegetarians compared with omnivores. The observed significant positive correlations between myostatin and omentin concentrations might suggest tissue cross-talk between skeletal muscle and fat tissue. Further studies, carried out in a larger group of children following different dietary patterns, could be important to fully understand the relations between muscle, adipose tissues, and nutrition.
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Slywitch, Eric, Carine Savalli, Antonio Cláudio Goulart Duarte, and Maria Arlete Meil Schimith Escrivão. "Iron Deficiency in Vegetarian and Omnivorous Individuals: Analysis of 1340 Individuals." Nutrients 13, no. 9 (August 26, 2021): 2964. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13092964.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the serum levels of ferritin and the prevalence of iron deficiency in vegan and omnivorous individuals by taking into account the presence of elements that cause an elevation of ferritin levels, such as increased homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), body mass index (BMI), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) values. The parameters were evaluated in 1340 individuals, i.e., 422 men and 225 women who do not menstruate and 693 women who do menstruate, based on omnivorous or vegetarian eating habits. The progressive increase in BMI, HOMA-IR, and inflammation caused an elevation in ferritin concentration, regardless of the eating habits in the groups studied. In the overall sample, omnivores had a higher prevalence of obesity, higher ferritin levels, and a lower prevalence of iron deficiency (ferritin < 30 ng/mL). However, after the exclusion of individuals with inflammation (with overweight/obesity and elevated hs-CRP levels), the actual iron deficiency was assessed and was not higher among vegetarians, except in women with regular menstrual cycles. Our data show that nutritional status and inflammation levels affect ferritin levels and may interfere with the correct diagnosis of iron deficiency in both vegetarian and omnivorous individuals. Compared to vegetarians, women who do not menstruate and men had the same prevalence of iron deficiency when following an omnivorous diet.
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Hailey, A., R. L. Chidavaenzi, and J. P. Loveridge. "Diet mixing in the omnivorous tortoise Kinixys spekii." Functional Ecology 12, no. 3 (June 1998): 373–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2435.1998.00203.x.
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Larsson, Christel L., Kristin S. Klock, Anne Nordrehaug Åstrøm, Ola Haugejorden, and Gunnar Johansson. "Food habits of young Swedish and Norwegian vegetarians and omnivores." Public Health Nutrition 4, no. 5 (October 2001): 1005–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2001167.
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AbstractObjective:To determine the prevalence of vegetarianism and compare food habits among vegetarian and omnivorous adolescents in Sweden and Norway.Design:Cross-sectional study by questionnaire in Sweden and Norway to gather information about food habits.Setting:The municipalities of Umeå and Stockholm in Sweden, and Bergen in Norway.Subjects:In total 2041 ninth-grade students (578 from Umeå, 504 from Stockholm and 959 from Bergen), mean age 15.5 years, were included. The response rate was 95% in Umeå, 91% in Stockholm and 83% in Bergen.Results:There was a significantly higher prevalence of vegetarianism in Umeå (15.6%) than in Stockholm (4.8%) and Bergen (3.8%). Vegetarians generally wanted more information about a healthy diet and vegetarian females ate dietary supplements to prevent deficiencies more often than omnivorous females (P < 0.01). The young male vegetarians more or less excluded animal products from their diet without changing their food frequency intake or modifying their dietary habits in other respects, while the young female vegetarians more often consumed vegetables and dietary supplements (P < 0.05). However, there was no difference between the intake of fruits/berries, alcoholic beverages, ice cream, sweets/chocolates and fast foods by vegetarians compared with omnivores.Conclusions:There were three to four times more vegetarians in Umeå than in Stockholm and Bergen. The food habits of the young vegetarians differed from those of omnivorous adolescents and also in some respects from previously published comparative studies of vegetarians' and omnivores' food habits. It is uncertain whether the health benefits shown in previous studies on vegetarianism will be experienced by this young generation of vegetarians.
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Bjorndal, Karen A. "Diet Mixing: Nonadditive Interactions of Diet Items in an Omnivorous Freshwater Turtle." Ecology 72, no. 4 (August 1991): 1234–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1941097.
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Stanek, A. E., N. Wolf, J. M. Welker, and S. Jensen. "Experimentally derived incorporation rates and diet-to-tissue discrimination values for carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes in gray wolves (Canis lupus) fed a marine diet." Canadian Journal of Zoology 97, no. 12 (December 2019): 1225–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2019-0049.
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Recent studies have noted the differential effects of marine versus terrestrial diets on the carbon and nitrogen stable isotope (13C and 15N, respectively) diet-to-tissue discrimination values and incorporation rates for omnivorous and carnivorous mammals. Inaccurate estimates of these parameters may result in misrepresentation of diet composition or in the timing of diet shifts. Here, we present the results of a diet-switch experiment designed to estimate diet-to-tissue discrimination values and incorporation rates for tissues of gray wolves (Canis lupus Linnaeus, 1758) fed a diet of Pacific salmon (genus Oncorhynchus Suckley, 1861). Our results demonstrate substantial differences in both parameters between wolves maintained on a marine (salmon) diet and wolves maintained on terrestrially sourced prey (beef, Bos taurus Linnaeus, 1758). Increased awareness of the significance of marine resources to omnivorous and carnivorous consumers, like wolves, highlights the importance of phenomenological and mechanistic understandings of the effects of fish and other marine prey on dietary investigations based on stable isotopes.
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Hackett, Allan, and Indira Nathan. "Is a Vegetarian Diet Adequate for Children?" Nutrition and Health 12, no. 3 (April 1998): 189–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026010609801200304.
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The number of people who avoid eating meat is growing, especially among young people. Benefits to health from a vegetarian diet have been reported in adults but it is not clear to what extent these benefits are due to diet or to other aspects of lifestyle. In children concern has been expressed concerning the adequacy of vegetarian diets especially with regard to growth. The risks/benefits seem to be related to the degree of restriction of the diet; anaemia is probably both the main and the most serious risk but this also applies to omnivores. Vegan diets are more likely to be associated with malnutrition, especially if the diets are the result of authoritarian dogma. Overall, lacto-ovo-vegetarian children consume diets closer to recommendations than omnivores and their pre-pubertal growth is at least as good. The simplest strategy when becoming vegetarian may involve reliance on vegetarian convenience foods which are not necessarily superior in nutritional composition. The vegetarian sector of the food industry could do more to produce foods closer to recommendations. Vegetarian diets can be, but are not necessarily, adequate for children, providing vigilance is maintained, particularly to ensure variety. Identical comments apply to omnivorous diets. Three threats to the diet of children are too much reliance on convenience foods, lack of variety and lack of exercise.
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Ciuris, Corinne, Heidi M. Lynch, Christopher Wharton, and Carol S. Johnston. "A Comparison of Dietary Protein Digestibility, Based on DIAAS Scoring, in Vegetarian and Non-Vegetarian Athletes." Nutrients 11, no. 12 (December 10, 2019): 3016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11123016.
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Vegetarian diets provide an abundance of nutrients when carefully planned. However, vegetarian diets may have lower protein quality compared to omnivorous diets, a reflection of less favorable amino acid profiles and bioavailability. Hence, the current recommended dietary allowance for protein may not be adequate for some vegetarian populations. The purpose of this study was to determine dietary protein quality using the DIAAS (Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score) method in vegetarian and omnivore endurance athletes. DIAAS scores reflect the true ileal digestibility of the indispensable amino acids that are present in food items, and these scores can be used to compute the available protein in diet plans. Thirty-eight omnivores and 22 vegetarians submitted seven-day food records that were analyzed for nutrient content, and DIAAS scores were computed by diet group. Average available protein (g) was compared along with participants’ lean body mass and strength (quantified using the peak torque of leg extension). DIAAS scores and available protein were higher for omnivorous versus vegetarian athletes (+11% and +43%, respectively, p < 0.05). Omnivorous participants had significantly higher lean body mass than vegetarian participants (+14%), and significant correlations existed between available protein and strength (r = 0.314) and available protein and lean body mass (r = 0.541). Based upon available protein, as determined through the DIAAS, vegetarian athletes in this study would need to consume, on average, an additional 10 g protein daily to reach the recommended intake for protein (1.2 g/kg/d). An additional 22 g protein daily would be needed to achieve an intake of 1.4 g/kg/d, the upper end of the recommended intake range.
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Brytek-Matera, Anna. "Restrained Eating and Vegan, Vegetarian and Omnivore Dietary Intakes." Nutrients 12, no. 7 (July 17, 2020): 2133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12072133.
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There are a significant number of studies on cognitive restraint among individuals with varying dietary patterns. Although most research has found that vegetarians report higher levels of cognitive restraint compared to non-vegetarians, many studies have contributed inconsistent results. The aim of the current study, therefore, was to assess any differences between groups with varying dietary patterns on cognitive restraint and other disordered eating pattern. The second objective was to examine determinants of cognitive restraint in individuals adhering to a vegan diet, a vegetarian diet and an omnivore diet. Two-hundred and fifty-four participants with varying dietary patterns completed the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire, the Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire and the Eating Habits Questionnaire. Our results indicated that both vegetarian and vegan groups showed a significantly lower cognitive restraint, lower emotional eating and lower uncontrolled eating than those who followed an omnivorous diet. In addition, these both groups following a plant-based diet have shown more cognitions, behaviours and feelings related to an extreme focus on healthy eating (orthorexia nervosa) than group following an omnivorous diet. There were no significant differences between the groups in perseverative thinking. Core characteristics of repetitive negative thinking was a significant predictor of cognitive restraint in vegans. Feeling positively about healthy eating predicted cognitive restraint among vegetarians. Problems associated with healthy eating and feeling positively about healthy eating predicted cognitive restraint among individuals following an omnivorous diet. Knowledge of predictors of cognitive restraint may serve as a psychological intervention goal or psychoeducation goal among individuals with varying dietary patterns.
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Lukaszuk, Judith M., Robert J. Robertson, Judith E. Arch, Geoffrey E. Moore, Kenneth M. Yaw, David E. Kelley, Joshua T. Rubin, and Niall M. Moyna. "Effect of Creatine Supplementation and a Lacto-Ovo-Vegetarian Diet on Muscle Creatine Concentration." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 12, no. 3 (September 2002): 336–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.12.3.336.
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The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of preceding oral creatine monohydrate with a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet on muscle creatine concentration. Thirty-two healthy men, who regularly consumed an omnivorous diet, were randomly assigned to consume a weight maintaining, lacto-ovo-vegetarian (LOV; n = 16) or omnivorous (Omni; n = 16) diet for 26 days. In addition to their assigned diet, on day 22 of the study, subjects were assigned in a double-blind manner to receive either creatine monohydrate (CM; 0.3 g · kg · d−1 + 20 g Polycose) or an equivalent dose of placebo (PL) for 5 days. There were no significant differences between the LOV and Omni groups at baseline with respect to age, height, and weight. The results demonstrated that consuming a LOV diet for 21 days was an effective procedure to decrease muscle creatine concentration (p < .01) in individuals who normally consume meat and fish in their diet. However, muscle total creatine (TCr) following creatine supplementation did not differ statistically between LOV and Omni diet groups (148.6 ± 4.5 vs. 141.7 ± 4.5 mmol · kg−1 d.m.).
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Dhakal, Samitinjaya, Zahra Moazzami, and Moul Dey. "Impact of Protein Sources in a Guideline-Based Omnivorous Diet on Circulating Biogenic Amine Metabolites: A Randomized Controlled-Feeding Trial." Current Developments in Nutrition 6, Supplement_1 (June 2022): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzac047.014.
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Abstract Objectives Age is a risk factor for chronic diseases—the leading causes of death and disability. An omnivorous diet compared to a plant-based diet was shown to increase blood Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO)—a biogenic amine biomarker for atherosclerosis that may also increase the risk for insulin resistance and certain cancers. Worldwide, pork and chicken are the most popular animal proteins, however, poultry is perceived as healthier. It is unknown if pork intake differentially modifies the TMAO-response than poultry which was investigated here using a non-inferiority study design to avoid any potential negative results. Methods In a randomized, active-controlled, 2-arm-crossover trial (NCT03539666), healthy adults (n = 38/arm, age ≥ 50 y) consumed 156 g/day of lean pork or white-meat chicken as the main protein source as part of an omnivorous diet based on the 2015 USDA dietary guidelines. The feeding arms were matched for food ingredients, nutrients, and energy. Overnight-fasted samples were collected before and after each diet phase. LC/MS with isotope-labeled internal standards and 16S-rDNA sequencing were used for metabolite and microbiome measurements, respectively. Univariate and multivariate data were analyzed using supervised and unsupervised machine learning algorithms in R. Results A non-inferiority of pork to poultry for a circulating TMAO-response (97.5% CI, linear mixed model) was observed for the first time. In addition, global biogenic amine signature (346 metabolites, 95% CI), microbiota-dependent essential TMAO precursor—trimethylamine (97.5% CI), three dietary TMAO substrates (choline, betaine, and L-carnitine) as well as the microbiota composition (95% CI) underlying the observed TMAO-response were not different between the two proteins. TMAO phenotype varied at baseline; a higher baseline circulating TMAO concentration associated with distinct microbiota profiles (all, FDR corrected p < 0.05) and greater TMAO-response (p = 0.0001) independent of the dietary proteins. Conclusions Lean pork does not exacerbate TMAO-risk in omnivores 50 years or older. With 95% of Americans being omnivorous and a third of them fast aging, lean pork increases dietary protein options that may help improve adherence to dietary recommendations for greater healthspan. Funding Sources National Pork Board, National Institute of Food & Agriculture
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Mayra, Selicia, Noel Ugarte, and Carol S. Johnston. "Health Biomarkers in Adults Are More Closely Linked to Diet Quality Attributes Than to Plant-Based Diet Categorization." Nutrients 11, no. 6 (June 25, 2019): 1427. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11061427.
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Although plant-based diets are promoted for healthy outcomes, these diets are not synonymous with high-quality diets. Plant-based diets can include highly processed, less healthful foods, including savory snacks, pastries, and sugary fruit drinks. This cross-sectional study examined the diet quality of vegetarian and omnivorous adults, matched for gender, age, and adiposity, and related diet quality to standard health biomarkers. Diet quality was assessed using the Rapid Eating and Activity Assessment for Participants Short Version questionnaire. Participants (17 vegetarians and 16 omnivores; 28.2 ± 8.9 years; 22.5 ± 2.7 kg/m2) were non-smokers and healthy by self-report. The median duration of adherence to the vegetarian diet was 27 months. Physical activity level and diet quality did not differ significantly between diet groups. Moreover, health biomarkers did not differ by diet groups. When participants were regrouped by low versus high diet quality, health biomarkers differed significantly between groups for fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, triglyceride (TG)/HDL ratio, and blood folate, with more favorable levels in the group with high diet quality. These data suggest that health biomarkers more closely align with diet quality attributes than with plant-based diet categorization. Thus, messaging focused on healthy diet attributes may lead to better health outcomes than the simple promotion of plant-based diets.
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Ågren, J. J., E. Tvrzicka, M. T. Nenonen, T. Helve, and O. Hänninen. "Divergent changes in serum sterols during a strict uncooked vegan diet in patients with rheumatoid arthritis." British Journal of Nutrition 85, no. 2 (February 2001): 137–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn2000234.
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The effects of a strict uncooked vegan diet on serum lipid and sterol concentrations were studied in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The subjects were randomized into a vegan diet group (n16), who consumed a vegan diet for 2–3 months, or into a control group (n13), who continued their usual omnivorous diets. Serum total and LDL-cholesterol and -phospholipid concentrations were significantly decreased by the vegan diet. The levels of serum cholestanol and lathosterol also decreased, but serum cholestanol:total cholesterol and lathosterol:total cholesterol did not change. The effect of a vegan diet on serum plant sterols was divergent as the concentration of campesterol decreased while that of sitosterol increased. This effect resulted in a significantly greater sitosterol:campesterol value in the vegan diet group than in the control group (1.48 (SD 0.39)V.0.72 (sd 0.14); P<0.001). A higher concentration of campesterol compared with sitosterol is normal in omnivorous subjects and can be explained by lower absorption and esterification rates of sitosterol. Our results suggest that a strict uncooked vegan diet changes the relative absorption rates of these sterols and/or their biliary clearance.
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Barrett, Helen, Luisa Gomez-Arango, Shelley Wilkinson, H. McIntyre, Leonie Callaway, Mark Morrison, and Marloes Dekker Nitert. "A Vegetarian Diet Is a Major Determinant of Gut Microbiota Composition in Early Pregnancy." Nutrients 10, no. 7 (July 12, 2018): 890. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10070890.
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The composition of the gut microbiota can be influenced by dietary composition. In pregnancy, the maternal gut microbiome has associations with maternal and infant metabolic status. There is little known regarding the impact of a vegetarian diet in pregnancy on maternal gut microbiota. This study explored the gut microbiota profile in women who were vegetarian or omnivorous in early gestation. Women were selected from participants in the Study of PRobiotics IN Gestational diabetes (SPRING) randomised controlled trial. Nine women identified as vegetarians were matched to omnivorous women in a 1:2 ratio. Microbiota analyses were performed using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and analysed using the Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology (QIIME) and Calypso software tools. There was no difference in alpha diversity, but beta diversity was slightly reduced in vegetarians. There were differences seen in the relative abundance of several genera in those on a vegetarian diet, specifically a reduction in Collinsella, Holdemania, and increases in the relative abundances of Roseburia and Lachnospiraceae. In this sub-analysis of gut microbiota from women in early pregnancy, a vegetarian as compared to omnivorous diet, was associated with a different gut microbiome, with features suggesting alterations in fermentation end products from a mixed acid fermentation towards more acetate/butyrate.
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Bull, Michael, Mark Hutchinson, and Aaron Fenner. "Omnivorous diet of the endangered Pygmy Bluetongue Lizard, Tiliqua adelaidensis." Amphibia-Reptilia 28, no. 4 (2007): 560–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853807782152462.
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Abstract We used scats from 71 individuals to determine the diet of the endangered Pygmy Bluetongue Lizard, Tiliqua adelaidensis, from South Australia. As predicted both from its previously reported behaviour as an ambush forager, and from its relatively small size, this scincid lizard feeds largely on arthropod prey, and the prey in the diet change opportunistically over the spring and summer. As expected, the species is less herbivorous than larger species in the same or related genera. However plant material is included in the diet to a greater extent as the summer progresses. Conservation of this species may rely on maintaining a high abundance of arthropod prey, and a habitat where efficient prey capture is possible, and on retaining appropriate plants in the species' habitat.
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Vangansbeke, Dominiek, Duc Tung Nguyen, Joachim Audenaert, Ruth Verhoeven, Koen Deforce, Bruno Gobin, Luc Tirry, and Patrick De Clercq. "Diet-dependent cannibalism in the omnivorous phytoseiid mite Amblydromalus limonicus." Biological Control 74 (July 2014): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2014.03.015.
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Kouadio, Akissi Nathalie, Yao Aristide Konan, Stanislas Silvain Yao, Zeré Marius Gogbé, and Gouli Gooré Bi. "Food and feeding habits of Hemichromis fasciatus Peters, 1857 and Heterotis niloticus (Cuvier, 1829) in lake Ehuikro (Côte d’Ivoire)." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 13, no. 7 (February 11, 2020): 3039–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v13i7.6.
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The main of this study was to compare the diet of Hemichromis fasciatus (Perciformes, Cichlidae) and Heterotis niloticus (Osteoglossiformes, Arapaimidae) in Lake Ehuikro (Bongouanou, Ivory Coast). Ffish were caught using gillnets between July 2017 and June 2018. A total of 206 stomachs of H. fasciatus and 71 stomachs of H. niloticus were examined and the relative importance index (RI) was used to analyze the importance of different items. Results indicate that both species are omnivorous tending towards insectivorous with a predominance of Chaoboridae. Despite the overlap obtained in diet of both species (Cλ = 0.89), the ecological niche was small and wide in H. fasciatus and H. niloticus, respectively. Dietary variations indicated ontogenic changes in the first specie and seasonal changes in the second specie. Proportion of mineral fraction observed in stomach contents suggests pelagic feeding behavior in H. fasciatus and benthic behavior in H. niloticus.Keywords: Diet, fish, omnivorous, insectivorous, ecological niche.
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Gajewska, Danuta, Paulina Katarzyna Kęszycka, Martyna Sandzewicz, Paweł Kozłowski, and Joanna Myszkowska-Ryciak. "Intake of Dietary Salicylates from Herbs and Spices among Adult Polish Omnivores and Vegans." Nutrients 12, no. 9 (September 6, 2020): 2727. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12092727.
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There is a growing body of evidence that a diet rich in bioactive compounds from herbs and spices has the ability to reduce the risk of chronic diseases. The consumption of herbs and spices is often overlooked in the studies on food intake. However, measurement of dietary intake of these products, as a source of bioactive compounds, including salicylates, has recently gained much significance. The aims of the study were (i) to assess the intake of herbs and spices at the individual level and (ii) to calculate the dietary salicylates intake from herbs and spices among adult omnivores and vegans. The study group consisted of 270 adults aged 19 to 67 years, including 205 women and 65 men. Among all, 208 individuals were following an omnivorous diet while 62 were vegans. A semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was designed to assess the habitual intake of 61 fresh and dried herbs and spices during the preceding three months. The five most frequently eaten herbs among omnivores were parsley, garlic, dill, marjoram and basil, while among vegans they were garlic, parsley, ginger, basil and dill. An average intake of all condiments included in the study was 22.4 ± 18.4 g/day and 25.8 ± 25.9 g/day for both omnivores and vegans, respectively (p = 0.007). Estimated medial salicylates intake was significantly higher among vegans (p = 0.000) and reached 5.82 mg/week vs. 3.13 mg/week for omnivores. Our study confirmed that herbs and spices are important sources of salicylates; however, the type of diet influenced their level in the diet. Vegans consume significantly more total salicylates than omnivores.
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Lederer, Ann-Kathrin, Maximilian Andreas Storz, Roman Huber, Luciana Hannibal, and Elena Neumann. "Plasma Leptin and Adiponectin after a 4-Week Vegan Diet: A Randomized-Controlled Pilot Trial in Healthy Participants." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 18 (September 9, 2022): 11370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811370.
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Adiponectin and leptin are important mediators of metabolic homeostasis. The actions of these adipokines extend beyond adipocytes and include systemic modulation of lipid and glucose metabolism, nutrient flux, and the immune response to changes in nutrition. Herein, we hypothesized that short-term intervention with a vegan diet might result in an improvement of plasma concentrations of adiponectin and leptin and the leptin/adiponectin ratio. We investigated the response of plasma adiponectin and leptin to a 4-week intervention with a vegan or meat-rich diet and its associations with sex, BMI and nutritional intake. Fifty-three healthy, omnivore participants (62% female, average age 31 years and BMI 23.1 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to a vegan or meat-rich diet for 4 weeks. Plasma adiponectin and leptin were lower in men compared to women both at the beginning and end of the trial. The concentration of adiponectin in women was significantly higher both when comparing their transition from omnivorous to vegan diet (p = 0.023) and also for vegan versus meat-rich diet at the end of the trial (p = 0.001), whereas plasma leptin did not vary significantly. No changes in adiponectin were identified in men, yet an increase in leptin occurred upon their transition from an omnivorous to a meat-rich diet (p = 0.019). Examination of plasma adiponectin/leptin ratio, a proposed marker of cardiovascular risk, did not differ after 4-weeks of dietary intervention. Our study revealed that adiponectin and leptin concentrations are sensitive to short-term dietary intervention in a sex-dependent manner. This dietary modification of leptin and adiponectin not only occurs quickly as demonstrated in our study, but it remains such as published in studies with individuals who are established (long-term) vegetarians compared to omnivorous.
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Romanuk, Tamara N., Beatrix E. Beisner, Neo D. Martinez, and Jurek Kolasa. "Non-omnivorous generality promotes population stability." Biology Letters 2, no. 3 (April 4, 2006): 374–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2006.0464.
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Using a combination of stable isotope analysis of δ 13 C and δ 15 N and long-term census data on population abundances for meiofauna in tropical aquatic rock pools, we provide evidence that species which exhibit greater variation in δ 13 C, an indication of a greater range of distinct carbon sources in their diet, have more stable populations than species with lower variation in δ 13 C. This link between increased isotope variability and reduced population variability, however, did not hold for δ 15 N. This suggests that increases in population stability were due to non-omnivorous feeding on multiple carbon sources within a trophic level rather than omnivorous feeding on multiple carbon sources across trophic levels. Our findings corroborate MacArthur's original hypothesis that populations that can access a greater range of resources are more stable than those which consume a more restricted range of resources.
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Cooper Jr.,, William E., Janalee P. Caldwell, Laurie J. Vitt, Valentín Pérez-Mellado, and Troy A. Baird. "Food-chemical discrimination and correlated evolution between plant diet and plant-chemical discrimination in lacertiform lizards." Canadian Journal of Zoology 80, no. 4 (April 1, 2002): 655–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z02-040.
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Lizards use chemical cues to locate and identify prey and plant food, assess the nutritional quality of food, and detect plant toxins. Among insectivorous lizards, all actively foraging species studied respond strongly to prey chemicals sampled lingually, but ambush foragers do not. Much recent research has been devoted to assessing differential responses to food and nonfood chemicals (i.e., food-chemical discrimination) by omnivorous and herbivorous species and determining whether correlated evolution has occurred between plant diet and plant-chemical discrimination. We conducted experimental studies of food-chemical discrimination by two species of teiid lizards, the omnivorous Cnemidophorus murinus and the actively foraging insectivorous Ameiva ameiva. The omnivore distinguished both prey and plant chemicals from control substances. The insectivore exhibited prey-chemical, but not plant-chemical, discrimination, as indicated by tongue-flicking and biting. A comparative analysis using concentrated-changes tests showed that correlated evolution has occurred between plant consumption and plant-chemical discrimination in a major lizard taxon, Lacertiformes. These results extend and strengthen previous findings of similar correlated evolution to a new group and add to a growing database indicating that omnivorous lizards use chemical cues to assess both prey and plant foods.
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Dubas, G., and CM Bull. "Diet Choise and Food Availability in the Omnivorous Lizard, Trachydosaurus rugosus." Wildlife Research 18, no. 2 (1991): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9910147.
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The diet of sleepy lizards, Trachydosaurus rugosus, from a population near Tickera, South Australia, was determined by direct observations, stomach content analysis and food choice trials. They were found to be opportunistic feeders with a diverse diet of mainly flowers and berries, selected from 27 of the 85 plant species identified on two study plots. They were also found to feed on invertebrates, mainly the introduced land snail, Thebapisana. Availability of different food types changed with season, and the lizard diet adjusted to the changes. The spring home ranges of lizards contained a higher proportion than random, of sampling squares in which common spring food plants were recorded. However, the abundance of food plants makes it unlikely that food resources influence home range size.
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Rankin, Bruce, and Murat Ergin. "Cultural omnivorousness in Turkey." Current Sociology 65, no. 7 (April 7, 2016): 1070–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011392116634817.
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Recent cultural consumption research has drawn attention to the emergence of the high status ‘cultural omnivore,’ that is, individuals who consume a wide range of cultural products, including the expected ‘high culture,’ but more ‘popular’ forms as well. Initially reported in studies conducted in the developed West, this study broadens the basis of comparison by investigating the case of Turkey – a non-western, predominantly Muslim, developing country with a long history of state-led westernization. Using data from a nationally representative survey of adults, the study examines 34 cultural tastes in three domains – music, food, and literature – and participation in five different cultural activities for evidence of an omnivorous pattern. The items used include indicators of ‘high’ and ‘popular’ culture, as well as ‘local’ and ‘global/western’ culture. The results of a latent class analysis clearly identify an omnivorous group. A distinctive feature of the Turkish cultural field is that groups are largely defined by their orientation towards local versus global forms, with omnivores consuming both, in contrast to groups that restrict their diet to ‘local’ forms. Further analysis shows that, similar to studies in other contexts, Turkish omnivorousness is associated with higher social position, especially education and income. Omnivores also tend to be younger and more secular in their views towards the role of religion in the public sphere. The article concludes that, in addition to the high/popular distinction, the local/global is a critical symbolic boundary shaping cultural identities in Turkey.
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NGUYEN, THI HANH, and PETER SCHAUSBERGER. "Diet experiences early in life mold individual foraging niches and personalities of omnivorous predatory mites." Zoosymposia 22 (November 30, 2022): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zoosymposia.22.1.70.
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The theory of individual niche specialization posits that members of local groups should diversify in their realized individual diet niches to alleviate inter-individual food competition and ensuing conflicts (Bolnick et al. 2003). Here we tested the hypothesis that early life experiences co-shape individual specialization in diet niches and animal personality expression in the omnivorous plant-inhabiting predatory mite Amblyseius swirskii.
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De Barba, M., C. Miquel, F. Boyer, C. Mercier, D. Rioux, E. Coissac, and P. Taberlet. "DNA metabarcoding multiplexing and validation of data accuracy for diet assessment: application to omnivorous diet." Molecular Ecology Resources 14, no. 2 (November 16, 2013): 306–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.12188.
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Balčiauskas, Linas, Andrius Garbaras, Vitalijus Stirkė, Raminta Skipitytė, and Laima Balčiauskienė. "Isotopic Space of the House Mouse in the Gradient of Anthropogenic Habitats." Diversity 15, no. 2 (January 26, 2023): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d15020173.
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The house mouse (Mus musculus) is a most extensively distributed omnivorous rodent species, usually living in close association with humans. Its diet includes various vegetable matter, insects and any available human food. For the first time, we assessed the dietary niche of this species by the isotopic (δ15N and δ13C) compositions of animal hair samples in the gradient of habitats, ranging from natural to fully commensal. The main factors explaining the differences in the isotopic niche of the mice, being the proxy of their diet, were the season and the source of available food. Influence of the habitat was weak, while gender, age, body mass and body condition had no influence on the diet differences. We found that M. musculus dietary niches overlap between different habitats if mice have access to human food. Niches diverge when mice forage outdoors on natural food compared to farms where livestock feed is available. Compared to omnivorous bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus) living synoptically, M. musculus has much wider dietary niche and consumes more foods of animal origin. Variability of the diet increases the ecological plasticity of this strongly commensal species and, together with behavioural and reproductive adaptability, allows irresistibly occupy various environments.
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Fontes, Tatiana, Luis Monteiro Rodrigues, and Cíntia Ferreira-Pêgo. "Comparison between Different Groups of Vegetarianism and its Associations with Body Composition: A Literature Review from 2015 to 2021." Nutrients 14, no. 9 (April 28, 2022): 1853. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14091853.
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Background: Vegetarian and vegan diets have become increasingly popular in the last years for many reasons, including their association with various health benefits when compared to omnivorous diets. The main objective of the study was to collect recent (2015–2021) scientific evidence for potential implications between a vegetarian/vegan diet and an individuals’ body composition. Methods: A literature search was conducted in PubMed, with 22 studies selected for inclusion in our collective evaluation. Of the 22 studies included, there were 12 randomized controlled trials, 1 nonrandomized controlled trial, 1 comparative study, and 8 cross-sectional. The overall sample included in this study consists of 436,178 participants, 10,090 of whom were vegetarians, 5,044 vegans, and 421,044 omnivores. Results: Most studies, 17 out of 22, reported a significant positive relationship between a plant-based diet and body composition. Conclusion: There is scientifically sound evidence that vegan or vegetarian diets are associated with weight and body mass index reduction and, in some cases, fat mass distribution changes.
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Katz, David L. "Plant-Based Diets for Reversing Disease and Saving the Planet: Past, Present, and Future." Advances in Nutrition 10, Supplement_4 (November 1, 2019): S304—S307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmy124.
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ABSTRACT The relative contributions of meat and plants to the native human diet, and human adaptation to these dietary constituents, are a matter of debate among paleoanthropologists. Indisputable, however, is the imprint of both on the anatomy and physiology of Homo sapiens: our species is constitutionally omnivorous. That means we have choices to make. At present, we are making mostly bad ones, with poor diets of highly processed plant and animal foods alike leading contributors to chronic disease, premature death, and environmental degradation. The evidence is strong, consistent, and compelling that a diet of predominantly, or even exclusively, whole plant foods can promote health, selectively treat and reverse disease, and confer comparable benefit to the planet. Omnivores have dietary choices, but the choices of nearly 8 billion hungry Homo sapiens on a small imperiled planet have narrowed. The future of food, for the sake of people and planet alike, is plant centric.
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Davey, Daniel, Shane Malone, and Brendan Egan. "Case Study: Transition to a Vegan Diet in an Elite Male Gaelic Football Player." Sports 9, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports9010006.
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Vegan diets are increasingly of interest to athletes, but require a well-planned approach in order to mitigate the risk of potential adverse effects on nutrient intakes, and consequently performance. This case study reports the process of an elite male Gaelic football player (age 25 years; height, 1.88 m; body mass, 87.8 kg; lean body mass, 73.26 kg; body fat, 11.3%) transitioning from an omnivorous diet to a vegan diet at the beginning of a competitive season. The report encompasses key considerations in the planning and provision of nutrition support in this context, in addition to iterations needed based on challenges presented by the athlete. Analysis of nutrient intake (Nutritics Dietary Analysis Software), body composition (dual X-ray absorptiometry; Lunar iDXA, GE Healthcare), and running performance during match-play (global positioning system-based tracking; STATSports Apex) each indicated that with adequate knowledge and education, and appropriate planning, commitment and iterative feedback, the athlete was able to meet nutrition targets on a vegan diet without compromising key performance indicators compared to the omnivorous diet of the previous season. We anticipate that this case study will assist practitioners to recognize the key considerations to address when working with athletes transitioning to a vegan diet.
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Hevia-Larraín, Victoria, Bruno Gualano, Igor Longobardi, Saulo Gil, Alan L. Fernandes, Luiz A. R. Costa, Rosa M. R. Pereira, Guilherme G. Artioli, Stuart M. Phillips, and Hamilton Roschel. "High-Protein Plant-Based Diet Versus a Protein-Matched Omnivorous Diet to Support Resistance Training Adaptations: A Comparison Between Habitual Vegans and Omnivores." Sports Medicine 51, no. 6 (February 18, 2021): 1317–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01434-9.
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Blaurock, Julia, Birgit Kaiser, Tamara Stelzl, Michelle Weech, Rosalind Fallaize, Rodrigo Zenun Franco, Faustina Hwang, Julie Lovegrove, Paul M. Finglas, and Kurt Gedrich. "Dietary Quality in Vegetarian and Omnivorous Female Students in Germany: A Retrospective Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4 (February 16, 2021): 1888. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041888.
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Vegetarian diets have gained in popularity, especially among highly educated women, and are considered beneficial to health. Comparative studies assessing the diet of vegetarians against omnivores are rather limited and often provide ambivalent results. Therefore, this study examined the nutrient intake and nutritional quality of vegetarian and omnivorous diets in a group of 61 female students in Germany. Habitual dietary intake was evaluated using a validated graphical online food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Differences in nutrient intakes were analyzed by Mann–Whitney-U-Tests. Odds Ratios (OR) were calculated for vegetarians exceeding dietary reference values (DRV) compared to omnivores. The overall nutritional quality was assessed using the Healthy-Eating-Index-2015 (HEI-2015). In omnivores, intakes of total energy from saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-n3-PUFA), cholesterol, sucrose, lactose, retinol, and cobalamin were significantly higher than in vegetarians. Significantly lower intakes were observed for fiber, magnesium, and beta-carotene. Significant OR were detected for total fat (OR = 0.29), SFA (OR = 0.04), beta-carotene (OR = 4.55), and cobalamin (OR = 0.32). HEI-2015 scores were higher for vegetarians than for omnivores (79 points versus 74 points) and significant differences were recorded for the HEI-2015 components dairy, seafood & plant proteins, fatty acids, added sugars, and saturated fatty acids.
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Lee, Kai Wei, Hong Chuan Loh, Siew Mooi Ching, Navin Kumar Devaraj, and Fan Kee Hoo. "Effects of Vegetarian Diets on Blood Pressure Lowering: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis." Nutrients 12, no. 6 (May 29, 2020): 1604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12061604.
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The beneficial effects of a vegetarian diet on blood pressure (BP) control have been reported in previous systematic reviews; however, so far, their relative effectiveness is not well established. Here, we performed a systematic review together with trial sequential analysis to determine the effect of a vegetarian diet on the reduction of blood pressure. We searched the randomized controlled trial (RCT) through Medline, PubMed and Cochrane Central Register. Fifteen eligible RCTs with 856 subjects were entered into the analysis. The pooled results demonstrated that vegetarian diet consumption significantly lowered the systolic blood pressure (weighted mean difference (WMD), −2.66 mmHg (95% confidence interval (CI) = −3.76, −1.55, p < 0.001) and diastolic BP was WMD, −1.69 95% CI = −2.97, −0.41, p < 0.001) as compared to an omnivorous diet. In subgroup analysis, a vegan diet demonstrated a greater reduction in systolic BP (WMD, −3.12 mmHg; 95% CI = −4.54, −1.70, p < 0.001) as compared with a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet (WMD, −1.75 mmHg, 95% CI −5.38, 1.88, p = 0.05). The vegan diet has showed a similar trend in terms of diastolic blood pressure reduction (WMD, −1.92 mmHg (95% CI = −3.18, −0.66, p < 0.001) but those with a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet showed no changes in diastolic BP reduction (WMD, 0.00, 95% CI = 0.00, 0.00), p = 0.432). In conclusion, vegetarian diets are associated with significant reductions in BP compared with omnivorous diets, suggesting that they may play a key role in the primary prevention and overall management of hypertension.
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Sikora, Logan W., Joseph T. Mrnak, Rebecca Henningsen, Justin A. VanDeHey, and Greg G. Sass. "Demographic and Life History Characteristics of Black Bullheads Ameiurus melas in a North Temperate USA Lake." Fishes 7, no. 1 (January 14, 2022): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fishes7010021.
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Black bullheads Ameiurus melas are an environmentally tolerant omnivorous fish species that are found throughout much of North America and parts of Europe. Despite their prevalence, black bullheads are an infrequently studied species making their biology, ecology, and life history poorly understood. Although limited information has been published on black bullheads, evidence suggests that bullheads can dominate the fish biomass and have profound influences on the fish community in some north temperate USA lakes. The goal of our study was to provide additional information on black bullhead population demographics, growth rates, life history characteristics, and seasonal diet preferences in a northern Wisconsin lake. Using common fish collection gears (fyke netting, electrofishing), fish aging protocols, fecundity assessments, and diet indices, our results suggested that black bullheads exhibited relatively fast growth rates, early ages at maturity, moderate fecundity, and a diverse omnivorous diet. Due to these demographic and life history characteristics, black bullheads have the potential to dominate fish community biomass in their native and introduced range. Results from our study may inform the management of black bullhead as native and invasive species.
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Valido, Alfredo, and Manuel Nogales. "Digestive ecology of two omnivorous Canarian lizard species (Gallotia, Lacertidae)." Amphibia-Reptilia 24, no. 3 (2003): 331–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853803322440790.
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AbstractOmnivorous endemic Canarian lacertids (Gallotia atlantica and G. galloti) do not present any specific digestive and physiological adaptations to herbivorous diet, compared to species and populations with a different degree of herbivory in the Canarian archipelago. The only characteristics that could be related to the type of diet were the number of cusps per tooth (between species) and the number of small stones contained in droppings (between species and populations). The rest of measured traits were correlated with lizard size and for this reason G. galloti has longer intestines, heavier stomachs and livers, more teeth and cusps, and longer gut passage. These data suggest that body size is a major determinant of the reliance on plant food (mainly fleshy fruits) in these lizards and facilitates mutualistic interactions with fleshy-fruited plant species.
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McKnight, Donald T., Anne C. Jones, and Day B. Ligon. "The Omnivorous Diet of the Western Chicken Turtle (Deirochelys reticularia miaria)." Copeia 103, no. 2 (July 2015): 322–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/ch-14-072.
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Griffen, Blaine D. "Linking individual diet variation and fecundity in an omnivorous marine consumer." Oecologia 174, no. 1 (August 31, 2013): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-013-2751-3.
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Dietrich, Stefan, Anna-Liisa Elorinne, Nick Bergau, Klaus Abraham, Tilman Grune, Juha Laakso, Daniela Weber, Cornelia Weikert, and Bernhard H. Monien. "Comparison of Five Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Vegans and Omnivores from Germany and Finland." Nutrients 14, no. 14 (July 16, 2022): 2918. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14142918.
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When the amount of reactive oxygen species produced by human metabolism cannot be balanced by antioxidants, this phenomenon is commonly referred to as oxidative stress. It is hypothesised that diets with high amounts of plant food products may have a beneficial impact on oxidative stress status. However, few studies have examined whether a vegan diet is associated with lower oxidative stress compared to an omnivorous diet. The present cross-sectional study aimed to compare the levels of five oxidative stress biomarkers in vegans and omnivores. Data of 36 vegans and 36 omnivores from Germany and of 21 vegans and 18 omnivores from Finland were analysed. HPLC coupled with mass spectrometry or fluorescence detection and ELISA methods were used to measure the oxidative stress biomarkers malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyls and 3-nitrotyrosine in plasma and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α (8-iso-PGF2α) in 24 h urine. Analyses of variance and covariance, considering potential confounders, were used. Vegans and omnivores showed no differences in MDA and protein carbonyl concentrations. In Finnish but not in German vegans, the concentrations of 3-nitrotyrosine were lower compared to those in omnivores (p = 0.047). In Germany, vegans showed lower excretion levels of 8-iso-PGF2α than omnivores (p = 0.002) and with a trend also of 8-OHdG (p = 0.05). The sensitivity analysis suggests lower 8-iso-PGF2α excretion levels in women compared to men, independently of the dietary group. The present study contributes to expanding our knowledge of the relationship between diet and oxidative stress and showed that 3-nitrotyrosine, 8-OHdG and 8-iso-PGF2α tended to be lower in vegans. Furthermore, studies are recommended to validate the present findings.
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Ball, D., and R. J. Maughan. "Blood and urine acid–base status of premenopausal omnivorous and vegetarian women." British Journal of Nutrition 78, no. 5 (November 1997): 683–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19970187.
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The effect of long-term differences in diet composition on whole-body acid–base status was examined in thirty-three young healthy females. The volunteers were recruited from two separate groups matched approximately for age, height and weight; one group regularly ate meat (omnivores; n 20) and one group did not (vegetarians; n 13). All subjects completed a 7 d weighed intake of food, and from their dietary records, total energy, carbohydrate (CHO), fat and protein content were estimated using computer-based food composition tables. During this week they reported to the laboratory on two occasions, following an overnight fast and separated by at least 48h. Arterialized venous blood samples were obtained on each visit and these were analysed for blood acid–base status. Haemoglobin and packed cell volume, serum total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol, serum albumin and total protein were also determined. Two 24 h urine collections were completed; the volume was recorded and samples were analysed for pH, titratable acid and Mg and Ca concentration. Total energy intake of the omnivores was greater (P = 0.0003) than that of the vegetarian group. Dietary intake of CHO (P = 0.024), fat (P = 0.0054) and protein (P = 0.0002) were higher in the omnivorous group than in the vegetarians. There were no differences between the two groups with respect to blood CO2 partial pressure, plasma HCO3- and blood base excess, but blood pH was slightly higher in the omnivores (P = 0.064). Measures of urine acid–base status suggested a lower pH in the omnivore group, but this difference was not statistically significant; a greater titratable acid output was observed with the omnivorous group compared with the vegetarians (48.9 (se 20.3) ν. 35.3 (se 23.3) mEq/24h; P = 0.018). Although the dietary intake of Ca was not different between the two groups, urinary Ca excretion of the omnivores was significantly higher (3.87 (sd 1.34) ν. 3.22 (sd 1.20) mmol/24h) than that of the vegetarians (P = 0.014). It is suggested that the higher protein intake of the omnivores resulted in an increase in urinary total acid excretion, which may explain the higher rate of Ca excretion.