Journal articles: 'Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid'

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Koletzko, Berthold, Elvira Larqué, and Hans Demmelmair. "Placental transfer of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA)." Journal of Perinatal Medicine 35, s1 (February 1, 2007): S5—S11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jpm.2007.030.

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AbstractConsiderable evidence exists for marked beneficial effects of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) during pregnancy. The omega-3 LC-PUFA docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is incorporated in large amounts in fetal brain and other tissues during the second half of pregnancy, and several studies have provided evidence for a link between early DHA status of the mother and visual and cognitive development of her child after birth. Moreover, the supplementation of omega-3 LC-PUFA during pregnancy increases slightly infant size at birth, and significantly reduces early preterm birth before 34 weeks of gestation by 31%. In our studies using stable isotope methodology in vivo, we demonstrated active and preferential materno-fetal transfer of DHA across the human placenta and found the expression of human placental fatty acid binding and transport proteins. From the correlation of DHA values with placental fatty acid transport protein 4 (FATP 4), we conclude that this protein is of key importance in mediating DHA transport across the human placenta. Given the great importance of placental DHA transport for infant outcome, further studies are needed to fully appreciate the effects and optimal strategies of omega-3 fatty acid interventions in pregnancy, dose response relationships, and the potential differences between subgroups of subjects such as women with gestational diabetes or other gestational pathology. Such studies should contribute to optimize substrate intake during pregnancy and lactation that may improve pregnancy outcome as well as fetal growth and development.

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Gareri, Pietro. "Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in the Elderly: A Review." OBM Geriatrics 6, no. 2 (February 28, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/obm.geriatr.2202198.

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The omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 LC-PUFAs) family includes eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA). Although seafood is the richest source of omega-3 LC-PUFAs, because diet alone is often insufficient in older people, they may require food supplements and enriched food as sources of omega-3 LC-PUFAs. It has been reported that long-term intake of 3-5 g/d EPA + DHA as supplements is safe for adults; omega-3 LC-PUFAs exert cardio-metabolic protective effects and improve cognitive health, mood, diabetes, insulin resistance, and vascular endothelial cell function. Furthermore, these acids exert beneficial effects on heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, arthritis, inflammatory problems, autoimmune disease, and cancer. Their pleiotropic nature is manifested as reduced triglyceride levels, management of hypertension, and obesity/metabolic syndrome, and reduced mortality. These key nutrients modulate inflammation and platelet aggregation and are effective in preventing and treating negative consequences of aging. A recent meta-analysis of EPA trials revealed a higher reduction in the relative risk in cardiovascular outcomes for EPA than for EPA + DHA. This review analyzes the influence of omega-3 PUFAs on the brain, heart, metabolism, vascular endothelial and immune functions, and muscle and bone health in the elderly.

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Fuentes-Albero, Milagros, María Isabel Martínez-Martínez, and Omar Cauli. "Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Intake in Children with Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder." Brain Sciences 9, no. 5 (May 23, 2019): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci9050120.

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Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) play a central role in neuronal growth and in the development of the human brain, and a deficiency of these substances has been reported in children with attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD). In this regard, supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is used as adjuvant therapy in ADHD. Seafood, particularly fish, and some types of nuts are the main dietary sources of such fatty acids in the Spanish diet. In order to assess the effect of the intake of common foods containing high amounts of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, a food frequency questionnaire was administered to parents of children with ADHD (N = 48) and to parents of normally developing children (control group) (N = 87), and the intake of dietary omega-3 LC-PUFA, such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), was estimated. Children with ADHD consumed fatty fish, lean fish, mollusks, crustaceans, and chicken eggs significantly less often (p < 0.05) than children in the control group. The estimated daily omega-3 LC-PUFA intake (EPA + DHA) was significantly below that recommended by the public health agencies in both groups, and was significantly lower in children with ADHD (p < 0.05, Cohen’s d = 0.45) compared to normally developing children. Dietary intervention to increase the consumption of fish and seafood is strongly advised and it is especially warranted in children with ADHD, since it could contribute to improve the symptoms of ADHD.

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Berezhnaya, Irina V., Irina N. Zakharova, Mariia A. Simakova, and Aleksandra I. Sgibneva. "Polyunsaturated fatty acids: omega-3 and omega-6 and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease." Pediatrics. Consilium Medicum, no. 4 (December 15, 2021): 335–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.26442/26586630.2021.4.201348.

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The history of the study of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) began over 100 years ago. In 1909. P. Hartley isolated arachidonic acid. Later, 21 years later, Burr and Burr in 1930 showed its positive effect on the growth and development of rats. The important thing about this work was that after reintroduction of PUFAs into the diet of rodents, body functions began to recover. It took over 60 years from the time of the discovery of arachidonic acid to prove its effect on the cardiovascular system. Today, research into the effects of long-chain PUFAs on human health, intelligence, the immune system, neuronal connections, the course of pregnancy and infant health has led to recommendations for the widespread use of foods or supplements containing omega-3 PUFAs. Unbalanced diets in children and adolescents, selective appetite, and eating disorders lead to the development of deficit conditions, cognitive impairment, obesity, and metabolic syndrome with liver damage. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are asymptomatic in the early stages, but it is during this period that the prognosis in children can be changed. This article reviews international recommendations for the integrated use of long-chain PUFAs in the treatment of NAFLD and NASH in children. Supplementation of the diet with high-quality purified fish oil replenishes the requirement, improves disease prognosis, reduces insulin resistance and the level of liver fibrosis in patients with NAFLD and NASH.

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Kahveci, Derya, Wei Wei, and Xuebing Xu. "Enzymatic Processing of Omega 3 Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Oils." Current Nutrition & Food Science 11, no. 3 (June 22, 2015): 167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573401311666150603234849.

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Pewan, Shedrach Benjamin, John Roger Otto, Robert Tumwesigye Kinobe, Oyelola Abdulwasiu Adegboye, and Aduli Enoch Othniel Malau-Aduli. "Nutritional Enhancement of Health Beneficial Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in the Muscle, Liver, Kidney, and Heart of Tattykeel Australian White MARGRA Lambs Fed Pellets Fortified with Omega-3 Oil in a Feedlot System." Biology 10, no. 9 (September 14, 2021): 912. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10090912.

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The aim of this research was to evaluate the nutritional enhancement of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 LC-PUFA) composition of edible lamb Longissimus thoracis et lumborum muscle, heart, kidney, and liver in response to dietary supplementation of lot-fed lambs with or without omega-3 oil fortified pellets. The hypothesis tested was that fortifying feedlot pellets with omega-3 oil will enhance the human health beneficial n-3 LC-PUFA composition of edible lamb muscle tissue and organs. Seventy-five Tattykeel Australian White lambs exclusive to the MARGRA brand, with an average body weight of 30 kg at six months of age, were randomly assigned to the following three dietary treatments of 25 lambs each, and lot-fed as a cohort for 47 days in a completely randomized experimental design: (1) Control grain pellets without oil plus hay; (2) Omega-3 oil fortified grain pellets plus hay; and (3) Commercial whole grain pellets plus hay. All lambs had ad libitum access to the basal hay diet and water. Post-slaughter fatty acid composition of the Longissimus thoracis et lumborum muscle, liver, kidney, and heart were determined using thee gas chromatography–mass spectrophotometry technique. Results indicated significant variations (p < 0.05) in fatty acid profiles between tissues and organs. Omega-3 oil fortified pellets significantly (p < 0.05) increased ≥C20 n-3 LC-PUFA (C20:5n-3 eicosapentaenoate, EPA + C22:5n3 docosapentaenoate, DPA + C22:6n3 docosahexanoate DHA); C18:3n-3 alpha-linolenate, ALA; C18:2 conjugated linoleic acid, CLA; total monounsaturated fatty acids, MUFA; polyunsaturated fatty acids, PUFA contents; and reduced the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids in all lamb organs and tissues without impacting shelf-life. The findings demonstrate that the inclusion of omega-3 oil in feedlot diets of lambs enhances the human health beneficial omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid profiles of edible muscle tissue and organs without compromising meat quality.

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Krivova, Z. V., Y. I. Maltsev, and M. S. Kulikovskiy. "Comparison of fatty acid profiles of different strains of diatom Cyclotella meneghiniana Kützing from the salt lake Tahilt-Nuur (Mongolia)." Проблемы ботаники южной сибири и монголии 20, no. 1 (September 17, 2021): 246–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/pbssm.2021047.

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Diatoms are a widespread group of microorganisms, many of which are able to accumulate significantamounts of long-chain and polyunsaturated fatty acids. 5 strains of Cyclotella meneghiniana were isolated during the studyof diatom flora in the salt lakes of Mongolia. The taxonomic status was confirmed by morphological and molecular genetic studies, and the features of the fatty acid composition were also established. We found that Cyclotella meneghinianastrains are producers of long-chain polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids and are of interest for further biotechnologicalapplications.

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Wang, Shun-he, Yong Pan, Jing Li, Hai-qin Chen, Hao Zhang, Wei Chen, Zhen-nan Gu, and Yong Q. Chen. "Endogenous omega-3 long-chain fatty acid biosynthesis from alpha-linolenic acid is affected by substrate levels, gene expression, and product inhibition." RSC Advances 7, no. 65 (2017): 40946–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra06728c.

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Previous studies have suggested that dietary alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) increases the levels of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 LC-PUFAs)in vivo, but the conversion procedure and the genes involved remain poorly understood.

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Kim, Sun Hee, Kyung Hee Roh, Jong-Sug Park, Kwang-Soo Kim, Hyun Uk Kim, Kyeong-Ryeol Lee, Han-Chul Kang, and Jong-Bum Kim. "Heterologous Reconstitution of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids inArabidopsis." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/768478.

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Reconstitution of nonnative, very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (VLC-PUFA) biosynthetic pathways inArabidopsis thalianawas undertaken. The introduction of three primary biosynthetic activities to cells requires the stable coexpression of multiple proteins within the same cell. Herein, we report that C22VLC-PUFAs were synthesized from C18precursors by reactions catalyzed byΔ6-desaturase, an ELOVL5-like enzyme involved in VLC-PUFA elongation, andΔ5-desaturase. Coexpression of the corresponding genes (McD6DES, AsELOVL5, andPtD5DES) under the control of the seed-specific vicilin promoter resulted in production of docosapentaenoic acid (22:5 n-3) and docosatetraenoic acid (22:4 n-6) as well as eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 n-3) and arachidonic acid (20:4 n-6) inArabidopsisseeds. The contributions of the transgenic enzymes and endogenous fatty acid metabolism were determined. Specifically, the reasonable synthesis of omega-3 stearidonic acid (18:4 n-3) could be a useful tool to obtain a sustainable system for the production of omega-3 fatty acids in seeds of a transgenic T3 line 63-1. The results indicated that coexpression of the three proteins was stable. Therefore, this study suggests that metabolic engineering of oilseed crops to produce VLC-PUFAs is feasible.

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Jacobsen, Charlotte, Simone Andrea Warncke, Sussie Hjorth Hansen, and Ann-Dorit Moltke Sørensen. "Fish Liver Discards as a Source of Long-Chain Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids." Foods 11, no. 7 (March 22, 2022): 905. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11070905.

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The intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) of the average consumer is generally low, and products such as fish oils high in omega-3 PUFA have become popular dietary supplements. There is a need for more sources of omega-3 PUFA to cover the increasing demand. This study investigated whether livers from different lean fish species could be a potential new source of oils rich in omega-3 PUFA. The seasonal variation in lipid content, fatty acid composition, peroxide value and free fatty acid content (FFA) of livers from cod, hake, ling, coalfish and monkfish was determined, and the effect of storage conditions on the fishing vessel (ice vs frozen) was studied. Generally, the lipid content and composition of the livers from the five fish species varied similarly during the two years of the sampling period, with significantly lower values in spring (March, April) and higher values in fall (October, November). Storage conditions were found to have no significant effect on the quality and oil composition. Monkfish livers were less suitable for production of omega-3 oil due to their lower lipid and EPA content as well as higher FFA levels. Coalfish had higher fluctuations in oil composition during the sampling period, which potentially makes a standardised quality difficult to obtain. Cod, hake and ling were the most suitable species for fish liver oil production.

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Heird, William C. "Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Older Children." Journal of Pediatrics 150, no. 5 (May 2007): 457–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2007.01.030.

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Volker, Dianne H., Xingying Weng, and Paul Quaggiotto. "Bioavailability of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid enriched luncheon meats." Nutrition Dietetics 62, no. 4 (December 2005): 130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-0080.2005.00021.x.

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Lemahieu, Charlotte, Charlotte Bruneel, Romina Termote-Verhalle, Koenraad Muylaert, Johan Buyse, and Imogen Foubert. "Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid enriched eggs by microalgal supplementation." Lipid Technology 25, no. 9 (September 2013): 204–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lite.201300297.

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Shrestha, Pushkar, Xue-Rong Zhou, Sapna Vibhakaran Pillai, James Petrie, Robert de Feyter, and Surinder Singh. "Comparison of the Substrate Preferences of ω3 Fatty Acid Desaturases for Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 12 (June 22, 2019): 3058. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20123058.

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Omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3 LC-PUFAs) such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5ω3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6ω3) are important fatty acids for human health. These ω3 LC-PUFAs are produced from their ω3 precursors by a set of desaturases and elongases involved in the biosynthesis pathway and are also converted from ω6 LC-PUFA by omega-3 desaturases (ω3Ds). Here, we have investigated eight ω3-desaturases obtained from a cyanobacterium, plants, fungi and a lower animal species for their activities and compared their specificities for various C18, C20 and C22 ω6 PUFA substrates by transiently expressing them in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Our results showed hitherto unreported activity of many of the ω3Ds on ω6 LC-PUFA substrates leading to their conversion to ω3 LC-PUFAs. This discovery could be important in the engineering of EPA and DHA in heterologous hosts.

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Tryggvadóttir, Ellen A., Þórhallur I. Halldórsson, Bryndís E. Birgisdóttir, Laufey Hrólfsdóttir, Rikard Landberg, Ingibjörg Th Hreiðarsdóttir, Hildur Harðardóttir, and Ingibjörg Gunnarsdóttir. "Correlation between intake of fish or supplements containing omega-3 fatty acids and early pregnancy plasma concentrations." Læknablaðið 108, no. 05 (May 6, 2022): 238–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17992/lbl.2022.05.691.

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INTRODUCTION: Long-chain polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids are considered important for fetal development, but previous studies suggest suboptimal intake in part of pregnant women in Iceland. The study aim was to evaluate intake of food and supplements containing omega-3 fatty acids, among pregnant women in Iceland and correlations to fatty acid composition in plasma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Subjects were 853 pregnant women attending their 11-14 weeks ultrasound appointment. Information on intake of food and supplements containing long-chain omega-3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)) as well as background was obtained by a questionnaire. Blood samples were collected for analysis of plasma fatty acids. Correlation was evaluated using the Spearman correlation. RESULTS: Median intake of lean fish was 1.3 times per week, while fatty fish was consumed once monthly. About 50% of the women took omega-3 containing supplements daily. Higher intake of both fish and omega-3 containing supplements was reflected in higher omega-3 plasma levels (r=0.37 p<0.001). A positive correlation was seen between intake of cod liver oil/capsules (r=0.23, p=0.001), omega-3 oil/capsules (r=0.20, p=0.001) and plasma concentration of omega-3. However, no correlation was seen between intake of a maternal multivitamin containing omega-3 and corresponding plasma concentration (r=0.03, p=0.98). CONCLUSION: Intake of food and supplements containing omega-3 fatty acids was reflected in plasma concentration, except for an Icelandic maternal multivitamin. One third of the women followed the recommendation of eating fish at least twice weekly. About 50% had a daily intake of supplements containing omega-3 fatty acids.

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Lapillonne, Alexandre, and Sissel J. Moltu. "Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Clinical Outcomes of Preterm Infants." Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 69, Suppl. 1 (2016): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000448265.

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Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) play specific roles during the perinatal period and are very important nutrients to consider. The possible effects of LCPUFAs, particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), on various clinical outcomes of preterm infants are discussed in this paper. Since DHA accumulates in the central nervous system during development, a lot of attention has focused on the effects of DHA on neurodevelopment. Experimental studies as well as recent clinical trials show that providing larger amounts of DHA than currently and routinely provided is associated with better neurological outcomes at 18 months to 2 years. This early advantage, however, does not seem to translate into detectable change in visual and neurodevelopmental outcomes or behavior when assessed in childhood. There is growing evidence that, in addition to effects on development, omega-3 LCPUFAs may reduce the incidence or severity of neonatal morbidities by affecting different steps of the immune and anti-inflammatory response. Studies in preterm infants suggest that the omega-3 LCPUFAs may play a significant role by reducing the risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, necrotizing enterocolitis and possibly retinopathy of prematurity and sepsis. Overall, evidence is increasing to support the benefits of high-dose DHA for various health outcomes of preterm infants. These findings are of major clinical relevance mainly because infants born preterm are at particularly high risk for a nutritional deficit in omega-3 fatty acids, predisposing to adverse neonatal outcomes. Further studies are warranted to address these issues as well as to more precisely determine the LCPUFA requirement in order to favor the best possible outcomes of preterm infants.

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Djuricic, Ivana, and Philip C. Calder. "Pros and Cons of Long-Chain Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Cardiovascular Health." Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 63, no. 1 (January 20, 2023): 383–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-051921-090208.

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The long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are found in seafood, supplements, and concentrated pharmaceutical preparations. Prospective cohort studies demonstrate an association between higher intakes of EPA+DHA or higher levels of EPA and DHA in the body and lower risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD), especially coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction, and of cardiovascular mortality in the general population. The cardioprotective effect of EPA and DHA is due to the beneficial modulation of a number of risk factors for CVD. Some large trials support the use of EPA+DHA (or EPA alone) in high-risk patients, although the evidence is inconsistent. This review presents key studies of EPA and DHA in the primary and secondary prevention of CVD, briefly describes potential mechanisms of action, and discusses recently published RCTs and meta-analyses. Potential adverse aspects of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids in relation to CVD are discussed.

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Liu, S., V. E. Baracos, H. A. Quinney, and M. T. Clandinin. "Dietary omega-3 and polyunsaturated fatty acids modify fatty acyl composition and insulin binding in skeletal-muscle sarcolemma." Biochemical Journal 299, no. 3 (May 1, 1994): 831–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2990831.

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Feeding animals with diets high in saturated fat induces insulin resistance, and replacing saturated fat isocalorically with poly-unsaturated fat, especially long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, will prevent the development of insulin resistance in skeletal-muscle tissue. To investigate the mechanism, rats were fed on high-fat (20%, w/w) semipurified diets for 6 weeks. Diets containing ratios of polyunsaturated/saturated (P/S) fatty acid of 0.25 (low-P/S diet) and 1.0 (high-P/S diet) were used to study the effect of the level of saturated fat. To study the effects of omega-3 fatty acids, diets with a low-P/S ratio containing either 0 (low-omega-3 diet) or 3.3% (high-omega-3 diet) long-chain omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil were fed. Plasma membrane from skeletal muscle was purified. The content of fatty acids in sarcolemmal phospholipid was significantly related to the dietary composition. Insulin binding to intact sarcolemmal vesicles prepared from rats fed on diets high in omega-3 fatty acids increased 14-fold compared with animals fed on the low-omega-3 diet (P < 0.0001). Feeding rats on a diet with a high P/S ratio increased sarcolemmal insulin binding by 2.3-fold (P < 0.05). Increased insulin binding was due to increased receptor number at the low-affinity high-capacity binding site. Dietary effects on insulin binding were eliminated when studies were carried out on detergent-solubilized membranes, indicating the importance of the phospholipid fatty acyl composition for insulin binding. The results suggest that dietary omega-3 and polyunsaturated fatty acids increase insulin binding to sarcolemma by changing the fatty acyl composition of phospholipid surrounding the insulin receptor, and this might be the mechanism by which dietary fatty acids modify insulin action.

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Zheng, Sulin, Min Qiu, Jason H. Y. Wu, Xiong-fei Pan, Xiong Liu, Lichang Sun, Hailan Zhu, Jiandi Wu, and Yuli Huang. "Long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the risk of heart failure." Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease 13 (January 2022): 204062232210816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20406223221081616.

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Aims: Adequate intake of long-chain (LC) omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( n-3 PUFAs) is considered important for cardiovascular health. However, the effects of LC n-3 PUFAs on the risk of heart failure (HF) remain unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the role of LC n-3 PUFAs in the incidence of HF. Materials and Methods: Electronic databases were searched for studies up to 31 July 2021. Studies were included for the meta-analysis if they reported the adjusted associations between different dietary intakes or circulating concentrations of LC n-3 PUFAs and the risk of HF. A random-effect model was used to calculate the pooled estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for higher LC n-3 PUFA concentrations. Results: Thirteen studies were included in the meta-analysis. Eight studies comprising 316,698 individuals (11,244 incident HF cases), with a median follow-up of 10.7 years, showed that a higher dietary intake of LC n-3 PUFAs was associated with a lower risk of HF (highest versus lowest quintile: HR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.75–0.94). Six studies, comprising 17,163 participants (2520 HF cases) with a median follow-up of 9.7 years, showed that higher circulating LC n-3 PUFA concentrations were associated with a lower risk of HF (highest versus lowest quintile: HR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.39–0.91). Higher circulating docosahexaenoic acid concentrations were associated with a decreased risk of HF (top versus bottom quintile: HR = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.26–0.77). The associations between eicosapentaenoic acid (HR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.26–1.25), docosahexaenoic acid (HR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.24–1.82), and the risk of HF were not significant. Conclusion: High LC n-3 PUFA concentrations measured by dietary intake or circulating biomarkers are associated with a lower risk of developing HF.

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Patel, Alok, Dimitra Karageorgou, Emma Rova, Petros Katapodis, Ulrika Rova, Paul Christakopoulos, and Leonidas Matsakas. "An Overview of Potential Oleaginous Microorganisms and Their Role in Biodiesel and Omega-3 Fatty Acid-Based Industries." Microorganisms 8, no. 3 (March 19, 2020): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8030434.

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Microorganisms are known to be natural oil producers in their cellular compartments. Microorganisms that accumulate more than 20% w/w of lipids on a cell dry weight basis are considered as oleaginous microorganisms. These are capable of synthesizing vast majority of fatty acids from short hydrocarbonated chain (C6) to long hydrocarbonated chain (C36), which may be saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), or polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), depending on the presence and number of double bonds in hydrocarbonated chains. Depending on the fatty acid profile, the oils obtained from oleaginous microorganisms are utilized as feedstock for either biodiesel production or as nutraceuticals. Mainly microalgae, bacteria, and yeasts are involved in the production of biodiesel, whereas thraustochytrids, fungi, and some of the microalgae are well known to be producers of very long-chain PUFA (omega-3 fatty acids). In this review article, the type of oleaginous microorganisms and their expertise in the field of biodiesel or omega-3 fatty acids, advances in metabolic engineering tools for enhanced lipid accumulation, upstream and downstream processing of lipids, including purification of biodiesel and concentration of omega-3 fatty acids are reviewed.

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Pavlovic, D. M., Aleksandra Pavlovic, and Maja Lackovic. "Omega 3 fatty acids in psychiatry." Archives of Biological Sciences 65, no. 1 (2013): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs1301043p.

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Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (?-3 LC-PUFAs) are thought to be important for normal dopaminergic, glutamatergic and serotonergic neurotransmission. Depression is less prevalent in societies with high fish consumption, and depressed patients have significantly lower red blood cell ?-3 levels. Studies with ?-3 supplementation have led to controversial results. A significantly longer remission of bipolar symptomatology has been confirmed from a high-dose DHA and EPA mixture. Greater seafood consumption per capita has been connected with a lower prevalence of bipolar spectrum disorders. Reduced levels of ?-6 and ?-3 PUFAs were found in patients with schizophrenia.

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da Mota Santana, Jerusa, Marcos Pereira, Gisele Carvalho, Djanilson dos Santos, and Ana Oliveira. "Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Concentrations and Association with Weight Gain in Pregnancy." Nutrients 14, no. 1 (December 28, 2021): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14010128.

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Lower concentrations of omega-3 (ω-3) and higher concentrations of omega-6 (ω-6) have been associated with excess weight in adults; however, the information on this relationship in pregnancy remains in its infancy. This study aimed to investigate the association between plasma levels of ω-3 and ω-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and weight gain during the gestational period. This is a prospective cohort study involving 185 pregnant women registered with the prenatal services of a municipality in the northeast of Brazil. The dosage of the serum concentration of fatty acids and the anthropometric measurements were carried out at the baseline, and the women’s weight information in the first, second, and third trimesters was collected from their pregnancy cards. Serum fatty acids were determined with the help of gas chromatography. The response variable of this study is the latent variable weight gain in pregnancy, derived from three variables: gestational weight in the first, second, and third trimesters. The main exposure was the plasma concentrations of PUFAs. Structural equation modeling was used for the data analysis. The mean age of the pregnant women was 26.74 years old (SD: 5.96 years). Most of the women had not completed high school (84%) and had a low income (70.86%). It was observed that the ω-3 PUFAs, represented by ALA plasm (alpha-linolenic acid), DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), and the EPA/ALA ratio (eicosapentaenoic acid to alpha-linolenic acid ratio), were negatively associated with the weight gain during pregnancy construct (−0.20, −0.12, and −0.14, respectively). Meanwhile, the PUFAs represented by the ratio between the ω-6 category acids ARA and LA (arachidonic acid and linoleic acid) had a direct and positive association (0.22) with that construct. Excess maternal weight gain was associated with ω-3 and ω-6 plasma levels. The women with the greatest gestational weight gain were the ones that presented the highest ARA/LA ratio (ω-6) and the lowest plasma concentrations of ALA, DHA, and EPA/ALA ratio (ω-3).

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Howe, Peter, and Jon Buckley. "Metabolic Health Benefits of Long-Chain Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids." Military Medicine 179, no. 11S (November 2014): 138–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.7205/milmed-d-14-00154.

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Saccone, Gabriele, and Vincenzo Berghella. "Omega-3 Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids to Prevent Preterm Birth." Obstetrics & Gynecology 125, no. 3 (March 2015): 663–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aog.0000000000000668.

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Buckley, J. D., and P. R. C. Howe. "Anti-obesity effects of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids." Obesity Reviews 10, no. 6 (November 2009): 648–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789x.2009.00584.x.

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Tocher, Douglas R. "Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and aquaculture in perspective." Aquaculture 449 (December 2015): 94–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.01.010.

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Kantor, Elizabeth D., Johanna W. Lampe, Ulrike Peters, Thomas L. Vaughan, and Emily White. "Long-Chain Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Intake and Risk of Colorectal Cancer." Nutrition and Cancer 66, no. 4 (September 20, 2013): 716–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2013.804101.

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Kanakri, K., J. Carragher, B. Muhlhausler, R. Hughes, and R. Gibson. "In ovo exposure to omega-3 fatty acids does not enhance omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism in broiler chickens." Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 8, no. 5 (April 12, 2017): 520–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2040174417000216.

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The content of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n−3 LCPUFA) in chicken meat can be boosted by feeding broilers a diet containing α-linolenic acid (ALA, from flaxseed oil), some of which is converted by hepatic enzymes to n−3 LCPUFA. However, most of the accumulated n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in meat tissues is still in the form of ALA. Despite this, the levels of chicken diets are being enhanced by the inclusion of vegetable and marine sources of omega-3 fats. This study investigated whether the capacity of chicken for n−3 LCPUFA accumulation could be enhanced or inhibited by exposure to an increased supply of ALA or n−3 LCPUFA in ovo. Breeder hens were fed either flaxseed oil (High-ALA), fish oil (high n−3 LCPUFA) or tallow- (low n−3 PUFA, Control) based diets. The newly hatched chicks in each group were fed either the High-ALA or the Control diets until harvest at 42 days’ post-hatch. The n−3 PUFA content of egg yolk and day-old chick meat closely matched the n−3 PUFA composition of the maternal diet. In contrast, the n−3 PUFA composition of breast and leg meat tissues of the 42-day-old offspring closely matched the diet fed post-hatch, with no significant effect of maternal diet. Indeed, there was an inhibition of n−3 LCPUFA accumulation in meat of the broilers from the maternal Fish-Oil diet group when fed the post-hatch High-ALA diet. Therefore, this approach is not valid to elevate n-3 LCPUFA in chicken meat.

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Valdebenito, Diego, Sebastián Urrutia, Allison Leyton, Yusuf Chisti, Juan A. Asenjo, and Carolina Shene. "Nitrogen Sources Affect the Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Content in Thraustochytrium sp. RT2316-16." Marine Drugs 21, no. 1 (December 25, 2022): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md21010015.

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The psychrophilic marine microorganism Thraustochytrium sp. RT2316-16 can produce carotenoids as well as lipids containing the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. This work reports on the effects of the composition of the culture medium, including certain amino acids, on growth and lipid synthesis by RT2316-16. Compared with the culture on glutamate, the use of lysine, alanine, or serine, increased the content of the omega-3 PUFA in total lipids. In the media that contained yeast extract, glutamate, and glucose, lipid accumulation occurred when organic ammonium was exhausted earlier than glucose. In contrast, lipid mobilization was promoted if glucose was exhausted while organic ammonium (supplied by yeast extract and glutamate) remained in the medium. The total content of carotenoids in the lipid-free biomass decreased during the first 12 to 24 h of culture, simultaneously with a decrease in the total lipid content of the biomass. The experimental data suggested a possible interrelationship between the metabolism of carotenoids and lipids. A high content of omega-3 PUFA in the total lipids could be obtained by growing the thraustochytrid in a medium with a low glucose concentration (6 g L−1) and a high concentration of organic nitrogen (yeast extract 12 g L−1; glutamate 1.06 g L−1), after glucose was exhausted. These observations may guide the development of a strategy to enhance omega-3 PUFA in the biomass.

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Martínez-Martínez, María Isabel, Antoni Alegre-Martínez, and Omar Cauli. "Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Intake in Children: The Role of Family-Related Social Determinants." Nutrients 12, no. 11 (November 11, 2020): 3455. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12113455.

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Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids play a central role in neuronal growth and in the development of the human brain, since they are essential elements which depend on intake through diet to ensure an adequate amount. Fish and seafood are the main dietary sources of these fatty acids in Spain and in other countries. In order to assess the effect of the intake of common foods containing high amounts of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, a food frequency questionnaire was administered to parents of children and adolescents attending a primary school in Valencia (Spain), and the intake of dietary omega-3 such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was estimated based on their fish/seafood consumption. Low frequencies of intake were significantly (p < 0.05) lower for many types of fish/seafood in children compared to adolescents. 27.5% of children/adolescents did not eat lean fish or other types (19.8% of the sample did not eat fatty fish, and 71.8% did not eat smoked fish) and 20–60% of the sample consumed seafood only once–three times a month, leading to a reduced estimated intake of EPA+DHA below that recommended for both groups by public health agencies. Social aspects, such as the type of work done by mothers and their educational levels are significant factors (p < 0.05 in both cases) affecting children’s/adolescents’ intake of DHA+EPA. Dietary interventions to increase the consumption of fish and seafood are strongly advised, and health promotion strategies should be aimed at the family level and fight against gender disparities.

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MARTIN, Danielle, and Kelly A. MECKLING-GILL. "Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids increase purine but not pyrimidine transport in L1210 leukaemia cells." Biochemical Journal 315, no. 1 (April 1, 1996): 329–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3150329.

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Here we show that in vitro supplementation of L1210 murine lymphoblastic leukaemia cells with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids results in considerable changes in the fatty acid composition of membrane phospholipids. Incubations for 48 h with 30 μM eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5, n-3; EPA) or docosahexaenoic acid (22:6, n-3; DHA) results primarily in substitution of long-chain n-6 fatty acids with long-chain n-3 fatty acids. This results in a decrease in the n-6/n-3 ratio from 6.9 in unsupplemented cultures to 1.2 or 1.6 for EPA and DHA supplemented cultures, respectively. Coincident with these changes in membrane fatty acid composition, we observed a 5-fold increase in the rate of adenosine (5 μM) uptake via the nitrobenzylthioinosine (NBMPR)-sensitive nucleoside transporter in EPA- and DHA- supplemented L1210 cells, relative to unsupplemented cells. This seemed to result from a decrease in the Km for adenosine from 12.5 μM in unsupplemented cultures to 5.1 μM in DHA-treated cultures. Guanosine (50 μM) transport was similarly affected by DHA with a 3.5-fold increase in the initial rate of uptake. In contrast, pyrimidine transport, as measured by uptake of thymidine and cytidine, was not similarly affected, suggesting that substrate recognition had been altered by fatty acid supplementation. Studies using [3H]NBMPR showed that there was no effect of EPA or DHA on either the number of NBMPR-binding sites or the affinity of these sites for NBMPR. This observation suggests that the increases in adenosine and guanosine transport were not due to increases in the number of transporter sites but rather that EPA and DHA directly or indirectly modulate transporter function.

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Islam, Ariful, Takanori Kodama, Yui Yamamoto, Majid Ebrahimi, Hirofumi Miyazaki, Yuki Yasumoto, Yoshiteru Kagawa, Tomoo Sawada, Yuji Owada, and Nobuko Tokuda. "Omega-3 fatty acids transport through the placenta." Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 2, no. 1 (May 15, 2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ajmbr.v2i1.27561.

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The placenta is a temporary vital organ for sustaining the development of the fetus throughout gestation. Although the fatty acid composition delivered to the fetus is largely determined by maternal circulating levels, the placenta preferentially transfers physiologically important long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs), particularly omega-3 (n-3) FAs. The precise mechanisms governing these transfers were covered in a veil, but have started to be revealed gradually. Several evidences suggest fatty acid transport proteins (FATPs), placental specific membrane bound fatty acid binding proteins (pFABPpm) and fatty acid translocases (FAT/CD36) involved in LC-PUFAs uptake. Our studies have shown that the placental transfer of omega-3 FAs through the trophoblast cells is largely contributed by fatty acid binding protein 3 (FABP3). Recently there are considerable interests in the potential for dietary omega-3 FAs as a therapeutic intervention for fetal disorders. In fact, prenatal supply of omega-3 FAs is essential for brain and retinal development. Recent findings suggest a potential opportunity of omega-3 FA interventions to decrease the incidence of type 2 diabetes in future generations. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanism of transportation of omega-3 FAs through the placenta and how omega-3 FAs deficiency/supplementation impact on fetal development.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. March 2016, 2(1): 1-8

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Twining, Cornelia W., J. Thomas Brenna, Peter Lawrence, J. Ryan Shipley, Troy N. Tollefson, and David W. Winkler. "Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids support aerial insectivore performance more than food quantity." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 39 (September 16, 2016): 10920–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1603998113.

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Once-abundant aerial insectivores, such as the Tree Swallow (Tachycineta bicolor), have declined steadily in the past several decades, making it imperative to understand all aspects of their ecology. Aerial insectivores forage on a mixture of aquatic and terrestrial insects that differ in fatty acid composition, specifically long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) content. Aquatic insects contain high levels of both LCPUFA and their precursor omega-3 PUFA, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), whereas terrestrial insects contain much lower levels of both. We manipulated both the quantity and quality of food for Tree Swallow chicks in a full factorial design. Diets were either high-LCPUFA or low in LCPUFA but high in ALA, allowing us to separate the effects of direct LCPUFA in diet from the ability of Tree Swallows to convert their precursor, ALA, into LCPUFA. We found that fatty acid composition was more important for Tree Swallow chick performance than food quantity. On high-LCPUFA diets, chicks grew faster, were in better condition, and had greater immunocompetence and lower basal metabolic rates compared with chicks on both low LCPUFA diets. Increasing the quantity of high-LCPUFA diets resulted in improvements to all metrics of performance while increasing the quantity of low-LCPUFA diets only resulted in greater immunocompetence and lower metabolic rates. Chicks preferentially retained LCPUFA in brain and muscle when both food quantity and LCPUFA were limited. Our work suggests that fatty acid composition is an important dimension of aerial insectivore nutritional ecology and reinforces the importance of high-quality aquatic habitat for these declining birds.

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Woodward, A. D., B. D. Nielsen, C. I. O'Connor, C. D. Skelly, S. K. Webel, and M. W. Orth. "Supplementation of dietary long-chain polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids high in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) increases plasma DHA concentration and may increase trot stride lengths in horses." Equine and Comparative Exercise Physiology 4, no. 2 (May 2007): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1478061507811443.

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AbstractTwelve mature and six 2-year-old Arabian horses were used to determine the effect of dietary long-chain polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on plasma fatty acids and lameness. Lameness scores and stride lengths were measured on day 0. Horses were striated and pair-matched according to age, gender, stride length and, for mature horses, lameness score, and each horse was fed either a treatment diet containing 5.95 g of stabilized omega-3 fatty acids plus a fat carrier (FA), for a total of 19.4 g fat, or a control diet containing 49 g of corn oil (CO) for 75 days. Horses were exercised 5 d week− 1, and blood samples were drawn and body weights recorded on days 0, 25, 50 and 75. Lameness scores and stride lengths were recorded again on day 75. Total plasma omega-3 fatty acid concentrations were higher on all days in FA horses than in CO horses. Total plasma omega-6 fatty acids increased from days 0 to 25, remained elevated through day 50 and returned to baseline on day 75 in all horses. The ratio of plasma omega-6:omega-3 fatty acids was lower in FA horses. Horses on FA had increased plasma docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on days 25, 50 and 75. No difference in walk stride length was noted; however, FA horses tended to have a longer trot stride after supplementation when compared with CO horses. No differences were seen in prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) metabolite or tumour necrosis factor-α as measured in blood serum. In summary, supplementing omega-3 fatty acids increases plasma DHA, although there was no overall increase in omega-3 in FA horses. While a trend to increase trot stride length was seen, no differences in lameness scores between treatments were noted.

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Dangardt, Frida, Yun Chen, Eva Gronowitz, Jovanna Dahlgren, Peter Friberg, and Birgitta Strandvik. "High Physiological Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation Affects Muscle Fatty Acid Composition and Glucose and Insulin Homeostasis in Obese Adolescents." Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/395757.

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Obese adolescents have high concentrations of saturated fatty acids and low omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCUFAs) in plasma phospholipids. We aimed to investigate effects of omega-3 LCPUFA supplementation to obese adolescents on skeletal muscle lipids and glucose and insulin homeostasis. Twenty-five obese adolescents (14–17 years old, 14 females) completed a randomized double-blind crossover study supplying capsules containing either 1.2 g omega-3 LCPUFAs or placebo, for 3 months each with a six-week washout period. Fasting blood glucose, insulin, leptin, adiponectin, and lipids were measured. Intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) and euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp were performed, and skeletal muscle biopsies were obtained at the end of each period. The concentrations of EPA, DHA, and total omega-3 PUFA in muscle phospholipids increased in both sexes. In the females, omega-3 LCPUFA supplementation improved glucose tolerance by 39% (P=0.04) and restored insulin concentration by 34% (P=0.02) during IVGTT. Insulin sensitivity improved 17% (P=0.07). In males, none of these parameters was influenced by omega-3 supplementation. Thus, three months of supplementation of omega-3 LCPUFA improved glucose and insulin homeostasis in obese girls without influencing body weight.

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Hidayat, Rachmat, and Nur Riviati. "Omega-3 as an Anti-Inflammatory Modality: Literature Review." Biomedical Journal of Indonesia 7, no. 1 (January 28, 2021): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.32539/bji.v7i1.262.

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A B S T R A C TOmega-3 fatty acids are polyunsaturated fatty acids that have multiple double bonds,the first double bond is located on the third carbon atom of the omega-methyl group,the next double bond is located at the third carbon atom from the previous doublebond. The methyl omega group is the last group in the fatty acid chain. Omega-3 fattyacids are nutrients that play a vital role in the growth and development process ofbrain neuron cells for the intelligence of the born baby.

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Roque-Jiménez, José Alejandro, Milca Rosa-Velázquez, Juan Manuel Pinos-Rodríguez, Jorge Genaro Vicente-Martínez, Guillermo Mendoza-Cervantes, Argel Flores-Primo, Héctor Aarón Lee-Rangel, and Alejandro E. Relling. "Role of Long Chain Fatty Acids in Developmental Programming in Ruminants." Animals 11, no. 3 (March 10, 2021): 762. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11030762.

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Nutrition plays a critical role in developmental programs. These effects can be during gametogenesis, gestation, or early life. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are essential for normal physiological functioning and for the health of humans and all domestic species. Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of n-3 PUFA in ruminant diets during gestation and its effects on pre-and postnatal offspring growth and health indices. In addition, different types of fatty acids have different metabolic functions, which affects the developmental program differently depending on when they are supplemented. This review provides a broad perspective of the effect of fatty acid supplementation on the developmental program in ruminants, highlighting the areas of a developmental program that are better known and the areas that more research may be needed.

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Meher, Akshaya P., Asmita A. Joshi, and Sadhana R. Joshi. "Maternal micronutrients, omega-3 fatty acids, and placental PPARγ expression." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 39, no. 7 (July 2014): 793–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2013-0518.

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An altered one-carbon cycle is known to influence placental and fetal development. We hypothesize that deficiency of maternal micronutrients such as folic acid and vitamin B12 will lead to increased oxidative stress, reduced long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, and altered expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPARγ) in the placenta, and omega-3 fatty acid supplementation to these diets will increase the expression of PPARγ. Female rats were divided into 5 groups: control, folic acid deficient, vitamin B12 deficient, folic acid deficient + omega-3 fatty acid supplemented, and vitamin B12 deficient + omega-3 fatty acid supplemented. Dams were dissected on gestational day 20. Maternal micronutrient deficiency leads to lower (p < 0.05) levels of placental docosahexaenoic acid, arachidonic acid, PPARγ expression and higher (p < 0.05) levels of plasma malonidialdehyde, placental IL-6, and TNF-α. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation to a vitamin B12 deficient diet normalized the expression of PPARγ and lowered the levels of placental TNF-α. In the case of supplementation to a folic acid deficient diet it lowered the levels of malonidialdehyde and placental IL-6 and TNF-α. This study has implications for fetal growth as oxidative stress, inflammation, and PPARγ are known to play a key role in the placental development.

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Klingler, Mario, and Berthold Koletzko. "Novel methodologies for assessing omega-3 fatty acid status – a systematic review." British Journal of Nutrition 107, S2 (May 17, 2012): S53—S63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114512001468.

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Over the last few decadesn-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid status became of special interest for scientists. Biochemical measures on then-3 fatty acid status vary depending on body compartment assessed and measures chosen. Plasma phospholipids and red blood cell membrane phospholipids are mainly used asn-3 fatty acid status marker. The conventional analysis of phospholipid fatty acids involves lipid extraction and consecutive chromatographic separation of phospholipids from other lipid fractions, which is time-consuming and costly. In recent years, different investigators have tried to overcome these limitations by using other biological markers or by modifying the analytical procedures used to assessn-3 fatty acid status. The aim of this systematic review was to provide an overview on these novel analytical methods developed for the fatty acid quantification by gas chromatography, highlights the methodological limitations, and discusses advantages or disadvantages of the biological markers used. Seventeen papers were identified that fulfilled the inclusion criteria. New opportunities arise from sensitive and precise high-throughput methodologies for assessment of plasma total lipid and plasma glycerophospholipid fatty acids, as well as cheek cell fatty acid composition.

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Aerde, John E. Van, and M. T. Clandinin. "Controversy in fatty acid balance." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 71, no. 9 (September 1, 1993): 707–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y93-105.

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It is uncertain whether preterm infants can synthesize C20 and C22 (ω−6) and (ω−3) fatty acids required for structural lipids. Dietary intake of CI8:2ω−6 and C18:3ω−3 in formulae lacking long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids can result in reduced levels of C20 and C22 homologues in membrane phospholipids as compared with breast-fed infants. Supplementation of fish oil has been shown to alleviate this problem in part only, as synthesis and incorporation of arachidonic acid into membrane phospholipids is reduced. Presently, infant formulae do not contain C20 and C22 fatty acids. Feeding an experimental infant formula with a balance between C20 and C22 (ω−6) and (ω−3) fatty acids within the range of human milk results in plasma phospholipid levels of C20 and C22 long-chain polyunsaturated (ω−6) and (ω−3) fatty acids similar to those in breast-fed infants. On the basis of clinical studies and evolutionary data, an increase of the linolenic and a decrease of the linoleic acid content in infant formula are suggested. Balanced incorporation of both (ω−6) and (ω−3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids seems advisable in view of the lack of knowledge concerning the neonate's ability to chain elongate and desaturate essential fatty acids. Recommendations for the essential fatty acid content of preterm infant formula are suggested.Key words: essential fatty acids, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, infant formula, fish oil, desaturation.

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Sullivan, Bethany L., Peter G. Williams, and Barbara J. Meyer. "Biomarker validation of a long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid food frequency questionnaire." Lipids 41, no. 9 (September 2006): 845–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11745-006-5039-0.

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Fu, Zhongjie, Wenjun Yan, Chuck T. Chen, Anders K. Nilsson, Edward Bull, William Allen, Jay Yang, et al. "Omega-3/Omega-6 Long-Chain Fatty Acid Imbalance in Phase I Retinopathy of Prematurity." Nutrients 14, no. 7 (March 23, 2022): 1333. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14071333.

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There is a gap in understanding the effect of the essential ω-3 and ω-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) on Phase I retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), which precipitates proliferative ROP. Postnatal hyperglycemia contributes to Phase I ROP by delaying retinal vascularization. In mouse neonates with hyperglycemia-associated Phase I retinopathy, dietary ω-3 (vs. ω-6 LCPUFA) supplementation promoted retinal vessel development. However, ω-6 (vs. ω-3 LCPUFA) was also developmentally essential, promoting neuronal growth and metabolism as suggested by a strong metabolic shift in almost all types of retinal neuronal and glial cells identified with single-cell transcriptomics. Loss of adiponectin (APN) in mice (mimicking the low APN levels in Phase I ROP) decreased LCPUFA levels (including ω-3 and ω-6) in retinas under normoglycemic and hyperglycemic conditions. ω-3 (vs. ω-6) LCPUFA activated the APN pathway by increasing the circulating APN levels and inducing expression of the retinal APN receptor. Our findings suggested that both ω-3 and ω-6 LCPUFA are crucial in protecting against retinal neurovascular dysfunction in a Phase I ROP model; adequate ω-6 LCPUFA levels must be maintained in addition to ω-3 supplementation to prevent retinopathy. Activation of the APN pathway may further enhance the ω-3 and ω-6 LCPUFA’s protection against ROP.

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Shek, Lynette P., Mary Foong-Fong Chong, Jia Yi Lim, Shu-E. Soh, and Yap-Seng Chong. "Role of Dietary Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Infant Allergies and Respiratory Diseases." Clinical and Developmental Immunology 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/730568.

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Maternal nutrition has critical effects on the developing structures and functions of the fetus. Malnutrition during pregnancy can result in low birth weight and small for gestational age babies, increase risk for infection, and impact the immune system. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been reported to have immunomodulatory effects. Decreased consumption of omega-6 PUFAs, in favor of more anti-inflammatory omega-3 PUFAs in modern diets, has demonstrated the potential protective role of omega-3 PUFAs in allergic and respiratory diseases. In this paper, we examine the role of PUFAs consumption during pregnancy and early childhood and its influence on allergy and respiratory diseases. PUFAs act via several mechanisms to modulate immune function. Omega-3 PUFAs may alter the T helper (Th) cell balance by inhibiting cytokine production which in turn inhibits immunoglobulin E synthesis and Th type 2 cell differentiation. PUFAs may further modify cellular membrane, induce eicosanoid metabolism, and alter gene expression. These studies indicate the benefits of omega-3 PUFAs supplementation. Nevertheless, further investigations are warranted to assess the long-term effects of omega-3 PUFAs in preventing other immune-mediated diseases, as well as its effects on the later immunodefense and health status during early growth and development.

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Hamda, Nisma, and Navaneetha R. "The Role of Dietary Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) for Cognitive Function." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 5 (May 31, 2022): 4447–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.43423.

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Abstract: Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is a structural component of membranes in the Central Nervous System (CNS). Docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are two long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids known as “omega-3 fatty acids” and they have beneficial effects in a variety of organs and biological processes, including growth regulation and platelet activation. Brain structure and function rely on a constant and sufficient supply of EPA and DHA. It builds up in the fetal brain mostly during the third trimester of pregnancy and continues at high rates of accumulation until the end of the second year of life. At birth the proportion of brain weight to the body weight is 70% when compared to their proportions in adults, and 15% of brain growth occurs throughout the preschool years. The majority of brain development occurs between the age of 5 and 6 years. DHA is also essential for adults to maintain optimal brain function. The Google search engine, mdpi, kva, Cambridge, Elsevier, and karger were used to conduct a literature search on DHA. DHA is found in fatty fish such as salmon, mackerel, and tuna, as well as mother’s milk. Meat and eggs contain low quantity of DHA. Long chain omega-3 fatty acids and DHA supplementation has shown to improve the brain cognitive performance in various studies. Keywords: Docosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, central nervous system, omega-3 fatty acid, cognitive function and development.

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Mazahery, Hajar, Cathryn A. Conlon, Kathryn L. Beck, Owen Mugridge, Marlena C. Kruger, Welma Stonehouse, Carlos A. Camargo Jr., et al. "Vitamin D and Omega-3 Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Improve Behavioural Symptoms in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder." Proceedings 8, no. 1 (April 3, 2019): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019008058.

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Sasmitha Ajiningrum, Ridha, Luh Gde Sri Adnyani, Andi Agung Riatmojo, Vira Eka Trie Sanggita, and Siti Rahmah. "Hubungan Variasi Genetik Gen FADS pada Suku Sasak Terhadap Angka Kecukupan Gizi." Jurnal Syntax Fusion 2, no. 01 (January 20, 2022): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.54543/fusion.v2i01.137.

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One of the macronutrients needed by the human body is fat. Fatty acids are divided into two, namely saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Based on the source of unsaturated fatty acids are divided into two, namely non-essential and essential. Essential fatty acids consist of omega-3 and omega-6 which are part of PUFAs. To determine the relationship of genetic variation of the FADS gene to the nutritional adequacy of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) in children of the Sasak ethnic. Systematic reviews were carried out through scientific journals, government guidelines, online portals for journal publications such as Medscape, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct, with the keyword “Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (PUFA)” There was a significant relationship between the FADS2 index (DHA: EPA ratio) and MDI score (r = 0.648, p < 0.059) in AG but not in GG genotype. Two genotype models were found, namely homozygous major allele (GG) of rs 174468 which was dominant and heterozygous allele (AG) of Sasak ethnicity. The levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in infants in the Sasak ethnic were found to be higher than infants in other areas. Sasak ethnic children get EPA and DHA from breast milk which contains a lot of DHA. Sources of omega-3 and 6 on the island of Lombok are sea fish, seaweed, and full-blooded shellfish.

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Kara, K. "Milk urea nitrogen and milk fatty acid compositions in dairy cows with subacute ruminal acidosis." Veterinární Medicína 65, No. 8 (August 16, 2020): 336–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/51/2020-vetmed.

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The present study was aimed at comparing the milk urea nitrogen (MUN) and milk fatty acid (MFA) compositions in Holstein cows with subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) to those values of Holstein cows that did not have SARA. Also, the correlations among rumen pH value and the compositions of MUN and MFA in milk were determined. Dairy cows (n = 16) with subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) (pH value 5.60 ± 0.02) and control dairy cows (n = 16) (control) (pH value 6.20 ± 0.04) were studied. The MUN concentrations (578 µg/l) of the dairy cows with SARA was lower than those (1 315 µg/l) of the control dairy cows (P < 0.001). In the milk of the dairy cows with SARA, the unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), thrombogenic index (TI), and hypocholesterolemic fatty acid index (hcFA) decreased; but the saturated fatty acids (SFA), atherogenic (AI) and hypercholesterolemic fatty acid (HcFA) indexes (P < 0.01) increased. The rumen pH value and the concentration of the MUN were positively correlated with the proportions of the monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), omega-3 fatty acids (n-3), omega-6 fatty acids (n-6), omega-9 fatty acids (n-9), long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) and very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA) and the n-3/n-6 ratio of the milk samples (P < 0.05). Consequently, the dairy cow with SARA that are in early-lactation can affect the carbohydrate fermentation, fatty acid hydrogenation and protein degradation. The MUN concentration in the dairy cows with SARA seriously decreased. The SARA changes the milk fatty acid composition and decreases the MUFA, PUFA, n-3, oleic acid and hypocholesterolemic fatty acids and the hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratio (h/H) values of milk. Therefore, the nutritional and functional quality for human nutrition decreases in the milk of dairy cows with SARA.

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Thota, Rohith N., Jessica J. A. Ferguson, Kylie A. Abbott, Cintia B. Dias, and Manohar L. Garg. "Science behind the cardio-metabolic benefits of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: biochemical effectsvs. clinical outcomes." Food & Function 9, no. 7 (2018): 3576–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8fo00348c.

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Lower incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the Greenland Inuit, Northern Canada and Japan has been attributed to their consumption of seafood rich in long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCn-3PUFA).

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Qi, Baoxiu, Tom Fraser, Sam Mugford, Gary Dobson, Olga Sayanova, Justine Butler, Johnathan A. Napier, A. Keith Stobart, and Colin M. Lazarus. "Production of very long chain polyunsaturated omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in plants." Nature Biotechnology 22, no. 6 (May 16, 2004): 739–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt972.

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Mazahery, Hajar, Cathryn A. Conlon, Kathryn L. Beck, Owen Mugridge, Marlena C. Kruger, Welma Stonehouse, Carlos A. Camargo Jr., Barbara J. Meyer, Bobby Tsang, and Pamela R. von Hurst. "Inflammation (IL-1β) Modifies the Effect of Vitamin D and Omega-3 Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Core Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder." Proceedings 37, no. 1 (December 13, 2019): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019037002.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid'

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