Journal articles: 'Olympic and Paralympic Game'

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Vetitnev, Alexandr, and Nadezhda Bobina. "Comparative analysis of Olympic and Paralympic tourists." European Journal of Tourism Research 25 (May 1, 2020): 2510. http://dx.doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v25i.425.

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The main goal of this paper is to identify the differences in behaviour and expenditures of the Olympic and Paralympic tourists during the XXII Olympic Winter Games. The analysis showed that these two tourists’ flows differed in terms of the objectives of the trip, the reasons for travel, the level and structure of spending. Olympic visitors were classified as the primary sports tourist profile. Paralympic tourists explained their visit to the Games as a concomitant event and relate mainly to the profile, which was called by Weed (2008) “the tourists interested in sport”. It was also found that tourists’ daily spending during the Olympics was significantly higher than Paralympic visitors’ expenditures and amounted approximately US$ 259 vs. US$ 191.

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Siekel, Anton, Zuzana Vodáčková, Matej Šebesta, and Peter Plavčan. "A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF THE COVID-19 PREVENTIVE MEASURES AT THE TOKYO 2020 AND BEIJING 2022 OLYMPIC GAMES." Proceedings of CBU in Economics and Business 3 (December 1, 2022): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/peb.v3.294.

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National and international sports are well recognized in the international Olympic movement. The Summer and Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games are the major global sporting events, uniting the entire world together for world peace. Managing the health and safety of athletes at these top sporting events is an important task. During the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, sound organisational policies and effective preventive measures to protect athletes from infection at the Olympic Games were essential. Currently, there is not much information on the spread of COVID-19 infection in sports events and the effectiveness of preventive measures. The present study analyses the preventive measures for COVID-19 at Tokyo 2020 Summer Olympics and the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics. The study is based on the official documents of the International Olympic Committee and the International Paralympic Committee. It compares the COVID-19 spread and preventive measures taken by the organisers at the Tokyo 2020 Summer Olympic Games and the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic Games.

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Lima Kons, Rafael, Jorge Nelson Da Silva Júnior, Gabriela Fischer, and Daniele Detanico. "Olympic and Paralympic Games Rio 2016." Kinesiology 50, no. 2 (2018): 204–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.26582/k.50.2.7.

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The purpose of this study was to compare the athletes’ scores, penalties and efficiency between the Olympic and Paralympic Games Rio 2016, and identify which variable determined the winner of the matches. A total of 608 matches in the Olympic and Paralympic Games were analysed. Total relative scores (ippon, waza ari and yuko), penalties (shido per match) and efficiency were identified in the male and female categories, Olympic and Paralympic Games, and medallists and non-medallists. The main results showed that waza ari was higher in the Olympic Games (p=.05) than in the Paralympic Games (male team); ippon was higher in the Paralympic Games (p=.05) and shido was higher in the Olympic Games (p=.05) (female team). The male Olympic medallists were more efficient (p=.01), while the female Paralympic medallists were less penalised (p=.01). Ippon was the key variable that determined winning in both the Olympic and Paralympic matches (p<.001). We concluded that the male Olympic judo athletes showed greater efficiency and scores than Paralympians, while the female team presented more scores and fewer penalties. Ippon was the key point that determined victory in most of the matches.

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Coates, Janine, and Philip B. Vickerman. "Paralympic Legacy: Exploring the Impact of the Games on the Perceptions of Young People With Disabilities." Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 33, no. 4 (October 2016): 338–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/apaq.2014-0237.

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The London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games aimed to deliver a legacy to citizens of the United Kingdom, which included inspiring a generation of young people to participate in sport. This study aimed to understand the legacy of the Paralympic Games for children with disabilities. Eight adolescents (11–16 yr) with physical disabilities were interviewed about their perceptions of the Paralympic Games. Thematic analysis found 3 key themes that further our understanding of the Paralympic legacy. These were Paralympians as role models, changing perceptions of disability, and the motivating nature of the Paralympics. Findings demonstrate that the Games were inspirational for children with disabilities, improving their self-perceptions. This is discussed in relation to previous literature, and core recommendations are made.

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Mataruna-Dos-Santos, Leonardo Jose, Andressa Fontes Guimaraes-Mataruna, and Daniel Range. "Paralympians competing in the olympic games and the potential implications for the paralympic games." Cadernos de Educação Tecnologia e Sociedade 11, no. 1 (March 31, 2018): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.14571/brajets.v11.n1.105-116.

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The 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games, held in Rio de Janeiro, reignited public interest and discussion around Paralympic athletes attempting to qualify for, and compete at, the Olympic Games. That Paralympians have sought to compete at the Olympic Games is, however, not new. This paper looks at the largely unrecognised and often underreported history of Paralympians competing at the Olympic Games and addresses why it is that Paralympians may wish to compete at the Olympic Games. To do this we use historical examples, but also look at the contemporary cases of 3 such athletes: Jason Smyth, Alan Fonteles Cardoso and Markus Rehm. The paper also explores whether or not with advances in medical and prosthetic technologies, as well as potentially increased income and funding, we can expect to see more Paralympians attempting to crossover and compete in the Olympic Games in the future. The methodology used is one of qualitative case studies. The research question was: "What can be learned from the media coverage of Smyth, Oliveira and Rehm’s attempts to qualify for the Olympic Games?” We identify the type of editorial (political, social, cultural, sportive, educational, economic or gossip column); whether or not pictures were used (type of approach - sportive, personal or disability) and the narrative interpretations. We argue that how newspapers choose to report on the aims of Paralympians wishing to compete in the Olympics and the level of coverage that they receive it important. This level of depth of coverage suggests both positive and negative implications for the Paralympic Games, should this trend of athletes wishing to crossover continue.

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Brittain, Ian, and Aaron Beacom. "Leveraging the London 2012 Paralympic Games." Journal of Sport and Social Issues 40, no. 6 (August 1, 2016): 499–521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193723516655580.

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The International Paralympic Committee, U.K. Government, and the Organizing Committee for the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games all contended that the London 2012 Paralympic Games would positively impact the lives of disabled people in the United Kingdom, particularly with regard to changing nondisabled attitudes toward disability. All three have claimed partial success during the course of the 4-year period (Olympiad) separating the London and Rio Paralympic Games. However, this is at odds with the findings of Disabled People’s Organizations (DPOs) and the experiences of disabled individuals. This article considers the claims of both sides against a backdrop of public policies that are targeting large-scale benefit cuts, the media coverage of which actually appears to be hardening attitudes toward anyone on benefits and negating any positive impacts from the Games themselves. It argues that the continued predominance of “ableist” perspectives on disability underpins many of the challenges faced by disabled people. The article adopts a historical perspective on the development of legacy-based foundations upon which the disability sport and Paralympic movements originated. It contends that the gradual move toward an elite “Olympic” sports model of competition has actually served to undermine these foundations.

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Gold, John R., and Margaret M. Gold. "Access for all: the rise of the Paralympic Games." Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health 127, no. 3 (May 2007): 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1466424007077348.

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The Paralympic, or Parallel, Games for athletes with disabilities have played a major role over the past half century in changing attitudes towards disability and accelerating the agenda for inclusion. This article charts their development from small beginnings as a competition for disabled ex-servicemen and women in England founded shortly after the Second World War to the present day ambulatory international festival of Summer and Winter Games organized in conjunction with the Olympic Games. The Paralympic Games trace their origins to the work of Dr (later Sir) Ludwig Guttmann at the National Spinal Injuries Unit at Stoke Mandeville Hospital in Buckinghamshire who used sport as an integral part of the treatment of paraplegic patients. A sports competition was held at the hospital to coincide with the Opening Ceremony of the London Games in July 1948. This became an annual event attracting the first international participation in 1952, after which it became the International Stoke Mandeville Games. From 1960 onwards attempts were made to hold every fourth Games in the Olympic host city. Despite initial success in staging the 1960 Games in Rome and the 1964 Games in Tokyo, subsequent host cities refused to host the competitions and alternative locations were found where a package of official support, finance and suitable venues could be assembled. In 1976, the scope of the Games was widened to accept other disabilities. From 1988 onwards, a process of convergence took place that saw the Paralympics brought into the central arena of the Olympics, both literally and figuratively. In the process they have embraced new sports, have encompassed a wider range of disabilities, and helped give credence to the belief that access to sport is available to all. The Paralympics also underline the change from sport as therapeutic competition to that of elite events that carry intrinsic prestige, with growing rivalry over medal tables. For the future, however, questions remain as to whether the current arrangements of separate but supposedly equal festivals assist the continuing development of the Paralympics or perpetuate difference.

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Stuart, Mark, Young In Kwon, and Sandy Jeong Rhie. "Pharmacy services at the PyeongChang 2018 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games." British Journal of Sports Medicine 53, no. 17 (March 20, 2019): 1105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-100069.

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ObjectivePharmacy services at large multisport events support safe and effective medication use. Our aim is to describe the contribution of pharmacists and to share the pharmacy experiences at the 2018 PyeongChang Olympic and Paralympic Games.MethodsThe data collected included the accreditation details of patients and prescribers indicating: sport, country, athlete or non-athlete status, and prescription details including: medication, strength, frequency, length of treatment, for the period of the Olympic Games (1–26 February 2018) and the Paralympic Games (5–20 March 2018). The numbers of prescriptions dispensed were analysed by medication category, sports and country of the patient.ResultsA total of 5313 medication items were dispensed over the course of the Olympic and Paralympic Games (athletes: 670; non-athletes: 4615; unknown: 28), for a total of 2360 patients. 72 of 82 countries (87.8%) had fewer than 20 patient visits. The first high peak (Olympic: 5.0%; Paralympic: 7.3%) of daily volume of prescriptions were dispensed in the 2 days prior to the Olympic and the 1 day prior to Paralympic opening ceremonies. Therapeutic Use Exemption (TUE) and International Olympic Committee NeedlePolicy were well managed and compliant with the regulations.ConclusionPharmacy services at major multisport games include dispensing over 5000 prescriptions, supporting the TUE and IOC Needle Policy processes and providing clinical information to athletes and prescribers on drugs in sports and the World Anti-Doping Agency regulations of drugs prohibited in sport. During the PyeongChang 2018 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games, pharmacists played a crucial role in delivering safe and effective pharmacy service based on their expert knowledge in antidoping and the clinical use of drugs in sport.

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Sukharkova, Marina. "Human resources of the China Olympic volunteer program "Beijing 2022"." Science. Culture. Society 28, no. 3 (September 29, 2022): 152–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/nko.2022.28.3.11.

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The article presents the results of an online survey conducted among the volunteers of the Olympic and/or Paralympic Games 2022 (Beijing, China). The text discusses the experience of participation of Chinese Olympic volunteers in relevant activities before the Games, their motivation for participating in the Olympic / Paralympic volunteer program, the level of satisfaction from participating in the organization and conduct of the Games, life and value orientations and attitudes towards further participation in volunteer activities. The results of the research show that more than half of the respondents had previous experience of participating in volunteer activities, as a rule, organized ones. Olympic volunteers have not only altruistic, but also selfish reasons in their motivation. Most of the volunteers of the Olympic and Paralympic Games in Beijing are satisfied with participation in this program, the largest proportion of respondents expressed a desire to participate in it again. Participants of the Olympic/Paralympic volunteer programs have demonstrated positive attitudes towards their current position and future, and a significant part of them plan to continue volunteering. Olympic volunteers, based on data on the level of satisfaction and future plans, represent a valuable resource for volunteering and can form a personnel reserve for professional volunteering and providing quality volunteer services.

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Kirakosyan, Lyusyena. "Educational Legacy of the Rio 2016 Games: Lessons for Youth Engagement." Societies 10, no. 2 (May 28, 2020): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soc10020039.

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The promise of the Rio 2016 Games was to influence the entire population of Brazil, but the major impact was expected to be on children and the youth. The development of youth education programs promoting Olympic and Paralympic values was one of the main commitments that organizers made in 2009 to host the 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games. This article draws on the available literature on Olympic and Paralympic education and youth engagement and examines several of such programs previously implemented in such host cities as Beijing, Vancouver, and London. The purpose was to explore the ways in which implementing such educational legacy programs by the Rio 2016 and other sporting mega-event organizers can inspire and sustain youth engagement. The inductive thematic analysis was applied in the close examination of the content, strategies, and outcomes of the Rio 2016 Olympic and Paralympic education program. The results suggest that to leave an enduring youth legacy, policymakers, future mega-event organizers, and educators need to understand it as a continued endeavor beyond the hosting period and embed the related educational efforts into broader educational and youth-focused structures. This article also outlines lessons for youth engagement that can be drawn from Rio’s and other host cities’ Olympic and Paralympic education practices.

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Groschl, Stefan. "Planning and organizing the Olympic and Paralympic Games: the case of Rio 2016." Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal 11, no. 4 (April 6, 2021): 365–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sbm-06-2020-0057.

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PurposeThis study aims to provide an understanding of the multi-layered managerial and organizational challenges of mega sporting events such as the Olympic and Paralympic Games, identify key competencies that address the complexities and uncertainties when planning and organizing the Olympic and Paralympic Games and provide a framework to classify sporting events according to their complexity and uncertainty.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses in-depth semi-structured interview with key organizing actor of the Olympic and Paralympic Games in Rio in 2016.FindingsPlanning and organizing complex and long-term mega sporting events such as the Olympic and Paralympic Games require a set of key competencies, including a range of soft skills (collaboration, negotiation, communication), goal-setting, persistence and resilience, paradox thinking and timing.Originality/valuePresenting the findings in an unedited and raw interview format provides practitioners and scholars alike with unfiltered and rich data that allows to choose, apply and adapt key competencies and heuristics from Rio 2016 to their own mega sporting projects or research agendas; allows to differentiate between sporting events according to their complexity and uncertainty.

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Chang, Ik Young, Jane Crossman, Jane Taylor, and Diane Walker. "One World, One Dream: A Qualitative Comparison of the Newspaper Coverage of the 2008 Olympic and Paralympic Games." International Journal of Sport Communication 4, no. 1 (March 2011): 26–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.4.1.26.

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This study compared and explored the textual coverage of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games (OG) and Paralympic Games (PG) by the Canadian newspaper The Globe and Mail. The authors found 8 high-order themes and 25 low-order themes for the OG. The high-order themes were predicting game results, reporting game results, athleticism, politics, ethical issues, nationalism, the media, and the economy. For the PG, there were 4 high-order themes, and each high-order theme had 1 low-order theme. The high-order themes were reporting game results, athleticism, ethical issues, and equality between Paralympians and Olympians. Comparisons between OG and PG coverage are discussed and recommendations for future research provided.

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Misener, Laura, Simon Darcy, David Legg, and Keith Gilbert. "Beyond Olympic Legacy: Understanding Paralympic Legacy Through a Thematic Analysis." Journal of Sport Management 27, no. 4 (July 2013): 329–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.27.4.329.

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Over the last decade a great deal of work has examined major sport event legacies and event leverage. Much of this work has involved Olympic studies and this paper seeks to add to the body of knowledge surrounding major sport event legacies by examining the largely overlooked area of the Paralympic Games. The Paralympic Games are the second largest multisport event after the Olympic Games depending upon which parameters are used and since Sydney 2000 there has been an ‘operational partnership’ where bid cities are required to host both Games. Yet, few studies have evaluated the comparative outcomes, legacies and event leverage that Paralympic games have generated. This paper addresses this absence by conducting a thematic analysis of Paralympic legacy research. The thematic analysis used a combination of keywords involving event legacy across 13 major academic databases. Of the 43 articles identified as having Paralympic legacy related content only 13 articles empirically investigated Paralympic legacy. In reviewing the research, it is noted that the bulk of the research has focused on Summer Paralympic Games with little interest in the Winter Paralympic Games. The major findings for legacy-based research include: infrastructure; sport; information education, and awareness; human capital; and managerial changes. However, while these findings may seem congruent with major event legacies frameworks conceptually, an examination of the detailed findings shows that Paralympic legacy research is isomorphic and adds a new component to existing legacy dimensions.

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Daly, Daniel J., Laurie A. Malone, David J. Smith, Yves Vanlandewijck, and Robert D. Steadward. "The Contribution of Starting, Turning, and Finishing to Total Race Performance in Male Paralympic Swimmers." Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 18, no. 3 (July 2001): 316–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/apaq.18.3.316.

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A video race analysis was conducted at the Atlanta Paralympic Games swimming competition. The purpose was to describe the contribution of clean swimming speed, as well as start, turn, and finish speed, to the total race performance in the four strokes for the men’s 100 m events. Start, turn, and finish times, as well as clean swimming speed during four race sections, were measured on videotapes during the preliminary heats (329 swims). Information on 1996 Olympic Games finalists (N = 16) was also available. In Paralympic swimmers, next to clean swimming speed, both turning and finishing were highly correlated with the end race result. Paralympic swimmers do start, turn, and finish slower than Olympic swimmers but in direct relation to their slower clean swimming speed. The race pattern of these components is not different between Paralympic and Olympic swimmers.

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Rza Dadashzade. "How the development of the national paralympic committee of Azerbaijan has influenced the nation’s “triumph of spirit”." Scientific News of Academy of Physical Education and Sport 1, no. 4 (April 24, 2020): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.28942/ssj.v1i4.193.

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Although the Paralympic movement of Azerbaijan has existed for 23 years, its achievements have not before been investigated in an academic context, in order to assess its contribution to the development of the country’s civil society. This research set out to assess the value of the Committee’s activities, not only within the sporting arena but in the wider context of promoting a more inclusive, diverse society. The Paralympic Games is closely allied to the Olympic Games, in both timing and objectives. However, it’s potential impact on society is wider than that of the Olympics. As well as providing a platform to spotlight the sporting achievement of those with physical challenges, the Paralympic ideal is a powerful component in supporting, inspiring and promoting the integration of physically challenged people into society. There are an estimated 600,000 disabled people in Azerbaijan. Paralympic ideals, as realised by the Paralympic Committee, play a major role in the integration of these individuals and the overcoming of stereotypes in society. Therefore, the study of this issue is of great importance. This research examines the emergence of the Paralympic Games and the development of the Paralympic movement in Azerbaijan.

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Suhar'kova, Marina. "Volunteers on Volunteering." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University. Series: Political, Sociological and Economic sciences 2022, no. 3 (August 15, 2022): 298–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2500-3372-2022-7-3-298-304.

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Sporting mega-events improve local economy, affect political processes, and develop such non-commercial sector as volunteering. The article examines the attitude of volunteers to the legacy of such sporting mega-events as Olympic or Paralympic Games. An online survey of volunteers (n=332) who participated in the Olympic and Paralympic Games in 2014 defined various problems that hinder the development of volunteering in Russia. Most respondents were satisfied with their volunteering experience and expressed eagerness to volunteer specifically in this area. They remarked on the increase in the number of volunteer centers and volunteers in Russia as the most significant consequences of the Olympic Games in the field of volunteering. The research results contribute to the Olympic studies and cast light on the public attitude to Olympic volunteering.

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Benjamin-Laing, H., T. Fayad, and FS Haddad. "Hamstring Avulsion Injuries." Bulletin of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 94, no. 6 (June 1, 2012): 192–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/147363512x13311314196177.

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Times have changed since the Olympic Games in 1896, where 241 athletes representing 14 nations competed. The Beijing Olympics in 2008 included 10,977 athletes from more than 200 nations. The Olympic Games are the biggest multisport event and often represent the pinnacle of an athlete's career. Olympic and sporting history is full of tales of woe from athletes who have been unfortunate to experience an injury to the lower extremity during an event. 10% of athletes competing at the Beijing Olympic games in 2008 sustained injuries with 50% of these injuries preventing the athletes from participating in competition or training. Similar percentages have been reported in disabled athletes during the Paralympic Games. Half of these injuries may affect the lower limb and in explosive athletes with large muscle groups around the pelvis, hamstring avulsions are more common.

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Alcântara de Lima, Fabiano de, Leandro Pereira, José Santos, Renato Lopes da Costa, and Álvaro Dias. "Olympic and Paralympic Games Project Structure and Governance." International Journal of Information Technology Project Management 13, no. 1 (January 2022): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijitpm.290420.

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The Olympic and Paralympic Games is a megaproject that involves huge investment and time effort from public and private entities to take place, which has been facing issues to find host candidate cities recently. This paper focus on the private side of the megaproject and discuss the Organizing Committee for Olympic Games (OCOG) project governance and structure taking advantage of Rio2016 case to detail project phases, reporting and governance structures. The paper presents the OCOG as a single purpose entity (SPE) and uses Rio2016 as a case study. A multi-method qualitative research was conducted to understand OCOG project environment and particularities. The role and participation of International Olympic Committee (IOC) in OCOG daily life could be improved to support the pressure for Games cost reduction, as well as, to increase the Games hosting attractiveness. This work contributes for the Olympic Games project environment understanding by future OCOGs

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Wang, B., M. Shao, S. H. Lu, B. Yuan, Y. Zhao, M. Wang, S. Q. Zhang, and D. Wu. "Variation of ambient non-methane hydrocarbons in Beijing city in summer 2008." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, no. 2 (February 25, 2010): 5565–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-5565-2010.

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Abstract. In conjunction with hosting the 2008 Beijing Olympics, the municipal government implemented a series of stringent air quality control measures. To assess the impacts on variation of ambient non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs), the whole air was sampled by canisters at one urban site and two suburban sites in Beijing, and 55 NMHC species were quantified by gas chromatography equipped with a quadrupole mass spectrometer and a flame ionization detector (GC/MSD/FID) as parts of the field Campaign for the Beijing Olympic Games Air Quality program (CareBeijing). According to the control measures, the data were presented according to four periods: 18–30 June, 8–19 July, 15–24 August (during the Olympic Games), and 6–15 September (during the Paralympic Games). Compared with the levels in June, the mixing ratios of NMHCs obtained in the Olympic and Paralympic Games periods were reduced by 35% and 25%, respectively. Source contributions were calculated using a chemical mass balance model (CMB 8.2). After implementing the control measures, emissions from target sources were obviously reduced, and reductions in vehicle exhaust could explain 48–82% of the reductions of ambient NMHCs. Reductions in emissions from gasoline evaporation, paint and solvent use, and the chemical industry contributed 9–40%, 3–24%, and 1–5%, respectively, to reductions of ambient NMHCs. Sources of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and biogenic emissions were not controlled, and contributions from these sources from July to September were stable or even higher than in June. Ozone formation potentials (OFPs) were calculated for the measured NMHCs. The total OFPs during the Olympic and Paralympic Games were reduced by 48% and 32%, respectively, compared with values in June. Reductions in the OFPs of alkenes and aromatics explained 77–92% of total OFP reductions. The alkenes and aromatics were mainly from vehicle exhausts, and reductions of vehicle exhaust gases explained 67–87% of reductions in alkenes and 38–80% of reductions in aromatics. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of the air quality control measures enacted for the 2008 Olympics and indicate that controlling vehicular emissions could be the most important measure to improve air quality in Beijing.

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Wang, B., M. Shao, S. H. Lu, B. Yuan, Y. Zhao, M. Wang, S. Q. Zhang, and D. Wu. "Variation of ambient non-methane hydrocarbons in Beijing city in summer 2008." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, no. 13 (July 2, 2010): 5911–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-5911-2010.

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Abstract. In conjunction with hosting the 2008 Beijing Olympics, the municipal government implemented a series of stringent air quality control measures. To assess the impacts on variation of ambient non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs), the whole air was sampled by canisters at one urban site and two suburban sites in Beijing, and 55 NMHC species were quantified by gas chromatography equipped with a quadrupole mass spectrometer and a flame ionization detector (GC/MSD/FID) as parts of the field Campaign for the Beijing Olympic Games Air Quality program (CareBeijing). According to the control measures, the data were presented according to four periods: 18–30 June, 8–19 July, 15–24 August (during the Olympic Games), and 6–15 September (during the Paralympic Games). Compared with the levels in June, the mixing ratios of NMHCs obtained in the Olympic and Paralympic Games periods were reduced by 35% and 25%, respectively. Source contributions were calculated using a chemical mass balance model (CMB 8.2). After implementing the control measures, emissions from target sources were obviously reduced, and reductions in vehicle exhaust could explain 48–82% of the reductions of ambient NMHCs. Reductions in emissions from gasoline evaporation, paint and solvent use, and the chemical industry contributed 9–40%, 3–24%, and 1–5%, respectively, to reductions of ambient NMHCs. Sources of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and biogenic emissions were not controlled, and contributions from these sources from July to September were stable or even higher than in June. Ozone formation potentials (OFPs) were calculated for the measured NMHCs. The total OFPs during the Olympic and Paralympic Games were reduced by 48% and 32%, respectively, compared with values in June. Reductions in the OFPs of alkenes and aromatics explained 77–92% of total OFP reductions. The alkenes and aromatics were mainly from vehicle exhausts, and reductions of vehicle exhaust gases explained 67–87% of reductions in alkenes and 38–80% of reductions in aromatics. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of the air quality control measures enacted for the 2008 Olympics and indicate that controlling vehicular emissions could be the most important measure to improve air quality in Beijing.

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Chatziefstathiou, Dikaia. "Olympic education and beyond: Olympism and value legacies from the Olympic and Paralympic Games." Educational Review 64, no. 3 (August 2012): 385–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2012.696094.

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Plakona, Elena, Violeta Šiljak, Ivana Parčina, and Đorđe Stefanović. "COMPETITIVE ASPECT OF OLYMPIC AND PARALYMPIC GAMES." Anthropological aspects of sports, physical education and recreation 4, no. 1 (November 1, 2013): 241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5550/sp.4.2012.29.

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Hasegawa, Miki, Masamichi Yamanaka, Osamu Miyamae, and Hayanon Science Manga Studio. "Elements of Sports: From IYPT 2019 to Tokyo 20201." Chemistry International 42, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ci-2020-0102.

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AbstractSports, one of the symbols of the global human culture and a unit of peaceful society, excite both competitors and audiences. During the game and even practice, athletes concentrate to choose not only a comfortable design but also high-performing materials of their shoes, rackets, uniforms, etc. Under the high demand of athletes, sports materials are evolving with the support of new chemical reactions and coordination chemistry. Here, we exhibit the role of elements in sports. The International Year of the Periodic Table (IYPT) will bring chemistry into the future as The Olympic & Paralympic Games in Tokyo in 2020.

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Marmeleira, José. "Performance of Athletes With Visual Impairment in Track-and-Field Events at the Paralympic Games, From 1988 to 2016." Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness 116, no. 3 (May 2022): 373–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145482x221109243.

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Introduction: The Paralympic movement has grown considerably over the last decades, but few studies have analyzed the performance evolution of the best athletes with disabilities. This study examined the performance of athletes with visual impairments in track-and-field events over eight Paralympic Games (1988–2016). Method: Results in the Paralympic track-and-field events for athletes with visual impairments (and in the corresponding track-and-field Olympic events) were collected from official public websites. Results: Analysis showed that most performances at Paralympic track-and-field events increased linearly over the years, which finding contrasts with the general stagnation in Olympic events. The improvements from 1988 to 2016 in Paralympic sprinting, middle- and long-distance running, throwing, and long-jumping events were 4.0–16.3%, 3.2–16.2%, 23.0–54.2%, and 4.9–18.9%, respectively. Men had better performances than women in running, throwing, and jumping events. In general, sports classes with a less severe level of visual impairment achieved higher performance levels than those with a more severe level of visual impairment, especially men. The competition density of Paralympic track-and-field events showed modest improvements. Conclusions: This study provides evidence that the performance of track-and-field athletes with visual impairments have been improving persistently over the last eight Paralympic Games, confirming that Paralympic athletes are achieving high-level performances. Implications for Practitioners: This study will be helpful for coaches and athletes with visual impairments who are setting performance (and training) goals for the Paralympic Games and other international athletic events.

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Ferrara, Kate, Jan Burns, and Hayley Mills. "Public Attitudes Toward People With Intellectual Disabilities After Viewing Olympic or Paralympic Performance." Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 32, no. 1 (January 2015): 19–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/apaq.2014-0136.

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Despite some changes to the way that people with intellectual disabilities (ID) are viewed in society, negative attitudes prevail. One of the aspirations of the 2012 Paralympic games was to influence the public’s attitudes toward people with disabilities. The aim of this study was to investigate whether stimuli depicting people with ID performing at Paralympic level of competition change attitudes toward ID. A mixed randomized comparison design was employed comparing 2 groups: those who viewed Paralympic-level ID sport footage and information and those who viewed Olympic footage and information. One hundred fourteen students, mean age 25 yr, were administered measures of implicit (subconscious) attitudes toward disability and explicit (belief-based) attitudes toward ID. Implicit attitudes significantly changed in a positive direction for both groups. The findings provide evidence that both Paralympic (ID) and Olympic media coverage may have at least a short-term effect on attitudes toward people with disabilities.

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Guerreiro, Renato de Carvalho, Andressa Silva, Henrique de Araújo Andrade, Isadora Grade Biasibetti, Roberto Vital, Hesojy Gley Vital da Silva, Flavia Rodrigues da Silva, and Marco Túlio de Mello. "WAS POSTPONING THE TOKYO 2020 OLYMPIC AND PARALYMPIC GAMES A CORRECT DECISION?" Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 26, no. 3 (June 2020): 191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1517-8692202026030036.

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ABSTRACT In December 2019, Wuhan, in China, attracted international attention due to a pneumonia outbreak caused by the new coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Infection by 2019-nCoV is more likely in elderly people with comorbidities or with associated chronic diseases. Due to the high transmission rate among humans, this disease is rapidly disseminated, which led to several events being canceled, including the Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games. The aim of this article is to discuss the risk factors for Olympic and Paralympic athletes, as well as for spectators, that justify the decision to postpone the Tokyo Games 2020. Regular physical exercise is associated with health and the prevention of chronic diseases. Although athletes generally appear to be healthy and physically fit, this may not be true. The immune system, which protects the organism from invasive microorganisms, can be affected by the duration and quality of sleep, as well as by physical exercise which influences the quality of the immune response. High volumes of high-intensity physical exercise, as well as changes in sleep patterns during the pre-competition period and the impacts of jet lag on athletes traveling for the Tokyo Games in 2020 may lead to immune system suppression, making these groups more vulnerable to infection by 2019-nCoV. Moreover, during the period planned for the games in 2020 the pandemic may be subsiding in some countries and increasing in others, and this was also taken into consideration as a risk factor. Hence, the decision taken to postpone the Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games until 2021 due to the 2019-nCoV was the correct one, and was extremely important to protect the health of Olympic and Paralympic athletes, as well as spectators. Level of evidence V; expert opinion .

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Chanavat, Nicolas, and Michel Desbordes. "Towards the regulation and restriction of ambush marketing? The first truly social and digital mega sports event: Olympic Games, London 2012." International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship 15, no. 3 (April 1, 2014): 2–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsms-15-03-2014-b002.

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This study investigates the regulation and restriction of ambush marketing during the London 2012 Olympic Games, with analysis of actions taken via social networks and digital marketing related to the mega sports event. Results show that, where this issue was concerned, the London Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games (LOCOG) was the most restrictive OCOG in history. However, there are neither specific legal tools nor international agreements to prohibit ambush marketing and protect official sponsorships. This paper looks at the proliferation of ambush cases during the London 2012 Olympics and underlines the widespread growth of this practice, despite reinforcement of existing laws. Findings show that brands were very imaginative at the expense of official sponsors and that social networks can be powerful publicity channels.

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Foreman, Marion. "The Games – Britain’s Olympic and Paralympic Journey to London 2012The Games – Britain’s Olympic and Paralympic Journey to London 2012." Nursing Standard 26, no. 43 (June 27, 2012): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns2012.06.26.43.30.b1376.

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Kim, Min-Chang. "Exploring the Keyword Network Analysis and Research Trends for Sustainable Development of Paralympic Research: Based on Changes in Classification." Applied Sciences 13, no. 5 (February 27, 2023): 3050. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13053050.

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This study aims to identify an overall keyword network by drawing on core keywords in Paralympic studies and analyzing the relationships. It also aims to provide information on the changes in Paralympic study trends through a time series analysis to understand change, according to the application of a new classification (evidence-based classification). This study made a bibliographic list of 1613 studies by collecting studies published between 2003 and 2022 using keyword network analysis (KNA). By refining to exclude unsuitable studies, 1404 studies and 6414 keywords were used for the analysis. As a result of analyzing entire Paralympic studies performed between 2003 and 2022, Paralympic studies were revealed to be on the rise. The entire Paralympic studies ascertained that the areas of study were mainstream and centered on the top three keywords: athlete; performance; and classification. Secondly, as a result of analyzing Paralympic study trends in a time series manner, based on 2017 when a new classification was applied, studies related to physical impairment centered on the top two keywords, athlete and performance, were mainstream in Section 1 (2003–2016). Olympic Games, performance, and wheelchairs formed detailed study areas. In the Paralympic studies in Section 2 (2017–2022), the relevant studies centered on the top two keywords, athletes and performance, were mainstream. Parasport, disability, and classification were ascertained to form detailed study areas. Through all this, the changed trend in the keyword Paralympics was confirmed. The results of this study are meaningful in that they can contribute to the expansion of the Paralympic areas of study and invigoration by exploring core keywords and providing relevant information based on the significant change point in time, including entire Paralympic study trends.

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Shipway, Richard. "Sustainable legacies for the 2012 Olympic Games." Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health 127, no. 3 (May 2007): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1466424007077344.

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The London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games have the unique potential to deliver sustainable sporting, social, cultural, economic and environmental legacies, not just for London as the host city, but for the whole of Britain. This article focuses primarily on the first three of these potential Olympics legacies. The first area explored is the social legacy as it impacts on host communities; second, the potential educational and cultural legacy of the 2012 Games are examined; and finally, there follows an overview of the health benefits that could result from a sustained increase in mass participation in sport, physical activity and exercise. This appraisal is undertaken through a review of existing Olympic literature and examples are drawn from previous summer and winter Games. This preliminary exploration is followed by the identification of some key challenges to be overcome if the opportunities available to a wide and diverse range of stakeholders are to be fully optimized. The article suggests that the 2012 Games can act as a catalyst for sports development throughout Britain, while also assisting with government cross-cutting agendas such as tackling crime, antisocial behaviour, developing healthy and active communities, improving educational attainment, and combating barriers to participation. In doing so, this article argues that priority should be placed at supporting grassroots sport through greater access to sport in the community, and not solely elite level sports development. The article concludes by suggesting that the 2012 Games provide opportunities to deliver real and tangible changes and most importantly, to afford a higher priority to sport, along with the obvious associated health benefits for Britain as a whole. The underlying challenge as we move towards 2012 is to achieve a positive step change in the attitudes towards sport and physical activity in British society. Achieving this would possibly be the greatest legacy of the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games.

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Popova, A. Yu, A. A. Gorsky, A. S. Gus'kov, G. E. Ivanov, L. V. Chikina, V. S. Stepanov, E. S. Pochtareva, et al. "Providing Laboratory Monitoring of Environmental Objects During the XXII Olympic Winter Games and XI Paralympic Winter Games in Sochi." Epidemiology and Vaccine Prevention 14, no. 3 (June 20, 2015): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2015-14-3-12-16.

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The organization of laboratory environmental monitoring in the pre-Olympic period and during the XXII Olympic winter games and XI Paralympic winter games 2014. The results of radiation monitoring during the construction of sports and infrastructure facilities Sochi. Study analyzed the procedure for compliance with hygienic standards and additional indicators of drinking water, food, food raw material and other objects.

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da Silva, Ivan R. F., Luciano Gouvea, Carlos Bruno Nogueira, Victor Cravo, and Bernardo B. Liberato. "Experience of a neurology service during the 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games." Neurology: Clinical Practice 8, no. 6 (October 4, 2018): 482–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/cpj.0000000000000548.

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BackgroundWe analyzed the utilization of acute neurologic care during the 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games in Rio de Janeiro.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective analysis of data collected during the games.ResultsSixty-three neurologic evaluations were performed in patients from the Olympic Family (OF), 22 of these involving athletes from 19 countries. Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) were the most frequent reason for assessment among athletes, some associated with polytrauma. Four patients were admitted to the neurocritical care unit (NICU): 2 acute ischemic strokes, 1 TIA, and 1 polytrauma with moderate TBI. Among nonathletes, evaluation of TBI associated with motor vehicle accidents was surprisingly high, with 10 assessments, none requiring admission. Also, nonathletes with seizures, multiple sclerosis flare, functional deficits, and psychiatric complaints received neurologic evaluation. During the Paralympic Games, 17 neurologic evaluations were performed in patients from the Paralympic Family (PF), 13 involving athletes from 10 countries. Five athletes presented with mild TBI. One PG training coach was admitted to the NICU after receiving alteplase for an acute ischemic stroke.ConclusionsAs expected, many athletes with sports-related injuries were evaluated, but cases of diverse acute neurologic pathologies were observed among nonathlete members of the OF and PF. Olympic Games are large, logistically complex events involving thousands of people. Our observations suggest that a comprehensive and detailed plan for neurologic emergencies should be considered for future games.

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Yuichi, MORIGUCHI. "Sustainability Considerations for Tokyo 2020 Olympic/Paralympic Games." Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, Japan 16, no. 1 (2020): 2–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3370/lca.16.2.

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KINOSHITA, Hiroaki, Shinji GOSEKI, Atsushi INOUE, and Ryo KAWAMURA. "Acupuncture rethink towards Tokyo Olympic and Paralympic games." Zen Nihon Shinkyu Gakkai zasshi (Journal of the Japan Society of Acupuncture and Moxibustion) 65, no. 3 (2015): 144–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3777/jjsam.65.144.

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Yamamoto, Norio, Toshiharu Mitsuhashi, Yuuki Tsuchihashi, and Takashi Yorifuji. "Causal Effect of the Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games on the Number of COVID-19 Cases under COVID-19 Pandemic: An Ecological Study Using the Synthetic Control Method." Journal of Personalized Medicine 12, no. 2 (February 3, 2022): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm12020209.

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Previous studies have not assessed the causal effect of the Olympic Games on the spread of pandemics. Using the synthetic control method and the national public city data in Japan recorded from February to September 2021, we estimated the causal effects of the Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games on the number of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases. The difference between the number of COVID-19 cases in Tokyo and a counterfactual “synthetic Tokyo” (created using synthetic control method) after the opening of the Tokyo 2020 Games (23 July 2021) widened gradually and then considerably over time. It was predicted that the Tokyo 2020 Games increased the number of COVID-19 cases in Tokyo by approximately 469.4 per 100,000 population from the opening of the event to 30 September. However, sensitivity analysis of the ratio of the pre- and post-game root mean square prediction errors using regression weights did not suggest robustness. Our results showed that the Tokyo 2020 Games probably increased the number of COVID-19 cases even under preventive regulations; however, the extent of this increase was difficult to estimate clearly due to an overlap with the fifth wave associated with the Delta variant.

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HARCOURT, S. E., J. FLETCHER, P. LOVERIDGE, A. BAINS, R. MORBEY, A. YEATES, B. McCLOSKEY, et al. "Developing a new syndromic surveillance system for the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games." Epidemiology and Infection 140, no. 12 (August 15, 2012): 2152–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268812001781.

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SUMMARYSyndromic surveillance is vital for monitoring public health during mass gatherings. The London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games represents a major challenge to health protection services and community surveillance. In response to this challenge the Health Protection Agency has developed a new syndromic surveillance system that monitors daily general practitioner out-of-hours and unscheduled care attendances. This new national system will fill a gap identified in the existing general practice-based syndromic surveillance systems by providing surveillance capability of general practice activity during evenings/nights, over weekends and public holidays. The system will complement and supplement the existing tele-health phone line, general practitioner and emergency department syndromic surveillance systems. This new national system will contribute to improving public health reassurance, especially to meet the challenges of the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games.

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Solves, Josep, Sebastián Sánchez, and Inmaculada Rius. "The prince and the pauper: Journalistic culture and Paralympic games in the Spanish print press." Journalism 19, no. 12 (October 8, 2016): 1713–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464884916671894.

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The Paralympic Games are one of the world’s most important multisport events, maybe second only to the Olympic Games. However, research conducted to date shows that the media do not devote as much space to them as would accordingly be expected. This article proposes, through a case study, a new way of approaching this hypothetical discrimination by comparing the attention that the London Paralympic Games received from the Spanish print press with the attention that other sports received (football, basketball, tennis, cycling, motor sports and other minority sports) while those Games were being held. The main finding of our study is that over the period analysed, the Spanish press devoted less space to the Paralympic Games than to any other sport.

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Sukharkova, M. P. "PRACTICES OF OLYMPIC VOLUNTEERING DURING A PANDEMIC." Вестник Удмуртского университета. Социология. Политология. Международные отношения 6, no. 2 (June 27, 2022): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2587-9030-2022-6-2-161-168.

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The article examines the practice of Olympic volunteering during a pandemic. Olympic volunteers are people who volunteer to prepare for and host the Olympic and Paralympic Games without receiving direct payment. Olympic volunteering refers to a type of sports volunteering at the sites of major sport events (sports mega-events). Traditionally for the organization and holding of events, including sport events, volunteers are involved, who are recognized as a significant resource for the success of events at various levels. Such events as the Olympic Games - sports mega-events have special volunteer programs that allow people to gain experience in an international organization, attend events, gain new knowledge and skills. Based on the results of an online survey of volunteers (N =250) who participated in the organization and conduct of the 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games, which were held in 2021 in Tokyo, Japan, channels for obtaining information about the possibility of participating in Olympic volunteering, incentives and barriers will be analysed for volunteers in the Olympic program. Special attention in the article will be paid to the peculiarities of the Olympic direction of volunteering during a pandemic. Based on the analysis of the results of the online survey of volunteers, we found that people with previous experience of volunteering often take part in the practices of Olympic volunteering. More than half of Olympic volunteers are satisfied with their participation in the Olympic Games. Also, more than half of the survey participants plan to continue to participate in volunteer activities in the future. Among the features that characterize the Olympic volunteer program in 2021, one can single out the additional responsibility of volunteers to ensure the safety of events, compliance with all necessary safety requirements, the need to acquire additional knowledge and skills, and a more attentive attitude towards each participant in the events. At the same time, it is important that modern security measures did not have a negative impact on the intentions of volunteers to continue volunteering.

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Fox, Nick J. "Flows of Affect in the Olympic Stadium." Sociological Research Online 18, no. 2 (May 2013): 126–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.2941.

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I explore the contribution that emotions made to the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games, but from a perspective that downplays individualised or embodied analysis of emotion, and oppositions between the ‘emotional’ and the ‘rational’. Instead, emotions are understood as one component within a broader ‘flow of affect’ within an Olympic assemblage of physical, biological, cultural, social and economic relations. I supply an ‘affective’ sociology of the Games, focusing upon the capacities produced in competitors, audiences, media, spaces and physical entities such as the stadia and Olympic Park, and how these together produced the Games and their legacy.

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Kiktev, Dmitry, Paul Joe, George A. Isaac, Andrea Montani, Inger-Lise Frogner, Pertti Nurmi, Benedikt Bica, et al. "FROST-2014: The Sochi Winter Olympics International Project." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 98, no. 9 (September 1, 2017): 1908–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-15-00307.1.

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Abstract The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) World Weather Research Programme’s (WWRP) Forecast and Research in the Olympic Sochi Testbed program (FROST-2014) was aimed at the advancement and demonstration of state-of-the-art nowcasting and short-range forecasting systems for winter conditions in mountainous terrain. The project field campaign was held during the 2014 XXII Olympic and XI Paralympic Winter Games and preceding test events in Sochi, Russia. An enhanced network of in situ and remote sensing observations supported weather predictions and their verification. Six nowcasting systems (model based, radar tracking, and combined nowcasting systems), nine deterministic mesoscale numerical weather prediction models (with grid spacings down to 250 m), and six ensemble prediction systems (including two with explicitly simulated deep convection) participated in FROST-2014. The project provided forecast input for the meteorological support of the Sochi Olympic Games. The FROST-2014 archive of winter weather observations and forecasts is a valuable information resource for mesoscale predictability studies as well as for the development and validation of nowcasting and forecasting systems in complex terrain. The resulting innovative technologies, exchange of experience, and professional developments contributed to the success of the Olympics and left a post-Olympic legacy.

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Howard, Rosie, and Roland Stull. "Forecasting Sun versus Shade in Complex Terrain for the 2010 Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 92, no. 10 (October 1, 2011): 1303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011bams-d-11-00017.1.

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During the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games in Canada, there were 10 mostly sunny days at the outdoor Olympic venues. The warmth and sunshine, possibly a result of El Niño conditions at the time, significantly reduced snow cover at one venue and weakened the snowpack at the other two venues, much to the chagrin of the event organizers. Solar radiation affects ski racing via its effect on snow-surface friction, abrasion, and mechanical strength. Ski technicians and athletes compensate via the choice of ski and wax. For these reasons, sun-versus-shade forecasts were produced for Canadian ski and snowboard teams. A theodolite was used to survey the horizon elevation angles around the full azimuth circles at 133 locations spaced roughly 150 m apart along race pistes (compacted ski runs) at three Olympic venues. This survey was important for including the shadowing effects of the tall evergreen trees that border the pistes. This would not be properly accounted for if only digital elevation data were used. These data, along with the astronomical equations for solar elevation and azimuth, were used to calculate whether each survey point would be in the sun or the shade in cloudless conditions for any time and date during the Olympics. Half-hourly output was provided to ski and snowboard technicians and coaches via a graphical user interface delivered on the Internet.

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Pilipenko, I. "The Use of Cost-Benefit Analysis for Evaluating Efficiency of Public Investment Projects (The Case of Sochi-2014 Winter Olympic Games)." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 11 (November 20, 2011): 57–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2011-11-57-78.

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The paper analyzes shortcomings of economic impact studies based mainly on input- output models that are often employed in Russia as well as abroad. Using studies about sport events in the USA and Olympic Games that took place during the last 30 years we reveal advantages of the cost-benefit analysis approach in obtaining unbiased assessments of public investments efficiency; the step-by-step method of cost-benefit analysis is presented in the paper as well. We employ the project of Sochi-2014 Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games in Russia to evaluate its efficiency using cost-benefit analysis for five accounts (areas of impact), namely government, households, environment, economic development, and social development, and calculate the net present value of the project taking into account its possible alternatives. In conclusion we suggest several policy directions that would enhance public investment efficiency within the Sochi-2014 Olympics.

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Grobler, Lara, Suzanne Ferreira, and Elmarie Terblanche. "Paralympic Sprint Performance Between 1992 and 2012." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 10, no. 8 (November 2015): 1052–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2014-0560.

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The Paralympic Games have undergone many changes since their inception in 1960, one being the advances made in running-specific prostheses (RSPs) for track athletes with lower-limb amputations.Purpose:To investigate the sprinting-performance changes in athletes with lower-limb amputations since 1992 to assess whether the influence of developments in RSP technology is evident.Methods:The results of the Olympic and Paralympic Games ranging between 1992 and 2012 for the 100-m and 200-m were collected, and performance trends, percentage change in performance, and competition density (CD) were calculated.Results:The results indicate that the greatest performance increases were seen in athletes with lower-limb amputations (T42 = 26%, T44 = 14%). These performance improvements were greater than for Olympic athletes (<3%), as well as Paralympic athletes from other selected classes (<10%). The T42 and T44 classes also showed the lowest CD values.Discussion:These results suggest that although there is an overall trend for improved Paralympic sprint performances, RSP technology has played a noteworthy role in the progression of performances of athletes with amputations. It is also hypothesized that the difference in the performance improvements between the T42 and T44 classes is due to the level of disability and therefore the extent to which technology is required to enable locomotion.Conclusion:It is evident that RSP technology has played a significant role in the progression of performances in athletes with lower-limb amputations.

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Thomas, Nigel, and Andrew Smith. "Preoccupied with Able-Bodiedness? An Analysis of the British Media Coverage of the 2000 Paralympic Games." Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 20, no. 2 (April 2003): 166–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/apaq.20.2.166.

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This study analyzed British newspaper coverage of the 2000 Sydney Paralympics. Sixty-two articles from 4 British newspapers were examined for the terminology used to describe athletes’ disabilities and the language and images used to portray athletes’ performances. The results suggest a tendency to convey the achievements of Paralympic athletes using medicalized descriptions of disability and to compare them to athletes without disabilities. Photographic coverage tended to hide the athletes’ impairments, and female athletes were less likely to be photographed in active poses. Although coverage emphasized the sporting achievement of athletes with disabilities by comparing them to Olympic athletes and by deemphasizing disability, it may have inadvertently reinforced stereotypical perceptions of disability and reaffirmed a preoccupation with able-bodiedness.

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Brittain, Ian. "Chapter 2 - The Olympic Movement and the Paralympic Games." Routledge Online Studies on the Olympic and Paralympic Games 1, no. 29 (January 2012): 20–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/978-0-203-88556-7.ch002.

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Oshima, Susumu, and Hisashi Ariga. "1. Efforts Toward 2020 Tokyo Olympic and Paralympic Games." Journal of The Institute of Image Information and Television Engineers 71, no. 1 (2017): 49–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3169/itej.71.49.

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Domingues, Rômulo, Bruno Hassel, João Grangeiro Neto, and Flávia Paiva Proença Lobo Lopes. "MR Imaging at Rio 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games." Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America 26, no. 4 (November 2018): 645–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mric.2018.07.001.

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J. Dickson, Tracey, Angela M. Benson, and F. Anne Terwiel. "Mega-event volunteers, similar or different? Vancouver 2010 vs London 2012." International Journal of Event and Festival Management 5, no. 2 (June 10, 2014): 164–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijefm-07-2013-0019.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to compare motivations of volunteers at two mega multi-sport events. Design/methodology/approach – The research used a quantitative research design to survey volunteers at the Vancouver 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games (n=2,066) and the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games (n=11,451) via an online questionnaire based upon the Special Event Volunteer Motivation Scale. Findings – The results indicate that the volunteers, most of whom had previously volunteered, were motivated by similar variables, including the uniqueness of the event, the desire to make it a success and to give back to their community. The results of the principal components analysis indicated that most items of the scale loaded onto similar components across the two research contexts. Research limitations/implications – There were methodological limitations in terms of the timing of the questionnaire administration and Likert scales used, however, these issues were controlled by gatekeepers. These limitations could have research implication for comparative studies of volunteers at mega events. Practical implications – Understanding volunteer motivations will enable event managers and volunteer managers to plan for legacy. Social implications – Volunteer motivations include wanting to give back to their community and therefore, increases the potential for volunteer legacy. Originality/value – This is the first research that: enables comparison of winter and summer Olympic and Paralympic Games volunteers; has substantial sample sizes in relation to the variables; applies higher item loadings to strengthen the analysis; and involves the use of the same instrument across events.

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Morelli, Giulio, Lorenzo Pratelli, Emanuele Isidori, Rafael Mendoza Gonzalez, Iosif Sandor, and Angela Magnanini. "Performance Model in Sitting Volleyball: The Rio 2016 Paralympic Games Case." Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai Educatio Artis Gymnasticae 66, no. 4 (December 30, 2021): 35–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbeag.66(4).31.

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"Objectives. Sitting Volleyball has been a Paralympic discipline recognized by the IPC since 2004 and has been part of the FIPAV sports disciplines since 2013, under the aegis of CONI and CIP. Material and Methods. This research aims to identify the Performance Model in Sitting Volleyball and define the correlations between gestures or phases of the game and victory. The sample includes the eight male and the eight female finalists of the competition for the gold medal of Rio 2016 Olympics Games. Results. The results confirm Sitting Volleyball as an attacking sport in both the male and female sectors. Conclusions. The efficiency of the attack turns out to be correlated to the victory of single sets. In the female sector, the serve is a winning tactical weapon; the block is more consistent in the male one. Ultimately, the quality of the side-out and breakpoint phases is correlated to the victory of the single set. Keywords: sitting volleyball, Paralympics, adapted sport, performance, model. "

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Holroyd, Steve, John Shields, and Peter Waples. "Food safety management at Olympic venues during the Sydney 2000 Olympic and Paralympic Games." New South Wales Public Health Bulletin 11, no. 8 (2000): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/nb00070.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Olympic and Paralympic Game'

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