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1
Shi, Pengfei, and Alan Bairner. "Sustainable Development of Olympic Sport Participation Legacy: A Scoping Review Based on the PAGER Framework." Sustainability 14, no. 13 (July 1, 2022): 8056. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14138056.
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After the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics, Chinese officials claimed that the goal of “driving 300 million people to participate in ice and snow sports” had been achieved. Historically, the London 2012 Olympic Games had a similar goal: to increase sports participation for all by hosting the Olympic Games. Given these goals, the impact of the Olympic Games on sports participation has clearly become significant. These impacts can be referred to as the Olympic sport participation legacy, an intangible Olympic legacy. The Olympic sport participation legacy has attracted a lot of researchers’ interest in the academic field in recent years. This paper aims to conduct a scoping review of Olympic sport participation legacy studies between 2000 and 2021 to identify the progress of studies on the sustainability of Olympic sport participation legacies. Unlike previous scoping reviews on sport participation legacies, this review adopts a Patterns, Advances, Gaps, Evidence of Practice, and Research Recommendations (PAGER) framework at the results analysis stage to improve the quality of the findings. The results from the scoping review contained 54 peer-reviewed articles on three levels of research: the population level, social level, and intervention processes. Many studies indicate that achieving a sustainable Olympic sport participation legacy requires joint collaboration and long-term planning between governments, community organisations, and other stakeholders.
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June, Haylie M., Ashley R. Kernan, Rachel M. Sumsion, Michael R. Cope, Scott R. Sanders, and Carol Ward. "When Event Social Sustainability Is Tarnished by Scandal: Long-Term Community Perceptions of the 2002 Winter Olympics Bid Scandal and Legacy." Sustainability 15, no. 3 (January 31, 2023): 2558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15032558.
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Due to the increasing number of events around the world, event sustainability is an area of research relevant across disciplines. Research has found that event sustainability encompasses economic, environmental, and social legacies. However, events may face unforeseen challenges, sometimes even major scandals. How do these scandals impact residents and the sustainable legacy of the mega-event? As a historical case study, we explore social aspects of event sustainability in the wake of the 2002 Winter Olympics bid scandal, where it was reported that the Salt Lake Olympic Committee (SLOC) bribed members of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to secure votes in favor of Salt Lake City hosting the 2002 Winter Olympic. Despite the bribery scandal, the Salt Lake City Games were considered a success by the media and members of the SLOC and IOC. Specifically, the present study investigates local residents’ perceptions of the scandal before, during, and after the Olympics using data gathered from 1999 to 2018 in Heber Valley, Utah. We find that time is a significant predictor of residents’ feelings toward the scandal. Further, feelings towards the Olympics, community desirability, race, and biological sex are also significant predictors. These findings lead us to conclude that the effects of the scandal on the Olympics’ sustainable legacy fade away over time.
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Samatas, Minas. "Surveillance in Athens 2004 and Beijing 2008." Urban Studies 48, no. 15 (October 24, 2011): 3347–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098011422399.
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All post-9/11 Olympic Games and sport mega events deploy super-surveillance systems, as a future security investment, albeit at the expense of rights and freedoms. This paper compares the Athens 2004 and Beijing 2008 Olympic Games’ surveillance systems, to assess their authoritarian effects and legacies in democratic and authoritarian Olympic host regimes. In democratic Greece, memories of the dictatorship have caused reaction and resistance to the perpetuation of the Olympic surveillance systems. In China, the police state has used these systems for Olympic and regime security, reinforcing population and Internet control. Drawing on these two cases, it is demonstrated that post-9/11 Olympic security and surveillance have authoritarian effects, which are dependent on global factors like anti-terrorist and neo-liberal policies, and local factors such as the type of host regime, culture and society. It is also argued that these surveillance systems have an emerging anti-democratic legacy which stretches beyond the hosting of the Olympics.
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Rozmiarek, Mateusz. "The legacy of the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen in the context of sports tourism." Studies in Sport Humanities 29 (December 31, 2021): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.4468.
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The IV Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen (Ga-Pa) are regarded by researchers as a test stage for the international demonstration of the German Reich’s economic power in relation to the Games of the XI Olympiad in Berlin, which were organized half a year later. Through the Games, Adolf Hitler sought to test all of his resources and means, thereby testing the country’s readiness to host another major sporting event. Despite numerous controversies related to the intense exposition of Nazi politics and anti-Semitism, the Olympic Games were remembered among the international public as a professionally organized event, among others thanks to the modern and extremely functional sports facilities of the time. The aim of this paper is to characterize the Olympic legacy of Ga- Pa, which due to its numerous remnants and nowadays well-maintained historical sports base contributes to the development of sports tourism in Germany. This account is briefl y preceded by an account of the preparation and course of the IV Winter Olympics.
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Jastrząbek, Julia. "Economic cooperation between public and private sectors – a comparative analysis of the Olympic Games in Athens 2004 and London 2012." Studies in Sport Humanities 22 (December 29, 2017): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.6523.
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The Olympic Games are considered to be the most important sports event in the world. In spite of the sports’ dimension of the Olympics, there are many other aspects which should be taken into consideration when thinking about the Olympics. These refer to economic, political, organisational and social fields. An appropriate budget, organisational structure, sports and non-sports infrastructure are just a few of the necessary issues. The major aim of this article is to present the spectrum of cooperation between the public and private sector during the Athens 2004 and London 2012 Olympic Games, the economic effectiveness of the Olympics in both cities and the realisation of the Olympic Legacy focused on post-game infrastructure and other facilities and areas of a socio-economic reality. The results of this study reveal that only a host city where an appropriate organisational structure, net of stakeholders, budget and strategy for Olympic infrastructure are established, is capable of drawing potential benefits from The Olympic Legacy.
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Culpan, Ian. "Olympism, Olympic education and learning legacies." Sport in Society 19, no. 2 (October 23, 2015): 289–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2015.1093802.
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Pinto, Pedro Janela, and Gustavo Lopes dos Santos. "Olympic Waterfronts: An Evaluation of Wasted Opportunities and Lasting Legacies." Sustainability 14, no. 4 (February 9, 2022): 1968. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14041968.
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Mega-events such as the Olympic Games are powerful tools for city-branding and urban development, carrying the ability to create lasting physical, political, social, and economic legacies. Waterfront redevelopment has become a primary mechanism for revitalizing urban spaces, especially through brownfield requalification, and the Olympics have not been indifferent to this trend. Several recent editions have engaged in the rehabilitation of urban waterfronts. To analyze common mistakes that may impair the quality of these interventions, we apply a revised version of a binary evaluation tool to nine such Olympic Waterfronts, starting with Barcelona 1992, assessing their contexts, budgets, programs, plans, and environmental integration. The results show that the Olympic Waterfront can drastically change the image of the city, greatly contributing to the perceived success of the event’s legacy and creating new urban centralities. However, the inadequate management in the planning, delivery and, especially, legacy stages of the event can compromise this “Olympic Effect”. The test application of the evaluation tool proved successful in the context of mega-event planning and post-event transformation. It could potentially be useful in informing present and future decision-making regarding waterfront regeneration projects by highlighting pressure-points that, if not addressed, may hinder the future success of the interventions.
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Dugan, Omur. "Teaching Olympism: European Olympic Committees Mobile Quiz Application." New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences 4, no. 5 (November 16, 2017): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/prosoc.v4i5.2670.
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The European Olympic Committee is a non-governmental not-for-profit organization whose objective is to propagate the fundamental principles of Olympism at European level.Olympism refers to the philosophy of the Olympic Games. Olympism seeks to create a way of life by blending sport with culture, education and international co-operation. It is based on the joy of effort, the educational value of good example, social responsibility and respect for universal fundamental ethical principles. The goal of the Olympism is to contribute to building a peaceful and better world by educating youth through sport practices with Olympism and its values. To contribute to this important aim; Olympic Culture and Legacy Commission of European Olympic Committees has been working on educational materials such as; books, leaflets, informative Power Point presentations etc. All prepared materials are sent to member countries of EOC to be used in different sport related educative environments. It is seen that, initially, the National Olympic Committees are responsible of spreading, promoting and using them. There is no specific feedback on how the guide books, leaflets etc. has an impact on young people on learning Olympism and its values. As technology grows, education materials are in need to change too. Especially young people and children who are very likely to use smartphones, tablets etc. are growing in numbers massively. As a matter of this change, Olympic Education had to have a new era in changing the way of teaching Olympism and its values. The EOC launched a mobile quiz application about Olympism and its values in February 2017, by the work of its Olympic Culture and Legacy Commission. This paper will focus on what Olympic Education is, how it is evolved through technology and discuss the newly launched ‘Olympism Quiz Mobile Application’ for young athletes.
Keywords: Olympism; Olympic education; mobile application; mobile quiz; sport education;
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Holden, Meg, Julia MacKenzie, and Robert VanWynsberghe. "Vancouver's Promise of the World's First Sustainable Olympic Games." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 26, no. 5 (January 1, 2008): 882–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c2309r.
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Vancouver has committed to host the world's first sustainable Olympic Games in 2010. This promise is in keeping with local policy trends in the Vancouver region toward visions of sustainability and with growing attention by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to environmental sustainability concerns. We demonstrate that interests in sustainability at local and international scales may differ markedly, however, resulting in a range of possible legacies for Vancouver and the international Olympic movement from the 2010 Winter Olympics. To move beyond the fruitless search for a universally acceptable definition of sustainability, we investigate different meanings of sustainability using the tool of the ‘language game’, originally devised by philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein. Examining sustainability as a language game in the planning phase of the 2010 Olympics allows us to consider the potential and likely scenarios for sustainability wins and losses, internationally and in the local context. Four possible scenarios are considered. In the most optimistic scenario, sustainability language converges across the international and local language systems, aiding the development of sustainability in Vancouver policy, charting a course for Olympic cities to follow, and creating institutional change within the IOC as well. In the contrasting scenario, the failure to find common ground in sustainability pursuits could doom the concept both for future Olympic cities and for policy practice in Vancouver. Two other mixed outcome scenarios are considered as well. This analysis leads to insight into the boundaries of the meaning of sustainability in the context of a megaevent, in which, more than any particular demonstration project, the communicated message of sustainability may be the most lasting legacy.
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Zawadzki, Krystian. "The Economic Legacy of Mega Sporting Events. The Impact of Hosting European Olympic Games on GDP Growth Through Infrastructure Development." Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism 29, no. 3 (September 1, 2022): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjst-2022-0019.
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Abstract Introduction. The positive legacy of the Olympics is often cited by the International Olympic Committee and national organizers. Some scholars, however, question an uncritical approach to an exclusively positive economic legacy. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of hosting the Olympics on infrastructure development, with a potential impact on economic growth in the form of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in three phases of seven Olympic Games organised in Europe in recent years. Material and methods. The effect of a particular Olympic period on the GDP was analysed using a difference-in-difference technique in which the difference between each of the analysed seven host countries’ GDPs and those of a reference set of countries was obtained. Each time, as part of the observation, an event time period was distinguished covering all three phases of the event: the preparatory phase, the event phase and the post-event phase. Results. For the Winter Olympic Games, no statistically significant positive results are observed in the long term, which may indicate a very limited importance of the economic legacy of these events for potential host countries. In the case of Summer Olympic Games, the positive impact of the organization of these events in the post-event phase is noticeable Conclusions. The obtained results confirm the ambiguous impact of Olympic Games on the hosts’ economies and are in line with the attitude of many scholars to an uncritical approach to the only positive legacy of these events.
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Shipway, Richard. "Sustainable legacies for the 2012 Olympic Games." Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health 127, no. 3 (May 2007): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1466424007077344.
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The London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games have the unique potential to deliver sustainable sporting, social, cultural, economic and environmental legacies, not just for London as the host city, but for the whole of Britain. This article focuses primarily on the first three of these potential Olympics legacies. The first area explored is the social legacy as it impacts on host communities; second, the potential educational and cultural legacy of the 2012 Games are examined; and finally, there follows an overview of the health benefits that could result from a sustained increase in mass participation in sport, physical activity and exercise. This appraisal is undertaken through a review of existing Olympic literature and examples are drawn from previous summer and winter Games. This preliminary exploration is followed by the identification of some key challenges to be overcome if the opportunities available to a wide and diverse range of stakeholders are to be fully optimized. The article suggests that the 2012 Games can act as a catalyst for sports development throughout Britain, while also assisting with government cross-cutting agendas such as tackling crime, antisocial behaviour, developing healthy and active communities, improving educational attainment, and combating barriers to participation. In doing so, this article argues that priority should be placed at supporting grassroots sport through greater access to sport in the community, and not solely elite level sports development. The article concludes by suggesting that the 2012 Games provide opportunities to deliver real and tangible changes and most importantly, to afford a higher priority to sport, along with the obvious associated health benefits for Britain as a whole. The underlying challenge as we move towards 2012 is to achieve a positive step change in the attitudes towards sport and physical activity in British society. Achieving this would possibly be the greatest legacy of the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games.
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Yeerkenbieke, Gulijiazi, Chunci Chen, and Guizhen He. "Public Perceived Effects of 2022 Winter Olympics on Host City Sustainability." Sustainability 13, no. 7 (March 29, 2021): 3787. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13073787.
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Sustainability is now fully integrated into the entire life cycle of the Olympic Games. The planning, preparation, and staging of the Winter Olympics have opportunities to create a sustainable legacy for the host cities for decades. The tangible and/or intangible impacts of the Winter Olympics on the host city are multidimensional, including economic, social, and environmental aspects. However, there are still few studies on the multidimensional impact of the Winter Olympics on the sustainable development of the host city. This paper aims to investigate the effects of the 2022 Winter Olympics on host city sustainability from public perspective. Using a survey of 806 host residents in Beijing and Zhangjiakou, the authors performed descriptive statistics and regression analysis to analyze the effects of the Winter Olympic Games on the city’s sustainable development. The Winter Olympic Games are divided into three stages, including the pre-game phase, in-game phase, and post-game phase, and the impacts cover three dimensions, including economic, social, and environmental aspects. The results show that the 2022 Winter Olympics integrate sustainability into the whole process of the Winter Olympics; the Winter Olympics have an important catalytic effect on the host city’s sustainable development.
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Kovpak, Volodymyr. "INFLUENCE OF THE ORGANIZATION OF THE OLYMPIC GAMES AS MEGA-EVENT ON URBANIZATION PROCESSES IN THE CITY AND THE REGION." Urban development and spatial planning, no. 77 (May 24, 2021): 241–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2076-815x.2021.77.241-252.
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In recent decades, the Olympic Games have become one of the most important mega-events in the world. The large number of cities applying for the Olympics and the increase in mega-event budgets indicate that the leadership of cities and regions perceive the possibility of holding the Olympics as a tool to improve economic and social aspects in cities by accumulating investment.
Since its inception, the Olympic Games have closely influenced urbanization processes in host societies. From the second half of the 20th century, a significant evolution can be observed via increasing the scale of the mega-event: from the Olympic mono-stadium to the Olympic quarter, urban and regional planning. Thus, the Olympics began to provide investment not only in sports infrastructure but also in becoming an element of urban and regional renewal and development, introducing changes in transport infrastructure, housing, parks, streets, public space.
From the point of view of urban and regional planning, the holding of such a mega-event as the Olympics is considered within the concept of the Olympic heritage; namely, researchers study the material impact of mega-events. The tangible Olympic legacy is divided into sports and non-sports. The sports heritage of mega-events includes sports facilities, as well as training facilities. The non-sporting heritage of the mega-event includes the Olympic Villages (after the mega-event, the Olympic Village usually becomes the city's housing stock), the media center (which has the potential to become a shopping, entertainment, exhibition, or multicenter), renewed transport infrastructure and public and park spaces, urban environment.
Especially for cities hosting a mega-event, the benefits of hosting the Olympics can be vast and varied. In the post-Fordism world, cities began to consider the possibility of holding the Olympics as a tool for the revival of the city. Such applications can be called "regeneration games". The Olympic Games can be part of a strategic plan to renovate the city, significantly change the urban environment, improve transport infrastructure, and affect the quality of life in the city. However, the mega-event can have a negative impact on the city, forming an overuse of funds or the implementation of unnecessary infrastructure of the city, which declines after the Olympics.
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Froissart, Tony, and Thierry Terret. "LEON ŠTUKELJ, OLYMPIC CHAMPION 1924 IN GYMNASTICS. PERFORMANCES AND LEGACY." Science of Gymnastics Journal 14, no. 1 (March 27, 2022): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.52165/sgj.14.1.5-15.
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Olympic champion in the general event in gymnastics at the 8th Olympiad in 1924, Leon Štukelj performed remarkably in international competitions. This article proposes to analyze the innovative character of the performance carried out by the gymnast of the Yugoslavian team, to appreciate the context of its realization and to evaluate his legacies. Through his performance, Štukelj paved the way to major evolutions in gymnastics, especially in the rings event where he excelled. Certain technical regulations of international gymnastics seem to have been especially inspired by the elements he performed in 1924. Štukelj was also considered an emblematic figure of the educational method developed by the Yugoslav Sokols. As a consequence, his imprint as a symbol of a moral and physical system of training was also very strong. The paper is positioned in the field of cultural history. It aims to study the evolution of Štukelj’s performance and legacy. In addition to the historiography of the 1924 Olympic Games, it uses various primary sources: the French daily press published on the occasion of the 1924 Olympic Games, the archives of the Lausanne Olympic Study Center, the archives of the city of Colombes, the official reports of the 1924, 1928 and 1936 Olympic Games, the archives of the International Gymnastics Federation and Štukelj’s autobiography (1989).
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Ellis, Dana, and Becca Leopkey. "The Coca-Cola Games: Marketing Legacies of the Atlanta Olympic Games." Journal of Olympic Studies 2, no. 2 (October 1, 2021): 27–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/jofolympstud.2.2.0027.
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Abstract The 1996 Summer Olympic Games in Atlanta represented a turning point in the commercial orientation of the Olympics. While arguably a commercial success, the Atlanta Games were, and continue to be, heavily criticized for their overly commercial nature. Now, more than twenty years after the Atlanta Games, this article retrospectively examines their long-term marketing legacies. Employing a qualitative case design built from a detailed document analysis using a combination of historical and contemporary sources, this article identifies key marketing and organizational events, circumstances, strategies, and challenges of the Atlanta Games and discusses how they have arguably impacted the future course of Olympic marketing and sponsorship in an effort to expand knowledge and understanding of event management-related legacies.
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Rowberg, Kathryn, and Meg Rincker. "Environmental Sustainability at the Olympic Games: Comparing Rio 2016 and Tokyo 2020 Games." European Journal of Sustainable Development 8, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2019.v8n4p121.
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The modern Olympic Games have evolved from events fostering international peace and goodwill to showcases of athleticism and commercialism. More recently sustainability became a pillar of the Game site selection process. This paper focuses on two Olympic Games: Rio 2016 (completed) and Tokyo 2020 (upcoming). The goals of Sustainability Plans and pre-game reports for the two Olympic sites are analyzed using weighted summation method of Multi-attribute Value theory and the framework of environmental, economic and social-cultural sustainability, with emphasis on environmental sustainability. Post-game analysis and legacy stories are reviewed for Rio 2016. Application of legacy stories to future Olympics sites is examined. Last, Rio 2016 and Tokyo 2020, in terms of actual and anticipated success in sustainability initiatives, are compared for the impact these two Games may have on future Olympic Game sites.Keywords: Sustainability, environmental sustainability, Olympic Games, Rio 2016, Tokyo 2020
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Attali, Michaël, and François Le Yondre. "Olympic Education in France: A Legacy Issue or the Promotion of a Model in Crisis?" Social Sciences 11, no. 2 (February 8, 2022): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci11020062.
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Both the promoters of Olympism and the organisers of the Olympic Games regularly employ the term legacy. In this context, the use of education as a tool constitutes an important stake. We have analysed the position of French actors in education with regard to Olympism and the measures implemented. In this respect, we have studied, on the one hand, the texts of the IOC and OCOGs from the 1960s to those concerning Paris 2024, in order to identify the concepts of education. On the other hand, we have focused on the professional texts of Physical Education and Sport (PES) teachers. Finally, in order to complete this analysis, we have examined the contents of projects labelled as part of the “Olympic Class” scheme, designed as one of the main channels for rolling out Olympic education in schools. This study has made it possible to identify the ways in which PES teachers engage in and take ownership of the concept of Olympic education, sometimes to the point of validating its ideological foundations or transforming them. Our study thus ponders the means used to make Olympism a universal subject and demonstrates that, far from offering real pedagogical treatment of Olympic facts, current practices aim rather to form generations of spectators attached to Olympism and guarantee the success of future Olympiads.
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Ritchie, J. R. B. "Turning 16 Days into 16 Years Through Olympic Legacies." Event Management 6, no. 3 (March 1, 2000): 155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/096020197390239.
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The hosting of mega-events such as the Olympic Games provides a short period of intense excitement for residents and enhances the long-term awareness of the host destination in tourism markets. However, unless the event is carefully and strategically planned with destination and community development in mind, it can be difficult to justify the large investments required. This article focuses on two examples (the 1988 Calgary Winter Olympics, and the Salt Lake City 2002 Games) in an attempt to demonstrate how “legacy planning” can help ensure that the hosting of a short-term mega-event such as the Olympics can contribute to the development and consolidation of facilities and programs that will benefit destination residents for many years.
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Kim, Hany, Yeongbae Choe, Daehwan Kim, and Jeongmi (Jamie) Kim. "For Sustainable Benefits and Legacies of Mega-Events: A Case Study of the 2018 PyeongChang Winter Olympics from the Perspective of the Volunteer Co-Creators." Sustainability 11, no. 9 (April 26, 2019): 2473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11092473.
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This study examined the outcome of the 2018 PyeongChang Winter Olympics from multiple perspectives. Tourism and sport researchers have focused on the legacy of mega-events, due to the opportunity they provide to transform a city positively, including through the development of the tourism industry. However, outcomes are not always positive, and the effects differ for every event. The effects of an event can be short-term or long-term. An event, to be truly successful, should aim to have a long-lasting and sustainable positive effect for everyone involved in hosting the event. Additionally, the outcome effects are perceived to be different by each stakeholder of any event. While the roles of volunteers are critical to the success of an event, their perspectives of the event outcomes have been relatively overlooked. Therefore, this study examined the legacy of the 2018 Winter Olympics, as the most recent and unique Olympics (also known as the Peace Olympics), from the perspectives of the volunteers as co-creators. Specifically, volunteers were asked to explain their perceptions of the success of the Olympics. Furthermore, they were asked to identify the legacy of volunteering and the legacy of the Olympics, in order to examine whether volunteers can distinguish the difference between the legacies of volunteering and the Olympics (i.e., event legacy). Using a modified version of content analysis, the results of the volunteer interviews indicated that volunteers identified the legacies of volunteering on a more personal level, emphasizing personal experience, while they identified the legacies of the Olympics on a community and national level.
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Luo, Shiming, and Fuhua Huang. "China's Olympic Dream and the Legacies of the Beijing Olympics." International Journal of the History of Sport 30, no. 4 (February 2013): 443–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2013.765722.
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Sant, Stacy-Lynn, and Daniel S. Mason. "Framing Event Legacy in a Prospective Host City: Managing Vancouver’s Olympic Bid." Journal of Sport Management 29, no. 1 (January 2015): 42–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2013-0294.
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In preparation for Olympic bids, city officials and event managers often cite event “legacies” and argue that such benefits may be realized for decades. Meanwhile, public support is extremely important when moving forward with a bid; legacy has therefore become a prominent feature in bid committee rhetoric and in the management of event bidding, and how the notion of legacy is managed in the media by bid proponents will be key to a successful bid. This paper explores how legacy was framed in the newspaper media during the Olympic bid in Vancouver, where city officials, local politicians, and members of the bid committee focused their pro-bid arguments around infrastructure, economic, and social legacies. Results show how these legacies entered the bid discourse at various points in the domestic and international bid competitions, as supporters moved away from discussions of new infrastructure development and economic impacts toward intangible event benefits.
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Misener, Laura, Simon Darcy, David Legg, and Keith Gilbert. "Beyond Olympic Legacy: Understanding Paralympic Legacy Through a Thematic Analysis." Journal of Sport Management 27, no. 4 (July 2013): 329–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.27.4.329.
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Over the last decade a great deal of work has examined major sport event legacies and event leverage. Much of this work has involved Olympic studies and this paper seeks to add to the body of knowledge surrounding major sport event legacies by examining the largely overlooked area of the Paralympic Games. The Paralympic Games are the second largest multisport event after the Olympic Games depending upon which parameters are used and since Sydney 2000 there has been an ‘operational partnership’ where bid cities are required to host both Games. Yet, few studies have evaluated the comparative outcomes, legacies and event leverage that Paralympic games have generated. This paper addresses this absence by conducting a thematic analysis of Paralympic legacy research. The thematic analysis used a combination of keywords involving event legacy across 13 major academic databases. Of the 43 articles identified as having Paralympic legacy related content only 13 articles empirically investigated Paralympic legacy. In reviewing the research, it is noted that the bulk of the research has focused on Summer Paralympic Games with little interest in the Winter Paralympic Games. The major findings for legacy-based research include: infrastructure; sport; information education, and awareness; human capital; and managerial changes. However, while these findings may seem congruent with major event legacies frameworks conceptually, an examination of the detailed findings shows that Paralympic legacy research is isomorphic and adds a new component to existing legacy dimensions.
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Han, Seung-Jin, Won-Jae Lee, So-Hee Kim, Sang-Hoon Yoon, and Hyunwoong Pyun. "Assessing Expected Long-term Benefits for the Olympic Games: Delphi-AHP Approach from Korean Olympic Experts." SAGE Open 12, no. 4 (October 2022): 215824402211444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440221144428.
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The Olympic legacy framework was proposed by the International Olympic Committee; however, it has not yet been discussed much in academia. This study identified a set of key dimensions and items out of 7 dimensions and 39 items from the Olympic legacy framework, along with the weight of each dimension and item. Based on the judgments of 12 Korean Olympic experts collected via the Delphi-analytical hierarchal process method, the results indicate that social development through sport is the most significant dimension, followed by economic value and brand equity, and urban development. The results also reveal that the most crucial of the 39 items are health and well-being benefits from the practice of recreational sport and physical activity from the social development through sport dimension, while the intangible cultural heritage of Olympism from the culture and creative development dimension was considered the least important. The results provide useful insight for evaluating the Olympic legacy framework for host or candidate cities and countries, as well as the International Olympic Committee.
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Samuel, Shalini, and Wendy Stubbs. "Green Olympics, green legacies? An exploration of the environmental legacies of the Olympic Games." International Review for the Sociology of Sport 48, no. 4 (June 19, 2012): 485–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1012690212444576.
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Giulianotti, Richard. "The Beijing 2008 Olympics: Examining the Interrelations of China, Globalization, and Soft Power." European Review 23, no. 2 (March 25, 2015): 286–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798714000684.
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This article explores the national and global significance and impact of Beijing’s hosting of the 2008 summer Olympic Games. The discussion is organized into four main parts. First, I locate the 2008 Beijing Olympics in the context of wider processes of globalization; in particular, I explore how China ‘glocalized’ the Olympics, by giving the event distinctive meanings that were then experienced by global television audiences. Second, I employ the concept of ‘soft power’ to explore how, in hosting the event, China sought to advance its international influence and appeal; I introduce the concept of ‘soft disempowerment’ to examine how there may have been some negative impacts for China in staging the Olympics. Third, I discuss issues of security surrounding the Beijing Olympics, given the growing focus on such questions for sport mega-events in general following the 9/11 attacks in 2001. Fourth, I outline some of the key issues regarding sporting legacies for China, following the 2008 Olympics, with particular reference to Chinese football.
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Gold, John R., and Margaret M. Gold. "Tales of the Olympic city: memory, narrative and the built environment." ZARCH, no. 13 (September 27, 2019): 12–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.26754/ojs_zarch/zarch.2019133954.
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The Olympics have a greater, more profound and more pervasive impact on the urban fabric of their host cities than any other sporting or cultural event. This paper is concerned with issues of memory and remembering in Olympic host cities. After a contextual introduction, it employs a case study of the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park (QEOP), the main event space for the London 2012 Summer Games, to supply insight into how to read the urban traces of Olympic memory. Three key themes are identified when interpreting the memories associated with the Park and its built structures, namely: treatment of the area’s displaced past, memorializing the Games, and with memory legacy. The ensuing discussion section then adopts a historiographic slant, stressing the importance of narrative and offering wider conclusions about Olympic memory and the city.
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Chatziefstathiou, Dikaia. "Olympic education and beyond: Olympism and value legacies from the Olympic and Paralympic Games." Educational Review 64, no. 3 (August 2012): 385–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2012.696094.
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Derks, Sanne, Martijn Koster, and Martijn Oosterbaan. "Olympic Legacies." City & Society 32, no. 1 (April 2020): 184–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ciso.12257.
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Ribeiro, Tiago, Abel Correia, and João Marôco. "Exploring the Games’ Intangible Legacy on Individuals: A Longitudinal Study of Teacher’s Community." Social Sciences 10, no. 10 (September 27, 2021): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10100359.
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Hosting the Olympics is subject to socio-educational outcomes, which can represent intangible and peripheral assets for host communities. The current study explores the Games’ intangible legacy on teachers’ attitudes at different points in time. Data were collected among teachers who attended the Rio 2016 Education Program at three different stages: 2016 (n = 611), 2017 (n = 451), and 2020 (n = 286). A longitudinal trend study was designed using multivariate analysis of variance MANOVA tests and latent growth modelling. Results show that the teachers’ perceptions of Olympic knowledge had a significant growth rate, while skills development and network/social exchange do not show significant changes over the time periods. Longitudinal findings suggest the continuity of the Olympic education programs as the basis for strengthening the Olympic intellect and social capital formation.
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Deng, Huishu, Marta Mancini, Li Zhang, and Michele Bonino. "Beijing 2022 between urban renovation and Olympic sporting legacy: the case of Shougang." Movement & Sport Sciences - Science & Motricité, no. 107 (2020): 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/sm/2019040.
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Among urban redevelopment projects, the regeneration of industrial brownfields has become an important issue in North America, Europe and, more recently, China. At the same time, the influence of short-term mega events, such as the Olympic Games, on host cities transformations has been growing throughout the decades. Thus, planning and integrating long-term brownfields regeneration with the Olympic legacy provide numerous potentials. This paper presents a theoretical study of the Olympic event as catalyst of urban transformations and, specifically, of brownfields redevelopment. The early bidding phase should become the starting point to embed the Olympic tangible and intangible legacies into long-term objectives of urban renewal and sport and health enhancement. Shougang District, future location of the Big Air venue of Beijing Winter Olympic Games 2022, with its significant industrial heritage, is introduced as case study to present the on-going practice of architectural design, plan and management. The comprehensive development of a long-term Olympic legacy is developed along with the attention to urban renovation and social progress.
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Kassens-Noor, Eva, and John Lauermann. "Mechanisms of policy failure: Boston’s 2024 Olympic bid." Urban Studies 55, no. 15 (November 28, 2017): 3369–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098017740286.
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Planning for mega-events such as the Olympics is at a turning point. There has been a power shift in the relationship between cities and the International Olympic Committee towards the former. This shift is based on the emergence of anti-bid opposition movements; the increasing complexity of bidding; demands for locally relevant legacies; and a changing political economic relationship between citizens, city governments and sports federations. Our paper draws on a long-term study of Boston’s failed bid to host the 2024 Summer Olympics, based on an ethnography within the bidding corporation and interviews with pro- and anti-bid stakeholders. We lay out the reasons why the Boston bid failed, and conclude that bid failure involves factors that work against elitist powers and towards democratic beneficiaries.
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Margaritis, George, Mateusz Rozmiarek, and Ewa Malchrowicz-Mosko. "Tangible and Intangible Legacy of the 19th Century Zappas Olympics and their Implications for Contemporary Sport Tourism." Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 74, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pcssr-2017-0008.
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AbstractAs has been shown in the article, the Zappas Olympics generously contributed to the revival of the Olympic Games in the nineteenth century. The course of these competitions has been described, and a brief summary of Zappas’s work, which does not often attract a lot of attention in, for example, Polish academics, has also been made. The fact that the Zappas Olympics mainly enhanced the national identity of the Greeks following Turkish captivity has also been highlighted. The Zappas Olympics allowed the Greeks to become more familiar with sports and fair play. The knowledge that the Greeks acquired from the organization of this event was useful for the organization of the first modern Olympic Games in Athens. These days, material remains of this event serve touristic and cultural functions. The significance of such facilities as the Zappeion and the Panathenaic Stadium have also been underlined. For example, the Zappeion and the Panathenaic Stadium host cultural events and welcome tourists interested in sports history or Greek culture. These are the authorities responsible for touristic policy in Greece and they may decide whether such historic sites and sporting facilities will be included in thematic routes for tourists. According to the authors of the present paper, these sites may effectively compete with mass and recreational attractions in Greece.
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Dubinsky, Yoav. "Analyzing the Roles of Country Image, Nation Branding, and Public Diplomacy through the Evolution of the Modern Olympic Movement." Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 84, no. 1 (December 1, 2019): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pcssr-2019-0024.
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AbstractSince the Ancient Greek athletics and through the revivals of the Olympic Movement and the first modern Olympics in Athens in 1896, countries, cities and governments have sought to take advantage by hosting Olympic Games and other sport events. The purpose of this study is to analyze the different facets of country image through the evolution of the Olympic movement. Countries and governments used and will continue to use the Games to renovate infrastructure, build new facilities, expose local products and new technologies, leverage tourism, improve the local and international political and social image, promote tourism and show superiority on the sports field that will enable them to try and reach their economic, political and social goals. The article is significant as it analyzes how countries, cities, communities, and other pressure groups used the Olympic Games, since the revival of the Olympic Movement in the late 19th century, the new traditions after World War I, the political era after World War II and during the Cold War, the commercialized era and the legacy-oriented era in early 21st century.
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Duignan, Michael B. "London’s local Olympic legacy." Journal of Place Management and Development 12, no. 2 (June 3, 2019): 142–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpmd-05-2018-0033.
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PurposeLondon’s Candidature bid projected an irresistible legacy of lasting benefits for host communities and small businesses. Yet, local post-Games perspectives paint a contrasted picture – one of becoming displaced. This paper aims to draw on event legacy, specifically in relation to rising rents, threats to small business sustainability and impact on place development by empirically examining London’s localembryonic legaciesforming across one ex-hosting Olympic community: Central Greenwich.Design/methodology/approachIn total, 43 interviews with local businesses (specifically, small retailers and hospitality businesses), local authorities, London-centric and national project actors and policymakers underpin analysis, supported by official London 2012 archival, documentary and media reports, were conducted to add texture and triangulate primary and secondary data sources.FindingsJuxtaposing ex ante projections vs emerging ex post realities, this paper reveals a local legacy of small business failure fuelled by rising commercial rents and a wider indifference for protecting diverse urban high streets. Embroiled in a struggle to survive, and barely recognised as a key stakeholder and contributor to legacy, small businesses have and continue to become succeeded by a new business demographic in town: monochromatic global and national chains. Typifying the pervasive shift toward clone town spaces, this article argues that corporate colonisation displaces independent businesses, serves to homogenise town centres, dilute place-based cultural offer and simultaneously stunts access to a positive local development legacy. This paper argues that such processes lead to the production of urban blandscapes that may hamper destination competitiveness.Originality/valueExamining event legacy, specifically local legacies forming across ex-host Olympic communities, is a latent, under-researched but vital and critical aspect of scholarship. Most event legacy analysis focuses on longer-term issues for residents, yet little research focuses on both local placed-based development challenges and small business sustainability and survival post-Games. More specifically, little research examines the potential relationship between event-led gentrification, associated rising rents and aforementioned clone town problematic. Revealing and amplifying the idiosyncratic local challenges generated through an in-depth empirically driven triangulation of key local business, policy, governmental and non-governmental perspectives, is a central contribution of this article missing from extant literatures. This paper considers different ways those responsible for event legacy, place managers and developers can combat such aforementioned post-Games challenges.
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Martinez, D. P. "Politics and the Olympic film documentary: the legacies ofBerlin OlympiaandTokyo Olympiad." Sport in Society 12, no. 6 (August 2009): 811–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17430430902944308.
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Kim, Hyung-Min, and Jonathan Grix. "Implementing a Sustainability Legacy Strategy: A Case Study of PyeongChang 2018 Winter Olympic Games." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (May 5, 2021): 5141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13095141.
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Given the growing need for hosts of sports mega-events to provide concrete plans for a sustainable sports mega-event at the bidding stage, it is perhaps surprising that there has not been more research on the actual implementation of the legacy plan in terms of sustainability. The main aim of this paper is to do just that: to analyse an empirical example of the implementation of the sustainability legacy plan for the PyeongChang 2018 Winter Olympic Games. Through an empirical analysis, the research methods used to collect the data are document analysis and semi-structured interviews with stakeholder sampling (16 documents and 10 interviewees). The paper uncovers the difficulties the PyeongChang Games encountered in achieving the sustainable legacy planned in the bid files through an evaluation of the implementation of PyeongChang’s legacy strategy in the context of South Korea. Part of the findings reveal that Gangwon Province and South Korea achieved their strategic goals set out in advance of the PyeongChang Olympics as an effective tool for promoting regional development. One of the main obstacles to the sustainability of the PyeongChang Olympics was the lack of a clear plan for the post-Games use of Olympics venues and conflicts of interest among stakeholders of the PyeongChang Winter Games.
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Andranovich, Greg, and Matthew J. Burbank. "Contextualizing Olympic Legacies." Urban Geography 32, no. 6 (August 2011): 823–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.32.6.823.
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Roche, David. "Four Olympic Legacies." Canadian Theatre Review 164 (September 2015): 61–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ctr.164.010.
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Miakonkov, Viktor, and Irina Enchenko. "MAIN DIRECTIONS OF THE OLYMPISM DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF EVOLVING VALUE ORIENTATIONS (0.57 Mb, pdf)." SCIENCE AND SPORT: current trends 8, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.36028/2308-8826-2020-8-3-119-127.
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The purpose of the study: to determine the key directions of development of the international Olympic movement in today's rapidly evolving realities, as well as to identify key trends and determine the progress level of implementation of the strategy of the International Olympic Committee adopted in 2014. Methods and organization of the research: The authors used the method of system analysis to identify main development trends of the international Olympic movement and to reveal the risks associated with the implementation of goals set by the International Olympic Committee. The authors provided a comprehensive review of statistical and analytical information on the research topic. Research results: The entire sports community attaches great importance to the Olympic movement development issues in the period of change in public consciousness associated with traditional value orientations that have been dominant over the last decades of the XX century. In recent years, global sport trends have emerged in the international Olympic movement. In this regard, it is necessary to carry out a comprehensive analysis of the ways of development of the international Olympic movement in the framework of changing social phenomena in the world community. In particular, it is important to consider such global issues as gender equality, Olympic legacy development, and the attitude of the world sports community regarding racial discrimination. In addition, we cannot ignore ongoing initiatives and the ways of funding certain activities of the International Olympic Committee. Conclusion: in modern conditions, the ideas of Olympism acquire great importance ever. They must quickly adapt to social changes and global trends existing in various areas of our life. Clearly, the strategy approved by the International Olympic Committee in 2014 requires adjustments to better reflect current realities. It is necessary to adjust the strategy; otherwise, there is a great risk of rejection of the Olympism values.
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Byun, Jinsu, and Becca Leopkey. "Exploring Issues within Post-Olympic Games Legacy Governance: The Case of the 2018 PyeongChang Winter Olympic Games." Sustainability 12, no. 9 (April 28, 2020): 3585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12093585.
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The purpose of this study was to explore issues in post-Olympic Games legacy governance by examining the case of the 2018 PyeongChang Winter Olympics. Using a combination of the polity, politics, and policy governance dimensions and the issues management literature, a case was built using archival material and semi-structured interviews. The findings highlight 10 issues related to the three dimensions of post-Games legacy governance (legal, accountability, context, funding, conflicting values or interests, venue, coordination, participation, pre-event planning, and policy momentum). The relationships between the identified issues and perceived gaps among stakeholders are also presented. A model of post-sport event legacy governance that highlights the multidimensionality of the governance system is provided.
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Kiktev, Dmitry, Paul Joe, George A. Isaac, Andrea Montani, Inger-Lise Frogner, Pertti Nurmi, Benedikt Bica, et al. "FROST-2014: The Sochi Winter Olympics International Project." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 98, no. 9 (September 1, 2017): 1908–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-15-00307.1.
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Abstract The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) World Weather Research Programme’s (WWRP) Forecast and Research in the Olympic Sochi Testbed program (FROST-2014) was aimed at the advancement and demonstration of state-of-the-art nowcasting and short-range forecasting systems for winter conditions in mountainous terrain. The project field campaign was held during the 2014 XXII Olympic and XI Paralympic Winter Games and preceding test events in Sochi, Russia. An enhanced network of in situ and remote sensing observations supported weather predictions and their verification. Six nowcasting systems (model based, radar tracking, and combined nowcasting systems), nine deterministic mesoscale numerical weather prediction models (with grid spacings down to 250 m), and six ensemble prediction systems (including two with explicitly simulated deep convection) participated in FROST-2014. The project provided forecast input for the meteorological support of the Sochi Olympic Games. The FROST-2014 archive of winter weather observations and forecasts is a valuable information resource for mesoscale predictability studies as well as for the development and validation of nowcasting and forecasting systems in complex terrain. The resulting innovative technologies, exchange of experience, and professional developments contributed to the success of the Olympics and left a post-Olympic legacy.
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Kokolakakis, Themistocles, and Fernando Lera-Lopez. "Sport Promotion through Sport Mega-Events. An Analysis for Types of Olympic Sports in London 2012." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17 (August 26, 2020): 6193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176193.
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A substantial amount of attention has been devoted towards the potential sport legacy of the Olympic Games. In spite of the increasing academic interest in this topic, there is a knowledge gap as far as sport legacy is concerned by types of different sports. The authors bridge this gap by analysing the evolution of 43 different Olympic/Paralympic sport modalities in the two-year period after the London 2012 Olympics. By using data from the Active People Survey with a sample of 165,000 people annually, and considering some demographic variables and the effect of the economic environment, the paper aims to test the existence of a sport legacy. We have applied time series analysis and ARIMA models for controlling for economic influence and seasonal adjustment and for making comparisons among participation rates. The results show, for the total of the sports analysed, that there were 336,000 individuals who increased their frequency of participation, while there was no significant increase in the number of new participants in these sports. When we develop the analysis for types of sports, London 2012 is positively associated not only with the frequency of participation in some types of sport but also with an increase in the number of new sport participants. Gender and age differences are also detected. The results show the differences of sport legacy by type of sports. Moreover, this research has elucidated an important unrecognised aspect of the effect of the Olympic Games and perhaps major events: that they can become a major policy tool for reversing sporting inequalities.
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Hartman, Stefan, and Tjeerd Zandberg. "The future of mega sport events: examining the “Dutch Approach” to legacy planning." Journal of Tourism Futures 1, no. 2 (March 16, 2015): 108–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jtf-12-2014-0002.
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Purpose Mega sport events (MSE) are immensely popular but also highly criticized because these include large public budgets and involve politically sensitive topics. In this context, there is an increasing attention toward legacy planning, the effort to confer long‐term benefits to a host destination through organizing MSEs, such as the Olympic Games. When it comes to event planning, large‐scale master plans are a common approach. However, in the Netherlands the authors see that an alternative development model is pursued called the Dutch Approach to prepare for the possible candidature to host the Olympic Games of 2028. This paper aims to analyze this approach with a specific focus on whether this approach has the potential to result in a positive legacy. Design/methodology/approach The research involves a literature review which distinguishes factors that positively or negatively influence event legacies. This results in a framework which is used as a guide for a content analysis of data on the Dutch Approach. Hence, data are obtained from analyzing academic and professional literature, policy documents, research reports, and newspaper articles on the Dutch Olympic ambitions, and the planning approach thereof. Moreover, data are derived from a study by the authors on the development of the area “Sportas Amsterdam”. Findings The research identifies factors that can contribute positively and negatively to the legacy of events. It provides a unique insight into the planning process of The Netherlands in the context preparing a bid for the Olympic Games of 2028. What can be learned from the Dutch Approach is that planning for a positive legacy is a long‐term and complex process that heavily relies on the support of a range of stakeholders. Due to the range of actors involved, it involves much negotiations and becomes increasingly difficult to achieve consensus. Research limitations/implications The paper provides a reflection on the concepts of legacy and legacy planning, and outlines a set of propositions concerning the future of MSEs that present an agenda for further research. By doing to, the paper highlights the importance of focusing on how the relations between stakeholder involvement, planning approaches, and types of urban regimes influence the extent to which a positive legacy can be achieved. Originality/value The paper provides a state of the art overview of contributions on event legacy and legacy planning. It draws attention to conditions for positive legacies and implications for planning and governance approaches. It is argued that a top‐down government‐led approach to a MSE will probably have less impact on future tourism compares to the Dutch Approach.
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Azzali, Simona. "The legacies of Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics: an evaluation of the Adler Olympic Park." Urban Research & Practice 10, no. 3 (August 6, 2016): 329–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17535069.2016.1216586.
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Kissoudi, Penelope. "The Athens Olympics: Optimistic Legacies – Post-Olympic Assets and the Struggle for their Realization." International Journal of the History of Sport 25, no. 14 (November 11, 2008): 1972–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09523360802439049.
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Collier, R. "Unproven Olympic health legacies." Canadian Medical Association Journal 183, no. 7 (March 21, 2011): E381—E382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.109-3833.
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Jastrząbek, Julia. "The Olympic Games and the economic performance of the host city – the case of London 2012 against selected global cities." Ekonomia Międzynarodowa, no. 29 (March 31, 2020): 22–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2082-4440.29.02.
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The highly competitive global environment reinforces the trend to seek new investment opportunities that have various impacts on the local economy, and staging the Olympic Games is seen as one such example. The 2012 Summer Olympic Games in London have been widely discussed and investigated due to the very ambitious plans for socioeconomic and infrastructural development prompted by the Olympic legacy framework. Based on these observations, there are two main aims of this article. The first one is to evaluate London’s post-event legacy based on a literature review. The second research goal is to assess London’s economic performance compared with reference groups of global cities by using selected economic indicators. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were applied in this research, such as a critical literature review, a series of figures and tables with economic indicators and descriptive statistics. Based on the literature review and the author’s own elaborations, it can be concluded that the Olympic legacy framework and the Games themselves fostered economic and urban development, especially in East London. However, positive impacts and legacies were intermingled with several adverse effects. In turn, a comparative analysis of economic performance between London as the host city and reference groups of global cities demonstrates that, in the adopted time intervals, the dynamics of changes in applied economic indicators is relatively quite similar in groups of European, North American and Australian cities. In contrast, Asian cities, as one reference group, outperformed London and other global cities for the vast majority of the adopted time span.
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Thompson, Claire, Daniel Lewis, Trisha Greenhalgh, Stephanie Taylor, and Steven Cummins. "A Health and Social Legacy for East London: Narratives of ‘Problem’ and ‘Solution’ around London 2012." Sociological Research Online 18, no. 2 (May 2013): 144–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.2966.
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Policies and programmes that tackle neighbourhood deprivation have long been a feature of urban policy in the UK and elsewhere. Large-scale urban regeneration and neighbourhood renewal programmes have been deployed as the primary vehicle to improve the health and life chances of residents of deprived neighbourhoods. Often these areas have a long history of efforts at regeneration and redevelopment and, over time, have become labelled as ‘problem areas’ in need of constant intervention. The bid for the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games was successful partly due to its promise to deliver a lasting health and social legacy by using the Games as a driver of regeneration in East London. Despite limited evidence for the effectiveness of such an approach, regeneration schemes tied to sporting events have emerged as popular strategies through which cities strive to enhance their urban fabric. Running through the core of the London 2012 bid was a discourse of East London as a ‘problem’ in need of a regeneration ‘solution’ that the Olympics uniquely could deliver. As a result, a wider narrative of East London was generated: as unhealthy; mired in poverty; desperate for jobs; with an inadequate and outdated built environment. The Olympic legacy was thus positioned as a unique once-in-a-lifetime solution ‘accelerating’ regeneration in East London, and delivering substantive change that either might not have happened, or would otherwise have taken decades. Through documentary analysis of published Government policy documents for the period 2002-2011, we demonstrate how the ‘problem’ of East London was used as political justification for London 2012. We argue that the Olympic legacy was deliberately positioned in neoliberal terms in order to justify substantial economic investment by the UK government and suit the needs of the International Olympic Committee. Finally, whilst acknowledging that regeneration may indeed result, we also speculate on the potential legacy and possible challenges for the people in East London left by this neoliberal and entrepreneurial strategy.
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Azzali, Simona. "Challenges and key factors in planning legacies of mega sporting events." Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research 14, no. 2 (September 20, 2019): 203–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/arch-04-2019-0093.
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Purpose Since the 1960s, the impact of mega sporting events on the built environment has become increasingly important, and the relationship between hosting cities and events increasingly complex and controversial. The outcomes of these mega-events, however, are very discouraging, especially in terms of the state of sports venues and event sites. In many cases, Olympic parks and event sites stand abandoned once the event is over, and sports facilities are often either closed or underutilized. The purpose of this paper is to identify replicable best practices and successful examples used in mega-events to transform events sites and venues into livable public open spaces (POS), enjoyed by the local communities. Design/methodology/approach Three cities were selected for this investigation: London, Sochi and Rio de Janeiro. London hosted the 2012 Summer Olympics, and this study focused particularly on its Olympic park, Queen Elizabeth Park. Sochi hosted the 2014 Winter Olympics but also some of the matches of the 2018 FIFA World Cup. Rio de Janeiro hosted the 2016 Summer Olympics and also a part of the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Each case was investigated according to a methodology composed of interviews with experts, site visits, and analysis of the bidding book and post-event reports to check the consistency between promises and legacies. Findings The research identified a framework of six major elements that determine, or contrast, the long-term use of events sites and sport facilities, and highlighted some main attributes to consider in order to transform sporting event sites into livable and enjoyable open spaces. It is expected that this framework can be used as a guidance to deliver sustainable events and long-term legacies and to define a strategy for optimization of planning mega sport events. Practical implications Mega events provide near-unique, fast track opportunities for urban transformation. This research can be used as guidance for the overall mega sporting events stakeholders, such as the IOC, FIFA, and local organizing committees, to identify replicable best practices and successful examples in the leverage of mega events to transform events sites and venues into livable POS. Originality/value Why is it so difficult to transform event sites and sport venues into livable areas of cities? What are the recurrent mistakes, issues, and challenges that hosting cities have to face? This research is unique as it aims at answering these questions by defining a framework of relevant factors for hosting cities to help them in the planning of mega sporting events. The research also highlighted some recurrent mistakes, such as the exorbitant costs of a mega event, the inability to keep the initial budget unchanged and the difficulty to adjust plans to local needs.
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TAGSOLD, CHRISTIAN. "Modernity, space and national representation at the Tokyo Olympics 1964." Urban History 37, no. 2 (July 6, 2010): 289–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926810000362.
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ABSTRACT:The 1964 Tokyo Olympics acted as a rite of passage for post-war Japan, symbolizing the modernization of the city and the country. This was reflected by the space and architecture of the venues. Urban development of Olympic cities has been scrutinized recently but the symbolic implications have been touched upon only in passing, most especially in Tokyo's case. This article will show how symbolic layers of architecture and space aimed at linking history and modernity while bypassing the highly problematic legacy of ultra-nationalism and World War II. An important hub for transmitting this message was the Meiji Shrine dedicated to the first emperor of modern Japan. The hallmark building of the 1964 Games, Kenzo Tange's National Gymnasium, interacted with the shrine by way of an architectonic axis connecting them. This contrasted with the different spatial styles evident at the 1960 Olympics in Rome and 1972 Olympics in Munich, which testified to their different relationships to the national past. While developing infrastructure such as canalization and traffic was very important for Tokyo, symbolic revitalization of the city's fabric was equally crucial.