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1
PLEKET, H. W. "The Olympic Games in antiquity." European Review 12, no. 3 (July 2004): 401–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798704000341.
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The Olympic Games are an invention of the ancient Greeks. They were held in Olympia in a quadrennial rhythm, without interruption for ca. 1200 years. Compared with the modern Olympics, the ancient programme was small: running events (over several distances), the pentathlon, and the so-called ‘heavy’ events: wrestling, boxing and pankration. Various equestrian events (with and without chariots) completed the programme. This programme is discussed with the athletes, their social background and ideology. Although in ancient Olympia a wreath of olive-leaves – a forerunner of our modern gold medal – was the first and only prize, there was no amateurism in Greek athletics. Olympic athletes happily participated in highly rewarding money games both before and after the Olympics. Money was not despised; abuse of money, in the form of Wine, Women and Song was criticized, but some athletes, then as now, were unable to resist the temptations of life.
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Beck, Peter J. "Britain and the Olympic Games: London 1908, 1948, 2012." Journal of Sport History 39, no. 1 (April 1, 2012): 21–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/jsporthistory.39.1.21.
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Abstract London’s bid to host the 2012 Olympic games was accompanied, indeed reinforced, by the presentation of histories recording the lengthy and committed nature of Britain’s relationship with the Olympic Movement, most notably as highlighted by hosting the 1908 and 1948 games. Apart from being employed to contextualize London’s bid, the 1908 and 1948 London Olympiads represent key chapters in histories presenting both Britain’s Olympic past and the Olympic Movement. In particular, they illuminate major issues concerning the nature and role of the Olympic games as well as the attitude of British governments, media, and opinion towards Olympism. Despite the British Olympic Association’s best efforts, during the period between 1908 and 1948 Britons often proved indifferent, indeed frequently negative, towards Olympism, even if the 1948 Olympics showed evidence of a possible change of course, at least in the short term.
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Printz, János Károly. "Hungary’s Olympic Successes." Polgári szemle 17, Special Issue (2021): 343–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.24307/psz.2021.0024.
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The games that took place in the ancient city of Olympia every four years for over a millennium held great interest for the people of Greece, and the same is true for the modern Olympics, which have recently celebrated their125th anniversary. The title of Olympic champion has always commanded great respect, granting victorious athletes lifelong recognition in their homeland. Hungary has been a part of the Olympic Movement since the revival of the Games. Our athletes have represented our nation at every Summer and Winter Olympic Games except for two, and they never returned without victories from the Summer Games. Not too long ago, the first Hungarian gold medal was won in the history of the Winter Olympics. The performance of Hungarian Olympians has always been remarkable. As a result, statistics and assessments show that Hungary is a real sports nation, among countries that boast the best results. This has been demonstrated by the six gold medals and altogether twenty podium finishes achieved in Tokyo. With the recent successes at the Tokyo Olympics in mind, the purpose of this paper is to provide a brief overview of certain relevant aspects of the history of the Olympics and the success achieved by Hungarian athletes throughout the years. It also aims to examine the room for maneuver of the evaluation and analysis of the Olympic results, including dynamic approaches and comparisons with international results.
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Smart, Barry. "Consuming Olympism: Consumer culture, sport star sponsorship and the commercialisation of the Olympics." Journal of Consumer Culture 18, no. 2 (April 27, 2018): 241–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1469540517747146.
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The roots of Olympism lie in the late 19th century and Baron Pierre de Coubertin’s revival of the Olympic Games. The values of Olympism have been increasingly compromised by subsequent developments which have significantly transformed modern sport. Professionalism, commercialism, proliferating forms of spectacular media representation and a globalising consumer culture have transformed the Olympic Games and reduced the values of Olympism to marketing rhetoric. The summer Olympic Games in particular have become unrivalled marketing opportunities for host cities, consumer brands, and participating athletes, for whom the prospect of sporting success now promises to deliver wealth, stardom, and iconic global status beyond track and field. The complex forms of articulation of the Olympics with consumer culture are at the heart of the article which gives critical consideration to (1) the increasing commercialisation of the Olympic Games, (2) the growth of Olympic merchandising and (3) a comparison of the athletic performances, profiles, and consumer sponsorship statuses of three generations of iconic Olympic sprinters, Jesse Owens, Carl Lewis, and Usain Bolt, confirming in conclusion that the Olympic Games is immersed within and infused by a pervasive consumer culture.
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Maguire, Joseph, Katie Butler, Sarah Barnard, and Peter Golding. "Olympism and Consumption: An Analysis of Advertising in the British Media Coverage of the 2004 Athens Olympic Games." Sociology of Sport Journal 25, no. 2 (June 2008): 167–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.25.2.167.
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Drawing on work located within critical political economy and process sociology, this article uses content analysis to examine the types, frequency, and content of Olympic related advertising in the British press and television during the 2004 Athens Olympics. We assessed the degree to which The Olympic Partner (TOP) sponsors incorporated themes derived from Olympism and the Celebrate Humanity program, as well as from consumer culture more broadly. Our findings suggest that relatively few advertisers incorporated themes relating to Olympism, and that those that did focused on “excellence,” which is arguably more indicative of the achievement sports ethic and consumerism than of Olympic ideals.
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Garcia, Beatriz. "The Olympic Movement and Cultural Policy: Historical Challenges and Ways Forward." Journal of Olympic Studies 3, no. 2 (October 1, 2022): 44–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/26396025.3.2.04.
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Abstract Since its inception, the Olympic Movement has had a strong culture mandate, with “sport, culture and education” being presented as the essential pillars of Olympism in the Olympic Charter. Dedicated cultural programs—now called the Cultural Olympiad—have been a compulsory requirement at the Olympic Games since 1912; artists have always been welcome contributors to the Olympic narrative, and cultural values have informed the development of Olympic rituals from the outset. Despite this, John J. MacAloon and others have noted the lack of a coherent cultural policy framework within the movement and have debated the diversity and local sensitivity of the International Olympic Committee's cultural mandate and portfolio. This article reviews the significance of MacAloon's reflections on this subject since 2000 and interrogates the value of recent developments such as the role of culture within Agenda 2020, changes in the composition of the IOC Cultural and Olympic Heritage Commission, and the evolving positioning of the Cultural Olympiad as the leading contribution of Olympic host cities into the movement's cultural offer. The article concludes with reflections on the potential and challenges for fully inclusive, timely and representative Olympic cultural policies going forward.
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Zeleneva, Irina Vladimirovna, and Mikhail Sergeevich Terekhov. "The influence of the Olympic Games on the formation of the image of Russia." Мировая политика, no. 4 (April 2022): 98–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8671.2022.4.38609.
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In recent years, Russia has been paying great attention to the Olympic Games. The Olympic Movement plays an important role in shaping the country's foreign policy image and promoting national interests. The purpose of this article is to determine what impact the Olympic Games have on the formation of the image of the Russian Federation. The main stages of Russia's participation in the Olympic Games in 1994-2022, forming the image of the country, are highlighted. The study showed that the first two stages, including the period from 1994 to 2012 and the 2014 Olympic Games in Sochi, were extremely successful in forming a positive image of Russia, which was constructed thanks to the successes of Russian athletes, the construction of a "Russian House" in Olympic parks, the opening and closing ceremonies at the Sochi Olympics, as well as the Sochi 2014 Cultural Olympiad project. The image of Russia as a great sports power was strengthened. However, Russia's participation in the Olympics from 2016 to 2022 was not so successful and affected the image of our country. The deterioration of the image was caused by various doping scandals related to Russian athletes. The authors came to the conclusion that the Olympic Games from 1994 to 2012 and the Olympic Games in Sochi – 2014, which we refer to the first two stages, had a steady positive effect on the image of Russia. However, the negative factors that have arisen since 2016 partially offset the successes achieved in this direction in previous years. Due to the current geopolitical situation, holding another Olympic Games in Russia is not expected in the foreseeable future, so at the moment the best option is to focus on the development of sports within the country. Also, to create a positive image of Russia, it is important to revive the practice of creating a "Russian House" in Olympic parks.
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Selliaas, Andreas. "From Olympic massacre to the Olympic Stress Syndrome." International Review for the Sociology of Sport 47, no. 3 (January 17, 2012): 379–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1012690211433481.
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In this article I argue that the development of measures against terrorism at the Olympics from the Munich Games in 1972 until today has fostered new national and international security cooperation for the benefit of non-Olympic events. Also I argue that the security organization of the Olympics at present is in a state of Olympic Stress Syndrome. Central to the future organizers of the Olympic Games will be the costs of securing such events, as well as the willingness of spectators and athletes to participate in a sporting event where there is an ever-increasing focus on security and terrorism. Perhaps this heightened focus on security will make the Olympics less interesting – not only for participants and organizers, but also for terrorists?
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Siwi, Menik Kurnia, Nayang Helmayunita, and Vanica Serly. "KESIAPAN SEKOLAH MENGHADAPI OSN EKONOMI SMA DI KOTA PADANG." JURNAL INOVASI PENDIDIKAN EKONOMI 8, no. 1 (April 1, 2018): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/01104500.
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The purpose of this research is to know the readiness of school in facing high school economic olympics in Padang. The method used in this activity is survey method to teacher of MGMP Economic Senior High School Padang, West Sumatera Province. The results of the study indicate that students are in need of coaching from teachers on Olympic materials and discussion of economic Olympic issues. Students are still in enough category (70.37%) mastering the economic Olympiad material. For that, teachers is expected to foster students to be more ready to follow the economic Olympics. Furthermore, schools need to hold special coaching of students with economic achievement by forming clubs or others so that students are more focused in understanding the OSN related material.
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Kovpak, Volodymyr. "INFLUENCE OF THE ORGANIZATION OF THE OLYMPIC GAMES AS MEGA-EVENT ON URBANIZATION PROCESSES IN THE CITY AND THE REGION." Urban development and spatial planning, no. 77 (May 24, 2021): 241–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2076-815x.2021.77.241-252.
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In recent decades, the Olympic Games have become one of the most important mega-events in the world. The large number of cities applying for the Olympics and the increase in mega-event budgets indicate that the leadership of cities and regions perceive the possibility of holding the Olympics as a tool to improve economic and social aspects in cities by accumulating investment.
Since its inception, the Olympic Games have closely influenced urbanization processes in host societies. From the second half of the 20th century, a significant evolution can be observed via increasing the scale of the mega-event: from the Olympic mono-stadium to the Olympic quarter, urban and regional planning. Thus, the Olympics began to provide investment not only in sports infrastructure but also in becoming an element of urban and regional renewal and development, introducing changes in transport infrastructure, housing, parks, streets, public space.
From the point of view of urban and regional planning, the holding of such a mega-event as the Olympics is considered within the concept of the Olympic heritage; namely, researchers study the material impact of mega-events. The tangible Olympic legacy is divided into sports and non-sports. The sports heritage of mega-events includes sports facilities, as well as training facilities. The non-sporting heritage of the mega-event includes the Olympic Villages (after the mega-event, the Olympic Village usually becomes the city's housing stock), the media center (which has the potential to become a shopping, entertainment, exhibition, or multicenter), renewed transport infrastructure and public and park spaces, urban environment.
Especially for cities hosting a mega-event, the benefits of hosting the Olympics can be vast and varied. In the post-Fordism world, cities began to consider the possibility of holding the Olympics as a tool for the revival of the city. Such applications can be called "regeneration games". The Olympic Games can be part of a strategic plan to renovate the city, significantly change the urban environment, improve transport infrastructure, and affect the quality of life in the city. However, the mega-event can have a negative impact on the city, forming an overuse of funds or the implementation of unnecessary infrastructure of the city, which declines after the Olympics.
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Zhong, Xin, Shuhua Zhou, and Guosong Shao. "Professionalism and Objectives in Olympics Coverage: A Survey of Chinese Television Professionals." International Journal of Sport Communication 2, no. 1 (March 2009): 42–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2.1.42.
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This article moves away from content-oriented studies on Olympics coverage by focusing on the producers of Olympic images. The study first explicates the concept of professionalism and the objectives of Olympics coverage. A survey questionnaire was designed accordingly to measure a sample of the Chinese professionals who were part of the production team of the international TV signal for the Beijing Olympics. Results indicated that the production professionals were well prepared and were in line with Olympic ideals. Less clear-cut were the concepts of motion and emotion in Olympic coverage. Implications are discussed.
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Jastrząbek, Julia. "Economic cooperation between public and private sectors – a comparative analysis of the Olympic Games in Athens 2004 and London 2012." Studies in Sport Humanities 22 (December 29, 2017): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.6523.
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The Olympic Games are considered to be the most important sports event in the world. In spite of the sports’ dimension of the Olympics, there are many other aspects which should be taken into consideration when thinking about the Olympics. These refer to economic, political, organisational and social fields. An appropriate budget, organisational structure, sports and non-sports infrastructure are just a few of the necessary issues. The major aim of this article is to present the spectrum of cooperation between the public and private sector during the Athens 2004 and London 2012 Olympic Games, the economic effectiveness of the Olympics in both cities and the realisation of the Olympic Legacy focused on post-game infrastructure and other facilities and areas of a socio-economic reality. The results of this study reveal that only a host city where an appropriate organisational structure, net of stakeholders, budget and strategy for Olympic infrastructure are established, is capable of drawing potential benefits from The Olympic Legacy.
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Dugan, Omur. "Teaching Olympism: European Olympic Committees Mobile Quiz Application." New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences 4, no. 5 (November 16, 2017): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/prosoc.v4i5.2670.
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The European Olympic Committee is a non-governmental not-for-profit organization whose objective is to propagate the fundamental principles of Olympism at European level.Olympism refers to the philosophy of the Olympic Games. Olympism seeks to create a way of life by blending sport with culture, education and international co-operation. It is based on the joy of effort, the educational value of good example, social responsibility and respect for universal fundamental ethical principles. The goal of the Olympism is to contribute to building a peaceful and better world by educating youth through sport practices with Olympism and its values. To contribute to this important aim; Olympic Culture and Legacy Commission of European Olympic Committees has been working on educational materials such as; books, leaflets, informative Power Point presentations etc. All prepared materials are sent to member countries of EOC to be used in different sport related educative environments. It is seen that, initially, the National Olympic Committees are responsible of spreading, promoting and using them. There is no specific feedback on how the guide books, leaflets etc. has an impact on young people on learning Olympism and its values. As technology grows, education materials are in need to change too. Especially young people and children who are very likely to use smartphones, tablets etc. are growing in numbers massively. As a matter of this change, Olympic Education had to have a new era in changing the way of teaching Olympism and its values. The EOC launched a mobile quiz application about Olympism and its values in February 2017, by the work of its Olympic Culture and Legacy Commission. This paper will focus on what Olympic Education is, how it is evolved through technology and discuss the newly launched ‘Olympism Quiz Mobile Application’ for young athletes.
Keywords: Olympism; Olympic education; mobile application; mobile quiz; sport education;
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Chanda, Subhrajit, Sidheswar Sahoo, and Shruti Sahni. "Olympic rule 50." Linguistics and Culture Review 5, S3 (December 5, 2021): 1489–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/lingcure.v5ns3.1843.
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In the Tokyo Olympics, Raven Saunders, Bao Shanju and Zhong Tianshi were questioned by the IOC and got warnings due to their “performance of political demonstration” at the Olympic podium. We saw something similar during the 2012 London Olympic Summer Games when an indigenous boxer of Australia, Damien Hooper, was nearly disqualified from the Olympic competition for entering the ring wearing the Aboriginal flag shirt of Australia. The Olympics has had a history of maintaining a hypocritical form of political neutrality over the years. The Olympic Charter talks about sport being an essential medium in advancing the human rights of various individuals from different countries. However, it also chooses to stay neutral and gives preference to host nations. “Freedom of opinion and expression”, is a fundamental right enshrined in core international and regional human rights treaties and national laws. But it is also to be taken note that this freedom is restricted due to the “legitimate aims” of these treaties and laws. The Olympic Charter has followed suit and enacted a certain rule that prevents athletes from making demonstrations at the Olympic sites under the threat of disciplinary sanctions.
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Dugan, Omur, Elif Bozyiğit, and Ian Henry. "Developing an Instrument to Evaluate the OLI Olympic Education Program in Turkey: Case Study of Implementation." New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences 4, no. 5 (November 16, 2017): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/prosoc.v4i5.2669.
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The goal of the ‘Olympic Movement’ is to contribute to building a peaceful and better world by educating youth through sport practices with Olympism and its values. To contribute to the Olympic Movement; Culture and Olympic Education Commission of Turkish NOC, has prepared an interactive Olympic education project called “OLI” since 2009, which reached 3 million students. It is very important to develop a means to analyze if the Olympic education program OLI fullfills its aims. Therefore the research question of this study is “What are the principal aims of the OLI program and how can we develop an evaluation procedure to assess the extent to which these aims are achieved?” A sample group was a class of students (n=33) who participated in the OLI education. The methodology of the study included developing the survey from the context of education given to evaluate the program. Before and after case study was conducted to the students. The questions developed were related to knowledge about the modern Olympic Games and knowledge of attitudes associated with, Olympic values and Olympism. According to the results of the survey; the OLI project increased the knowledge about Modern Olympic Games and the knowledge of attitudes associated with, Olympic values and Olympism. The importance of the study was that; even though there is a wide range of approaches to Olympic education programs, there is indeed no detailed evaluation methods. With this study; an approach which is short, sharp, feasible and something which can be used relatively easy to implement was developed.
Keywords: Olympic education; olympic movement; olympism; primary education
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Kuvaldina, Olga, and Volodymyr Driukov. "Performance of the national fencing team of Ukraine at the XXXII Olympic Games and the prospects of its performance at the next Olympic Games." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 15. Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), no. 11(143) (November 30, 2021): 84–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series15.2021.11(143).17.
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Analysis of Ukrainian athletes’ results at the XXXII Olympiad Games allows pointing out the factors of the weak performance of Ukrainian athletes in women's individual saber and epee competitions, as well as men's team epee competitions, despite the possibility of winning medals in these sports events according to many analysts including those of Infostrada Sports and other sports statistics experts. These, in our opinion, include an unsatisfactory level of efficiency of the process of reaching the peak of readiness for the Olympic Games; lack of psychological stability of athletes at the competitions; weak tactical preparation of some athletes. Based on the performances of athletes of the Ukrainian fencing team in Tokyo, a conclusion was made about the unsatisfactory level of athletes’ preparation for the XXXII Olympic Games. Only 20% of the national team members were able to realize their potential at the XXXII Olympic Games. The dynamics of the athletes’ results at the World Championships 2017 – 2019 indicates the need to use in the new Olympic cycle the planning, which is focused on our athletes reaching the peak of readiness for the Olympics: at first, the training should be aimed at the maximum stimulation of the growth of sportsmanship, whereas at the final stage it should be focused on its realization in the major competitions. It is shown that despite the unsuccessful performance of the Ukrainian fencing team in the Olympic Tokyo, this type of martial arts has significant potential for improving sports achievements at the XXXIII Olympic Games 2024 in Paris. It is noted that in the new Olympic cycle it is of crucial importance to identify candidates for the XXXIII Olympic Games as soon as possible and to create all the conditions for their full-fledged preparation. Thus, to ensure further winning medal places at the Olympic Games, it is necessary to improve the system of sports training in the Olympic cycle, which envisages participation in numerous competitions during the year to achieve a high level of readiness in the major competitions of triennial – the Olympic Games.
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Lupien, Philippe-Antoine. "Sport and public service in Canada: The roots of the inherent bonds between the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation/Radio-Canada and the Olympic Games." International Communication Gazette 79, no. 2 (March 2017): 120–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748048516689192.
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This article outlines the evolution of sports broadcasting on Canadian television, focusing on the broadcast of the Olympic Games. I argue that history of the Olympics on national television exemplifies the evolution of the idea of public service television in Canada. Specifically, it reflects the delicate balance between the nation’s public and private broadcasters, whose relationship extends far beyond mere competition. The public service raison d’être and mission have nonetheless been called into question throughout the development of television. Incidentally, the values of the Olympic movement were also called into question in this period, during which the Games evolved from an all-amateur Olympiad to a fully commercial spectacle designed for (and by) television.
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Siekel, Anton, Zuzana Vodáčková, Matej Šebesta, and Peter Plavčan. "A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF THE COVID-19 PREVENTIVE MEASURES AT THE TOKYO 2020 AND BEIJING 2022 OLYMPIC GAMES." Proceedings of CBU in Economics and Business 3 (December 1, 2022): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/peb.v3.294.
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National and international sports are well recognized in the international Olympic movement. The Summer and Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games are the major global sporting events, uniting the entire world together for world peace. Managing the health and safety of athletes at these top sporting events is an important task. During the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, sound organisational policies and effective preventive measures to protect athletes from infection at the Olympic Games were essential. Currently, there is not much information on the spread of COVID-19 infection in sports events and the effectiveness of preventive measures. The present study analyses the preventive measures for COVID-19 at Tokyo 2020 Summer Olympics and the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics. The study is based on the official documents of the International Olympic Committee and the International Paralympic Committee. It compares the COVID-19 spread and preventive measures taken by the organisers at the Tokyo 2020 Summer Olympic Games and the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic Games.
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Zhang, Bin, and YuFeng Liu. "Research on Sustainable Development of Olympic Games Based on Ecological Carrying Capacity Analysis." Journal of Sensors 2022 (May 11, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4907366.
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The Olympic Games is a comprehensive social and cultural activity with the most complicated system and the largest scale. With the development of the Olympic Games, the ecological problems brought by the Olympic Games have attracted increasing attention, and the sustainable development of the Olympic Games has been put on the agenda. Based on the comprehensive index of Ecological Carrying Capacity (ECC), Environmental Kuznets Curve, and carbon footprint analysis of the Olympic Games host city competition cycle, this study analyzes three modes of ECC of the host city: light urban ecological burden mode, heavy urban ecological burden mode, and overload urban ecological burden mode. Based on the temperature sensor and GPS positioning, the land surface temperature change map of Tokyo, Japan, from 1990 to 2015 is obtained, and the heat island effect of Tokyo is obtained. This paper analyzes the case of using sensors for intelligent event management such as venue detection in the sustainable development plan of the 2020 Tokyo Olympics; the idea and practice of thrifty hosting of 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics and 2022 Hangzhou Asian Games holds that in most cases, the ECC of the host city of the Olympic Games is under great pressure, so it is necessary to pay attention to the ECC of the host city. The sustainable development of the Olympic Games is an important issue in the development of the Olympics, but the sustainable development plan of the Olympics is still being explored. It is suggested that the sustainable development of the Olympic Games needs to evaluate the ECC of the host city in the whole cycle, establish the principle of ecological priority to avoid the overload mode of ecological burden, strive to achieve carbon neutrality in the competition, and practice the idea of scientific frugality in running the competition.
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Duckworth, Austin. "“Decisive Political Means”: International Security Cooperation and the 1988 Seoul Olympic Games." Journal of Sport History 48, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/jsporthistory.48.1.0017.
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Abstract The International Olympic Committee (IOC) selected Seoul, South Korea, as the host of the 1988 Summer Olympic Games in Baden-Baden, Germany, in 1981. Due to the acrimonious history between the two nations, in particular North Korea’s bombing of a South Korean civilian airplane in 1987, fear existed that North Korea might attack the games. In response to the North Korean threat, the IOC, national governments, and national Olympic committees worked together to provide security for the 1988 Seoul Olympics. As relations between the United States and Soviet Union slowly improved, protecting the Olympics factored into arms-control discussions between the two rivals. Simultaneously, despite a long-held aversion to politics interfering with sport, the situation forced the IOC to manipulate political ties to ensure a safe Olympic Games. This system of international security cooperation had a lasting impact on Olympic security.
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Neroda, N. V., and Yu A. Briskin. "The Second Stage of Development of the Modern Olympic Movement According to the Author's Complex-Factological Periodization." Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini, bìologìï ta sportu 7, no. 2 (May 6, 2022): 296–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.26693/jmbs07.02.296.
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The purpose of the study was substantiation and characterization of the second stage of development of the modern Olympic movement within the author's complex-factological periodization. Materials and methods. The main materials consisted of scientific articles dedicated to the research problem, archival data and International Olympic Committee guidelines, posted on the official website of the International Olympic Committee. Theoretical analysis and generalizations were used for the analysis of scientific and methodological literature and documentary materials on the issues of research and assessment of the state of the problem under study. A systematic approach was used to study Olympic sports as a dynamic social system. Historical methods made it possible to study the formation and development of the processes and events of the Olympic movement in chronological order, to determine the stages of development of the Olympic movement. Results and discussion. The second stage of development of the Olympic movement from 1919 to 1939 was quite difficult not only for the Olympic movement, but also for the entire world community, since it falls on the period between the two world wars. The decisions made by the VII-IX Olympic Congresses and sessions of the International Olympic Committee during this period became the fundamental principles for the development and functioning of the Olympic movement at the second stage of its development: the organizational structure of the International Olympic Committee was reformed; requirements for the organization and holding of the Olympic Games were detailed; the Winter Olympic Games were introduced; the Permanent Council of Delegates of the Olympic International Federations was established, which was entrusted with cooperation with the Executive Board of the International Olympic Committee on resolving issues related to the sports included in the program of the Olympic Games; the procedure for admission to participation in the Olympic Games and the formulation of amateur status were specified. The decision of the XI Olympic Congress regulated the duration of the Olympic Games up to 16 days, including the opening day, and the number of participants from each country for individual and team competitions. During the stage, the formation of the ceremonial of the Olympic Games takes place: the raising of the Olympic flag and the proclamation of the Olympic oath on behalf of the participants during the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games (the Games of the VII Olympiad, 1920); the raising of three flags (the International Olympic Committee flag, the host country flag and the next host country flag) during the closing ceremony (the Games of the VIII Olympiad, 1924); the order of exit of the participating countries (the Games of the IX Olympiad, 1928); Olympic torch relay (the Games of the XI Olympiad, 1936). As for the first stage, the characteristic feature of the stage of 1919-1939 is the positive dynamics of the number of participants and representation of countries at the Olympic Games: from 2622 participants from 29 countries at the Games of the VII Olympiad (Antwerp, 1920) to 3963 athletes from 49 countries at the Games of the XI Olympiad (Berlin, 1936) and from 260 participants from 16 countries at the I Winter Olympic Games (Chamonix, 1924) to 646 athletes from 28 countries at the IV Winter Olympic Games (Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 1936). The increase in the number of the National Olympic Committees and participants is due both to the growing popularity of the Olympic movement and the emergence of new independent countries in the 20-30s of the twentieth century. The number of women among the participants in the Olympic Games also increased from 65 (Antwerp, 1920) to 331 athletes (Berlin, 1936) due to an increase in the number of sports and disciplines with their participation. The second stage of the development of the Olympic movement is characterized by the stability of sports and the decrease of kinds of competitions in the program of the Olympic Games. Conclusion. We consider 1919 and 1939 to be the boundaries of the second stage of the development of the Olympic movement. They were the years of the first post-war session of the International Olympic Committee (Lausanne) and the beginning of the Second World War, which made it impossible for the further development and functioning of the Olympic movement. The main characteristics of the second stage of the development of the Olympic movement are the strengthening of its position in the world community, the formation of the ceremonial protocol of the Olympic Games, the beginning of the Winter Olympic Games, further improvement of the organizational structure of the International Olympic Committee and the Olympic movement, the growing influence of international federations in the Olympic movement, in particular in solving issues of admission and control over compliance with competition rules, further improvement and stabilization of the Olympic Games program, cooperation and delimitation of powers of the Olympic movement bodies: the International Olympic Committee, the National Olympic Committees and the Council of Delegates of Olympic International Federations
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Armstrong, Gary, Dick Hobbs, and Iain Lindsay. "Calling the Shots." Urban Studies 48, no. 15 (October 24, 2011): 3169–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098011422397.
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The Olympic Games promise great things; world peace and the transformation of the host city are but two ambitions of the Olympic Movement. The benefits and changes that the 2012 Olympics are supposed to bring to the London Borough of Newham—which will host some 80 per cent of the Olympic events—have been much lauded by the Olympic apparatchiks who typically proselytise about the transformation of communities, countries and individuals via the staging of the Games. The local Organising Committee and others—typically within the real estate sector—are the people who shape these sentiments into particular land deals that will serve to justify the plethora of deals, contracts and developments. Whilst the Olympics are about transformations, ostensibly in the lives of athletes, ordinary people and communities, transformations of an even more lasting sort occur in the Olympic neighbourhood through massive construction and servicing contracts. The Olympics are also about discipline which plays out not only in terms of the preparation of athletes to perform at their utmost, but is imperative to all the arrangements required to host such a huge event. For the good of the Games, people living in the shadow of the 2012 Olympic stadium face having their movements and their neighbourhoods subjected to all manner of prohibitions and limitations.
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Цветкова, М., Marina Tsvetkova, В. Кирюхин, and V. Kiryukhin. "Model of the Regional Network of School of Olympic Reserve in Computer Science." Profession-Oriented School 6, no. 6 (December 25, 2018): 3–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5c07c586f29ba2.89289911.
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The article deals with the models of the formation of the olympic reserve network school in the Russian Federation as a single environment of the olympiad training of students-participants of the all-Russian olympiad, on the example of the olympiad in Informatics. It is proposed to make full use of network models of educational activities in the integration of schools, universities, organizations of additional education of children in preparation for the olympics, allowing to create and constantly develop an environment of continuous training of participants in the subject of the Russian Federation in partnership with coaches and mentors.
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Stefani, Raymond. "Evaluation of Pre-conflict International Olympic Committee Actions against Russia for Doping Violations." Athens Journal of Sports 9, no. 3 (August 23, 2022): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajspo.9-3-1.
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It is sadly ironic that in ancient Greece, wars were stopped for the Olympics, whereas during the period of the Olympic Truce for the 2022 Beijing Olympics and Paralympics, Russia began an armed incursion into Ukraine. For some time to come, Russia will suffer serious sanctions against competing in the Olympics and in many other international competitions. When Russia is again allowed to compete in the Olympics, there will remain the issue of insuring that the Russian athletes are no longer gaining an advantage by taking performance- enhancing drugs. Although it would seem that the International Olympic Committee (IOC) has been punishing Russia for its past doping transgressions, most of the IOC actions were not sanctions at all, based on the Olympic Charter. However, some previous actions were punitive and could force compliance if reinstituted and increased. The Russian Olympic Committee (ROC) should be disenfranchised. Russian athletes should compete simply as Olympic Athletes with no mention of Russia and no medal table should include Russian-earned medals. The IOC should exercise its ability to screen all Russian athletes for past and present use of performance-enhancing drugs. Further, Russia should not compete in team sports until there is compliance with anti-drug standards. Keywords: anti-doping, Russian sports doping, medals stripped, IOC sanctions
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Rozmiarek, Mateusz. "The legacy of the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen in the context of sports tourism." Studies in Sport Humanities 29 (December 31, 2021): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.4468.
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The IV Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen (Ga-Pa) are regarded by researchers as a test stage for the international demonstration of the German Reich’s economic power in relation to the Games of the XI Olympiad in Berlin, which were organized half a year later. Through the Games, Adolf Hitler sought to test all of his resources and means, thereby testing the country’s readiness to host another major sporting event. Despite numerous controversies related to the intense exposition of Nazi politics and anti-Semitism, the Olympic Games were remembered among the international public as a professionally organized event, among others thanks to the modern and extremely functional sports facilities of the time. The aim of this paper is to characterize the Olympic legacy of Ga- Pa, which due to its numerous remnants and nowadays well-maintained historical sports base contributes to the development of sports tourism in Germany. This account is briefl y preceded by an account of the preparation and course of the IV Winter Olympics.
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Brown, Kenon A., Simon Ličen, Andrew C. Billings, and Michael B. Devlin. "Envisioning Slovenia, Telecast From Brazil: Relationships Between National Identity and Slovenian Viewership of the 2016 Rio Summer Olympic Games." International Journal of Sport Communication 10, no. 4 (December 2017): 487–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2017-0062.
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Given Slovenia’s independence in 1991, examining the potential impact of Olympic media consumption on this young nation offers a unique opportunity for scholarly investigation. Prior examinations of Olympic telecasts in Slovenia have uncovered core elements of nationalized pride and focus (Ličen & Billings, 2013a), yet have not fully explored the potential effect of the mass viewership found within the Olympics. This study explores how social cognitive and social identification theories interact to influence consumption behaviors relating to international competition—in this case, the Olympics. For this study, 175 respondents were surveyed to examine the relationship among personal determinants defined by one’s national identity, Olympic fan involvement, and behaviors related to Olympic media consumption. Findings revealed that basic identification with Slovenia as a nation, and a need to defend Slovenia when faced with discouraging opinions, influenced one’s fan involvement with the Olympics, which in turn influenced digital and televisual media consumption.
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Šukys, Saulius, and Daiva Majauskien. "Effects of an Integrated Olympic Education Program on Adolescent Athletes' Values and Sport Behavior." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 42, no. 5 (June 18, 2014): 811–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2014.42.5.811.
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We examined the effect of an integrated program of Olympic education on adolescent athletes' Olympic values and their behavior in sport. Participants were 747 adolescent athletes (482 boys and 265 girls aged between 13 and 18 years) attending Lithuanian schools implementing (n = 430) or not implementing (n = 317) an integrated Olympic education program. Participants completed questionnaires about Olympic values and prosocial and antisocial behavior in sport. Results showed that adolescent athletes from schools not implementing an Olympic education program scored lower than athletes from schools where this program was implemented, on human values of Olympism, social virtues of Olympism, individual pursuit of excellence, and prosocial behavior in sport.
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Šiljak, Violeta. "The Competitions that Have Contributed to the Rise and Spread of the Olympic Movement in the Late 19th and Early 20th Century." Physical Education and Sport Through the Centuries 7, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 20–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/spes-2020-0003.
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SummaryThe establishment of the modern Olympic Games can be considered a logical sequence of the Games that preceded them. The Cotswold, Wenlock, and Greek Olympic Games are known as the forerunners of the modern Olympic Games. The subject of this research is related to the competitions which also contributed to the rise and spread of the Olympic movement in the late 19th and early 20th century. The aim of the research is to point out the importance of organizing the Palic Olympics, the Olympic competitions in Serbia and the Women’s Olympic Games, which, thanks to their organizers, at that historic moment contributed to a certain extent to the expansion of the Olympic Movement. Baron Lajos Vermes, a famous athlete and a sports patron was the founder of the Palić Olympics, among many other sports competitions, which were regularly held in what was then Austria-Hungary at Lake Palić in the period from 1880 to 1906. In the early 20th century in Serbia, the officers who were educated in France, where they had met with the Olympic movement, upon their return to the country began to organize numerous and various competitions that had the adjective “Olympic” in their names. The perseverance in the work on the Olympic idea soon led to the establishment of the Serbian Olympic Club in 1910, and thanks to Captain Svetomir Đukić it also led to the inclusion in the IOC in 1912. In the period between the two world wars Alice Milliat worked hard on the equal inclusion of women in the Olympic movement. The requests for equal inclusion of women in the Olympic competition program that were rejected multiple times finally yielded results after the organization of the Women’s Olympic Games in 1922 in Paris.The research results should show the importance of these Games, giving them the opportunity to be included among the already well-known forerunners of the Olympic Games.
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Elsborg, Peter, Gregory M. Diment, and Anne-Marie Elbe. "Sport Psychology Consultants’ Perceptions of Their Challenges at the London 2012 Olympic Games." Sport Psychologist 29, no. 2 (June 2015): 183–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2013-0105.
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The objective of this study was to explore how sport psychology consultants perceive the challenges they face at the Olympic Games. Post-Olympics semistructured interviews with 11 experienced sport psychology consultants who worked at the London Games were conducted. The interviews were transcribed and inductively content analyzed. Trustworthiness was reached through credibility activities (i.e., member checking and peer debriefing). The participants perceived a number of challenges important to being successful at the Olympic Games. These challenges were divided into two general themes: Challenges Before the Olympics (e.g., negotiating one’s role) and Challenges During the Olympics (e.g., dealing with the media). The challenges the sport psychology consultants perceived as important validate and cohere with the challenge descriptions that exist in the literature. The findings extend the knowledge on sport psychology consultancy at the Olympic Games by showing individual contextual differences between the consultants’ perceptions and by identifying four SPC roles at the Olympic Games.
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Arnellis, Arnellis, Elita Zusti Jamaan, Minora Longgom Nasution, and Defri Ahmad. "OLYMPIAD MATERIAL DEVELOPMENT FOR IMPROVING OF TEACHER PROFESSIONALISM MGMP SMP REGENCY OF AGAM WEST REGION." Pelita Eksakta 1, no. 1 (March 8, 2018): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/pelitaeksakta/vol1-iss1/13.
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Based on observations and interviews with several mathematics teachers of Agam west region, the teacher's lack of knowledge about non-routine materials and problems in mathematical olympiad. Teachers rarely attend the olympic training so that teachers do not know much about non-routine questions, techniques to solve the problem. Based on these observations and the facts there is and so the importance of making the strengthening of mathematics material for teachers. The purpose of this article is to provide the strengthening of mathematics olympiad material so that teachers can improve their professional development, especially in making and solving the olympic problem in teachers of SMP MGMP west Agam District. Based on the evaluation it can be seen that generally the participants of community service in general have sufficiently understood the material in designing the problem and how to solve the existing problems in the Olympics in order to improve the quality of OSN participants from west Agam District. This success is shown by the teacher is able to design and make problems and solve problems related to mathematics olympiad.
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Rubio, Katia. "OLYMPIC EDUCATION." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 1, no. 4 (December 31, 2013): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol1.iss4.130.
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The educational nature of sport was in the foundation of the Olympic Movement since its inception. Understood as a pedagogical tool, sport was seen by Pierre de Coubertin as a possibility of celebration among people, a way to promote peace and development. In this sense, the Olympic Games are considered the public face of this pedagogical effort, and the understanding of Olympic education promotes values and knowledge on the sports universe and all its symbolic acquis. This argument triggers Olympic education programs by countries and cities involved in sport competitions based on the Olympic model. The aim of this study was to present the Olympic Education program developed by the São Paulo Secretary of Education for teachers working in the public school network of São Paulo. This course conducted over the years 2012 and 2013 relied on the participation of 250 teachers, mostly involved with Student Olympics, competition involving public schools of São Paulo.
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Zhang, Yuan, Zhongqi Xu, and Jiabing Wu. "Influence of Beijing Winter Olympic Games Construction on Vegetation Coverage around Zhangjiakou Competition Zone." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 23 (December 3, 2021): 12777. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312777.
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There is a rising concern that Olympic venue construction may affect the surrounding environment. The construction of Winter Olympic venues and competition zones is more likely to degrade the surrounding natural environment than the summer counterpart, considering the prominent land use change and extensive vegetation disturbance during the construction of ski trails in mountainous areas. Scientific assessment of the impact of this Winter Olympic Games construction on the surrounding ecological environment can be of significance for the construction of a Green Olympics. At this stage, the main framework of venue and competition construction in Zhangjiakou for the Beijing Winter Olympic Games is essentially completed, so we assessed the vegetation coverage change conditions based on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) from 2000 to 2020. Our results show that the construction of venues, roads, and other facilities for the 2022 Olympic Games led to a remarkable change in land use, but the impacts on vegetation coverage were negligible in the surrounding area. Due to the intensive reforestation activities since the year that Beijing won the race to host the Winter Olympics, vegetation coverage continued to increase in the Zhangjiakou area, even in the core area of Winter Olympic Games construction zones. This study provides support to the belief in hosting a Green Olympics.
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McDonald, Kate. "Olympic Recoveries." Journal of Asian Studies 79, no. 3 (August 2020): 599–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911820002296.
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In March 2020, Prime Minister Abe Shinzō, the Tokyo Olympic Organising Committee, and the International Olympic Committee postponed the 2020 Tokyo Olympics for one year. The delay is the most prominent consequence of the COVID-19 crisis in Japan thus far. But the “Corona Calamity” (korona ka) is bigger than the Olympics. The totality of the disaster is impossible to capture. The very thing that makes it a calamity are the myriad rhythms of crisis that intersect at COVID-19. If there is a shared theme to be found in these rhythms, it is the question of recovery. When will it happen? What will it look like? And what, exactly, will we recover? In what follows, I share three rhythms of crisis and recovery: national history, the tourism industry, and the parcel delivery industry.
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Kulkarni, Nishant. "Olympic Data Analysis using Data Science." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 12 (December 31, 2022): 855–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.48046.
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Abstract: The Olympic games are international sports events with more than 200 nations participating in various competitions. The Sportspersons from various countries participate in competitions and make their countries proud of their excellence in sports. The primary objective of this paper is to analyze the Olympic dataset using python to compare overall performance of countries and to evaluate the contribution of each country in the Olympics. These analyses will give deeper insight into the performance of countries in Olympics over the years and helps sportspersons to quickly analyze their own and the competitor’s performance. In this paper, the exploratory data analysis techniques are used to provide comparison between performance of various countries and the contribution of each country in the Olympics. Visualization of Olympics dataset in many aspects provides the status of countries in Olympics and helps countries with poor performance to produce quality players and improve nation’s performance in Olympics. Despite a lot of hard work, many countries or players are unable to perform well during the events and grab medals whereas there are many countries that perform very well in the event and secure many medals. An analysis needs to be done by each country to evaluate the previous statistics which will detect the mistakes which they have done previously and will also help them in future development. Visualization of the data over various factors will provide us with the statistical view of the various factors which lead to the evolution of the Olympic Games and Improvement in the performance of various Countries/Players over time. The primary objective of this Research paper is to analyze the large Olympic dataset using Exploratory Data Analysis to evaluate the evolution of the Olympic Games over the years.
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N.Y. Melnikova, V.I. Stolyarov, M.V. Koreneva, and V.V.Melnikov. "RELEVANT TASKS OF OLYMPIC EDUCATION IN THE MODERN OLYMPIC MOVEMENT." Scientific News of Academy of Physical Education and Sport 3, no. 4 (November 30, 2021): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.28942/ssj.v3i4.374.
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This article is devoted to the relevant tasks of Olympic education in the modern Olympic Movement. The set of complex social and pedagogical problems, such as a complete rejection of the humanistic ideals of Pierre de Coubertin in his concept of Olympism, unfair competitions, the decline in youth interest in the Olympic Games and others, as well as the ways to promote Olympic values have been presented in the article.
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Jensen, Rune Dall, Ask Vest Christiansen, and Kristoffer Henriksen. "The Olympic Games: The Experience of a Lifetime or Simply the Most Important Competition of an Athletic Career?" Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 64, no. 1 (December 30, 2014): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pcssr-2014-0026.
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AbstractAs a multi-sport event that only takes place every four years and is accompanied by intense media coverage, the Olympic Games are often described by athletes as a defining moment in their careers. The objectives of the present study were: 1) to describe differences in expectations of Olympic debutants towards the Olympics and their actual experiences while they were at the Games; and 2) to describe how the athletes negotiate the balance between performing at and enjoying the experience of the Olympic Games. Further, we will discuss the athletes' stories in light of the differences between the goals and expectations of the elite sport system and those of the individual athletes. Data was collected through a qualitative interview study with a pre- and post-Olympic competition design.Using a semi-structured interview guide, we interviewed 14 Danish Olympic debutants about their Olympic goals and expectations within a month preceding their departure for the Olympic Games and about their actual experiences within a month following their return.Condensed narratives from two Olympic debutants represent the spectrum of the athletes' expectations and experiences: one failed in his performance but had a great experience; the other was successful and won a silver medal but was truly unhappy with her experience. The debutants emphasize balancing their desire to perform with a desire for social experiences. They also discussed the challenges posed during preparation and goal setting.Olympic debutants are caught in a very real dilemma between the Olympics as the “most important competition of their athletic careers” and “the Olympics as the experience of a lifetime.” This dilemma is linked to a wide rift between the perspectives and goals of the sport organization and those of the athletes.
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Lyu, Dongye, and Zhuotong Wu. "Gender identity and Olympic games: The iridescence in Tokyo 2020." Estudios LGBTIQ+, Comunicación y Cultura 1, no. 2 (December 1, 2021): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/eslg.77840.
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The Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games has brought great strides in terms of equality and inclusion. At least 185 publicly out LGBTIQ+ athletes have attended this global mega-event, which is more than triple the number from the 2016 Rio Olympics. This study investigates the sports participation of the LGBTIQ+ group based on qualitative method of literature review and logical analysis. It first examines the literature about the LGBTIQ+ group's sports participation and then sheds light on the evolution of gender characteristics of Olympics and sports from a historical research perspective. Finally, taking Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games as an example, this work discusses the state quo and future of the LGBTIQ+ group's Olympic participation. The results indicate that sex discrimination in sports has a long history. As the most important global sporting event, the Olympic Games have gone through different stages from the "male-exclusivity" to the gender binary system. However, true gender equality has not yet been realized. In addition, it points out that the Tokyo Olympics is of positive significance for promoting inclusiveness and equality. The ever-developing inclusiveness and diversity will probably break the gender competition mechanism of the Olympic Games. Sports institutions need to deal well with issues of gender equality and fair competition
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Włodarczyk, Arkadiusz. "Olympic Games in Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1936 – sport, logistics, media." Studies in Sport Humanities 23 (July 12, 2019): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.2888.
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The subject matter of the 1936 Olympic Games is mainly taken up in a political context because, at that time, both the summer and winter Olympic Games were held in Nazi Germany. On the other hand, however, the Olympics proved to be a great success in terms of organisation, communication and new technological solutions. This article is an attempt to show the preparations and conduct of the Olympic Games in Garmisch-Partenkirchen in terms of organisation, logistics and media. The article is based on the offi cial Olympic report, press releases from that period and information from the Olympic exhibition at the stadium in Garmisch-Partenkirchen.
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Julien, PH. "Podiatry in the 1996 Summer Olympic Games." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 87, no. 9 (September 1, 1997): 425–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/87507315-87-9-425.
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The 1996 Summer Olympic Games in Atlanta, Georgia, were the largest in Olympic history, with 197 countries participating. These Centennial Games also represented podiatry's greatest involvement in the Olympics to date. The author describes the planning, organization, delivery, and outcome of podiatric medical care in an Olympic Games setting and presents data to assist in the future utilization of podiatry in other multiday, multievent sport competitions.
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Reef, Paul. "NOlympics in Amsterdam!" Tijdschrift voor Geschiedenis 133, no. 4 (February 1, 2021): 659–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/tvgesch2020.4.004.reef.
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Abstract NOlympics in Amsterdam! The struggle for urban space and the politics of Amsterdam's Olympic Bid, 1984-1986 This article examines the protests against the social impact of Amsterdam’s bid to host the Olympic Summer Games of 1992. Although sporting mega-events have become the topic of a growing body of interdisciplinary scholarship, both the related histories of popular protest and governance remain relatively underexplored. The Dutch government established an Olympic organizing committee, consisting of governmental, commercial, and sporting stakeholders, which promoted the Amsterdam Olympics as a catalyst for economic and urban growth. By contrast, city inhabitants as well as local governmental bodies, squatters, and activist groups claimed their right to the city and contested the bid on the grounds of its negative impact on the quality of life and the environment in Amsterdam. International sporting events have always been contested for political reasons, but Amsterdam was one of the first cities where protesters opposed the Olympics’ overarching social impact. Although the protest’s scale remained relatively limited, protesters successfully targeted the International Olympic Committee and international press to present a negative image of Amsterdam as an Olympic host city. Activism against Amsterdam’s Olympic bid is an important precursor to more contemporary protest movements against sporting mega-events.
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Yeerkenbieke, Gulijiazi, Chunci Chen, and Guizhen He. "Public Perceived Effects of 2022 Winter Olympics on Host City Sustainability." Sustainability 13, no. 7 (March 29, 2021): 3787. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13073787.
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Sustainability is now fully integrated into the entire life cycle of the Olympic Games. The planning, preparation, and staging of the Winter Olympics have opportunities to create a sustainable legacy for the host cities for decades. The tangible and/or intangible impacts of the Winter Olympics on the host city are multidimensional, including economic, social, and environmental aspects. However, there are still few studies on the multidimensional impact of the Winter Olympics on the sustainable development of the host city. This paper aims to investigate the effects of the 2022 Winter Olympics on host city sustainability from public perspective. Using a survey of 806 host residents in Beijing and Zhangjiakou, the authors performed descriptive statistics and regression analysis to analyze the effects of the Winter Olympic Games on the city’s sustainable development. The Winter Olympic Games are divided into three stages, including the pre-game phase, in-game phase, and post-game phase, and the impacts cover three dimensions, including economic, social, and environmental aspects. The results show that the 2022 Winter Olympics integrate sustainability into the whole process of the Winter Olympics; the Winter Olympics have an important catalytic effect on the host city’s sustainable development.
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Golovachev, A., V. Kolykhmatov, and S. Shirokova. "MODEL INDICATORS OF PHYSICAL PREPAREDNESS OF ELITE FEMALE SKI-RACERS IN PREPARATION FOR THE 2022 WINTER OLYMPIC GAMES IN BEIJING (CHINA)." Human Sport Medicine 19, S2 (March 19, 2020): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.14529/hsm19s211.
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Aim. The purpose of the article is to develop model characteristics of physical qualities in elite skiers that determine the level of their physical fitness, the achievement of which is able to ensure successful performance at 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing (China). Materials and methods. The study involved 19 female skiers, specializing in various types of competitive activity, aged from 19 to 27 years, with experience from 6 to 13 years and qualification from CMS to MSIC. The physical fitness of athletes was studied during the 2015–2018 Olympic cycle. using special training devices (strain gauge platform and inertial training machine) as part of the scientific program dedicated to integrated examinations in the laboratory of cyclic Olympic sports (All-Russian Research Institute of Physical Education and Sports). Results. Taking into account the requirements for the model features of athletes during their preparation for the Olympic Games, 9 statistically significant indicators were selected to assess explosive force of the arms and legs, speed and strength endurance of the hands, which determine the general development of physical fitness. Conclusion. The results presented in the article are a logical continuation of a comprehensive study on the formation of a structural-functional model (Olympian-2022 model). This model allows to assess the development of the functional status and leading physical qualities in elite athletes, identify their readiness to perform specialized muscle activity and improve the training process for 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing (China).
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Лазоренко, Сергій, Дмитро Балашов, and Микола Чхайло. "ЕПІСТЕМОЛОГІЯ ЯВИЩА «ТРАНСГЕНДЕР» У СУЧАСНОМУ ОЛІМПІЙСЬКОМУ СПОРТІ." Педагогічні науки: теорія, історія, інноваційні технології, no. 5-6(99-100) (August 31, 2020): 190–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.24139/2312-5993/2020.05-06/190-202.
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Relevance of the Research Topic. The forthcoming Olympic Games in July 2021 in Tokyo – the capital of the rising Sun country – in the view of most heads of international sports federations, which absolutely support the aspects of the current Olympic concept, and the athletes preparing to demonstrate the best sides of modern Olympic sports during the Tokyo Olympic Games, can become most scandalous in the context of determining the winners of the Games, the fairness of Olympic records, especially in women’s competitions and Athletes-Transgenders’ participation in the Games. In the history of the modern Olympic movement, these will be the first Olympics Games in which, alongside biological women, will compete representatives of the male half of humanity, who have artificially changed gender. The last four years, following the Games in Rio de Janeiro, have been marked by a total struggle against doping in sports. The purpose of the research is to study the issues of transgender ontology in modern Olympic sport and solutions to this problem. Being used research methods are analysis, comparison and generalization of historical information and its systematization according to the dialectic of the problem’s development. Results of the study. The International Olympic Committee has decided to purge modern Olympic sports from this shameful phenomenon, because peaceful Olympic rivalry is a demonstration of the individual qualities of the athlete, not a rivalry of the modern achievements in medicine and pharmacology. This struggle demonstrated the fundamental position of the IOC towards athletes, teams and national teams, who, for the sake of high sport achievements, used prohibited pharmacological drugs, manipulated of doping tests, etc. in the preparation for official competitions. The result of this struggle is the removal of specified subjects from participation in 2021 Games. Conclusions. The authors of the article tried to explore the dialectic of the transgender phenomenon in modern Olympic sports and to identify aspects of the IOC policy regarding the admission of transgender athletes to the 2021 Summer Olympics.
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Szabolcs, Mátyás, Nikolett Ágnes Nagy-Tóth, Lóránt Dénes Dávid, Adol Fredrick Collins Gogo, and Zoltán Bujdosó. "The Role of Sports Policing and Tourism Safety at the Summer Olympics." Sustainability 14, no. 10 (May 13, 2022): 5928. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14105928.
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The study examines the Summer Olympics from the point of view of sports policing and tourism safety. Held every four years, the Summer Olympics are the world’s biggest sporting events, posing a significant challenge for tourism and law enforcement professionals. Billions of people watch the Olympic events on television, and hundreds of thousands of people are simultaneously present at the venues. Ensuring the safety of tourists and athletes on-site is the host country’s responsibility. In many cases, the target of terrorists is the tourism sector, which in some countries, accounts for a significant share of annual revenue. An attack could therefore have significant economic and social consequences. This study uses crime statistics and economic data to analyze and comment on each Olympic venue. The data comes from international databases, police, and embassy sources. The study seeks to answer the question of whether it is possible to host a safe Olympic event and whether there is a link between the money spent on Olympic security and safety.
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Lee, Jung Woo. "A winter sport mega-event and its aftermath: A critical review of post-Olympic PyeongChang." Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit 34, no. 7 (November 2019): 745–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269094219889608.
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Almost two years have passed since the Winter Olympics in PyeongChang, and this small rural province has now fully returned to its ordinary routine. In this viewpoint article, I present a critical review of the aftermath of PyeongChang 2018. This short essay focuses on three areas: (a) environmental damage and its restoration process, (b) the construction of the sport facilities and their use after the event, and (c) the sustainability of social infrastructure built for the Winter Olympics. The critical appraisal of the post-Olympic PyeongChang reveals that first, the winter sporting competition is more likely to degrade the natural environment surrounding the Olympic venues than its summer counterpart. Second, winter sporting activities such as ski jumping and bobsled are less likely to develop into community sports due to specific equipment and skills required. Finally, because of this comparatively high opportunity cost, the Winter Olympic Games is an excessively expensive event to host. The 2018 Winter Olympic Games may be seen as South Korean cultural diplomacy at its best. Yet, underneath this South Korean winter fantasy, symptoms of post-Olympic tensions, degeneration, and unfulfilled obligations remain.
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ImTobin, 권형근, 한병훈, and Yang In. "Organizations in Olympic Governance: A Comparison between Olympic Organizing Committees for Seoul Olympics and Pyeongchang Olympics." Korean Review of Organizational Studies 13, no. 3 (October 2016): 149–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21484/kros.2016.13.3.149.
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Hughson, John. "Re-uniting Sport and Art: The Potential of Olympic Posters." Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 50, no. 1 (December 1, 2010): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10141-010-0030-0.
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Re-uniting Sport and Art: The Potential of Olympic PostersBaron Pierre de Coubertin, founder of the Modern Olympic Games, envisioned the Olympic occasion as being about more than sport. He regarded the underlying idea of the Olympic Games, Olympism, as a ‘cult of humanity’, concerned with the pursuit of excellence in both sport and art. The presentation examines how Olympic posters have been, and may continue to be, used to carry on de Coubertin's ambition for the marriage of sport and art in modern times. A case is made for viewing the Olympic poster as an object with aesthetic worth and thus apart from its instrumental purpose as a ‘promotional vehicle for Olympic Games’. Problematic questions, such as whether or not Olympic posters can be viewed in detachment from the political regimes that effectively endorse them, are addressed in the discussion.
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Boykoff, Jules. "Olympic sustainability or Olympian smokescreen." Nature Sustainability 4, no. 4 (April 2021): 294–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41893-021-00710-w.
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Houze, Robert A., Lynn A. McMurdie, Walter A. Petersen, Mathew R. Schwaller, William Baccus, Jessica D. Lundquist, Clifford F. Mass, et al. "The Olympic Mountains Experiment (OLYMPEX)." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 98, no. 10 (October 1, 2017): 2167–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-16-0182.1.
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Abstract The Olympic Mountains Experiment (OLYMPEX) took place during the 2015/16 fall–winter season in the vicinity of the mountainous Olympic Peninsula of Washington State. The goals of OLYMPEX were to provide physical and hydrologic ground validation for the U.S.–Japan Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) satellite mission and, more specifically, to study how precipitation in Pacific frontal systems is modified by passage over coastal mountains. Four transportable scanning dual-polarization Doppler radars of various wavelengths were installed. Surface stations were placed at various altitudes to measure precipitation rates, particle size distributions, and fall velocities. Autonomous recording cameras monitored and recorded snow accumulation. Four research aircraft supplied by NASA investigated precipitation processes and snow cover, and supplemental rawinsondes and dropsondes were deployed during precipitation events. Numerous Pacific frontal systems were sampled, including several reaching “atmospheric river” status, warm- and cold-frontal systems, and postfrontal convection.
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Wilson, Helen. "Hosting the Olympic Broadcast." Media International Australia 97, no. 1 (November 2000): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x0009700106.
Full textAbstract:
The host broadcaster is a peculiar, temporary but complex media institution which takes its most developed form in the case of the Olympic Games. The Sydney Olympic Broadcasting Organisation (SOBO) was the host broadcaster for the Sydney Olympics, providing vision for world television networks. Its political economy is examined from the point of view of the changing dynamics of television technologies and the Olympic Movement's assignment of intellectual property, including broadcast rights. The concept of a host broadcaster is shown to be a product of a particular moment in television history and in this respect it is compared to other hosting functions that the media provide for such an event.