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1
Huo, Yonglin, Guilu Qin, Jichuan Huo, Xingquan Zhang, and Yongchang Zhu. "Crystallization Kinetics of Basalt Glass-Ceramics Produced from Olivine Basalt Rock." Crystals 12, no. 7 (June 24, 2022): 899. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12070899.
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Glass-ceramics acquired from the melting of rocks have a vast application marketplace. In this study, an olivine basalt rock from Zhangjiakou in China was selected as a raw material to prepare basalt glass-ceramics, and the crystallization kinetics of olivine basalt glass was investigated using differential thermal analysis. Polarizing microscope and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis results revealed that the main mineral compositions of olivine basalt are plagioclase, pyroxene, olivine, and iron oxide(s). Three crystallization peaks were observed in the DSC curve of the olivine basalt glass. The Avrami exponent (n), apparent activation energies for the crystallization, and glass transition of basalt glass were determined using the Owaza method based on data obtained from isothermal measurements. The crystallization activation energies (E) of the three crystallization peaks of olivine basalt glass were 314.20 kJ/mol, 1232.49 kJ/mol, and 696.89 kJ/mol, respectively. In addition to this, the crystal growth index indicated that the crystallization mode in the olivine basalt glass was surface crystallization. The crystallization phases and microstructure of the olivine basalt glass heated at 860 °C, 1100 °C, and 1180 °C were also studied. The conclusions obtained offer some useful information for the preparation of basalt glass-ceramics from olivine basalt rocks.
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Riehle, J. R., J. R. Budahn, M. A. Lanphere, and D. A. Brew. "Rare earth element contents and multiple mantle sources of the transform-related Mount Edgecumbe basalts, southeastern Alaska." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 31, no. 5 (May 1, 1994): 852–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e94-078.
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Pleistocene basalt of the Mount Edgecumbe volcanic field (MEF) is subdivided into a plagioclase type and an olivine type. Olivine basalt crops out farther inboard from the nearby Fairweather transform than plagioclase basalt. Th/La ratios of plagioclase basalt are similar to those of mid-ocean-ridge basalt (MORB), whereas those of olivine basalt are of continental affinity. The olivine basalt has higher 87Sr/86Sr ratios than the plagioclase basalt.We model rare earth element (REE) contents of the olivine basalt, which resemble those of transitional MORB, by 10–15% partial melting of fertile spinel–plagioclase lherzolite followed by removal of 8–13% olivine. Normative mineralogy indicates melting in the spinel stability field. REE contents of an undersaturated basalt (sample 5L005) resemble those of Mauna Loa tholeiite and are modelled by 5–10% partial melting of fertile garnet lherzolite followed by 10% olivine removal. Plagioclase basalt resembles sample 5L005 in REE contents but is lower in other incompatible-element contents and 87Sr/86Sr ratios. Plagioclase basalt either originated in depleted garnet lherzolite or is a mixture of sample 5L005 and normal MORB; complex zoning of plagioclase and colinear Sc and Th contents are consistent with magma mixing.We conclude that olivine basalt originated in subcontinental spinel lherzolite and that plagioclase basalt may have originated in suboceanic lithosphere of the Pacific plate. Lithospheric melting seemingly requires vertical flow of mantle material, although there is no direct evidence at the MEF for crustal extension that might provide a mechanism for mantle advection. In any case, most MEF magmas are subalkaline because of moderately high degrees of partial melting at shallow depth.
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Abdel-Karim, Abdel-Aal M., El-Nuri M. Ramadan, and Mohamed R. Embashi. "Multiphase Alkaline Basalts of Central Al-Haruj Al-Abyad of Libya: Petrological and Geochemical Aspects." Journal of Geological Research 2013 (June 18, 2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/805451.
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Al-Haruj basalts that represent the largest volcanic province in Libya consist of four lava flow phases of varying thicknesses, extensions, and dating. Their eruption is generally controlled by the larger Afro-Arabian rift system. The flow phases range from olivine rich and/or olivine dolerites to olivine and/or normal basalts that consist mainly of variable olivine, clinopyroxene, plagioclase, and glass. Olivine, plagioclase, and clinopyroxene form abundant porphyritic crystals. In olivine-rich basalt and olivine basalt, these minerals occur as glomerophyric or seriate clusters of an individual mineral or group of minerals. Groundmass textures are variably intergranular, intersertal, vitrophyric, and flow. The pyroclastic, clastogenic flows and/or ejecta of the volcanic cones show porphyritic, vitrophric, pilotaxitic, and vesicular textures. They are classified into tholeiite, alkaline, and olivine basalts. Three main groups are recorded. Basalts of phase 1 are generated from tholeiitic to alkaline magma, while those of phases 3 and 4 are derived from alkaline magma. It is proposed that the tholeiitic basalts represent prerift stage magma generated by higher degree of partial melting (2.0–3.5%) of garnet-peridotite asthenospheric mantle source, at shallow depth, whereas the dominant alkaline basalts may represent the rift stage magma formed by low degree of partial melting (0.7–1.5%) and high fractionation of the same source, at greater depth in an intra-continental plate with OIB affinity. The melt generation could be also attributed to lithosphere extension associated with passive rise of variable enriched mantle.
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MOMME, PETER, and J. RICHARD WILSON. "The Kraemer Island macrodyke, East Greenland: solidification of a flood basalt conduit." Geological Magazine 139, no. 2 (March 2002): 171–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756801006070.
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The Kraemer Island macrodyke that is exclusively exposed on Kraemer Island about 7 km west of the Skaergaard Intrusion belongs to a regional dyke swarm termed the ‘Skaergaard-like dykes’ (or FG-1 dykes). Weakly modally layered olivine gabbros dominate the exposed parts of the intrusion that has a width of 650 m to 1000 m. Plagioclase (core An68±2) and Ca-rich pyroxene (core Mg no. 79±1) grains are normally zoned, whereas olivine grains (Fo50–65) are homogeneous. Calculated mineral–magma equilibria, based on experimentally determined Mg–Fe magma–olivine and magma–clinopyroxene partition coefficients, suggest that the observed olivine and clinopyroxene compositions in the gabbros cannot have formed from a common parental magma. The unzoned nature of olivine grains and their iron-rich com-positions relative to clinopyroxene suggest post-cumulus Mg–Fe exchange between olivine and interstitial melt. A gabbroic pegmatite is developed in the centre of the intrusion along its entire exposed 5 km strike length. Here, mineral zonation is limited and compositions are similar to rims of cumulus minerals in the enveloping olivine gabbros. The pegmatite could therefore represent interstitial melt mobilized from gabbroic cumulates that later accumulated and crystallized at its present stratigraphic location. Cumulus olivines in the gabbros are close to equilibrium with Ca-rich pyroxene in the pegmatite. This is interpreted as reflecting interstitial melt mobility during the late stages of solidification of the macrodyke. Chilled margins are well preserved at the intrusion margins and are rich in Fe (14–15.3% FeOTOT), Ti (3–3.3% TiO2) and light rare-earth elements ([La/Sm]N = 1.2–1.3), similar to magmas well represented in the overlying sequence of contemporaneous High-Ti Series flood basalts. It is therefore likely that extensive wall-rock melting adjacent to the macrodyke reflects continuous feeding of the overlying flood basalts through the Kraemer Island macrodyke.
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Gavrilenko, Maxim, Claude Herzberg, Christopher Vidito, Michael J. Carr, Travis Tenner, and Alexey Ozerov. "A Calcium-in-Olivine Geohygrometer and its Application to Subduction Zone Magmatism." Journal of Petrology 57, no. 9 (November 25, 2016): 1811–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egw062.
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High-precision electron microprobe analyses were obtained on olivine grains from Klyuchevskoy, Shiveluch and Gorely volcanoes in the Kamchatka Arc; Irazú, Platanar and Barva volcanoes of the Central American Arc; and mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) from the Siqueiros Transform. Calcium contents of these subduction zone olivines are lower than those for olivines from modern MORB, Archean komatiite and Hawaii. A role for magmatic H2O is likely for subduction zone olivines, and we have explored the suggestion of earlier workers that it has affected the partitioning of CaO between olivine and silicate melt. We provide a provisional calibration of DCaOOl/L as a function of magmatic MgO and H2O, based on nominally anhydrous experiments and minimally degassed H2O contents of olivine-hosted melt inclusions. Application of our geohygrometer typically yields 3–4 wt % magmatic H2O at the Kamchatka and Central American arcs for olivines having ∼1000 ppm Ca, which agrees with H2O maxima from melt inclusion studies; Cerro Negro and Shiveluch volcanoes are exceptions, with about 6% H2O. High-precision electron microprobe analyses with 10–20 μm spatial resolution on some olivine grains from Klyuchevskoy and Shiveluch show a decrease in Ca content from the core centers to the rim contacts, and a sharp increase in Ca in olivine rims. We suggest that the zoning of Ca in olivine from subduction zone lavas may provide the first petrological record of temporal changes that occur during hydration of the mantle wedge and dehydration during ascent, and we predict olivine H2O contents that can be tested by secondary ionization mass spectrometry analysis.
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Donaldson, Colin H. "The rates of dissolution of olivine, plagioclase, and quartz in a basalt melt." Mineralogical Magazine 49, no. 354 (December 1985): 683–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1985.049.354.07.
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AbstractThe dissolution rates of spheres of two magnesian olivines, two plagioclases, and quartz in tholeiitic basalt have been determined at three super-liquidus temperatures and one-atmosphere pressure. There are considerable differences in the rates among the minerals, e.g. at 1210°, 12° above the liquidus temperature of the basalt, labradorite dissolves at 86µm/h. and the magnesian olivines at 9 and 14µm/h. The rates are not time dependent and this, coupled with the existence of concentration gradients in the composition of quenched melt adjacent to partially dissolved crystals, indicates that the dissolution rates are dictated by a combination of diffusion and convection of components to and from the crystal-liquid interface. Values for the activation enthalpy of dissolution are small for quartz and plagioclase (40–50 kcal mol−1) but large for olivine 73–118 kcal mol−1). Dissolution of plagioclase in rock melts seems to be a much more rapid process than crystal growth, whereas olivines apparently dissolve and grow at similar rates. Crystal dissolution is sufficiently slow that ascending, crystal-bearing magma may become superheated and yet fail to dissolve the crystal fraction before quenching; this may be the reason that olivine phenocrysts are often rounded.
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Shea, Joshua J., and Stephen F. Foley. "Evidence for a Carbonatite-Influenced Source Assemblage for Intraplate Basalts from the Buckland Volcanic Province, Queensland, Australia." Minerals 9, no. 9 (September 10, 2019): 546. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9090546.
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Eastern Australia contains a widespread suite of primitive (MgO ≥ 7.5 wt.%) intraplate basaltic provinces, including those sited along the longest continental hotspot track on Earth (≈2000 km), the Cosgrove track. The Buckland volcanic province is the most southerly basaltic province on the Cosgrove track before a >1600 km stretch that contains only sparse leucitite volcanism. Buckland is also situated just northeast of the edge of thick cratonic lithosphere where it transitions to a thinner continental lithosphere (<110 km) to the east, which may influence the production of plume-derived melts. Here, analysis of minor and trace elements in olivines in alkali basalts and basanites from the Buckland Province are combined with whole-rock compositions to elucidate the mantle source assemblages, and to calibrate minor and trace element indicators in olivine for application to source mineralogy. Olivine xenocrysts show element concentration ranges typical for peridotites; Mn and Al concentrations indicate that the ambient mantle is spinel, rather than garnet, peridotite. High modal pyroxene content is indicated by high Ni, Zn/Fe, and Fe/Mn in olivines, while high Ti/Sc is consistent with amphibole in the source. Residual phlogopite in the source of the basanites is indicated by low K/Nb in whole rocks, while apatite contains high P2O5 and low Rb/Sr (≥0.015) and Sr/La (≥13). The basanite source assemblage probably contains apatite, phlogopite, olivine, clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene, whereas the alkali basalt source assemblage is probably amphibole, olivine, orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene ± phlogopite ± apatite. Both source assemblages correspond broadly to olivine websterite, with the basanite source lying deeper than that for alkali basalt, explaining the occurrence of phlogopite in the source. This mineralogy, along with whole-rock Ti/Eu, Zr/Hf and P2O5/TiO2 values approaching those of natural carbonatites, provide evidence showing that the Buckland source consists of a peridotite that has interacted with a carbonate-rich melt whose origin may be in the deep lithosphere or asthenosphere beneath the craton. Similar enrichment processes are probably common throughout eastern Australia, controlling trace element characteristics in basaltic provinces. The topography of the underside of the lithosphere may play a significant role in determining mantle source assemblages by diverting and concentrating melt flow, and thus influence the location of basaltic provinces.
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Anderson, Robert G., Jonah Resnick, James K. Russell, G. J. Woodsworth, Michael E. Villeneuve, and Nancy C. Grainger. "The Cheslatta Lake suite: Miocene mafic, alkaline magmatism in central British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 38, no. 4 (April 1, 2001): 697–717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e00-121.
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New mapping, mineralogical, and geochemical studies help characterize late Tertiary primitive, alkaline, sodic basanite, alkali olivine basalt, transitional basalt, and diabase in the Nechako River, Whitesail Lake, and McLeod Lake map areas of central British Columbia and distinguish the Miocene Cheslatta Lake suite. The suite encompasses scattered erosional remnants of topographically distinct, columnar-jointed, olivine-phyric basalt and diabase volcanic necks, dykes, and associated lava flows north of the Anahim volcanic belt and west of the Pinchi Fault. Volcanic centres at Alasla Mountain and at Cutoff Creek, near Cheslatta Lake, are proposed as type areas. Olivine, plagioclase, and pyroxene phenocrysts, megacrysts, and (or) xenocrysts; common ultramafic xenoliths; and rare but significant plutonic and metamorphic xenoliths are characteristic. Basanite, transitional basalt, and alkali olivine basalt groundmass contain plagioclase, clinopyroxene, Fe-Ti oxides, feldspathoid, olivine, and apatite. The Cheslatta Lake suite is characterized by its alkaline character, olivine-rich (>10 wt.%) normative mineralogy, and silica-undersaturated nature (>1 wt.% normative nepheline; hypersthene-normative rocks are uncommon). Mg numbers vary between 7242. Some samples encompass near-primitive mantle melt compositions. Cheslatta Lake suite rocks in the Nechako River area are distinguished from the underlying Eocene Endako and stratigraphically higher Neogene Chilcotin groups basaltic andesite lavas within the study area, and from the Chilcotin Group basalt in the type area south of the Anahim volcanic belt, by form, preserved thickness, phenocrystxenocryst mineralogy, amygdule abundance, included xenoliths, isotopic age, and major and incompatible, high field strength, and rare-earth trace element contents.
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Tait, Stephen R. "Fluid dynamic and geochemical evolution of cyclic unit 10, Rhum, Eastern Layered Series." Geological Magazine 122, no. 5 (September 1985): 469–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800035391.
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AbstractLithological, major element, trace element and Sr isotope data from cyclic unit 10 of the Rhum Eastern Layered Series are presented. The lower 65 metres of the unit are peridotite, subdivided on textural and geochemical grounds into a lower homogeneous portion approximately 50 metres thick and an upper heterogeneous portion approximately 15 metres thick. The uppermost 16.5 metres of the unit are allivalite. There are steep geochemical gradients across the peridotite-allivalite boundary in Ni content of olivine and whole-rock Sr isotope composition.Calculations are presented on the geochemical evolution of a Rhum picritic liquid undergoing olivine precipitation, both when the olivines remain suspended in the residual liquid as they precipitate, and when they are continuously fractionated. Quenched groundmass and olivine compositions from the Rhum dykes and the unit 10 peridotite olivines show good agreement with the suspension model but are inconsistent with the fractionation model. The Rhum chamber is thought to have been replenished with a picritic liquid from which olivine crystallized while held in suspension; however, replenishment by a highly olivine-phyric basalt is also possible. The peridotite probably accumulated rapidly as olivines were dumped out of suspension onto the chamber floor.The lower part of the peridotite is a poikilitic adcumulate; it is suggested that this formed by convective circulation of melt in the pores of the pile of cumulus olivines. In the latter stages of adcumulus growth, more Fe-rich and isotopically contaminated magma entered the top of the cumulus pile causing cumulus olivines to re-equilibrate and giving the intercumulus plagioclase a higher Sr isotope ratio than lower down. The olivines in the allivalite show steep stratigraphic gradients in major element composition but not in their Ni content. They also show substantial variation in major element composition laterally within the allivalite. It is suggested that these features are a consequence of postcumulus re-equilibration of olivine with migrating intercumulus magma.
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Hussain, M. Faruque, Md Shofiqul Islam, and Mithun Deb. "Petrological and geochemical study of the Sylhet trap basalts, Shillong plateau, N.E. India: Implications for petrogenesis." European Journal of Geosciences 2, no. 1 (February 24, 2020): 01–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.34154/2020-ejgs-0201-1-18/euraass.
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Sylhet Traps exposed along the southern margin of Shillong plateau, Northeast India are subalkaline tholeiitic basalts. The basalts are generally massive but occasionally contain large amygdules of zeolites and chalcedony. Microscopically, some basalts show porphyritic texture with olivine phenocrysts. Phenocryst assemblage of plagioclase ± clinopyroxene ± olivine implies crystallization at shallow level. SEM-EDX analysis shows occurrences of spinel with Ni and Cr within the basalts therefore indicating partial melting of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle as the possible source materials for the basalts. The multi-element plot for the basalts shows two distinct trends: one with significant enrichment of LILE and depletion of HFSE and plot similar to OIB (Type 1) while the other trends are chara cterized by slight enrichment of LILE and negative anomalies at Nb, P and Ti (Type 2). Chondrite-normalized REE patterns for Type 1 basalt shows very high enrichment of LREE and a strong right dip HREE pattern and also plots similar to typical OIB while Type 2 show a slight enrichment of LREE over HREE with small Eu anomaly. The geochemical signatures suggest crustal contamination by plume-derived magma produced by low degree of partial melting for Type 1 basalt. Type 2 basalt was produced by partial melting of subcontinental lithospheric mantle, which may be triggered by plume upwelling.
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Russell, J. K., G. T. Nixon, and T. H. Pearce. "Petrographic constraints on modelling the crystallization of basalt magma, Cow Lakes, southeast Oregon." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 25, no. 4 (April 1, 1988): 486–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e88-049.
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Thermodynamic calculations and models of olivine zoning profiles are used to estimate the crystallization history of a basaltic magma from Cow Lakes, southeast Oregon. The lava is an alkali olivine basalt containing olivine and plagioclase phenocrysts and microphenocrysts. The geometry and range of chemical zoning in the olivine phenocrysts have been delineated by laser interference microscopy and electron microprobe analysis. The olivine phenocrysts are characterized by homogeneous cores and rims that exhibit strong, continuous, normal zoning (ΔFo = 7–19 mol%).Thermodynamic modelling has been used to estimate the magmatic crystallization path of the Cow Lakes basalt on the basis of the phenocryst assemblage and mineral compositions. The calculated crystallization path begins at 1290 °C and 0.5 GPa ([Formula: see text]) with equilibrium crystallization of the olivine to 1265 °C. Plagioclase appears at 1225 °C, followed by clinopyroxene at 1205 °C. Intratelluric crystallization was terminated prior to crystallization of the clinopyroxene, which is seen in the groundmass but not as phenocrysts.The thermodynamic modelling provides a means to numerically simulate the zoning patterns in olivine defined by the laser interference microscopy. Simulated and observed zoning patterns both have compositionally flat cores and strongly zoned rims. The extent of zoning observed in the olivine phenocrysts is, however, approximately twice the predicted extent, and it appears that a significant proportion of olivine phenocrysts crystallized during ascent or upon eruption.
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Agata, T., and I. Hattori. "Chromite in greenstone lavas from the Kanakasu area, Nanjo Massif of the Mesozoic Mino terrane, central Japan." Mineralogical Magazine 66, no. 4 (August 2002): 575–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/0026461026640050.
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AbstractChromite occurs together with olivine as phenocrysts in basalts of the Kanakasu greenstone body. Chromite forms inclusions within olivine phenocrysts; it also constitutes discrete phenocrystic grains scattered in the groundmass. The Cr and Ni contents of chromite-bearing olivine basalts are unusually high relative to the MgO content. This is probably due to the presence of phenocrystic chromite and olivine. The mineralogy suggests that the groundmass of the basalts is hawaiitic in composition. Chromite, generally, is unlikely to crystallize from differentiated magma such as hawaiite melt. The chromite and associated olivine phenocrysts are probably xenocrysts. Discrete chromite commonly shows compositional zoning that resulted from reaction with host magma; some chromite evidently changed in composition. Chromite embedded in olivine was shielded from reaction with host magma, and has preserved the original chemical composition. The composition of embedded chromite ranges: Mg/(Mg+Fe2+) 0.37–0.58, Cr/(Cr+Al) 0.47–0.64, Fe3+ 0.16–0.47 p.f.u., and Ti 0.034–0.13 p.f.u. The relatively high Ti and Al contents suggest that chromite crystallized from an alkalic basalt magma. The Cr/(Cr+Al) ratio is relatively high when compared to those of chromite in mid-oceanic ridge and island-arc alkalic basalts; the Kanakasu embedded chromite is chemically identical to chromite from Hawaiian alkalic basalts. The Kanakasu chromite was probably formed in an intraplate oceanic island.
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Pigati, Jeffrey S., Nathaniel A. Lifton, A. J. Timothy Jull, and Jay Quade. "Extraction of In Situ Cosmogenic 14C from Olivine." Radiocarbon 52, no. 3 (2010): 1244–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200046336.
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Chemical pretreatment and extraction techniques have been developed previously to extract in situ cosmogenic radiocarbon (in situ14C) from quartz and carbonate. These minerals can be found in most environments on Earth, but are usually absent from mafic terrains. To fill this gap, we conducted numerous experiments aimed at extracting in situ14C from olivine ((Fe,Mg)2SiO4). We were able to extract a stable and reproducible in situ14C component from olivine using stepped heating and a lithium metaborate (LiBO2) flux, following treatment with dilute HNO3 over a variety of experimental conditions. However, measured concentrations for samples from the Tabernacle Hill basalt flow (17.3 ± 0.3 ka4) in central Utah and the McCarty's basalt flow (3.0 ± 0.2 ka) in western New Mexico were significantly lower than expected based on exposure of olivine in our samples to cosmic rays at each site. The source of the discrepancy is not clear. We speculate that in situ14C atoms may not have been released from Mg-rich crystal lattices (the olivine composition at both sites was ∼Fo65Fa35). Alternatively, a portion of the 14C atoms released from the olivine grains may have become trapped in synthetic spinel-like minerals that were created in the olivine-flux mixture during the extraction process, or were simply retained in the mixture itself. Regardless, the magnitude of the discrepancy appears to be inversely proportional to the Fe/(Fe+Mg) ratio of the olivine separates. If we apply a simple correction factor based on the chemical composition of the separates, then corrected in situ14C concentrations are similar to theoretical values at both sites. At this time, we do not know if this agreement is fortuitous or real. Future research should include measurement of in situ14C concentrations in olivine from known-age basalt flows with different chemical compositions (i.e. more Fe-rich) to determine if this correction is robust for all olivine-bearing rocks.
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Okrugin, A. V. "Сhromite-Ulvöshpinel Series of Minerals from Alkaline Picrite-Basic Rocks of the North Siberian Platform and Their Oxythermobarometry." Zapiski RMO (Proceedings of the Russian Mineralogical Society) CLII, no. 6 (November 1, 2023): 80–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869605523060035.
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The typochemical features of spinels forming continuous series from Al–Cr spinels to Ti-magnetite and ulvöshpinel from basic-ultrabasic rocks of the North Siberian platform are considered. Their comparative characteristics are carried out with similar minerals of alkaline basalts of oceanic islands and Lunar marine basalts on the modified 3D-diagram Al–Cr–(Fe3+ + 2Ti)–Fe2+ proposed by the author. The identification of a continuous isomorphous series from chromian spinel to ulvöspinel is one of the mineralogical indicators of a possible paragenetic relationship between picrite-basalt, alkaline olivine-basalt, alkaline-ultrabasic, and kimberlite formations in the North Siberian platform. Using the Ballhaus-Berry-Green olivine-chromespinel oxythermobarometer, it was shown that for the studied rocks of the North Siberian platform, the oxygen volatility lg fO2 is 2–4 orders of magnitude higher than that specified by the fayalite-magnetite-quartz (FMQ) buffer and corresponds to the oxidation state of platinum-bearing dunite-clinopyroxenite associations of rocks of the Ural-Alaskan and Aldan types.
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Skemer, Philip, Molly M. Chaney, Adrienne L. Emmerich, Kevin J. Miller, and Wen-lu Zhu. "Network topology of olivine–basalt partial melts." Geophysical Journal International 210, no. 1 (April 26, 2017): 284–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggx160.
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Bell, Brian R., and Ian T. Williamson. "Picritic basalts from the Palaeocene lava field of west-central Skye, Scotland: evidence for parental magma compositions." Mineralogical Magazine 58, no. 392 (September 1994): 347–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1994.058.392.01.
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AbstractMineral chemistry and whole-rock compositional data are reported for two lavas of picritic basalt from the Palaeocene lava field of west-central Skye, Scotland. Whole-rock compositions for both flows plot on Thompson's (1982) 9 kbar cotectic for olivine + plagioclase + clinopyroxene + liquid. Both flows contain highly forsteritic olivine phenocrysts (c. Fo89), which enclose early-precipitated crystals of chrome-spinel (Al2O3: c. 25 wt.%; Cr2O3: c. 36 wt.%; FeO + Fe2O3: c. 20 wt.%; MgO: c. 15 wt.%). The olivine compositions indicate equilibrium with picritic basalt magma compositions, as represented by the whole-rock compositions of both lavas. A high-pressure origin for the chrome-spinels is suspected on the basis of their textural association and aluminous composition. Compositional comparisons between the whole-rock and mineral chemistry characteristics of both flows and a picritic basalt chill facies of the temporally- and spatially-associated Rum Igneous Complex suggests that similar parental magmas were involved.
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Hald, N., and R. Waagstein. "The dykes and sills of the Early Tertiary Faeroe Island basalt plateau." Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 82, no. 4 (1991): 373–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263593300004211.
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ABSTRACTThe Early Tertiary basalt plateau of the Faeroe Islands is cut by dykes and sills. Chemical analyses show a two-fold division of the intrusive rocks into a group of low-TiO2 (0·73–1·93%), MORB-type tholeiitic basalts and a group of high-TiO2 (2·09–3·90%) tholeiitic basalts. The low-TiO2 group comprises about 15% picrites and olivine-phyric basalts and 85% plagioclase-phyric basalts, and shows a chemical range largely explicable in terms of low-pressure fractional crystallisation of olivine ± plagioclase ± clinopyroxene. The high-TiO2 group is strongly dominated by plagioclase-phyric basalts with only few olivine-phyric compositions. The chemical trends are less regular than those formed by the low-TiO2 basalt dykes and a number of subgroups may be identified on the basis of bulk rock chemistry. Dykes belonging to a specific subgroup were probably fed from the same magma chamber.Petrographically and chemically the dykes and sills are clearly related to the upper 2·5 km of the lava sequence. Field evidence suggests that some of the dykes were contemporaneous with the exposed lavas, while other dykes and the sills were intruded in response to a slight doming of the plateau during the final stages of volcanic activity. Our investigations demonstrate that high-TiO2 and low-TiO2 magmas were both emplaced until the very end of magmatism, with the latter being mainly concentrated in the northern part of the archipelago. We briefly sketch a possible relationship between the supposed NE-Atlantic mantle plume, the distribution of the various magma types and the location of the Early Tertiary continental splitting zone north of the islands.
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Hafidhah Nurul Haq, Mega Fatimah Rosana, Cipta Endyana, Katon Sena Ajie Nugraha, and Irpan Alamsyah. "Geochemistry of Igneous Rocks of Citirem Formation and Its Implications for the Tectonic Setting in Ciletuh – Palabuhanratu UNESCO Global Geopark Area." Journal of Geoscience, Engineering, Environment, and Technology 9, no. 1 (March 28, 2024): 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/jgeet.2024.9.1.14367.
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The igneous rocks of the Citirem Formation in the Ciletuh – Palabuhanratu UNESCO Global Geopark area petrographically not only consist of basalt, but also andesite, dacite, and gabbro. The characteristics of basalts Citirem Formation are composed of plagioclase 43% – 58% and olivine, mostly have amygdaloidal and aphanitic textures. Andesites are composed of 45% – 65% plagioclase, absence of olivine, mostly aphanitic and trachytic, some have intergranular textures. Dacite comprises 50% plagioclase, 20% quartz, and the absence of olivine, and aphanitic, intersertal textures. Gabbros are composed of 62% plagioclase, 6% – 12% olivine, with phaneritic texture. Based on the plot of the major elements vs SiO2 diagram, MgO, FeOt (Fe2O3+FeO), CaO, and TiO2 show a negative correlation with SiO2. In comparison, Na2O and K2O show a positive correlation with SiO2. The lithology of igneous rocks of Citirem Formation are basalt, trachybasalt, basaltic trachyandesite, trachyandesite, andesite, dacite and gabbro based on a plot of the Na2O+K2O vs SiO2 diagram for volcanic and plutonic rocks. The origin of magma type can be distinguished based on the plot of K2O vs SiO2 diagrams, the igneous rocks of Citirem Formation are divided into low-K, medium-K, high-K, and shoshonite magma series. Dacite STA 2, andesite STA 7, basaltic andesite STA 8, trachyandesite STA 10 and gabbro STA 14 are calc-alkaline based on triangular diagram Th-Hf-Ta-Zr-Nb. Gabbro STA 17 indicates IAT (island arc tholeiite), trachybasalt STA 19, basalt STA 20 and basaltic trachyandesite STA 27 are E-MORB, WPT (within plate tholeiitic), In contrast, trachybasalt STA 28 is WPA (within plate alkali). Primitive mantle long, NMORB-normalized REE patterns and chondrites-normalized show some rocks have distinctive patterns that have similarities with suprasubduction zone ophiolite rocks, MORB of Mirdita ophiolite, and some show similarities with patterns from OIB and E-MORB.
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Cooper, R. F., and D. L. Kohlstedt. "Rheology and structure of olivine-basalt partial melts." Journal of Geophysical Research 91, B9 (1986): 9315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/jb091ib09p09315.
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Gunnlaugsson, H. P., Ö. Helgason, L. Kristjánsson, P. Nørnberg, H. Rasmussen, S. Steinþórsson, and G. Weyer. "Magnetic properties of olivine basalt: Application to Mars." Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 154, no. 3-4 (March 2006): 276–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2005.09.012.
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Watson, E. Bruce, D. J. Cherniak, and M. E. Holycross. "Diffusion of phosphorus in olivine and molten basalt." American Mineralogist 100, no. 10 (October 2015): 2053–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am-2015-5416.
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Ejima, T., M. Akasaka, T. Nagao, and H. Ohfuji. "Occurrence of Fe3+ and formation process of precipitates within oxidized olivine phenocrysts in basalt lava from Kuroshima volcano, Goto islands, Nagasaki, Japan." Mineralogical Magazine 79, no. 7 (December 2015): 1833–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2015.079.7.08.
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AbstractThe oxidation state of Fe and precipitates within olivine phenocrysts from an olivine-basalt from Kuroshima volcano, Goto Islands, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan, were determined using electron microprobe analysis, 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy, to examine the formation process of the Fe-bearing precipitates.The average Fo content of the olivine phenocrysts is 76.2 mol.%. The olivine phenocrysts occasionally have precipitate minerals at their rims, especially on rims near vesicles. The 57Fe Mössbauer spectrum of olivine separates consists of two doublets assigned to Fe2+ at the octahedral M1 and M2 sites, and a Fe3+ doublet at the M1 and M2 sites. The Fe2+:Fe3+ ratio is 90(5):10(1). The precipitates at the rims of the olivine phenocrysts consistof magnetite and enstatite showing coaxial relations with host olivine, and grow parallel to the olivine c axis. Moreover, clusters consisting of nanoscale domains of a few tens of nm in size occur in the host olivine. Their rounded form and appearance in transmission electron microscope images are similar to those of the magnetite precipitates, but they have an olivine structure and can be regarded as embryos of magnetite within the olivine.The oxidation process of olivine phenocrysts under cooling conditions is: (1) formation of magnetite embryos on the rims of olivinephenocrysts; (2) formation of enstatite-like pyroxene domains by depletion of Fe in olivine due to the generation of magnetite embryos; (3) crystallization of magnetite and enstatite-like pyroxene precipitates.
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Larsen, L. M., W. S. Watt, and M. Watt. "Geology and petrology of the Lower Tertiary plateau basalts of the Scoresby Sund region, East Greenland." Bulletin Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse 157 (January 1, 1989): 1–164. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/bullggu.v157.6699.
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The early Tertiary plateau basalts in East Greenland are situated on a continental margin and were erupted during continental break-up and initiation of sea-floor spreading in the North Atlantic. In the region stretching from Scoresby Sund southward to 69°N 40 000 km2of basalts with an average thickness of 1.5 km have been investigated by measuring and flow-to-flow sampling of 130 profiles, followed by major element geochemical analysis and microprobe analysis, trace element analysis and some Sr isotope data. The basalts rest on Mesozoic sediments in the east and on Precambrian gneiss in the west. Six basalt formations are defined: the Magga Dan, Milne Land and Geikie Plateau Formations form a lower regional sequence erupted in one volcanic episode from sites in the NW part of the region; the Rømer Fjord and Skrænterne Formations form an upper regional sequence erupted in a subsequent volcanic episode in which eruption sites moved SE to centres east of the present Atlantic coast; the Igtertivâ Formation and a coast-parallel dyke swarm formed in a third volcanic episode only recorded at the Atlantic coast. The lavas are essentially flat-lying; a narrow strip along the Atlantic coast is extensively block faulted. Single lava flows are extensive (max. 11 000 km2) and voluminous (max. 300 km3). They are well preserved, with metamorphism of the low zeolite facies. All the lavas and most of the dykes are fractionated tholeiitic basalts with Mg/(Mg+Fe2+) ratios of 0.66-0.39 and TiO2 = 1.2-4.5%. The major part (the 'main basalts', 96% by volume) have Mg ratios of 0.56-0.39, while only 4 vol.% are Mg-rich basalts with Mg ratios of 0.66-0.57. A nephelinitic tuff layer occurs at the base of the second sequence. A few dykes are alkaline. The Mg-rich basalts have microphenocrysts of olivine (FO90-70) and chromite, while the main basalts comprise both aphyric and porphyritic sequences. Phenocrysts of plagioclase (An88-37) are abundant, of olivine (FO80-57) are sparse but ubiquitous, and of augite (FS9-20) sparse and often absent. Groundmass phases are olivine (to FO3737), plagioclase (to An13, augite (to FS62), pigeonite (Fs26-50), titanomagnetite and ilmenite. All rocks contain several per cent fine-grained mesostasis. The phenocrysts frequently show disequilibrium textures and a wide range of compositions within one sample. Extrusion temperatures are calculated to 1280-1110°C, and densities to 2.68-2.78 g/cm3, increasing with fractionation. The volcanic episodes are demonstrated in systematic compositional variations with height in the basalt sequence. Each of the two major episodes started with a variety of lava compositions including Mg-rich basalts, followed by a thick sequence of 'main basalts' showing a systematic decrease of TiO2 and other incompatible elements with height, and ending with a reversal to higher TiO2 values. The third episode is not cyclic, and its products have changed incompatible element ratios. The Mg-rich basalts comprise depleted MORB type basalts, relatively enriched olivine tholeiites, and very enriched tholeiites (Mikis type basalt). Sr isotopes show 87Sr/86Sr ratios of 0.7034 in most basalts and 0.7045 in the Mikis type basalt, while some Si-rich basalts have ratios up to 0.7079. The East Greenland basalts are 'initial rifting' basalts very similar to those in Deccan. The magmas have equilibrated at low pressures in crustal magma chambers. The main basalts have fractionated ol + pl + cpx no matter whether they are aphyric or porphyritic. Simple crystal fractionation can account for sub-trends but not for the complete compositional variation of the main basalts. This is considered as resulting from fractionation in open magma chambers which were repeatedly filled, mixed and tapped. The decrease in TiO2 with height in each volcanic episode indicates increasing magma input rate and shorter residence time in the chamber, while the final reversal indicates the decline and cessation of activity. There is evidence for widespread crustal contamination (1-4%) in the magma chambers of the two lowest formations. Crustal contamination of magmas on the way to the surface occurred sporadically throughout both sequences. One case of magma mixing occurred when a Mg-rich basalt magma invaded the regional main basalt magma chamber. The Mg-rich basalts cannot be directly related to each other or to the main basalts. A petrogenetic scheme is suggested where the Mikis type basalt originated in, or contains an addition from, an undepleted or enriched mantle source. All the other magma types originated in a depleted mantle source by varying degrees and possibly depths of melting. Increasing degrees of melting are indicated for the types nephelinite - enriched olivine tholeiite – main basalt parent – MORB type basalt. The MORB type basalt may also be produced by melting of a residuum. The basalts of the third volcanic episode include another component of mantle or basaltic crust. The three recorded volcanic episodes are related to rifting events during the break-up of the North Atlantic continent, viewed as repeated attempts to straighten out a bend in the original line of opening. The two first rifting events failed while the third for a short while produced oceanic crust. Compared to other regions of the North Atlantic volcanic province the Scoresby Sund basalts are similar to basalts from Kangerdlugssuaq, northern East Greenland, West Greenland, the Faeroes, the Vøring Plateau and some basalts on lceland. The main magma source for the North Atlantic province was similar to that of the lceland hotspot, but enriched subcontinental lithosphere may also have participated in the stage of initial rifting. A correlation for the volcanic episodes throughout East Greenland and the Faeroes is proposed.
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RAY, DWIJESH, SAUMITRA MISRA, RANADIP BANERJEE, and DOMINIQUE WEIS. "Geochemical implications of gabbro from the slow-spreading Northern Central Indian Ocean Ridge, Indian Ocean." Geological Magazine 148, no. 3 (October 12, 2010): 404–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001675681000083x.
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AbstractGabbro samples (c. < 0.4 Ma old) dredged from close to the ‘Vityaz Megamullion’ on the slow-spreading Northern Central Indian Ridge (NCIR, 18–22 mm yr−1) include mostly olivine gabbro and Fe–Ti oxide gabbro. The cumulate olivine gabbro shows ophitic to subophitic texture with early formed plagioclase crystals in mutual contact with each other, and a narrow range of compositions of olivine (Fo80–81), clinopyroxene (magnesium number: 85–87) and plagioclase (An67–70). This olivine gabbro could be geochemically cogenetic with the evolved oxide gabbro. These gabbro samples are geochemically distinct from the CIR gabbro occurring along the Vema, Argo and Marie Celeste transform faults and can further be discriminated from the associated NCIR basalts by their clinopyroxene (augite in gabbro, and diopsidic in basalts) and olivine (gabbro: Fo80–81, basalts: Fo82–88) compositions. Our major oxide, trace element and REE geochemistry analyses suggest that the gabbro and the NCIR basalts are also not cogenetic and had experienced different trends of geochemical evolution. The clinopyroxenes of the present NCIR gabbros are geochemically similar to primitive melt that is in equilibrium with mantle peridotite, and do not show any poikilitic texture with resorbed plagioclase; these results negate the possibility of these gabbros being a pre-existing cumulate that has been brought up to the shallower oceanic crust and interacted with the NCIR basalt. The Sr, Pb and Nd isotopic data of the gabbro substantially differ from those of the NCIR basalts and suggest significant contamination of the depleted mantle source of the gabbro, most likely by the Indian Ocean pelagic sediments. The Pb-isotope data suggest that the proportion of pelagic sediment that mixed in the depleted mantle source of the NCIR gabbro is much higher than the level of contamination observed for the Indian Ocean MORBs.
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Kuna Raj, John. "Characterizing a weathering profile over the Kuantan Basalt." Bulletin Of The Geological Society Of Malaysia 72 (November 15, 2021): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.7186/bgsm72202102.
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Three broad morphological zones can be differentiated; the top pedological soil (Zone I) being 3.60 m thick and comprising brown, soft to stiff, clays. The intermediate saprock (Zone II) is 1.12 m thick and consists of brown, very stiff, sandy silt with many lateritic concretions, whilst the bottom bedrock (Zone III) is an outcrop of vesicular olivine basalt with weathering along joints. Constant volume samples show the saprolite (sub-zone IC) to have dry unit weights of 11.78 to 12.80 kN/m3, whilst the solum (sub-zones IA and IB), and saprock, have values ranging from 10.65 to 11.09, and from 11.35 to 11.50, kN/m3, respectively. Porosities are variable; the saprolite with the lowest values of 52 to 56% and the solum and saprock with values of 57 to 60%. Clay and silt contents increase up the profile with a corresponding decrease in sand and gravel contents. Colloid (<1 μm size) contents especially increase up the profile from 10 to 15% in saprock through 30 to 40% in saprolite and exceeding 57% in the solum, These increasing colloid contents point to the increasing effects of pedological processes. Thin-sections of weathered rims (1-2 cm thick) show alteration of basalt to start with formation of micro-cracks (Stage 1) that become stained by secondary iron oxides and hydroxides. Decomposition of the essential minerals then occurs in the order: olivine (Stage 2), augite (Stage 3), and plagioclase feldspar (Stage 4). An increase in apparent porosity, but a decrease in unit weights and specific gravity, reflect these stages of weathering; the boundary between ‘rock’ and ‘soil’ material occurring when all olivine and augite crystals have decomposed. It is concluded that the weathering profile results from in situ alteration of basalt due to lowering of an unconfined groundwater table; pedological processes giving rise to further alteration.
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Xiong, Wei, Rachel K. Wells, and Daniel E. Giammar. "Carbon Sequestration in Olivine and Basalt Powder Packed Beds." Environmental Science & Technology 51, no. 4 (January 31, 2017): 2105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b05011.
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Parley, K. A., and H. Craig. "Atmospheric argon contamination of ocean island basalt olivine phenocrysts." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 58, no. 11 (June 1994): 2509–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90027-2.
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Hiyagon, H., and M. Ozima. "Partition of noble gases between olivine and basalt melt." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 50, no. 9 (September 1986): 2045–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(86)90258-9.
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Chesworth, Ward, Jean Dejou, Pierre Larroque, and Eduardo Garcia Rodeja. "Alteration of olivine in a basalt from central France." CATENA 56, no. 1-3 (April 2004): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2003.10.018.
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Kislov, Evgeniy V., Anna V. Aseeva, Vladislav V. Vanteev, Anton Yurievich Sinyov, and Olga A. Eliseeva. "Naryn-Gol Creek Sapphire Placer Deposit, Buryatia, Russia." Minerals 12, no. 5 (April 20, 2022): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12050509.
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A new gem corundum occurrence has been discovered in the Naryn-Gol Creek placer of the Dzhida volcanic field (Russia). In this placer deposit, sapphire associates with large crystals of garnet, spinel, augite, olivine, enstatite, ilmenite, Ti-magnetite, and alkali feldspar. Such a combination of minerals is typical for the placer deposits associated with alkali basalts widely distributed in Southeastern Asia and Australia. We have also found sapphire crystals in phonotephrites of the nearby Cenozoic alkali-basalt paleovolcano Barun Khobol Pravyi, and in basalt sample and trachybasalt from the valley flood basalts. The chemical composition of sapphire is generally typical for ‘basalt’ corundum: it is rich in Fe, and depleted in Ti and Cr. The δ18O SMOW values of corundum and related megacrysts range from 4.6 to 6.8 ‰, thus corresponding to the isotopic signature of igneous rocks. Etched and corroded surfaces of sapphire and other megacrysts indicate that they are in non-equilibrium with their host alkali basalts. Volatile components, CO2 in particular, played a significant role during sapphire formation as gas inclusions reveal.
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Hooper, P. R., B. A. Gillespie, and M. E. Ross. "The Eckler Mountain basalts and associated flows, Columbia River Basalt Group." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 32, no. 4 (April 1, 1995): 410–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e95-035.
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Recent mapping of flows of the Columbia River Basalt Group between Lewiston and Pomeroy, southeast Washington, places the chemically distinctive Shumaker Creek flow as a new member between the Frenchman Springs and Roza members of the Wanapum Basalt. This leaves the Eckler Mountain Formation composed of only the Robinette Mountain and Dodge chemical types, with the Lookingglass flow forming the base of the overlying Wanapum Basalt. One Robinette Mountain flow and five separate flows of Dodge composition are recognized and traced across the Blue Mountains Anticline of southeast Washington and northeast Oregon. The aerial distribution of the flows is used to constrain the onset of deformation in the Blue Mountains area between the Hite and Limekiln faults. A series of open east–west folds formed during late Wanapum and Saddle Mountains time, cut by northeast-trending faults with left-lateral strain. Chemical variations between Eckler Mountain, Grande Ronde, and Wanapum Basalt flows require different source components. But between the Eckler Mountain flows the variation of most chemical parameters is consistent with fractional crystallization in the crust and can be modeled for major and trace elements. An exception is the behaviour of Cr and Zr/Y between the Robinette Mountain and Dodge flows, which suggests variable partial melting or possibly olivine accumulation.
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Takebe, Mirai, Masao Ban, Motohiro Sato, and Yuki Nishi. "The Temporal Variation of Magma Plumbing System of the Kattadake Pyroclastics in the Zao Volcano, Northeastern Japan." Minerals 11, no. 4 (April 18, 2021): 430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11040430.
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The geologic and petrologic study of the Kattadake pyroclastics (around 10 ka) from the Zao volcano (NE Japan) revealed the structure of the magma plumbing system and the mixing behavior of the shallow chamber. The Kattadake pyroclastic succession is divided into lower and upper parts by a remarkable discontinuity. All rocks belong to medium-K, calc-alkaline rock series and correspond to ol-cpx-opx basaltic-andesite to andesite with 20–28 vol% phenocrystic modal percentage. All rocks were formed by mixing between andesitic magma and near aphyric basalt. The petrologic features of andesites of lower and upper parts are similar, 59–61 wt% SiO2, having low-An plagioclase and low-Mg pyroxenes, with pre-eruptive conditions corresponding to 960–980 °C, 1.9–3.5 kb, and 1.9–3.4 wt% H2O. However, the basalts were ca. 49.4 wt% SiO2 with Fo~84 olivine in the lower part and 51.8 wt% SiO2 with Fo~81 olivine and high-An plagioclase the in upper one. The percentage of basaltic magma in the mixing process was lower, but the temperature of the basalt was higher in the lower part than the upper one. This means that the shallow magma chamber was reactivated more efficiently by the hotter basalts and that the mixed magma with a 70–80% of melt fraction was formed by a smaller percentage of the basaltic magma.
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Wu, Yangming, Feng Guo, Xuan-Ce Wang, Bo Zhang, Xiaobing Zhang, Melesse Alemayehu, and Guoqing Wang. "Generation of Late Cretaceous Ji’an basalts through asthenosphere-slab interaction in South China." GSA Bulletin 132, no. 5-6 (May 1, 2020): 1316–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b35196.1.
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Abstract Recycled crustal components have been widely identified in the source of continental basalts with geochemical features similar to oceanic island basalts (OIBs). However, the mechanism of how these recycled materials are involved remains highly debatable. Here we conduct comprehensive geochemical analyses (including whole-rock, olivine, and melt inclusion) and numerical modeling on Late Cretaceous Ji’an basalts from South China interior, aiming to investigate the possible role of recycled crustal components in basalt petrogenesis driven by the subducted paleo-Pacific oceanic plate. The Ji’an basalts show geochemical characteristics akin to OIBs and have depleted asthenospheric mantle-like Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf isotopic compositions with moderately radiogenic Os. Their olivine-hosted melt inclusions have low H2O and highly negative δD values and olivine phenocrysts are mainly characterized by depletion of 18O with δ18O values lowering to 3.9‰. These features are consistent with positive Sr and Eu anomalies in some whole-rock samples. The combined geochemical data suggest that the primary magmas were derived from an asthenospheric mantle enriched by melts from an altered gabbroic oceanic crust, which had experienced intensive dehydration. Further numerical modeling shows that melting of the dehydrated oceanic crust can occur along the torn flank of the subducting lithosphere, in the case that the slab is strongly thinned and fractured. The low δ18O preserved in olivine and the estimated slab age (<300 Ma) from the radiogenic whole-rock Os and Pb compositions also require the involvement of a recently recycled slab, probably represented by the subducted paleo-Pacific oceanic plate. Rollback of the subducting paleo-Pacific slab might create a slab window, in which melt from the torn/fractured slab reacted with the upwelling asthenosphere to form an enriched mantle source for the Ji’an basalts and similar counterparts.
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FRANCIS, D., and J. LUDDEN. "The Mantle Source for Olivine Nephelinite, Basanite, and Alkaline Olivine Basalt at Fort Selkirk, Yukon, Canada." Journal of Petrology 31, no. 2 (April 1, 1990): 371–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/petrology/31.2.371.
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ROEDER, PETER, EMMA GOFTON, and CARL THORNBER. "Cotectic Proportions of Olivine and Spinel in Olivine-Tholeiitic Basalt and Evaluation of Pre-Eruptive Processes." Journal of Petrology 47, no. 5 (February 13, 2006): 883–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egi099.
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Stolz, A. J. "Fluid activity in the lower crust and upper mantle: mineralogical evidence bearing on the origin of amphibole and scapolite in ultramafic and mafic granulite xenoliths." Mineralogical Magazine 51, no. 363 (December 1987): 719–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1987.051.363.13.
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AbstractXenoliths in an olivine nephelinite from the McBride Province, North Queensland, include Cr-diopside lherzolites, spinel and garnet websterites, felsic, 2-pyroxene and garnet granulites, and hornblendites. The spinel and garnet websterites are interpreted as crystal segregations from olivine basalt or alkali olivine basalt magma at ∼ 12 kbar followed by isobaric cooling (to approximately 900–1000°C) and subsolidus reequilibration. Garnet and 2-pyroxene granulites are mineralogically and texturally distinct and are considered to represent relatively large degrees of crystallization of basaltic magmas at comparable or slightly lower pressures (8–12 kbar). Mafic and ultramafic xenoliths have been modified to varying degrees following the relatively recent influx of a H2O- and CO2-bearing fluid. Variable amounts of amphibole and mica developed in response to the introduced fluid and it is argued that some hornblendites are the end-products of this process acting on spinel websterites. Felsic and 2-pyroxene granulite xenoliths display only minor evidence of increased PH2O. Mineralogical and textural evidence indicates high-sulphur Ca-rich scapolite in several garnet granulites did not form in response to the increased fluid activities. It is proposed the scapolite was a primary cumulate phase precipitated from alkali basaltic magma under elevated fo2 and fso2 conditions.
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Intasopa, Suporn, Todd Dunn, and Richard StJ Lambert. "Geochemistry of Cenozoic basaltic and silicic magmas in the central portion of the Loei–Phetchabun volcanic belt, Lop Buri, Thailand." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 32, no. 4 (April 1, 1995): 393–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e95-034.
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Cenozoic volcanic rocks outcrop in the central portion of the Loei–Phetchabun volcanic belt in central Thailand in the Lop Buri area. The volcanic rocks range in composition from basalt to high-silica rhyolite. In general, the volcanic rocks decrease in age from south to north. The oldest rocks studied are 55–57 Ma rhyolites that are isotopically and geochemically distinct from younger (13–24 Ma) rhyolites that occur farther north. Intermediate rocks (andesite and dacite) are less voluminous than rhyolite. Basalt occurs in the central and northern parts of the area and ranges in composition from olivine tholeiites to nepheline normative alkali basalts. The isotopic, major, and trace element compositions of the andesites, dacites, and younger rhyolites are consistent with an origin for these rocks by variable degrees of partial melting of metabasaltic crustal rocks, themselves derived from a depleted mantle source at approximately 530 ± 100 Ma. The apparent extent of partial melting of metabasalt increases from rhyolite to andesite. The isotopic and trace element systematics of the basalts are consistent with a refertilized depleted mantle source with characteristics of a mixture of normal mid-ocean ridge basalt source mantle and enriched mantle II type mantle.
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Kądziołka-Gaweł, Mariola, Marcin Wojtyniak, and Joanna Klimontko. "High temperature transformation of iron-bearing minerals in basalt: Mössbauer spectroscopy studies." Mineralogia 53, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mipo-2022-0002.
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Abstract The high temperature decomposition of basalt from Lower Silesia (Poland) was followed by Mössbauer spectroscopy investigation. The Fe content of the sample was ~9.0 at.%. The X-ray diffraction analysis shows that augite (37%) and olivine (12%) are major Fe-bearing mineral components. The sample also contains significant amount of anorthite (22%) and nepheline (17%). The sample was heated at various temperatures between 200°C and 1100°C for three hours. Up to a temperature of 500°C changes in contribution of Fe-bearing minerals are insignificant. Heating in the temperature range from 500°C to 1100°C leads to a systematic increase in contribution of iron oxides at the cost of contribution of silicate minerals, like augite and olivine. Mössbauer spectrum obtained after heating at 1100°C showed hematite as the main iron oxide phase. The ratio of Fe3+/Fetot in the non-heated sample was equal to 0.51 and after heating at 1100°C this ratio amounted to 0.89.
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Handini, Esti, Toshiaki Hasenaka, Nicholas D. Barber, Tomoyuki Shibata, Yasushi Mori, and I. Wayan Warmada. "Geochemistry of shield stage basalts from Baluran volcano, East Java, Sunda arc." Journal of Applied Geology 7, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jag.73697.
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We report petrography and geochemistry of basaltic lava flows from the shield stage of Baluran, a Quaternary volcanic center in the rear of East Java, Sunda Arc, Indonesia. These basalts contain abundant plagioclase, clinopyroxene, olivine, and minor magnetite. Geochemically, they resemble other medium-K calc alkaline basalts from eastern Java’s volcanoes, but they are less enriched in light ion lithophile elements (LILE) and Pb. The predicted primary basalt of Baluran lavas can be sourced to a more primitive primary melt composition which may also generate medium-K calc-alkaline magmas in the region. The fractionation trajectory of these primary magmas shows the importance of plagioclase, clinopyroxene, olivine, and magnetite phase removal from the melt. Regardless of the diverse composition of the derivatives, the calculated primary basalts from the eastern Java are all in the field of nepheline-normative. This finding suggests variably small degree of melting of clinopyroxene-rich mantle source is at play in the generation of these magmas. Our result further suggests that the clinopyroxene source rock is possibly present as veins in peridotite mantle which have experienced metasomatism by addition of slab-derived fluids at differing proportion.
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Upton, B. G. J., J. G. Fitton, and R. M. Macintyre. "The Glas Eilean lavas: evidence of a Lower Permian volcano-tectonic basin between Islay and Jura, Inner Hebrides." Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 77, no. 4 (1987): 289–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026359330002318x.
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ABSTRACTSubaerial lavas and intercalated sediments crop out on the islet of Glas Eilean and the Black Rock skerries in the Sound of Islay between Islay and Jura. The visible succession is c. 120 m thick and is traceable c. 2 km along strike (NNW–SSE). The lavas are alkali olivine-basalts containing olivine ± plagioclase and augite phenocrysts. Decreasing Mg, Cr and Ni upwards, coupled with decreasing average flow thickness and increasing amounts of inter-flow sediment, suggest progressively waning volcanic activity marked by decreasing ascent rates and greater degrees of differentiation. K-Ar dating on one sample gave an early Permian age of 285 ± 5 Ma. It is inferred that the lavas erupted from an isolated basalt volcano situated on a NNW–SSE trending fracture, associated with a narrow developing half-graben within the Dalradian metasediments. The tectonism and magmatism is inferred to be related to the ‘Clyde Belt’ of fault-bounded basins extending from Cheshire to the Little Minch.
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Barker, Simon J., Michael C. Rowe, Colin J. N. Wilson, John A. Gamble, Shane M. Rooyakkers, Richard J. Wysoczanski, Finnigan Illsley-Kemp, and Charles C. Kenworthy. "What lies beneath? Reconstructing the primitive magmas fueling voluminous silicic volcanism using olivine-hosted melt inclusions." Geology 48, no. 5 (February 27, 2020): 504–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g47422.1.
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Abstract Understanding the origins of the mantle melts that drive voluminous silicic volcanism is challenging because primitive magmas are generally trapped at depth. The central Taupō Volcanic Zone (TVZ; New Zealand) hosts an extraordinarily productive region of rhyolitic caldera volcanism. Accompanying and interspersed with the rhyolitic products, there are traces of basalt to andesite preserved as enclaves or pyroclasts in caldera eruption products and occurring as small monogenetic eruptive centers between calderas. These mafic materials contain MgO-rich olivines (Fo79–86) that host melt inclusions capturing the most primitive basaltic melts fueling the central TVZ. Olivine-hosted melt inclusion compositions associated with the caldera volcanoes (intracaldera samples) contrast with those from the nearby, mafic intercaldera monogenetic centers. Intracaldera melt inclusions from the modern caldera volcanoes of Taupō and Okataina have lower abundances of incompatible elements, reflecting distinct mantle melts. There is a direct link showing that caldera-related silicic volcanism is fueled by basaltic magmas that have resulted from higher degrees of partial melting of a more depleted mantle source, along with distinct subduction signatures. The locations and vigor of Taupō and Okataina are fundamentally related to the degree of melting and flux of basalt from the mantle, and intercaldera mafic eruptive products are thus not representative of the feeder magmas for the caldera volcanoes. Inherited olivines and their melt inclusions provide a unique “window” into the mantle dynamics that drive the active TVZ silicic magmatic systems and may present a useful approach at other volcanoes that show evidence for mafic recharge.
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Kitchen, D. E. "The partial melting of basalt and its enclosed mineral-filled cavities at Scawt Hill, Co. Antrim." Mineralogical Magazine 49, no. 354 (December 1985): 655–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1985.049.354.04.
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AbstractPartially melted basalts enclosing amygdales which have been completely melted formed at Scawt Hill adjacent to a Tertiary dolerite plug. Melting of the basalts commenced in a clay-rich mesostasis to produce a feldspathic liquid which then crystallized to an assemblage of dendritic olivine, skeletal hypersthene, opaque oxide and Mg-hercynite in a microcrystalline plagioclase matrix. An original mineral assemblage of zeolite, calcite, and saponite-nontronite in the amygdales melted and quenched to a brown glass now containing complexly zoned pyroxenes with plagioclase and opaque oxide. Melting commenced between 700–800°C, reaching a maximum temperature of 1168°C, and was followed by rapid cooling. The assimilation of remelted basalt may alter the course of crystallization of contaminated magmas.
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Al Sekhaneh, Wassef. "Characterization of Basalt for Conservation Use from Cultural Heritage Site of Umm El-Jimāl in Jordan." Iraqi Geological Journal 54, no. 1B (February 28, 2021): 12–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.46717/igj.54.1b.2ms-2021-02-20.
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The present study is a multi-analytical approach to the characterization of several basalt stone samples, from Umm el-Jimāl Cultural Heritage site, northern Jordan, which represents ancient trade routes between Arabian Peninsula and Syria. In particular, Micro-X-ray Fluorescence Mapping as new in the mineralogy, X-ray Diffraction Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy are used for the determination of the petrological, geochemical, and mineralogical characteristics of the basalt used in this archeological site for conservation purposes. The results reveal that it belongs to the alkaline trachy-basalt to basanite-tephrite type. With predominant quartz, olivine, pyroxene, and plagioclase (albite) as major elements, the vesicular texture is occupied with secondary minerals such as biotite, gypsum, and calcite.
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MOGHAZI, ABDEL-KADER M. "Geochemistry of a Tertiary continental basalt suite, Red Sea coastal plain, Egypt: petrogenesis and characteristics of the mantle source region." Geological Magazine 140, no. 1 (January 2003): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756802006994.
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Major and trace element data on Tertiary continental basalt flows from the Shalatein area, Red Sea coastal plain of Egypt, have been presented and used to obtain more information about their source region and the processes involved in their generation. The rocks are mainly alkali olivine basalt with MgO and Mg no. in the range of 9.8–5 wt % and 65–46, respectively. They display wide variations in incompatible element concentrations, particularly LREE, Zr, Nb, K, Y, Ba and Sr. There is no evidence of significant crustal contamination or a lithospheric mantle signature in these rocks. Normalized trace element patterns and diagnostic elemental ratios are very similar to those of modern ocean-island basalts (OIB) a feature which suggests that the mantle source region was the asthenosphere. Comparison with the different types of OIB indicates that the basalts may be derived from a high U/Pb (HIMU) source with slightly elevated K and Ba contents. The basalts show general trends of increasing incompatible elements (K2O, Nb, Y, Sr and Yb), and decreasing contents of compatible elements (Cr, Ni, Sc and Ca) with decreasing Mg no. Furthermore, TiO2, P2O5, LREE and Th define maxima at about Mg no.=56, suggesting late fractionation of Fe–Ti oxides and apatite. Although these variations are consistent with fractional crystallization processes, the wide variations in LREE contents and the incompatible trace element ratios Ce/Y (1.2–3.8), Zr/Nb (2.3–7.1) and Nb/Y (0.6–4) in the least fractionated samples (Mg no. > 56) suggest that fractional crystallization involving the observed phenocryst assemblage (olivine and clinopyroxene) cannot fully explain such compositional variations. Modelling of the mafic rocks (Mg no. > 56) using REE suggests varying degrees of partial melting of an enriched mantle source region in the garnet stability field. Partial melting is attributed to plume-related mantle upwelling beneath the Red Sea rift system.
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Cheng, Zhiguo, Tong Hou, Jakob K. Keiding, Ilya V. Veksler, Vadim S. Kamenetsky, Marko Hornschu, and Robert B. Trumbull. "Comparative Geothermometry in High-Mg Magmas from the Etendeka Province and Constraints on their Mantle Source." Journal of Petrology 60, no. 12 (December 1, 2019): 2509–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egaa016.
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Abstract There is still debate whether Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs) are caused by high mantle temperatures induced by thermal plumes or by other factors that enhance melt production from the mantle. A prerequisite for assessing the thermal plume model is a reliable estimate of liquidus temperatures of the magmas produced, preferably based on more than one method of geothermometry. The study reported here compares multiple geothermometers for the Etendeka LIP, which is among the largest Phanerozoic examples and one that shows several features suggestive of a plume origin (continental flood basalt province linked via an age-progressive volcanic ridge to an active hotspot). Magnesium (Mg)-rich magmas emplaced as dikes in NW Namibia are the most primitive rocks known from this province and are thus best suited to determine the composition and melting conditions of their mantle source. Earlier studies of the Etendeka Mg-rich dikes reported high liquidus temperatures based on olivine-melt Mg–Fe equilibria. We extend that work to a larger set of samples and compare the results of olivine-melt Mg–Fe thermometry with other methods based on spinel-melt and spinel–olivine equilibria (Al-in-olivine thermometry), as well as olivine-melt trace-element exchange (Sc/Y thermometry and V oxybarometry). All methods used the same starting assumptions of nominally anhydrous melts and a crystallization pressure of 0·5 GPa. Only mineral-melt or mineral-mineral pairs consistent with compositional equilibrium were used for calculating temperatures. The trace-element compositions of olivine are also used to discuss the relative proportion of peridotite and pyroxenite in the mantle source for these magmas. Twelve dike samples were studied, with whole-rock MgO concentrations ranging from 8·4 to 19·4 wt %. Diagnostic element ratios of transition metals in olivine (e.g., Mn/Fe, Mn/Zn, Zn/Fe) indicate a peridotite-dominated mantle source for the magmas, which is consistent with the other indicators based on whole-rock data e.g., 10 000×Zn/Fe, CaO–MgO trend, FeO/MnO and FC3MS (FeO/CaO–3×MgO/SiO2). The temperature variations show a positive correlation with the Fo-content of host olivines, and values from high-Fo olivine agree well with olivine and spinel liquidus temperatures calculated from thermodynamic models of bulk-rock composition. All methods and most samples yielded a temperature range between 1300 °C and 1400 °C. An exceptional few samples returned temperatures below 1300 °C, the minimum being 1193 °C, whereas several samples yielded temperatures above 1400 °C, the upper range being 1420–1440°C, which we consider to be a robust estimate of the maximum liquidus temperatures for the high-Mg magmas studied. The conversion to mantle potential temperatures is complicated by uncertain depth and degree of melting, but the functional relationship between Tp and primary melt MgO contents, using melt inclusions from olivine phenocrysts with of Fo > 90, indicate a Tp range from 1414 to 1525 °C ( 42 °C), which is 100–150°C higher than estimates of ambient upper mantle Tp in the South Atlantic today.
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Seedhouse, Jon K., and Colin H. Donaldson. "Compositional convection caused by olivine crystallization in a synthetic basalt melt." Mineralogical Magazine 60, no. 398 (February 1996): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1996.060.398.08.
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AbstractCompositional convection in magma chambers is thought to be an important process in the fractionation of liquid from crystals during the differentiation of magmas. It has been tested for in this study by undertaking isothermal crystal growth experiments in a silicate melt at atmospheric pressure in air. The melt used is a synthetic basalt in which iron is replaced by cobalt to minimise redox problems. Co-Mg olivine rims were overgrown on forsteritic olivine seeds cemented to the floor of a 2.4 cm deep alumina crucible. Following quenching and sectioning, glasses were examined optically for colour variations and by EPMA for compositional variations. It had been expected that the colour intensity of the blue glass would diminish in the Co-depleted zone that develops around crystal overgrowths, whereas in fact little difference is normally found, except for a slight fading of colour in glass above the apex of a seed in a few experiments. By contrast EPMA revealed zones up to 50 μm wide around seeds that are depleted in Co and Mg by up to 25 % at the crystal-glass interface and in patches above some crystals. Contour maps of X-ray count-rate data obtained in grids of analytical points show Co- and Mg-depleted glass around the overgrowths and in patches above the highest point of each seed, demonstrating that convection in the melt does occur during growth of individual crystals. As the experiments were carried out in a stable temperature gradient and the crystal seeds had no contact with the melt meniscus, thermal and surface-tensional convection are both eliminated, and the convection is inferred to be caused by a density difference resulting from compositional variation across the chemical boundary layer around a growing crystal. The density difference between the inside and outside of a boundary layer is calculated to be approximately −1%.
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Ren, Shengli. "Should the K-Ar isotopic ages of olivine basalt be reconsidered?" Chinese Science Bulletin 43, no. 19 (October 1998): 1670–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02883417.
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Bulakh, M. O., I. V. Pekov, N. N. Koshlyakova, and M. A. Nazarova. "Basalt Alteration in High-Temperature Oxidizing-Type Fumaroles at the Tolbachik Volcano (Kamchatka, Russia). Part 1. Processes and Products of Olivine Alteration." Zapiski RMO (Proceedings of the Russian Mineralogical Society) CLII, no. 3 (May 1, 2023): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869605523030036.
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This paper is devoted to the olivine pseudomorphization processes occurring in basalt under the action of high-temperature O2-rich gas in oxidizing-type fumaroles at the Tolbachik volcano (Kamchatka, Russia). The alteration of olivine with composition Fo72–90 in a terraneous oxidizing-type exhalation system involves two independent processes: (1) oxidative breakdown (above 600 °C) with the formation of forsterite Fo90–100 together with hematite, magnesioferrite, and, presumably, “magnesian laihunite”; (2) replacement by mineral aggregates in which pyroxenes [enstatite, clinoenstatite, diopside, aegirine-augite (Ca0.5Na0.5)(Mg0.5Fe0.5)Si2O6], low-alumina fluoromagnesian micas (yangzhumingite and fluorotetraferriphlogopite), chondrodite or cristobalite are the main components accompanied by hematite, sometimes with magnesioferrite or tenorite. In the active Arsenatnaya fumarole, the change of the main Si minerals in pseudomorphs with the gas temperature decrease occurs in a sequence that generally reflects an increase in the degree of condensation of tetrahedral Si-O motifs: olivine (forsterite) → orthopyroxene (enstatite) → clinopyroxenes → micas → cristobalite.
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Kong, Fan-Mei, Hans-Peter Schertl, Ling-Quan Zhao, Xu-Ping Li, and Xiao-Han Liu. "Rhönite in Cenozoic alkali basalt from Changle, Shandong Province, China, and its significance." European Journal of Mineralogy 32, no. 3 (June 8, 2020): 325–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ejm-32-325-2020.
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Abstract. Four Cenozoic, rhönite-bearing alkali-olivine basalt samples from the Changle area (Shandong Province, China) show an intracontinental character and were generated in an extensional setting. Petrographic studies document different generations of rhönite. In three samples, rhönite occurs either as a reaction product surrounding coarse-grained corundum, spinel and phlogopite or along cleavage planes in phlogopite. In one sample rhönite forms disseminated crystals in a mantle xenolith, possibly formed by a reaction of coarse-grained orthopyroxene or spinel with a melt. Rhönite exhibits a wide range of compositions: 22.9 wt %–33.0 wt % SiO2, 13.3 wt %–19.0 wt % Al2O3, 9.4 wt %–19.9 wt % MgO and 10.210.2 wt %–24.5 wt % FeO. The derived primary substitutions include (1) SiIV + NaVII = (Al, Fe3+)IV + CaVII, (2) MgVI = (Fe2+, Mn2+)VI and (3) TiVI + (Mg + Fe2+ + Mn2+)VI = 2Fe3+VI. Rare-earth-element (REE) patterns of euhedral rhönite crystals from the mantle xenolith (sample SS17) and those surrounding spinel (sample CL04) have a concave-upward shape for the heavy rare-earth elements (HREEs) and are slightly enriched in the light rare-earth elements (LREEs). These patterns resemble those of kaersutitic amphibole and kaersutite reported from basanite, olivine nephelinite, transitional alkali-olivine basalt and hawaiite. In contrast, REE patterns of the other two samples containing fine-grained, anhedral and acicular rhönite crystals (samples CL01 and EGS03) are relatively steep, with lower HREE and higher LREE abundances, similar to those of ocean island basalts (OIBs). All types of Changle rhönite show positive Nb, Ti and V anomalies in spidergrams normalized to primitive mantle. Mineral assemblages of the studied samples indicate that rhönite crystallized at different stages within a temperature range from about 950 to 1180 ∘C and at pressures below 0.5 kbar, with fO2 below the NNO buffer. The chemical composition of Changle rhönite is interpreted to depend on the composition of the initial silicate melt, the redox conditions during crystallization and the composition of the minerals involved in reactions to form rhönite. Similar to metasomatic mantle amphibole, the compositions of Changle rhönites cover the I-Amph (I-amphibole) and S-Amph (S-amphibole) fields, indicating that they may have formed due to an intraplate metasomatic event, overprinting an older metasomatic subduction episode.
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Walker, Brent H., and E. Howel Francis. "High-level emplacement of an olivine–dolerite sill into Namurian sediments near Cardenden, Fife." Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 77, no. 4 (1987): 295–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263593300023191.
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ABSTRACTArchival and recent boreholes over an area of c. 3 km2 have revealed complex magma-host interaction at the termination of an olivine–dolerite sill in Fife. The sill interior has zones rich in plastically deformed, vesiculated heterogeneous sediment surrounded by amygdaloidal basalt. Sediments at the contacts have been reconstituted and enclose blebs of chilled vesicular basalt. Intrusion into low rank coal seams has produced multicomponent tuffisite. A vertically nested and laterally fingered sill front is envisaged as having propagated down dip under a thin cover (<500 m) of wet Namurian sediments. Non-explosive bulk interaction of fluidised sediment and devolatilising magma occurred at intrusive contacts. Steam explosivity was more vigorous where lobes of magma repeatedly intruded moist lignite, to produce compositionally banded tuffisite rich in basalt clasts and coal fragments. The hydrovolcanic explosions did not give rise to surface eruptions because the low volumes of porewater and the high permeability and low tensile strength of the lignite prevented a build-up of high pressure steam.