Journal articles: 'Olivine – Electric properties'

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Anh Nguyen, Hoang, Pham Phuong Nam Le, Le Thanh Nguyen Huynh, Tran Van Man, and My Loan Phung Le. "Investigation of Na-immigration into olivine LiFePO4." Science and Technology Development Journal - Natural Sciences 3, no. 1 (April 26, 2019): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjns.v3i1.724.

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In 21th century, rechargeable batteries are main key of modern technology in many applications from portable devices (smartphone, laptop) to large-scale (hydride electric vehicle-HEV, smart grid system). Among the rechargeable batteries, Li-ion battery (LIB) is outstanding member due to the highest gravimetric as well as volumetric capacity; and Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) can have contribution to alternating LIBs in large-scale application. Li-ion and Na-ion batteries have the same configuration with an insertion/extraction reversible of Li+ ions and Na+ ions into electrode positive and negative during charge-discharge process. This work aimed to investigate Na-immigration into olivine LiFePO4. The olivine phase LiFePO4 was prepared by hydrothermal process. The synthesized LiFePO4 was characterized the structure, morphology and electrochemical properties. The XRD pattern showed the high crystalline and, the Rietveld refinement with X2 = 2.32% confirmed the highly pure olivine phase without impurity. The SEM images exhibited the uniform and good distribution of synthesized olivine in submicrometric scale. The delithiated phase FePO4 was prepared by electrochemical oxidation at low rate C/20. The charge-discharge curves demonstrated the reversible Na-immigration into olivine host with a highest capacity of 80 mAh/g, the cyclability was found out in 73 mAh/g upon 30 cycles. The ex-situ XRD (electrode after electrochemical oxidation, electrode after Na-insertion) revealed the stability of FePO4 framework during Na-immigration.

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Nizhegorodov, A. I. "Modeling of the optical properties of the vermiculite-sungulitovyh conglomerates with their thermal activation in electric furnaces." NOVYE OGNEUPORY (NEW REFRACTORIES), no. 1 (April 26, 2019): 12–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/1683-4518-2019-1-12-25.

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The fundamentals of technology and theory of the process of thermal activation of a vermiculite-sungulite conglomerate contained in the waste of the Kovdorsky phlogopitevermiculite deposit are considered. An analytical-physical model of a single-layer flow of vermiculite-sugulite conglomerate, vibro-transported in a thermal field using a vibration hearth platform of an electric furnace, has been built. The absorption and reflectivity of a dense singlelayer array of the processed conglomerate located on a plane under thermal radiation conditions are determined. For example, Sungulite, Pyroxene, Olivine, and a number of other minerals, the correlation of their absorption capacities with the relative thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity of these minerals is shown. Ill. 2. Ref. 14.

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Gu, Yi Jie, Cui Song Zeng, Yu Bo Chen, Hui Kang Wu, Hong Quan Liu, Lin Chen, Meng Wang, et al. "High Discharge Rate Lithium Ion Batteries with the Composite Cathode of LiFePO₄/Mesocarbon Nanobead." Advanced Materials Research 177 (December 2010): 208–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.177.208.

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Olivine compounds LiFePO4 were prepared by the solid state reaction, and the electrochemical properties were studied with the composite cathode of LiFePO4/mesocarbon nanobead. High discharge rate performance can be achieved with the designed composite cathode of LiFePO4/mesocarbon nanobead. According to the experiment results, batteries with the composite cathode deliver discharge capacity of 1087mAh for 18650 type cell at 20C discharge rate at room temperature. The analysis shows that the uniformity of mesocarbon nanobead around LiFePO4 can supply enough change for electron transporting, which can enhance the rate capability for LiFePO4 cathode lithium ion batteries. It is confirmed that lithium ion batteries with LiFePO4 as cathode are suitable to electric vehicle application.

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Zeng, Zhi Feng, Hai Yan Zhang, and Xi Duo Hu. "A Study on the Electrochemical Properties of LiFePO₄ Doping with Different Diameter MWCNTs." Advanced Materials Research 311-313 (August 2011): 1393–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.311-313.1393.

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The LiFePO4/MWCNTs composite used as cathode was synthesized by ball milling. XRD and SEM experiments demonstrated that MWCNTs didn’t change the olivine structure of LiFePO4and that MWCNTs decentralized into the grains of LiFePO4and working as electric bridge improving the electrochemical properties of LiFePO4. The electrochemical performance of the composite electrodes with different MWNTs in diameter were studied by button cell. The result indicated that the composite with largest diameter MWNTs exhibited best electrochemical performance. The first charge-discharge specific capacity of the composite with MWNTs of 60-100nm in diameter were 136mAh/g-1 and 129 mAh/g-1 respectively at 0.1C rate under room temperature. The difference between charge-discharge platforms of the composite electrode was the least compared to the others. This phenomenon showed that the material had the largest chemical diffusion coefficient of lithium. At the same time, the capacity of the composite only lost 4.0％ after 10 cycles and kept constant after 20 cycles.

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Pietrzak, Tomasz K., Marek Wasiucionek, and Jerzy E. Garbarczyk. "Towards Higher Electric Conductivity and Wider Phase Stability Range via Nanostructured Glass-Ceramics Processing." Nanomaterials 11, no. 5 (May 17, 2021): 1321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11051321.

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This review article presents recent studies on nanostructured glass-ceramic materials with substantially improved electrical (ionic or electronic) conductivity or with an extended temperature stability range of highly conducting high-temperature crystalline phases. Such materials were synthesized by the thermal nanocrystallization of selected electrically conducting oxide glasses. Various nanostructured systems have been described, including glass-ceramics based on ion conductive glasses (silver iodate and bismuth oxide ones) and electronic conductive glasses (vanadate-phosphate and olivine-like ones). Most systems under consideration have been studied with the practical aim of using them as electrode or solid electrolyte materials for rechargeable Li-ion, Na-ion, all-solid batteries, or solid oxide fuel cells. It has been shown that the conductivity enhancement of glass-ceramics is closely correlated with their dual microstructure, consisting of nanocrystallites (5–100 nm) confined in the glassy matrix. The disordered interfacial regions in those materials form “easy conduction” paths. It has also been shown that the glassy matrices may be a suitable environment for phases, which in bulk form are stable at high temperatures, and may exist when confined in nanograins embedded in the glassy matrix even at room temperature. Many complementary experimental techniques probing the electrical conductivity, long- and short-range structure, microstructure at the nanometer scale, or thermal transitions have been used to characterize the glass-ceramic systems under consideration. Their results have helped to explain the correlations between the microstructure and the properties of these systems.

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Zaghib, Karim, Michel L. Trudeau, M. V. Reddy, Alain Mauger, Christian Julien, and Michel Armand. "(Invited) John B. Goodenough's Centenarian : Success Story of LiFePO₄ (LFP) As Cathode Material for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 2 (July 7, 2022): 356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-012356mtgabs.

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Lithium-ion and solid-state battery (SSB) are now playing a central role in consumer electronic, energy storage and electric vehicles thanks to their excellent cycle life and high energy density. One of the key components that have paved the way for this success story in the past 27 years is LiFePO4 (LFP) which has served as a lithium-ion host structure for the cathode electrode. Today only LFP is used in both commercial Li-ion and SSB batteries, due their safety, low cost (cobalt free), fast charge and discharge, and over 20 years of calendar life. In this presentation, we will show the progress of the physical chemistry of the olivine compounds since the pioneering work of Prof. John B. Goodenough. This major improvement has positioned LiFePO4 as the active cathode element of a new generation of Li-ion batteries from cell to pack, hence making a breakthrough in the technology of energy storage and electric transportation. This achievement is the fruit of about 27 years of intensive research in the electrochemical community during which chemists, electrochemists, physicists, and engineers added their efforts to understand the properties of the material, to overcome the obstacles that were met on the way, and finally to reach the state of the art enabling its ubiquitous use in technology today and in the future.

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Torabi, Morteza, Alireza Tavakkoli Neyshabouri, Bahram Soltan Mohammad, S. H. Razavi, and Mansoor Kianpour Rad. "Effect of Milling on the Electrochemical Properties of Nanostructured Li(Fe0.8Mn0.2)PO4 as Cathodes for Li-ion Batteries." Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems 20, no. 1 (April 22, 2017): 039–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.14447/jnmes.v20i1.293.

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Phospho-olivine Li(Fe0.8Mn0.2)PO4 was synthesized using high-temperature solid state procedure. Ball milling was used to decrease the particle size of the active material. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed formation of the phospho-olivines. The crystallite size of the ball-milled particles was calculated about 64.9 nm. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also showed polygonal particles of the ball-milled Li(Fe0.8Mn0.2)PO4 and homogeneous distribution of the iron and manganese. Electrochemical evaluation of the ball-milled Li(Fe0.8Mn0.2)PO4 demonstrated faster kinetic reaction with respect to the as-synthesized Li(Fe0.8Mn0.2)PO4. The ball milling process led to highest capacity between the samples (150 mAh g-1 at 0.1 mA cm-2); however, annealing the ball-milled samples showed the best cyclic performance (3% fading after 50 cycles). Ball milling process caused nanostructured Li(Fe0.8Mn0.2)PO4 with lower diffusion length, higher electrical conductivity and higher capacity.

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Pawlicki, L. T., R. M. Siegoczyński, S. Ptasznik, and K. Marszałek. "Electric properties of olive oil under pressure." European Food Research and Technology 247, no. 8 (May 7, 2021): 1933–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00217-021-03761-7.

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AbstractThe main purpose of the experiment was a thermodynamic research with use of the electric methods chosen. The substance examined was olive oil. The paper presents the resistance, capacitive reactance, relative permittivity and resistivity of olive. Compression was applied with two mean velocities up to 450 MPa. The results were shown as functions of pressure and time and depicted on the impedance phase diagram. The three first order phase transitions have been detected. All the changes in material parameters were observed during phase transitions. The material parameters measured turned out to be the much more sensitive long-time phase transition factors than temperature. The values of material parameters and their dependence on pressure and time were compared with the molecular structure, arrangement of molecules and interactions between them. Knowledge about olive oil parameters change with pressure and its phase transitions is very important for olive oil production and conservation.

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KIMURA, MUNEHIRO, KONRAD ŚWIERCZEK, JACEK MARZEC, and JANINA MOLENDA. "INFLUENCE OF ALUMINUM ON PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF LITHIUM IRON PHOSPHATE." Functional Materials Letters 04, no. 02 (June 2011): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604711001877.

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In this work we present results of measurements of structural (XRD), microstructural (SEM, EDX, TEM) and transport (electrical conductivity, Seebeck coefficient) properties as well as results of Mössbauer and FTIR spectroscopy studies of phospho-olivine materials with assumed chemical composition Li 1-3x Al x FePO 4 (x = 0, 0.001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.02, 0.05 and 0.1). Based on the performed research, possibility of lithium sublattice doping by Al is discussed. Additionally, initial results of electrochemical tests of lithium batteries with obtained, phospho-olivine based cathode materials are provided.

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MOLENDA, JANINA, and JACEK MARZEC. "FUNCTIONAL CATHODE MATERIALS FOR Li-ION BATTERIES — PART II: LiFePO4 AND ITS COMPOSITE." Functional Materials Letters 01, no. 02 (September 2008): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604708000186.

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The paper presents a review of the structural, electrical and electrochemical properties of LiFePO 4 pospho-olivine dopped with W , Ti , Al and manganese substituted LiFe 1-y Mn y PO 4, synthesized at high temperatures as well as preparation method of LiFePO 4– Fe 2 P composite phases. The nature of the metallic type conductivity of doped phospho-olivine is discussed and some fundamental arguments against the bulk nature of the observed high electronic conductivity are presented.

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Zhang, Bao-Hua, and Qun-Ke Xia. "Influence of water on the physical properties of olivine, wadsleyite, and ringwoodite." European Journal of Mineralogy 33, no. 1 (February 5, 2021): 39–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ejm-33-39-2021.

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Abstract. The incorporation of water in nominally anhydrous minerals plays a crucial role in many geodynamic processes and evolution of the Earth and affects the physical and chemical properties of the main constituents of the Earth's mantle. Technological advances now allow the transport properties of minerals to be precisely measured under extreme conditions of pressure and temperature (P and T) that closely mimic the P–T conditions throughout much of the Earth's interior. This contribution provides an overview of the recent progress in the experimental studies on the influence of water on physical properties (i.e., diffusivity, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, sound velocity, and rheology) of olivine, wadsleyite, and ringwoodite together with their applications. In particular, consistency among various experimental data is investigated, discrepancies are evaluated, and confusions are clarified. With such progress in the experimental determination of transport properties of major mantle minerals, we can expect new insights into a broad range of geoscience problems. Many unresolved issues around water inside Earth require an integrated approach and concerted efforts from multiple disciplines.

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Opyd, B., and K. Granat. "The Influence of Sand Grains Properties on Electrical Properties of Moulding Sand with Inorganic Binder." Archives of Foundry Engineering 15, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afe-2015-0057.

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Abstract The paper presents the results of basic research on the influence of the properties of sand grains on electrical properties of water glass moulding sands. It shows electrical properties of the main component – sand grains, crucial to the kinetics of moulding sands heating, such as permittivity εr and loss factor tgδ. Measurements were carried out with the use of the perturbation method for silica, chromite and olivine sands of different mineral, chemical composition and particle size distribution, as well as for moulding sands with water glass grade 145. Analysis of the results of measurements of electrical properties shows that all moulding sands are characterized by a similar permittivity εr and loss factor tgδ. It was found that the electrical properties and the quantity and quality of other components may have a decisive influence on the effectiveness and efficiency of the microwave heating of moulding sands with sand grains. In determining the ability to efficiently absorb the microwave radiation for mixtures which moulding sands are, the impact of all components influencing their individual technological parameters should be taken into account.

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Kanungo, Sayan, Ankur Bhattacharjee, Naresh Bahadursha, and Aritra Ghosh. "Comparative Analysis of LiMPO4 (M = Fe, Co, Cr, Mn, V) as Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion Battery Applications—A First-Principle-Based Theoretical Approach." Nanomaterials 12, no. 19 (September 20, 2022): 3266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12193266.

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The rapidly increasing demand for energy storage has been consistently driving the exploration of different materials for Li-ion batteries, where the olivine lithium-metal phosphates (LiMPO4) are considered one of the most potential candidates for cathode-electrode design. In this context, the work presents an extensive comparative theoretical study of the electrochemical and electrical properties of iron (Fe)-, cobalt (Co)-, manganese (Mn)-, chromium (Cr)-, and vanadium (V)-based LiMPO4 materials for cathode design in lithium (Li)-ion battery applications, using the density-functional-theory (DFT)-based first-principle-calculation approach. The work emphasized different material and performance aspects of the cathode design, including the cohesive energy of the material, Li-intercalation energy in olivine structure, and intrinsic diffusion coefficient across the Li channel, as well as equilibrium potential and open-circuit potential at different charge-states of Li-ion batteries. The results indicate the specification of the metal atom significantly influences the Li diffusion across the olivine structure and the overall energetics of different LiMPO4. In this context, a clear correlation between the structural and electrochemical properties has been demonstrated in different LiMPO4. The key findings offer significant theoretical and design-level insight for estimating the performance of studied LiMPO4-based Li-ion batteries while interfacing with different application areas.

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Leone, Alessandro, Antonia Tamborrino, Sonia Esposto, Antonio Berardi, and Maurizio Servili. "Investigation on the Effects of a Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) Continuous System Implemented in an Industrial Olive Oil Plant." Foods 11, no. 18 (September 8, 2022): 2758. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11182758.

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The aim of this study was to investigate how the treatment of olive paste of the Picholine variety with pulsed electric fields (PEF) under real operating conditions in a large-scale olive oil extraction plant affects the extractability, chemical composition and sensory profile of the oils. The application of pulsed electric fields (PEF) as a non-thermal food processing technology is interesting for many food extraction processes. The results of this study show that pulsed electric fields can be used as a pretreatment before oil separation to increase the extractability of the process and improve the content of functional components. The application of pulsed electric field (PEF) treatment (2.4 kV/cm, 4 kJ/kg, 6 µs pulse width) to olive paste through a continuous system significantly increased the extractability and total concentration of phenols (especially oleuropein derivatives) compared to the control. In addition, the volatile compounds, α-tocopherol, the fatty acid profile and the main legal quality parameters of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), including free acidity, peroxide values, extinction indices and sensory analysis, were evaluated. The pulsed electric fields (PEF) treatment did not modify these EVOO quality parameters, neither the α-tocopherol content nor the volatile profile. The sensory properties of EVOO were not affected as well as the PEF treatment showed a similar intensity of fruity and pungent attributes without any off-flavor according to the European Union legal standards. An increase in the bitter taste attribute was observed in the PEF oils. Consequently, this study demonstrates that pulsed electric fields (PEF) processing could be implemented in olive oil processing as pretreatment for improving the efficiency of the process.

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Ahmad, Shahrul Izwan, Fadhlul Wafi Badrudin, Abqari Luthfi Albert Abdullah, Muhd Zu Azhan Yahya, Mohamad Fariz Mohamad Taib, and Oskar Hasdinor Hassan. "Evaluation of Olivine LiFePO4 Polyanionic Cathode Material Using Density Functional Theory." Key Engineering Materials 908 (January 28, 2022): 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-csw2yc.

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The first principles study on the LiFePO4 and FePO4 crystal has been evaluated using the density functional theory encrypted in the Cambridge Serial Total Energy Package (CASTEP) computer code. The structural properties, electronic properties, and intercalation voltage of the cathode material are presented. Without the Hubbard U parameter, the conventional functional of GGA-PBE and GGA-PBEsol unable to produce the experimental open-circuit voltage (OCV) and band gap (BG) of cathode material correctly. Generally, the value of the lattice parameter, OCV, and BG will increase as the U value is increased. For OCV, the suitable U value for the GGA-PBE and GGA-PBEsol is 3 eV, whereas, for BG, the appropriate U value for both functional is around 4.3 eV to 4.5 eV. Different Hubbard U value is needed for different functional. It is found that GGA-PBEsol + U is the best parameter to calculate the electrical properties of LiFePO4 material.

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THOMAS, P., and K. B. R. VARMA. "STRUCTURAL AND DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF GLASSES IN THE SYSTEM TeO2–CaCu3Ti4O12." Journal of Advanced Dielectrics 02, no. 04 (October 2012): 1250020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010135x12500208.

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The glasses in the system (100 - x) TeO2 –x CaCu3Ti4O12 , (x = 0.25 mol. % to 3 mol.%) were fabricated. The color varied from olive green to brown as the CaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO) content increased in TeO2 matrix. The X-ray powder diffraction and differential scanning calorimetric analyses that were carried out on the as-quenched samples confirmed their amorphous and glassy nature respectively. The dielectric constant and loss in the 100 Hz–1 MHz frequency range were monitored as a function of temperature (50–400°C). The dielectric constant [Formula: see text] and the loss (D) increased as the CCTO content increased in TeO2 at all the frequencies and temperatures under investigation. Further, the [Formula: see text] and D were found to be frequency-independent in the 50–200°C temperature range. The value obtained for the loss at 1 MHz was 0.0019 which was typical of low loss materials, and exhibited near constant loss (NCL) in the 100 Hz–1 MHz frequency range. The electrical relaxation was rationalized using the electric modulus formalism. These glasses may be of considerable interest as substrates for high frequency circuit elements in conventional semiconductor industries owing to their high thermal stability.

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Liu, Hui-ping, Zhi-xing Wang, Xin-hai Li, Hua-jun Guo, Wen-jie Peng, Yun-he Zhang, and Qi-yang Hu. "Synthesis and electrochemical properties of olivine LiFePO4 prepared by a carbothermal reduction method." Journal of Power Sources 184, no. 2 (October 2008): 469–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.02.084.

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Rahal, A., S. Megdiche Borchani, K. Guidara, and M. Megdiche. "Electrical, dielectric properties and study of AC electrical conduction mechanism of Li 0.9 □ 0.1 NiV 0.5 P 0.5 O 4." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 2 (February 2018): 171472. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171472.

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In this paper, we report the measurements of impedance spectroscopy for a new olivine-type lithium deficiency Li 0.9 □ 0.1 NiV 0.5 P 0.5 O 4 compound. It was synthesized by the conventional solid-state technique. All the X-ray diffraction peaks of the compound are indexed, and it is found that the sample is well crystallized in orthorhombic olivine structure belonging to the space group Pnma . Conductivity and dielectric analyses of the sample are carried out at different temperatures and frequencies using the complex impedance spectroscopy technique. The electrical conductivity of Li 0.9 □ 0.1 NiV 0.5 P 0.5 O 4 is higher than that of parent compound LiNiV 0.5 P 0.5 O 4 . Temperature dependence of the DC conductivity and modulus was found to obey the Arrhenius law. The obtained values of activation energy are different which confirms that transport in the title compound is not due to a simple hopping mechanism. To determine the conduction mechanism, the AC conductivity and its frequency exponent have been analysed in this work by a theoretical model based on quantum mechanical tunnelling: the non-overlapping small polaron tunnelling model.

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Bucar-Miklavcic, Milena, Terezija Golob, Vasilij Valencic, Erika Bester, Bojan Butinar, and Ana Miklavcic Visnjevec. "Variations of phenolic compounds and sensory properties of virgin olive oils from the variety 'Istrska belica'." ACTA IMEKO 5, no. 1 (April 29, 2016): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v5i1.274.

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The olive variety 'Istrska belica' is well known for its numerous positive properties, such as resistance to low temperature and high oil content. The aim was to determine the variations in the levels of phenolic compounds and sensory properties during storage of 'Istrska belica' virgin olive oil. The profile of the phenolic compounds and sensory properties of 'Istrska belica' olive oil were further compared with those for other varieties, including 'Leccino' and 'Maurino'. The content of phenolic compounds of the olive oils decreased after 1 year and 2 years of storage. After 2 years of storage, the levels of oleuropein and the ligstroside derivates significantly decreased, while the end-stage compounds tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol increased. These data show that after 1 year of storage, the 'Istrska belica' olive oil preserves similar intensities for bitterness and pungency, and similar oleuropein and ligstroside derivates levels. In contrast to the other oils analysed, the intensities of bitterness and pungency of 'Istrska belica' olive oil decreased greatly only after 2 years of storage. Moreover, the phenolic compounds content, and oleuropein and ligstroside derivates levels, and the intensities of bitterness and pungency were the highest in fresh 'Istrska belica' olive oil, compared to the other olive oils analysed. Overall, 'Istrska belica' olive oil has important advantages over olive oil from other varieties that are grown in the Istria region.

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Kwon, Sang Jun, Cheol Woo Kim, Woon Tae Jeong, and Kyung Sub Lee. "Synthesis and electrochemical properties of olivine LiFePO4 as a cathode material prepared by mechanical alloying." Journal of Power Sources 137, no. 1 (October 2004): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.05.048.

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Anand, Kotamalige, Bhajanthri Ramamurthy, Valaparla Veeraiah, and Kannipamula Babu. "Structural, dielectric and conductivity studies of LiNi0.75Mg0.25-xCuxPO4 synthesized by solid state reaction method." Processing and Application of Ceramics 10, no. 1 (2016): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pac1601047a.

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The olivine structured LiNi0.75Mg0.25-xCuxPO4 (x = 0, 0.05 and 0.1) cathode materials were synthesized by solid state reaction method. The XRD, FTIR and FESEM studies were conducted to investigate the phase purity, crystal structure, lattice parameters and morphology, respectively. The powder X-ray diffraction studies confirmed the single phase formation of the pure and doped compounds which are found to be orthorhombic with the parent LiNiPO4. Morphology and grain sizes of the materials were investigated through FESEM. The FTIR technique was used to characterize the stretching and bending vibrational modes of different functional groups existing in the materials. The cathode properties were analysed through impedance spectroscopy and indicated on improved electrical properties of the doped samples as compared to the pure LiNiPO4. The conductivity and modulus analyses of the samples were carried out at different temperatures and frequencies using the complex impedance spectroscopy technique.

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Nakamura, Tatsuya, Yoshiki Miwa, Mitsuharu Tabuchi, and Yoshihiro Yamada. "Structural and Surface Modifications of LiFePO[sub 4] Olivine Particles and Their Electrochemical Properties." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 153, no. 6 (2006): A1108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2192732.

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Ellis, Brian L., Marnix Wagemaker, Fokko M. Mulder, and Linda F. Nazar. "Comment on “Aliovalent Substitutions in Olivine Lithium Iron Phosphate and Impact on Structure and Properties”." Advanced Functional Materials 20, no. 2 (January 22, 2010): 186–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200900673.

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De las Heras, Jorge, and Pilar Mañas. "Reclaimed Wastewater to Irrigate Olive Groves and Vineyards: Effects on Soil Properties." Agronomy 10, no. 5 (May 3, 2020): 649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10050649.

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Having drinking water is one of the sustainable development goals (SDG no. 6) that is not always easy to ensure, especially in countries like Spain or arid regions marked by water deficit. The reuse of treated water should be considered when planning water resources, but it is necessary to verify that this effectiveness is applicable to real situations. A field trial was carried out in several study areas distributed in agricultural parcels of south east Spain. Soils from two olive groves and two vineyards irrigated with treated wastewater (TW) were monitored for to compare with other plantations irrigated with conventional well water (WW) since July 2016–September 2018. Five different irrigation water sources were analyzed (two from well water and three from reclaimed wastewater). No microbiological, metal content, toxicity or organic compounds (PAHs and PCBs) in the studied water samples were detected and reclaimed municipal wastewater was comparable in quality to the conventional sources at all the demonstration sites, except for higher electrical conductivity. Soils irrigated with TW had higher values for electrical conductivity, N, K, Na, Mg, Mn and cation exchange capacity. The main precautions to be considered when irrigating with treated wastewater are its salt content and its tendency to high values of electrical conductivity. Otherwise, they are an interesting contribution of nutrients to soil. Hence adopting this water type to irrigate orchards, vineyards and olive groves could help to save primary water resources.

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Schweighofer, Nicolas, Kenji Doya, and Mitsuo Kawato. "Electrophysiological Properties of Inferior Olive Neurons: A Compartmental Model." Journal of Neurophysiology 82, no. 2 (August 1, 1999): 804–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.82.2.804.

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As a step in exploring the functions of the inferior olive, we constructed a biophysical model of the olivary neurons to examine their unique electrophysiological properties. The model consists of two compartments to represent the known distribution of ionic currents across the cell membrane, as well as the dendritic location of the gap junctions and synaptic inputs. The somatic compartment includes a low-threshold calcium current ( I Ca_l), an anomalous inward rectifier current ( I h), a sodium current ( I Na), and a delayed rectifier potassium current ( I K_dr). The dendritic compartment contains a high-threshold calcium current ( I Ca_h), a calcium-dependent potassium current ( I K_Ca), and a current flowing into other cells through electrical coupling ( I c). First, kinetic parameters for these currents were set according to previously reported experimental data. Next, the remaining free parameters were determined to account for both static and spiking properties of single olivary neurons in vitro. We then performed a series of simulated pharmacological experiments using bifurcation analysis and extensive two-parameter searches. Consistent with previous studies, we quantitatively demonstrated the major role of I Ca_l in spiking excitability. In addition, I h had an important modulatory role in the spike generation and period of oscillations, as previously suggested by Bal and McCormick. Finally, we investigated the role of electrical coupling in two coupled spiking cells. Depending on the coupling strength, the hyperpolarization level, and the I Ca_l and I hmodulation, the coupled cells had four different synchronization modes: the cells could be in-phase, phase-shifted, or anti-phase or could exhibit a complex desynchronized spiking mode. Hence these simulation results support the counterintuitive hypothesis that electrical coupling can desynchronize coupled inferior olive cells.

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Guan, C., and H. Huang. "Complexing Agents on Carbon Content and Lithium Storage Capacity of LiFePO4/C Cathode Synthesized via Sol-Gel Approach." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7213916.

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Olivine-structured LiFePO4faces its intrinsic challenges in terms of poor electrical conductivity and lithium-ion diffusion capability for application to lithium-ion batteries. Cost-effective sol-gel approach is advantageous to in situ synthesize carbon-coated LiFePO4(LiFePO4/C) which can not only improve electronic conductivity but also constrain particle size to nanometer scale. In this study, the key parameter is focused on the choice and amount of chelating agents in this synthesis route. It was found that stability of complexing compounds has significant impacts on the carbon contents and electrochemical properties of the products. At the favorable choice of precursors, composition, and synthesis conditions, nanocrystalline LiFePO4/C materials with appropriate amount of carbon coating were successfully obtained. A reversible capacity of 162 mAh/g was achieved at 0.2Crate, in addition to good discharge rate capability.

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Pérez, Maria, Anallely López-Yerena, Julián Lozano-Castellón, Alexandra Olmo-Cunillera, Rosa M. Lamuela-Raventós, Olga Martin-Belloso, and Anna Vallverdú-Queralt. "Impact of Emerging Technologies on Virgin Olive Oil Processing, Consumer Acceptance, and the Valorization of Olive Mill Wastes." Antioxidants 10, no. 3 (March 9, 2021): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10030417.

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There is a growing consumer preference for high quality extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) with health-promoting and sensory properties that are associated with a higher content of phenolic and volatile compounds. To meet this demand, several novel and emerging technologies are being under study to be applied in EVOO production. This review provides an update of the effect of emerging technologies (pulsed electric fields, high pressure, ultrasound, and microwave treatment), compared to traditional EVOO extraction, on yield, quality, and/or content of some minor compounds and bioactive components, including phenolic compounds, tocopherols, chlorophyll, and carotenoids. In addition, the consumer acceptability of EVOO is discussed. Finally, the application of these emerging technologies in the valorization of olive mill wastes, whose generation is of concern due to its environmental impact, is also addressed.

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Liu, Xiao-Hong, Taishi Saito, Takayuki Doi, Shigeto Okada, and Jun-ichi Yamaki. "Electrochemical properties of rechargeable aqueous lithium ion batteries with an olivine-type cathode and a Nasicon-type anode." Journal of Power Sources 189, no. 1 (April 2009): 706–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.08.050.

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Jiang, Dawei, Min Cao, Xiaotong Zhang, Yang Gao, and Yonghao Han. "Pressure evolution in a diamond anvil cell without a pressure medium." Journal of Applied Physics 131, no. 12 (March 28, 2022): 125904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0086792.

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The inhomogeneity in pressure inside the sample chamber of a diamond anvil cell (DAC) poses a major challenge to the accurate measurement of the properties of materials under high pressures, especially when the pressure medium solidifies under compression or is prohibited in the experiment. In this paper, the authors systematically investigate the pressure gradient in a DAC sample chamber and its evolution over time with changes in temperature. The results show that pressure gradients were formed along both the radial and the axial directions upon compression, and gradually decayed with time and increasing temperature. After a period of relaxation at room temperature, the pressure gradient along the axial direction gradually decayed and a new equilibrium was established. A similar process was observed along the radial direction but required a longer period before reaching equilibrium. Appropriate heating of the sample can cut the relaxation time to the order of tens of minutes and smoothen the pressure gradient in both directions. The electrical properties of olivine were significantly different when the measurements were conducted before and after relaxation was complete, indicating that the relaxation in pressure is essential for acquiring reliable data in a DAC under high pressures.

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Karthickprabhu, S., G. Hirankumar, A. Maheswaran, R. S. Daries Bella, and C. Sanjeeviraja. "Structural, Morphological, Vibrational and Electrical Studies on Zn Doped Nanocrystalline LiNiPO₄." Materials Science Forum 781 (March 2014): 145–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.781.145.

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Olivine structured LiNi1-xZnxPO4 (x=0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20) have been prepared by a polyol method using 1, 2 propanediol as a polyol medium. The XRD results of pure and Zn doped LiNiPO4 sample authenticate the orthorhombic crystal structure with high crystalline nature. The crystallite size is calculated from the Debye Scherer formula and it is found in the range of 55-65nm and 49-55nm for undoped and doped samples respectively. The thermal properties of LiNi1-xZnxPO4 were investigated by thermo gravimetric analysis (TG) and differential thermal analysis. Laser Raman studies confirm that the dopant is entered in to the LiNiPO4 lattice. Morphology of the samples is analyzed through SEM analysis. The higher electrical conductivity is calculated for LiNi0.85Zn0.15PO4 sample compared with other concentrations of dopant and it is found to be 1.08×10-7 S cm-1 at ambient temperature. Dielectric and Modulus studies are also discussed through impedance spectroscopy.

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Furlani, E., and S. Maschio. "Mechanical properties and microstructure of fast fired tiles made with blends of kaolin and olivine powders." Ceramics International 39, no. 8 (December 2013): 9391–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2013.04.113.

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Chiang, Yet-Ming, Nonglak Meethong, and Yu-Hua Kao. "Reply to Comment on “Aliovalent Substitutions in Olivine Lithium Iron Phosphate and Impact on Structure and Properties”." Advanced Functional Materials 20, no. 2 (January 22, 2010): 189–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200901771.

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Millán, Sandra, Francisco Jesús Moral, Maria Henar Prieto, Juan Manuel Pérez-Rodriguez, and Carlos Campillo. "Mapping Soil Properties and Delineating Management Zones Based on Electrical Conductivity in a Hedgerow Olive Grove." Transactions of the ASABE 62, no. 3 (2019): 749–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13149.

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Abstract. Identifying spatial patterns of soil and plant properties can be an efficient method for site-specific management in areas with homogeneous characteristics (i.e., management zones, MZs). In this study, the use of soil apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) is proposed as the main information source for evaluating the spatial variability of soil and plant properties when using this variability to determine potential MZs. This study was conducted in a commercial hedgerow olive grove. Spatial distribution maps of the main soil properties and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) were generated by regression-kriging in which ECa was used as a secondary variable. According to the results obtained by the validation process, all maps were accurate. Soil and plant properties and ECa were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA). Two MZs were determined using a fuzzy cluster classification. The MZ map was validated using data related to soil samples, yield, and NDVI. Establishing different MZs was useful for adapting the irrigation strategies to the soil conditions of the plot, which resulted in increased productivity of the hedgerow olive grove. Keywords: Fuzzy c-means, Principal components analysis, Regression-kriging, Spatial prediction.

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Alghamdi, Abdulaziz G., Bandar H. Aljohani, and Anwar A. Aly. "Impacts of Olive Waste-Derived Biochar on Hydro-Physical Properties of Sandy Soil." Sustainability 13, no. 10 (May 14, 2021): 5493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105493.

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In this study, waste olive leaves and branches were pyrolyzed to produced biochar, and their impacts on physical and chemical properties of a sandy soil were evaluated. Pyrolytic temperatures of 300 °C, 400 °C, and 500 °C were used for biochar production. After evaluating the physio-chemical properties, the produced biochars were added to the top 10 cm layer of the soil at rates of 0%, 1%, 3%, and 5% in a column experiment at 25 °C. Biochar was mixed with a sandy soil into the top 10 cm of the columns. For all treatments, cumulative evaporation was reduced; however, treatments with 5% biochar prepared at the highest temperatures showed the highest impact. The available water contents were increased by 153.33% and 151.11% when olive branch-derived biochar and olive leaves-derived biochars produced at 500 °C were applied at 5% rate, respectively. No impact of available water was observed for 1% biochar contribution. Biochar application decreased both cumulative infiltration and infiltration rate. Biochar pyrolyzed at 500 °C most intensely improved hydro-physical properties of a sandy soil. However, its application as a soil supplement in arid environments should be adopted with constraints due to its high pH (9.69 and 9.29 for biochar pyrolyzed at the highest temperatures) and salinity (up to electrical conductivity = 5.07 dS m−1). However, the salinity of biochar prepared from olive branches (5%, pyrolyzed at 500 °C) was low (0.79 dS m−1); therefore, it can be used safely as a supplement in saline and acidic soils, but with restriction in alkaline soils.

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Vallianatos, F. "A Simple Model Applied to the Elastic Properties of Olivines in the Mg2SiO4—Fe2SiO4 System." physica status solidi (b) 175, no. 2 (February 1, 1993): K43—K45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssb.2221750226.

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Acar, İlker. "Sintering properties of olivine and its utilization potential as a refractory raw material: Mineralogical and microstructural investigations." Ceramics International 46, no. 18 (December 2020): 28025–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.07.297.

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37

Yun, Nan Ji, Hyung-Wook Ha, Kyung Hee Jeong, Heon-Yong Park, and Keon Kim. "Synthesis and electrochemical properties of olivine-type LiFePO4/C composite cathode material prepared from a poly(vinyl alcohol)-containing precursor." Journal of Power Sources 160, no. 2 (October 2006): 1361–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.02.097.

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38

Raić, Matea, Denis Sačer, and Marijana Kraljić Roković. "Structural and Capacitive Properties of Graphene Obtained by a Green Method of Graphene Oxide Reduction." Chemical & biochemical engineering quarterly 33, no. 3 (2019): 385–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.15255/cabeq.2019.1609.

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In this study, a green method was applied in order to reduce graphene oxide (GO). Reduction was carried out at 80 °C in the presence of phenolic compounds from olive leaf extract (OLE), and olive mill wastewater (OMW) as a reducing agent. Owning to the natural origin of the reducing agent, this method is environmentally friendly. Reduction was carried out at pH=7 and pH=10 in the presence of OLE, and at pH=10 in the presence of OMW. The reduction process was monitored using UV/Vis spectroscopy. The structural properties of the reduced graphene oxide (rGO) samples were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Structural studies demonstrated that a part of the oxygen functionalities in the graphene oxide structure had been removed, which resulted in increased electrical conductivity as proved by the four-point probe method. Better reduction efficiency, as well as better capacitive properties, were obtained at increased pH value. Capacitive properties of rGO were determined using the cyclic voltammetry technique. The influence of the different reducing agents, OLE and OMW, on rGO capacitive properties is also shown in this work.

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39

Batouche, M., T. Seddik, S. Uğur, G. Uğur, S. Messekine, Tuan V. Vu, and O. Y. Khyzhun. "DFT-investigation on anisotropy degree of electronic, optical, and mechanical properties of olivine ZnRE2S4 (RE = Er, Tm) compounds." Materials Research Express 7, no. 1 (January 7, 2020): 016305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab6254.

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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Optical, Structural and Electrical Properties of Electrochemical Synthesis of Thin Film of Polyaniline." Baghdad Science Journal 15, no. 1 (March 4, 2018): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.15.1.73-80.

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Polyaniline membranes of aniline were produced using an electrochemical method in a cell consisting of two poles. The effect of the vaccination was observed on the color of membranes of polyaniline, where analysis as of blue to olive green paints. The sanction of PANI was done by FT-IR and Raman techniques. The crystallinity of the models was studied by X-ray diffraction technique. The different electronic transitions of the PANI were determined by UV-VIS spectroscopy. The electrical conductivity of the manufactured samples was measured by using the four-probe technique at room temperature. Morphological studies have been determined by Atomic force microscopy (AFM). The structural studies have been measured by (SEM).

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Pedrera-Parrilla, Aura, Eric C. Brevik, Juan V. Giráldez, and Karl Vanderlinden. "Temporal stability of electrical conductivity in a sandy soil." International Agrophysics 30, no. 3 (July 1, 2016): 349–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/intag-2016-0005.

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Abstract Understanding of soil spatial variability is needed to delimit areas for precision agriculture. Electromagnetic induction sensors which measure the soil apparent electrical conductivity reflect soil spatial variability. The objectives of this work were to see if a temporally stable component could be found in electrical conductivity, and to see if temporal stability information acquired from several electrical conductivity surveys could be used to better interpret the results of concurrent surveys of electrical conductivity and soil water content. The experimental work was performed in a commercial rainfed olive grove of 6.7 ha in the ‘La Manga’ catchment in SW Spain. Several soil surveys provided gravimetric soil water content and electrical conductivity data. Soil electrical conductivity values were used to spatially delimit three areas in the grove, based on the first principal component, which represented the time-stable dominant spatial electrical conductivity pattern and explained 86% of the total electrical conductivity variance. Significant differences in clay, stone and soil water contents were detected between the three areas. Relationships between electrical conductivity and soil water content were modelled with an exponential model. Parameters from the model showed a strong effect of the first principal component on the relationship between soil water content and electrical conductivity. Overall temporal stability of electrical conductivity reflects soil properties and manifests itself in spatial patterns of soil water content.

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Nguyen, Huong Thi Lan, Stefan Kasapis, and Nitin Mantri. "Physicochemical Properties and Effects of Honeys on Key Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress and Cholesterol Homeostasis in HepG2 Cells." Nutrients 13, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13010151.

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Manuka honey and newly developed honeys (arjuna, guggul, jiaogulan and olive) were examined for their physicochemical, biochemical properties and effects on oxidative stress and cholesterol homeostasis in fatty acid-induced HepG2 cells. The honeys exhibited standard moisture content (<20%), electrical conductivity (<0.8 mS/cm), acidic pH, and monosaccharides (>60%), except olive honey (<60% total monosaccharides). They all expressed non-Newtonian behavior and 05 typical regions of the FTIR spectra as those of natural ones. Guggul and arjuna, manuka honeys showed the highest phenolic contents, correlating with their significant antioxidant activities. Arjuna, guggul and manuka honeys demonstrated the agreement of total cholesterol reduction and the transcriptional levels of AMPK, SREBP2, HCMGR, LDLR, LXRα. Jiaogulan honey showed the least antioxidant content and activity, but it was the most cytotoxic. Both jiaogulan and olive honeys modulated the tested gene in the pattern that should lead to a lower TC content, but this reduction did not occur after 24 h. All 2% concentrations of tested honeys elicited a clearer effect on NQO1 gene expression. In conclusion, the new honeys complied with international norms for natural honeys and we provide partial evidence for the protective effects of manuka, arjuna and guggul honeys amongst the tested ones on key biomarkers of oxidative stress and cholesterol homeostasis, pending further studies to better understand their modes of action.

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Kokkora, Maria I., Chryssoula Papaioannou, Panagiotis Vyrlas, Konstantinos Petrotos, Paschalis Gkoutsidis, and Christos Makridis. "Maize Fertigation with Treated Olive Mill Wastewater: Effects on Crop Production and Soil Properties." Sustainable Agriculture Research 4, no. 4 (September 7, 2015): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v4n4p66.

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The present study investigates the potential of olive mill wastewater, treated by microfiltration and XAD4 macroporous resin, to be used as liquid fertilizer in maize production through a 2-year field experiment. The treated olive mill wastewater (T-OMWW) was applied at two rates of 25 t and 50 t per ha per year, supplemented with mineral fertilization. There was also a treatment involving the application of only T-OMWW at the rate of 50 t per ha per year, and an only mineral fertilizer treatment. Mineral fertilizers and T-OMWW were applied progressively through a drip irrigation system. Maize grain and soil analysis showed that T-OMWW was capable to meet crop requirements in N, P and K, and increase soil N, P and K availability. There was a tendency for increasing soil Na and electrical conductivity (EC) using the higher rate of T-OMWW. Therefore, for sustainable agriculture, it may be safer to apply the T-OMWW at the lower rate of 25 t per ha per year, or use the higher rate of 50 t per ha every other year.

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A., B.T., V., and M. "High‐Temperature Evolution of Point Defect Equilibria in Hydrous Forsterite Synthesized at 1100 °C and up to 4 GPa." Minerals 9, no. 10 (September 20, 2019): 574. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9100574.

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Water distribution in the deep Earth represents one of the most important topics in the field of geodynamics due to its large impact on the physical and chemical properties of the Earth’s mantle, such as electrical conductivity, seismic anisotropy, diffusion, and rheology. In this study, we synthesized hydrous forsterite at 1100 C° and up to 4 GPa with either a piston-cylinder or multianvil apparatus. As a starting material, we used synthetic forsterite, unbuffered by SiO2, obtained by thermo‐mechanical activation of talc and magnesium carbonate hydroxide. Hydration was carried out using liquid H2O as hydrogen source. Samples were polycrystalline in an effort to distribute H2O throughout the sample both rapidly and homogeneously. Using the Paterson calibration, we observed total water content concentrations ranging between 100 and 500 ppm wt H2O. Multiple absorption bands are found in the frequency range between 3400 and 3650 cm−1, identifying at least seven peaks in all samples. Vibrational bands were centered at 3476, 3535, 3550, 3566, 3578, 3605, and 3612 cm−1, in good agreement with experimental studies conducted on both hydrous forsterite and single crystals of olivine. The stronger OH stretching peaks can be attributed to vibrational modes associated with the hydrogarnet defect 4HSix in which four protons occupy a vacant tetrahedral site. None of the OH bands observed are found at frequencies associated with hydrogen occupying vacant octahedral sites. High-temperature FTIR spectroscopy was used to evaluate the evolution of IR spectra as a function of temperature, up to 500 °C. The complete reversibility of peak absorption vs temperature in the OH stretching region confirms that no water loss occurred during heating. We observe an overall a decrease in total absorption with increasing temperature, and a prominent decrease in the relative intensities of the higher frequency bands (>3600 cm−1) with respect to lower frequency bands. We have assigned a series of equilibrium expressions based on the variation of relative peak areas with temperature and find that enthalpies of these processes range between 0.047–0.068 eV (4.5–6.5 kJ/mol), very low in comparison to activation energies observed for electrical conduction in hydrous olivine. Major changes in the vibrational spectrum are expected to be related to configurational changes of the same fully protonated hydrogarnet defect species. However, the complexity of the FTIR spectra may also be related to partially protonated defects, such as the associate defect 3HSi’ + Hi• generated by a dissociation reaction of the hydrogarnet species.

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Soserov, Lyubomir, Delyana Marinova, Violeta Koleva, Antonia Stoyanova, and Radostina Stoyanova. "Comparison of the Properties of Ni–Mn Hydroxides/Oxides with Ni–Mn Phosphates for the Purpose of Hybrid Supercapacitors." Batteries 8, no. 6 (May 30, 2022): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries8060051.

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This study aims to quantify the synergistic effect of Ni2+ and Mn2+ ions on the capacitive performance of oxide, hydroxide and phosphate electrodes in alkaline electrolytes. Three types of phases containing both nickel and manganese in a ratio of one-to-one were selected due to their stability in alkaline media: oxides with ilmenite and spinel structures (NiMnO3 and Ni1.5Mn1.5O4); hydroxides with layered structures (β-Ni1/2Mn1/2(OH)2); and phosphates with olivine and maricite structures (LiNi1/2Mn1/2PO4 and NaNi1/2Mn1/2PO4). In the mixed hydroxides and phosphates, Ni2+ and Mn2+ ions randomly occupied one crystallographic site, whereas in the ilmenite oxide, a common face was shared by the Ni2+ and Mn4+ ions. The electrochemical parameters of the Ni–Mn compositions were evaluated in asymmetric hybrid supercapacitor cells working with alkaline electrolytes and activated carbon as a negative electrode. A comparative analysis of oxides, hydroxides and phosphates enabled us to differentiate the effects of nickel and manganese ions, structures and morphologies on their capacitive performance. Thus, the best performed electrode was predicted. The electrode composition should simultaneously contain Ni and Mn ions, and their morphologies should comprise spherical aggregates. This was an ilmenite NiMnO3, which delivers high energy and power density (i.e., 65 W h kg−1 at 3200 W kg−1) and exhibits a good cycling stability (i.e., around 96% after 5000 cycles at a current load of 240 mA g−1).

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Rawajfeh, Khaled. "Precipitation of Solid Waste in Olive Mill Wastewater by Coagulation using Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3)." issue 3 4, no. 3 (December 1, 2021): 78–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.48103/jjeci4102021.

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This study aimed to use a chemical coagulant to treat Olive Mill Wastewater (OMW) in such a way as to improve and expedite the process of precipitating the solid waste material present in the wastewater. This process is of extreme importance in harvesting the solid material that can be used as domestic or industrial fuel material and as a supplement to animal feed. The chemical coagulant used in this study was calcium carbonate (CaCO3). The effect of the addition of this coagulant on some physical properties of olive mill wastewater (OMW) such as pH, electrical conductance (EC), the precipitated amount of the total suspended solids (TSS), and the higher heating value (HHV) of the precipitated solids was studied. It was found that small amounts of CaCO3 need to be added to affect the operation. The study results showed that the optimum value to be used was around three wt/wt %.

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MOLENDA, J. "MATERIAL PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF Li-ION BATTERIES FOR VEHICLES APPLICATIONS." Functional Materials Letters 04, no. 02 (June 2011): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604711001816.

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This paper reviews material issues of development of Li -ion batteries for vehicles application. The most important of them is safety, which is related to application of nonflammable electrolyte with large electrochemical window and possibility of forming protective SEI (solid/electrolyte interface) to prevent plating of lithium on carbon anode during fast charge of the batteries. The amount of electrical energy, which a battery is able to deliver, depend on the electromotive power of the cell as well as on its capacity — both these factors are related to the chemistry of electrode materials. Nanotechnology applied to electrode materials may be a breakthrough for Li -batteries performance due to extreme reactivity of nanoparticles in relation to lithium. The electrode-electrolyte interface phenomena are decisive for a cell lifetime. Review of physicochemical properties of intercalated transition metal compounds with layered, spinel or olivine-type structure is provided in order to correlate their microscopic electronic properties, i.e. the nature of electronic states, with the efficiency of lithium intercalation process, which is controlled by the chemical diffusion coefficient of lithium. Data concerning cell voltage and character of discharge curves for various materials are correlated with the nature of chemical bonding and electronic structure. Proposed electronic model of the intercalation process allow for prediction and design of operational properties of intercalated electrode materials. Proposed method of measuring the Li x M a X b potential on the basis of the measurement of the electromotive force of the Li / Li +/ Li x M a X b electrochemical cell is a powerful tool of solid state physics allowing for direct observation of the Fermi level changes in such systems as a function of lithium content.

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Staples, T. E., and K. C. J. Van Rees. "Wood/sludge ash effects on white spruce seedling growth." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 81, no. 1 (February 1, 2001): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s00-014.

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The disposal of wood ash and/or pulp and paper mill sludges is becoming increasingly more challenging as landfills are more difficult to site due to diminishing land availability and public opposition, as well as more costly to construct and operate because of increasingly stringent regulations. The most notable alternative to disposal that is receiving the attention of the forest industry is land application. The objective of this study, therefore, was to determine the influence of applying a pulp mill wood/sludge ash mixture on 1) various soil chemical properties of an Orthic Gray Luvisol and 2) the growth and nutrient uptake of white spruce [Picea glauca (Moench) Voss] seedlings. The pulp mill wood/sludge ash mixture from an olivine burner was surface broadcast at rates of 1 and 5 Mg ha-1 around white spruce seedlings planted on disc-trenched microsites. Soil solutions from lysimeters and soil samples were analyzed for exchangeable elements, soil pH and electrical conductivity while white spruce tissue samples were analyzed for various elements. Applications of pulp mill wood/sludge ash material significantly increased the soil pH from 4.8 to 6.9, resulting in increased soil extractable and soil solution P, Ca, and Mg. Soil electrical conductivity (EC) was increased from about 0.02 dS m-1 to approximately 0.10 dS m-1 by the heavier application rate of ash. In addition, at higher ash application rates, white spruce seedling growth was significantly decreased, suggesting salt phytotoxicity effects from the ash. These results indicate that with proper rate determination and management of salt effects, land application of this material would not appear to pose serious problems for white spruce seedling establishment. Key words: Picea glauca, wood/sludge ash, Luvisols, lysimeters, electrical conductivity, pH

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Vanderlinden, Karl, Gonzalo Martínez, Mario Ramos, Ana Laguna, Tom Vanwalleghem, Adolfo Peña, Rosa Carbonell, Rafaela Ordóñez, and Juan Vicente Giráldez. "Soil Salinity Patterns in an Olive Grove Irrigated with Reclaimed Table Olive Processing Wastewater." Water 14, no. 19 (September 28, 2022): 3049. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14193049.

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The agricultural use of saline table olive processing wastewater enables the implementation of closed water cycles in this socioeconomically important industry for rural southern Spain and relieves environmental, economic, and legal burdens. To allow growers to evaluate and guarantee adequate long-term soil and plant conditions when irrigating with such regenerated wastewaters, efficient soil monitoring strategies are needed. Field-scale monitoring with electromagnetic induction sensing, after one (2013) and five years (2017) of irrigation with regenerated wastewater with average electrical conductivity (EC) near 6 dS m−1 in an olive orchard in southern Spain, showed accumulation of highly conductive material in the subsoil in relation to local topography and soil characteristics. Laboratory analysis of the soil water revealed strongly varying patterns of EC during the growing season and across the olive grove, which were attributed to dilution and concentration effects due to rainfall and evaporation, respectively. Visual inspection and leaf analyses revealed no negative effects on the olive trees. Apparent electrical conductivity (ECa), measured in between the tree rows in 2013, showed a linear relationship with surface soil EC1:5 under the drippers and allowed identification of areas with high ECa in the low elevation zones of the farm, due to the presence of shallow perched saline water tables. A second ECa measurement in 2017 showed similar spatial ECa patterns and was used to estimate the distribution of soil EC across the soil profile using inversion software, although no unique field-wide relationships with soil properties could be inferred, possibly as a consequence of spatially variable soil clay and water contents, due to the influence of the topography. Despite the implementation of a more conservative irrigation strategy since 2015, results showed that the salinity has increased since 2013 in about 15% of the study area, with the largest increments in the deepest horizons.

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Tüzel, Yüksel, Kamil Ekinci, Gölgen Bahar Öztekin, İbrahim Erdal, Nurhan Varol, and Özen Merken. "Utilization of Olive Oil Processing Waste Composts in Organic Tomato Seedling Production." Agronomy 10, no. 6 (June 4, 2020): 797. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10060797.

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Olive oil byproducts show differences according to the olive oil extraction systems, which are called olive mill solid wastes, olive oil wastewater and olive oil wastewater sludge. Three different kinds of composts, including two-phase and three-phase olive mill solid wastes, and olive oil wastewater sludge were produced with separated dairy manure, poultry manure, and straw. The composts obtained from two-phase and three-phase olive mill solid wastes and olive oil wastewater sludge were named as two-phase, three-phase, and water sludge composts, respectively. They were separately enriched by rock phosphate and potassium salt. These composts were mixed with peat in a ratio of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% (v/v). Tomato seeds were sown in all mixtures on 3 February 2016. All the seeds were sown into 2 trays and each plug included 2 replicates. The trays were left in a germination room for 3 days, then moved to a heated greenhouse which is specialized for growing seedlings, and the seedlings were grown there for 3 weeks. The results showed that increasing compost ratios in the growing medium and also the enrichment of the growing medium increased organic matter content, electrical conductivity, and macro and micro nutrient concentrations. The germination period lasted longer with increasing compost ratios. The shoot length was lower at a compost ratio of over 50% excluding water sludge compost, which reacted to over 75%. The highest plant dry weights were obtained in the plants grown on the media with compost ratios of 50%, 25%, and 25% for water sludge compost, enriched two-phase compost, and enriched three-phase compost, respectively. We concluded that the composts obtained from two-phase and three-phase olive mill solid wastes and olive oil waste water sludge can be used without any need of enrichment and a ratio of 25% was found appropriate in most of the measured properties.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Olivine – Electric properties'

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