Journal articles on the topic 'Olive tree diseases'
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1
Rashed, Khaled. "Phytocontent and Biological effects of Olea europaea: A Review." Plantae Scientia 5, no. 2 (April 9, 2022): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.32439/ps.v5i2.36-44.
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Olive tree (Olea europaea L., Oleaceae) leaves have been widely used in traditional herbal medicine to prevent and treat various diseases especially in Mediterranean countries. They contain several potentially bioactive com-pounds that may have hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties. Olea europaea is commonly known as Zaitoon. The ancient Egyptians, Greeks, Romans and other Mediterranean nations cultivated olives for its edible fruits and to obtain oil from them. Leaves of the tree became important when olive leaf extract was reported to be potent in reducing incidence of degenerative diseases, particularly coronary heart disease (CHD) and cancers of the breast, skin, and colon. Olive leaves have the highest antioxidant power among the different parts of the olive tree. While in olive fruit, phenols (e.g. TYR) and terpenoid hydrocarbon (squalene) are the major components found in the oil. Much research has been carried out on the medical applications of olive. The choice of the plant was based on the good previous biological study of Olea europaea. Interest to choose this plant, may have been due to the widespread use of olive species medicinally, food industry and cosmetics.
2
BEYAZ, Abdullah, and Mücahit Taha ÖZKAYA. "Canopy analysis and thermographic abnormalities determination possibilities of olive trees by using data mining algorithms." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 49, no. 1 (January 21, 2021): 12139. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha49112139.
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In order to take the appropriate tree protection measures, it is crucial to determine and track abnormalities that may occur in olive trees in time to time for many reasons. Abnormalities start in different sections of the trees, depending on the environmental effects of the olive tree, with a specific impact like fungal diseases, drought, etc. after a certain age especially in non-resistant species. Protection steps may be taken when abnormalities are apparent or predictable in certain olive trees, using some external indicators. However, when abnormalities formed within trees cannot be identified externally, there is a sudden breakdown and overthrow of valuable properties, such as monument trees. In the literature, various devices and methods are explained to classify these defects in different trees. By the way, in this research, a non-destructive inspection method (thermography) was clarified and used to assess anomalies in old olive trees without damage in the interior. According to the results of average thermal data, 60, 400, 600 year-old olive trees, 60-40, 70-30 and 80-20 learning-prediction data rates decision tree and random forest results according to normal and abnormal thermal difference, the thermal range was found as 35.95 ℃ at 60 year-old tree, also it was found as 36.25 ℃ at 400 year-old tree and it was found as 38.25 ℃ at 600 year-old tree.
3
Mennane, Zakaria, Zahira Tabet, Btissam El kharraz, Touria Aabid, Touil Souhaila, Adnan Emrani, Jamal Abrini, and Noureddine Elmtili. "Ethnobotanical Study of Fig Tree (Ficus Carica L.) And Olive (Olea Europaea L.) From Tetouan Province In Morocco And Study Their Antimicrobial Activity." E3S Web of Conferences 319 (2021): 01091. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202131901091.
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This study we have conducted an ethnobotanical survey and antimicrobial activity in Tetouan province to identify the use of the famous plant species in traditional medicine : fig tree and Olive and follow-up of antimicrobial activity during three stages for green, pink and black olives and mixing activity of olive and fig extracts. 80 questionnaire sheets were done during April-June 2019, and the method of diffusion was used for the antimicrobial activity.Bacteria and yeasts were used: Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, E.coli and Candida albicans. The results revealed that 32% of farmers use olive oil for the initial treatment of respiratory diseases, and 22% use it for digestive system problems and 13% use it as a treatment of the nervous system.However, fig tree is used against insect bites, as an inhibitor of the growth of certain cancerous tumors, diabetes and certain viral infections. The ethanol extracts showed good inhibitory effects against most strains of bacteria and yeast. Also for the majority of strains tested, it was found that in December (black olive), activity is stronger, and that the mixture of ethanol extracts with ethanol extracts of fig tree it strengthened them.
4
Hanani, Arafat, Franco Valentini, Simona M. Sanzani, Franco Santoro, Serena A. Minutillo, Marilita Gallo, Giuseppe Cavallo, et al. "Community Analysis of Culturable Sapwood Endophytes from Apulian Olive Varieties with Different Susceptibility to Xylella fastidiosa." Agronomy 12, no. 1 (December 22, 2021): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12010009.
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Endophytes are symptomless fungal and/or bacterial microorganisms found in almost all living plant species. The symbiotic association with their host plants by colonizing the internal tissues has endowed them as a valuable tool to suppress diseases, stimulate growth, and promote stress resistance. In this context, the study of culturable endophytes residing the sapwood of Apulian olives might be a promising control strategy for xylem colonizing pathogens as Xylella fastidiosa. To date, olive sapwood cultivable endophytes are still under exploration; therefore, this work pursues a study of cultivable endophytes occurrence variation in the sapwood of different olive varieties under the effect of seasonality, geographical coordinates, and X. fastidiosa infection status. Our study confirms the stability of sapwood endophytic culturable communities in the resistant olive variety and presents the seasonal and geographical fluctuation of olive trees’ sapwood endophytes. It also describes the diversity and occurrence frequency of fungal and bacterial genera, and finally retrieves some of the sapwood-inhabiting fungal and bacterial isolates, known as biocontrol agents of plant pathogens. Thus, the potential role of these bacterial and fungal isolates in conferring olive tree protection against X. fastidiosa should be further investigated.
5
Calzada, David, Lucía Cremades-Jimeno, María López-Ramos, and Blanca Cárdaba. "Peptide Allergen Immunotherapy: A New Perspective in Olive-Pollen Allergy." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 7 (July 2, 2021): 1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13071007.
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Allergic diseases are highly prevalent disorders, mainly in industrialized countries where they constitute a high global health problem. Allergy is defined as an immune response “shifted toward a type 2 inflammation” induced by the interaction between the antigen (allergen) and IgE antibodies bound to mast cells and basophils that induce the release of inflammatory mediators that cause the clinical symptoms. Currently, allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is the only treatment able to change the course of these diseases, modifying the type 2 inflammatory response by an allergenic tolerance, where the implication of T regulatory (Treg) cells is considered essential. The pollen of the olive tree is one of the most prevalent causes of respiratory allergic diseases in Mediterranean countries, inducing mainly nasal and conjunctival symptoms, although, in areas with a high antigenic load, olive-tree pollen may cause asthma exacerbation. Classically, olive-pollen allergy treatment has been based on specific immunotherapy using whole-olive pollen extracts. Despite extracts standardization, the effectiveness of this strategy varies widely, therefore there is a need for more effective AIT approaches. One of the most attractive is the use of synthetic peptides representing the B- or T-cell epitopes of the main allergens. This review summarizes experimental evidence of several T-cell epitopes derived from the Ole e 1 sequence to modulate the response to olive pollen in vitro, associated with several possible mechanisms that these peptides could be inducing, showing their usefulness as a safe preventive tool for these complex diseases.
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Grubić Kezele, Tanja, and Božena Ćurko-Cofek. "Neuroprotective Panel of Olive Polyphenols: Mechanisms of Action, Anti-Demyelination, and Anti-Stroke Properties." Nutrients 14, no. 21 (October 28, 2022): 4533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14214533.
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Neurological diseases such as stroke and multiple sclerosis are associated with high morbidity and mortality, long-term disability, and social and economic burden. Therefore, they represent a major challenge for medical treatment. Numerous evidences support the beneficial effects of polyphenols from olive trees, which can alleviate or even prevent demyelination, neurodegeneration, cerebrovascular diseases, and stroke. Polyphenols from olive oils, especially extra virgin olive oil, olive leaves, olive leaf extract, and from other olive tree derivatives, alleviate inflammation and oxidative stress, two major factors in demyelination. In addition, they reduce the risk of stroke due to their multiple anti-stroke effects, such as anti-atherosclerotic, antihypertensive, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypocholesterolemic, hypoglycemic, and anti-thrombotic effects. In addition, olive polyphenols have beneficial effects on the plasma lipid profiles and insulin sensitivity in obese individuals. This review provides an updated version of the beneficial properties and mechanisms of action of olive polyphenols against demyelination in the prevention/mitigation of multiple sclerosis, the most common non-traumatic neurological cause of impairment in younger adults, and against cerebral insult with increasing incidence, that has already reached epidemic proportions.
7
SALIS, Constantinos, Ioannis E. PAPADAKIS, and Marianna HAGIDIMITRIOU. "Identification and quantification of phenolic compounds in fresh and processed table olives of cv. ‘Kalamata’." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 49, no. 2 (June 24, 2021): 12394. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha49212394.
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Mediterranean diet is almost synonymous to the healthy lifestyle and diet nowadays. Some of the major components of the diet are the products of the olive tree, fruits and olive oil, which are classified as medical foods, due to their nutraceutical benefits and their protective properties against cancer, cardiovascular diseases, age-related diseases, neurodegenerative disorders and other diseases. The key contributors to these properties are the phenolic compounds such as hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol and oleuropein. Table olives are being processed with several methods in order to reduce the bitterness of the olive fruit and the impact of the processing on phenolic compounds has not been studied extensively. In the present study, changes in the concentration of the most important phenolic compounds were quantified in fresh, Greek-style and Spanish-style processed olive fruits of cv. ‘Kalamata’, using two different analytical methods for identification and quantification: high-performance liquid chromatography diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-(ESI)-MS/MS). The phenolic compounds that were identified and quantified were hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, verbascocide, rutin, oleuropein and luteolin. Both processing methods used altered the phenolic compounds concentration in ‘Kalamata’ olive fruits compared to untreated fruits. In both analytical methods, a statistically significant increase in verbascoside and hydroxytyrosol concentration and a statistically significant decrease in rutin concentration was observed in both, Greek-style and Spanish-style, processed olive fruits.
8
Salis, Constantinos, Eleni Papakonstantinou, Katerina Pierouli, Athanasios Mitsis, Lia Basdeki, Vasileios Megalooikonomou, Dimitrios Vlachakis, and Marianna Hagidimitriou. "A genomic data mining pipeline for 15 species of the genus Olea." EMBnet.journal 24 (May 22, 2019): e922. http://dx.doi.org/10.14806/ej.24.0.922.
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In the big data era, conventional bioinformatics seems to fail in managing the full extent of the available genomic information. The current study is focused on olive tree species and the collection and analysis of genetic and genomic data, which are fragmented in various depositories. Extra virgin olive oil is classified as a medical food, due to nutraceutical benefits and its protective properties against cancer, cardiovascular diseases, age-related diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and many other diseases. Extensive studies have reported the benefits of olive oil on human health. However, available data at the nucleotide sequence level are highly unstructured. Towards this aim, we describe an in-silico approach that combines methods from data mining and machine learning pipelines to ontology classification and semantic annotation. Fusing and analysing all available olive tree data is a step of uttermost importance in classifying and characterising the various cultivars, towards a comprehensive approach under the context of food safety and public health.
9
Bizos, Georgios, Efimia M. Papatheodorou, Theocharis Chatzistathis, Nikoletta Ntalli, Vassilis G. Aschonitis, and Nikolaos Monokrousos. "The Role of Microbial Inoculants on Plant Protection, Growth Stimulation, and Crop Productivity of the Olive Tree (Olea europea L.)." Plants 9, no. 6 (June 12, 2020): 743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9060743.
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The olive tree (Olea europaea L.) is an emblematic, long-living fruit tree species of profound economic and environmental importance. This study is a literature review of articles published during the last 10 years about the role of beneficial microbes [Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF), Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR), Plant Growth Promoting Fungi (PGPF), and Endophytes] on olive tree plant growth and productivity, pathogen control, and alleviation from abiotic stress. The majority of the studies examined the AMF effect using mostly Rhizophagus irregularis and Glomus mosseae species. These AMF species stimulate the root growth improving the resistance of olive plants to environmental and transplantation stresses. Among the PGPR, the nitrogen-fixing bacteria Azospirillum sp. and potassium- and phosphorous-solubilizing Bacillus sp. species were studied extensively. These PGPR species were combined with proper cultural practices and improved considerably olive plant’s growth. The endophytic bacterial species Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus sp., as well as the fungal species Trichoderma sp. were identified as the most effective biocontrol agents against olive tree diseases (e.g., Verticillium wilt, root rot, and anthracnose).
10
Gambino, Caterina M., Giulia Accardi, Anna Aiello, Giuseppina Candore, Giovanni Dara-Guccione, Mario Mirisola, Antonio Procopio, Giusi Taormina, and Calogero Caruso. "Effect of Extra Virgin Olive Oil and Table Olives on the ImmuneInflammatory Responses: Potential Clinical Applications." Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets 18, no. 1 (December 12, 2017): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871530317666171114113822.
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Background and Objective: Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is the common element among the Mediterranean countries. It can be considered a nutraceutical and functional food, thanks to its bioactive compounds. It can act and modulate different processes linked to ageing and age-related diseases related to a common chronic low grade inflammation. Depending on the cultivar, the growth conditions, the period of harvesting, the productive process and time of product storage, EVOO could contain different amount of vegetal components. Of course, the same is for table olives. Methods: The aim of our review is to summarize the effects of EVOO and table olives on the immunemediated inflammatory response, focusing our attention on human studies. Results: Our report highlights the effect of specific molecules obtained from EVOO on the modulation of specific cytokines and anti-oxidants suggesting the importance of the daily consumption of both EVOO and table olives in the context of a Mediterranean dietary pattern. In addition, the different action on immune-inflammatory biomarkers, are depending on the olive tree cultivar. Conclusion: Thanks to their bioactive compounds, EVOO and table olive can be considered as nutraceutical and functional foods. The beneficial effects analysed in this review will help to understand the potential application of specific olive components as therapeutic adjuvant, supplements or drugs.
11
Byron, Morgan, Eleanor Phillips, and Jennifer Lynn Gillett-Kaufman. "Develop Your Own Florida Olive IPM Plan." EDIS 2019, no. 4 (August 2, 2019): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-in1251-2019.
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To remain in optimal health and produce optimal yield, olive trees need excellent nutrition, the right irrigation, and good care to help them stay healthy so that they can withstand injury from pests and diseases. This 10-page fact sheet written by Morgan Byron, Eleanor Phillips, and Jennifer L. Gillett-Kaufman and published by the UF/IFAS Entomology and Nematology Department touches on some aspects of olive tree health that will help improve your trees' natural resistance to pests and pathogens. At the end of the guide is a monthly care and observation schedule to help you recognize when you should begin scouting for key pests and when important grove management decisions should be made. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in1251
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Melloni, Rogério, and Elke J. B. N. Cardoso. "Microbiome Associated with Olive Cultivation: A Review." Plants 12, no. 4 (February 16, 2023): 897. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12040897.
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International research has devoted much effort to the study of the impacts caused to the soil by different management practices applied to olive cultivation. Such management involves techniques considered conventional, including the control of spontaneous plants with herbicides or machines, inorganic fertilizers, and pesticides to control pests and diseases. Equally, some producers use sustainable techniques, including drastic pruning, the use of cultivars that are tolerant to diseases and adverse climates, the use of organic conditioners in the soil, the maintenance of vegetation cover with spontaneous plants, and the use of inoculants, among others. In both conventional and sustainable/organic management, the effects on soil quality, crop development, and production are accessed through the presence, activity, and/or behavior of microorganisms, microbial groups, and their processes in the soil and/or directly in the crop itself, such as endophytes and epiphytes. Thus, our present review seeks to assemble research information, not only regarding the role of microorganisms on growth and development of the olive tree (Olea europaea L.). We looked mainly for reviews that reveal the impacts of different management practices applied in countries that produce olive oil and olives, which can serve as a basis and inspiration for Brazilian studies on the subject.
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KHEZRI, Maryam, Abolghasem GHASEMI, and Akbar AHANGARAN. "Detection and characterization of endophytic bacteria causing knot in young olive trees." Acta agriculturae Slovenica 113, no. 1 (April 1, 2019): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.14720/aas.2019.113.1.10.
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<p>Olive knot is an important disease in most countries where olives are commercially grown. In the spring of 2015, some galls were observed on the trunk and branches of 4-year-old olive trees in the north of Iran. The bacteria were isolated from galls and all isolates were gram-negative, aerobic, and capable of producing florescent pigment. Other phenotypic characteristics of the isolates were assessed. Pathogenicity tests were carried out on olive branches incubated with different isolates. Primary symptoms were observed after two weeks. Sequences of 16S rRNA and RNA polymerase beta subunit genes of pathogenic isolates were completely similar to <em>Pseudomonas savastanoi </em>pv. <em>savastanoi </em>(Smith 1908) Young et al<em>.</em> 1978 in GenBank. Based on the results from phenotypic analyses, pathogenicity tests and phylogenetic data, the isolates were identified as <em>P. savastanoi </em>pv. <em>savastanoi</em>. The host range of our isolates was specific to olive trees. None of the inoculated oleander (<em>Nerium oleander </em>L.), winter jasmine (<em>Jasminum nudiflorum </em><a title="John Lindley" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lindley">Lindl.</a>), Japanese privet (<em>Ligustrum japonicum</em> Thunb.) and ash (<em>Fraxinus excelsior </em>L.) developed disease symptoms. No difference in disease resistance was observed between six studied olive cultivars. There was no olive tree or orchard around the studied orchard as far as more than one kilometer. As the disease agent listed in Iran’s foreign quarantine pests and diseases list, appropriate quarantine and phytosanitary measures were undertaken to eradicate the disease.</p>
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Larussa, Tiziana, Maria Imeneo, and Francesco Luzza. "Olive Tree Biophenols in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: When Bitter is Better." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 6 (March 20, 2019): 1390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20061390.
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The current therapeutic scenario for inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) involves aminosalicylates, corticosteroids, and immunomodulators, but concerns regarding their safety profiles and high costs heavily impact their widespread use. In recent years, the beneficial effects thatbiophenols—from fruit and vegetables—have on human health have been investigated. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of phenolic fraction, from olive leaves and fruits, have been suggested, and a potential application in gut inflammation has been supported by in vitro and IBD-animal models studies. In the present review, we first introduced the potential therapeutic role of olive tree biophenolsin chronic inflammatory disease. Then, we aimed to describe their most interesting application for gut inflammation, as the results of basic science studies and animal experimental models. Finally, the potential role of olive tree biophenols in the setting of human IBD is discussed.
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Ozturk, Munir, Volkan Altay, Tuba Mert Gönenç, Bengu Turkyilmaz Unal, Recep Efe, Eren Akçiçek, and Andleeb Bukhari. "An Overview of Olive Cultivation in Turkey: Botanical Features, Eco-Physiology and Phytochemical Aspects." Agronomy 11, no. 2 (February 5, 2021): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020295.
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Global climate change, especially global warming, is affecting olive production efficiency as well as its product quality. The size and water content of fruit varies depending on the olive fruit yield along with the region, climate, and geographical position as well as agricultural applications. Anthropogenic activities also affect its ecology to a great extent. The plant prefers areas with mild winters and short rainy seasons but is facing long and dry summers, sunny habitats, well drained dry, poor, loamy, clayey-loamy, slightly calcareous, pebbly and nutrient-rich soils, with a pH around 6–8. It is resistant to drought but suffers much from harsh winters and air pollutants, which affect its production. Although the olive plant tolerates temperatures between −7 °C to 40 °C, the optimum temperature demanded for growth, development, and fruit yield is 15–25 °C. The annual precipitation demand lies between 700–850 mm. An important part of the composition of its fruit consists of water and oil or the “liquid gold”. Main ingredients are additionally fat-soluble vitamins, minerals, organic sugars, and phenolics. Phenolic substances are responsible for many beneficial health effects as well as the taste and aroma of olive fruit. Oleuropein stands out due to its inhibition of oxidation of low density lipoproteins and its hypoglycemic and cholesterolemic effects. It is also a component that protects the olive tree against various parasites and diseases, one of the reasons why olive is recorded as the “immortal tree”. Olive trees are cultivated in different regions of Turkey. A series of changes occur in morphological, physiological, and biochemical features to overcome different types of stress. In this review, information about the botanical aspects, eco-physiology, and pharmaceutical features of the oil, fruit, and leaves has been evaluated.
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Sabella, Erika, Samuele Moretti, Holger Gärtner, Andrea Luvisi, Luigi De Bellis, Marzia Vergine, Matthias Saurer, and Paolo Cherubini. "Increase in ring width, vessel number and δ18O in olive trees infected with Xylella fastidiosa." Tree Physiology 40, no. 11 (July 24, 2020): 1583–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpaa095.
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Abstract Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) Wells, Raju et al., 1986 is a bacterium that causes plant diseases in the Americas. In Europe, it was first detected on the Salento Peninsula (Italy), where it was found to be associated with the olive quick decline syndrome. Here, we present the results of the first tree-ring study of infected and uninfected olive trees (Olea europaea L.) of two different cultivars, one resistant and one susceptible, to establish the effects induced by the spread of the pathogen inside the tree. Changes in wood anatomical characteristics, such as an increase in the number of vessels and in ring width, were observed in the infected plants of both the cultivars Cellina di Nardò (susceptible to Xf infection) and Leccino (resistant to Xf infection). Thus, whether infection affects the mortality of the tree or not, the tree shows a reaction to it. The presence of occlusions was detected in the wood of both 4-year-old branches and the tree stem core. As expected, the percentage of occluded vessels in the Xf-susceptible cultivar Cellina di Nardò was significantly higher than in the Xf-resistant cultivar Leccino. The δ 18O of the 4-year-old branches was significantly higher in infected trees of both cultivars than in noninfected trees, while no variations in δ 13C were observed. This suggests a reduction in leaf transpiration rates during infection and seems to be related to the occlusions observed in rings of the 4-year-old branches. Such occlusions can determine effects at leaf level that could influence stomatal activity. On the other hand, the significant increase in the number of vessels in infected trees could be related to the tree’s attempt to enhance water conductivity in response to the pathogen-induced vessel occlusions.
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Tatulli, Giuseppe, Vanessa Modesti, Nicoletta Pucci, Valeria Scala, Alessia L’Aurora, Simone Lucchesi, Manuel Salustri, Marco Scortichini, and Stefania Loreti. "Further In Vitro Assessment and Mid-Term Evaluation of Control Strategy of Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca in Olive Groves of Salento (Apulia, Italy)." Pathogens 10, no. 1 (January 19, 2021): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10010085.
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During recent years; Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca (Xfp) has spread in Salento causing relevant damage to the olive groves. Measures to contain the spreading of the pathogen include the monitoring of the areas bordering the so-called “infected” zone and the tree eradication in case of positive detection. In order to provide a control strategy aimed to maintain the tree productivity in the infected areas, we further evaluated the in vitro and in planta mid-term effectiveness of a zinc-copper-citric acid biocomplex. The compound showed an in vitro bactericidal activity and inhibited the biofilm formation in representative strains of X. fastidiosa subspecies, including Xfp isolated in Apulia from olive trees. The field mid-term evaluation of the control strategy assessed by quantitative real-time PCR in 41 trees of two olive groves of the “infected” area revealed a low concentration of Xfp over the seasons upon the regular spraying of the biocomplex over 3 or 4 consecutive years. In particular, the bacterial concentration lowered in July and October with respect to March, after six consecutive treatments. The trend was not affected by the cultivar and it was similar either in the Xfp-sensitive cultivars Ogliarola salentina and Cellina di Nardò or in the Xfp-resistant Leccino. Moreover, the scoring of the number of wilted twigs over the seasons confirmed the trend. The efficacy of the treatment in the management of olive groves subjected to a high pathogen pressure is highlighted by the yielded a good oil production
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Acar-Tek, Nilüfer, and Duygu Ağagündüz. "Olive Leaf (Olea europaea L. folium): Potential Effects on Glycemia and Lipidemia." Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 76, no. 1 (2020): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000505508.
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Background: Olive tree (Olea europaea, Oleaceae) leaves have been widely used in traditional herbal medicine to prevent and treat various diseases especially in Mediterranean countries. They contain several potentially bioactive compounds that may have hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties. Summary: The literature has recently been attempting to define the relationship between olive leaf (Olea europaea L. folium) polyphenols and a number of health problems. Oleuropein, the basic phenolic compound of olive leaf and its extract, is responsible for the characteristic bitter taste and unique aroma of olive fruits. Furthermore, it is shown that oleuropein and its hydrolyzed products have many beneficial effects on human health because of its antioxidant characters. A number of studies report that olive leaf has potentially positive effects on the parameters related to diabetes and cardiovascular diseases by various mechanisms. Besides, toxicity studies suggest that olive leaf is generally safe even at high doses. Key messages: Although current results obtained until today seem promising, the studies in this subject are usually on cell culture and animal trials. Moreover, mostly the extract forms of olive leaves are used in the studies. More randomized controlled human clinical trials with extensive toxicity studies are needed to evaluate potential health effects and safety.
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Scortichini, Marco, Stefania Loreti, Nicoletta Pucci, Valeria Scala, Giuseppe Tatulli, Dimitri Verweire, Michael Oehl, et al. "Progress towards Sustainable Control of Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca in Olive Groves of Salento (Apulia, Italy)." Pathogens 10, no. 6 (May 29, 2021): 668. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10060668.
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Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca is the causal agent of “olive quick decline syndrome” in Salento (Apulia, Italy). On April 2015, we started interdisciplinary studies to provide a sustainable control strategy for this pathogen that threatens the multi-millennial olive agroecosystem of Salento. Confocal laser scanning microscopy and fluorescence quantification showed that a zinc-copper-citric acid biocomplex—Dentamet®—reached the olive xylem tissue either after the spraying of the canopy or injection into the trunk, demonstrating its effective systemicity. The biocomplex showed in vitro bactericidal activity towards all X. fastidiosa subspecies. A mid-term evaluation of the control strategy performed in some olive groves of Salento indicated that this biocomplex significantly reduced both the symptoms and X. f. subsp. pauca cell concentration within the leaves of the local cultivars Ogliarola salentina and Cellina di Nardò. The treated trees started again to yield. A 1H-NMR metabolomic approach revealed, upon the treatments, a consistent increase in malic acid and γ-aminobutyrate for Ogliarola salentina and Cellina di Nardò trees, respectively. A novel endotherapy technique allowed injection of Dentamet® at low pressure directly into the vascular system of the tree and is currently under study for the promotion of resprouting in severely attacked trees. There are currently more than 700 ha of olive groves in Salento where this strategy is being applied to control X. f. subsp. pauca. These results collectively demonstrate an efficient, simple, low-cost, and environmentally sustainable strategy to control this pathogen in Salento.
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Garrido, Alejandro, María Fernández-González, Jose A. Cortiñas Rodríguez, Lucía Carrera, Estefanía González-Fernández, Michel Almaguer-Chávez, and Fco Javier Rodríguez-Rajo. "Fungal Phytopathogenic Spore First Assessment in an Olive Orchard of Northwestern Spain." Agronomy 12, no. 2 (January 19, 2022): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12020246.
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The most common fungal diseases of Olea europaea are olive leaf spot (Fusicladium oleagineum), anthracnose (Colletotrichum spp.) and cercospora leaf spot (Pseudocercospora cladosporioides). To know the fungal load during the vegetative olive cycle, an aerobiological and phenological study was conducted in an olive grove in North-West Spain. For the aerobiological study, the Spanish Aerobiological Network protocol was followed using a Hirst-type spore trap. The goal of the study was to assess the spore concentrations in the atmosphere of the olive grove and their relationship with the meteorological parameters by applying statistical procedures, including a Cluster analysis, Spearman’s correlation test and PCA analysis. The most abundant spores belong to Fusicladium, registering the double of values than Colletotrichum and Pseudocercospora. The hours with the highest spores’ presence were from 11:00 to 12:00 for Fusicladium and Colletotrichum, and from 17:00 to 18:00 for Pseudocercospora. The Spearman’s and PCA test showed a positive association between temperature and relative humidity with the spores’ concentrations. The combination of meteorological, phenological and aerobiological parameters is a useful tool to understand the ecological behavior of the considered phytopathogenic fungal spores in order to develop futures strategies for the integrated management of fungal olive diseases in areas at the limit of this tree distribution.
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Basso Valeria, González, Di Barbaro Gabriela, Felicetti Julieta, and Ribero Gustavo. "Verticillium dahliae Kleb, regionally important phytopathogen agent." Journal of Applied Biotechnology & Bioengineering 10, no. 1 (February 2, 2023): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/jabb.2023.10.00323.
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Verticillium dahliae is a soil phytopathogenic fungus that presents a wide range of susceptible hosts, both herbaceous and woody, which are considered of agronomic, ornamental and forestry interest. Among the species of agronomic interest and regional importance are the olive tree (Olea europaea) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), among others. The application of prevention and control measures requires the identification of the etiological agent that causes diseases, for which the objective of this work was to determine the presence, isolation, and identification of the etiological agent of the Olive Verticillium disease that manifests itself in the olive groves of the provinces of Catamarca and La Rioja, the main olive (Olea europaea L.) producing provinces in the Argentine Republic. Sampling was carried out in different olive farms in Catamarca and La Rioja to obtain the material for the isolation of V. dahliae, until obtaining pure cultures and selection of strains. The morphological and molecular identification of the isolates was carried out. The isolation and morphological, functional, and genetic identification of V. dahliae as a phytopathogenic agent of olive verticillium wilt was achieved, in olive plant var. Arauco of the province of Catamarca
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Kalampaliki, Giannouli, Skaltsounis, and Kostakis. "A Three-Step, Gram-Scale Synthesis of Hydroxytyrosol, Hydroxytyrosol Acetate, and 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylglycol." Molecules 24, no. 18 (September 5, 2019): 3239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24183239.
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Hydroxytyrosol and two other polyphenols of olive tree, hydroxytyrosol acetate and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol, are known for a wide range of beneficial activities in human health and prevention from diseases. The inability to isolate high, pure amounts of these natural compounds and the difficult and laborious procedures for the synthesis of them led us to describe herein an efficient, easy, cheap, and scaling up synthetic procedure, from catechol, via microwave irradiation.
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Castejón, María Luisa, Tatiana Montoya, Catalina Alarcón-de-la-Lastra, and Marina Sánchez-Hidalgo. "Potential Protective Role Exerted by Secoiridoids from Olea europaea L. in Cancer, Cardiovascular, Neurodegenerative, Aging-Related, and Immunoinflammatory Diseases." Antioxidants 9, no. 2 (February 10, 2020): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9020149.
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Iridoids, which have beneficial health properties, include a wide group of cyclopentane [c] pyran monoterpenoids present in plants and insects. The cleavage of the cyclopentane ring leads to secoiridoids. Mainly, secoiridoids have shown a variety of pharmacological effects including anti-diabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, neuroprotective, anti-cancer, and anti-obesity, which increase the interest of studying these types of bioactive compounds in depth. Secoiridoids are thoroughly distributed in several families of plants such as Oleaceae, Valerianaceae, Gentianaceae and Pedialaceae, among others. Specifically, Olea europaea L. (Oleaceae) is rich in oleuropein (OL), dimethyl-OL, and ligstroside secoiridoids, and their hydrolysis derivatives are mostly OL-aglycone, oleocanthal (OLE), oleacein (OLA), elenolate, oleoside-11-methyl ester, elenoic acid, hydroxytyrosol (HTy), and tyrosol (Ty). These compounds have proved their efficacy in the management of diabetes, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, and viral and microbial infections. Particularly, the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties of secoiridoids from the olive tree (Olea europaea L. (Oleaceae)) have been suggested as a potential application in a large number of inflammatory and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated diseases. Thus, the purpose of this review is to summarize recent advances in the protective role of secoiridoids derived from the olive tree (preclinical studies and clinical trials) in diseases with an important pathogenic contribution of oxidative and peroxidative stress and damage, focusing on their plausible mechanisms of the action involved.
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Glibota, Nicolás, Mª José Grande, Antonio Galvez, and Elena Ortega. "Genetic Determinants for Metal Tolerance and Antimicrobial Resistance Detected in Bacteria Isolated from Soils of Olive Tree Farms." Antibiotics 9, no. 8 (August 3, 2020): 476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9080476.
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Copper-derived compounds are often used in olive tree farms. In a previous study, a collection of bacterial strains isolated from olive tree farms were identified and tested for phenotypic antimicrobial resistance and heavy metal tolerance. The aim of this work was to study the genetic determinants of resistance and to evaluate the co-occurrence of metal tolerance and antibiotic resistance genes. Both metal tolerance and antibiotic resistance genes (including beta-lactamase genes) were detected in the bacterial strains from Cu-treated soils. A high percentage of the strains positive for metal tolerance genes also carried antibiotic resistance genes, especially for genes involved in resistances to beta-lactams and tetracycline. Significant associations were detected between genes involved in copper tolerance and genes coding for beta-lactamases or tetracycline resistance mechanisms. A significant association was also detected between zntA (coding for a Zn(II)-translocating P-type ATPase) and tetC genes. In conclusion, bacteria from soils of Cu-treated olive farms may carry both metal tolerance and antibiotic resistance genes. The positive associations detected between metal tolerance genes and antibiotic resistance genes suggests co-selection of such genetic traits by exposure to metals.
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Coppa, Carolina, Bruna Gonçalves, Sarah Lee, Valéria Nunes, Cíntia Gonçalves, Christianne Rodrigues, and Carlos Oliveira. "Extraction of oleuropein from olive leaves and applicability in foods." Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods 12, no. 4 (October 31, 2020): 50–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15586/qas.v12i4.779.
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Oleuropein is a phenolic compound found in all parts of the olive tree (Olea europaea L.), although at higher levels in the leaves. The health benefits associated with the consumption of oleuropein include the prevention of cardiac diseases, improvement in lipid metabolism, and decrease in obesity-related disturbs, among others. In addition, several studies have shown that oleuropein presents antimicrobial, antioxidant, and inflammatory properties. The scientific interest in the methods for the extraction of oleuropein from olive leaves has markedly increased in recent years, aiming to extend its application in foods, cosmetics, and drugs. In this review, the extraction procedures available in the literature are described according to their advantages and disadvantages that directly affect the extraction yield. The applicability of oleuropein in food products is also discussed.
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Nora, Benrachou, Rahal Lynda, and Cherifa Henchiri. "Analysis of bioactive minor compounds in three olive oils from varieties of olive tree eastern Algerian (Bouricha, Limli and Blanquette)." Journal of Natural Remedies 16, no. 4 (October 15, 2016): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/jnr/2016/14725.
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The study of bioactive compounds on the health of the unsaponifiable fraction of three olive oils from three cultivars of eastern Algeria carried out by gas chromatography revealed the presence of 11 compounds with the predominance of b-Sitosterol, Sterol characteristic of olive oils and having a nutritional and pharmacological value. The highest content was found in Limli oil (81.59%). Two triterpene dialcohols were chromatographed with sterols (erythrodiol and uvaol), the content of which can be identified fraud and to detect whether the virgin oil is mixed with the oil of pomace. Analysis of the alcohol fraction by GPC-FID revealed the predominance of a triterpene alcohol, 24-methylene cycloarenol for the three varieties with a higher content for Blanquette (48.03%) followed by cycloarenol. For the aliphatic alcohols, the analysis shows the predominance of four alcohols with 22, 23, 24 and 28 carbon atoms whose contents are higher for Limli oil. The spectrophotometric determination of antioxidant pigments shows that Limli oil is richer in chlorophylls with an average of 13.53 mg / kg and a significantly higher carotenoid content for Bouricha and Limli (13.10 -12.82 mg / Kg). The total polyphenols were lower for Blanquette (83.36 mg / kg) compared with Bouricha and Limli (133.3 mg / kg and 121.3 mg / kg), making them more stable during oxidation storage and whose beneficial effects of olive oil are mainly attributed to these substances, in particular the antioxidant action that would protect against diseases of oxidative stress.
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Cheffi, Manel, Ali Chenari Bouket, Faizah N. Alenezi, Lenka Luptakova, Marta Belka, Armelle Vallat, Mostafa E. Rateb, Slim Tounsi, Mohamed Ali Triki, and Lassaad Belbahri. "Olea europaea L. Root Endophyte Bacillus velezensis OEE1 Counteracts Oomycete and Fungal Harmful Pathogens and Harbours a Large Repertoire of Secreted and Volatile Metabolites and Beneficial Functional Genes." Microorganisms 7, no. 9 (September 3, 2019): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7090314.
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Oomycete and fungal pathogens, mainly Phytophthora and Fusarium species, are notorious causal agents of huge economic losses and environmental damages. For instance, Phytophthora ramorum, Phytophthora cryptogea, Phytophthora plurivora and Fusarium solani cause significant losses in nurseries and in forest ecosystems. Chemical treatments, while harmful to the environment and human health, have been proved to have little or no impact on these species. Recently, biocontrol bacterial species were used to cope with these pathogens and have shown promising prospects towards sustainable and eco-friendly agricultural practices. Olive trees prone to Phytophthora and Fusarium disease outbreaks are suitable for habitat-adapted symbiotic strategies, to recover oomycetes and fungal pathogen biocontrol agents. Using this strategy, we showed that olive trees-associated microbiome represents a valuable source for microorganisms, promoting plant growth and healthy benefits in addition to being biocontrol agents against oomycete and fungal diseases. Isolation, characterization and screening of root microbiome of olive trees against numerous Phytophthora and other fungal pathogens have led to the identification of the Bacillus velezensis OEE1, with plant growth promotion (PGP) abilities and strong activity against major oomycete and fungal pathogens. Phylogenomic analysis of the strain OEE1 showed that B. velezensis suffers taxonomic imprecision that blurs species delimitation, impacting their biofertilizers’ practical use. Genome mining of several B. velezensis strains available in the GenBank have highlighted a wide array of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) features, metals and antibiotics resistance and the degradation ability of phytotoxic aromatic compounds. Strain OEE1 harbours a large repertoire of secreted and volatile secondary metabolites. Rarefaction analysis of secondary metabolites richness in the B. velezenis genomes, unambiguously documented new secondary metabolites from ongoing genome sequencing efforts that warrants more efforts in order to assess the huge diversity in the species. Comparative genomics indicated that B. velezensis harbours a core genome endowed with PGP features and accessory genome encoding diverse secondary metabolites. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of OEE1 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and Liquid Chromatography High Resolution Mas Spectrometry (LC-HRMS) analysis of secondary metabolites identified numerous molecules with PGP abilities that are known to interfere with pathogen development. Moreover, B. velezensis OEE1 proved effective in protecting olive trees against F. solani in greenhouse experiments and are able to inhabit olive tree roots. Our strategy provides an effective means for isolation of biocontrol agents against recalcitrant pathogens. Their genomic analysis provides necessary clues towards their efficient implementation as biofertilizers.
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Babbitt, S., M. Gally, B. A. Pérez, and D. Barreto. "First Report of Nectria haematococca Causing Wilt of Olive Plants in Argentina." Plant Disease 86, no. 3 (March 2002): 326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2002.86.3.326a.
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Death of 8- to 12-month-old olive plants (Olea europaea L. ‘Arbequina’, ‘Arauco’, and ‘Picual’) has been observed since 1998 in northwestern Argentina. No mycelium or perithecium was observed when examining rotting roots of greenhouse-collected plants. Root segments of diseased plants were plated on potato dextrose agar. Cultures developed a white mycelium after 2 to 3 days, producing microconidia, macroconidia, and chlamydospores identified as Fusarium solani (1). After 15 days of incubation at 23 ± 2°C, reddish perithecia developed infrequently on root segments and adjacent substratum. Single-septate ascospores were hyaline and turned light brown with longitudinal striations at maturity. Microscopic measurements agreed with Nectria haematococca (1). To conduct Koch's postulates (two experiments, two treatments including inoculated and controls, 10 replicates per treatment), young rooted cuttings (6- to 12-month-old) were transferred to pots with a soilless mix and F. solani-colonized oat grains (10:1 vol/vol) and placed in growth chamber (25 to 28°C). First symptoms of the disease were leaf drooping and apex bending after 5 days. At approximately 9 days, leaves turned brownish, developed wilting from the tip downward, and plant death. Controls remained healthy. The fungus was reisolated, and perithecia of N. haematococca developed. F. solani has been reported causing wilt and sudden death in olive previously (2,3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of perithecial development associated with F. solani on olive. References: (1) C. Booth. The Genus Fusarium. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 1971. (2) R. L. Munjal et al. Studies on diseases of olive in himachal pradesh. Pages 437–440 In: Improvement of Forest Biomass. Symposium Proceedings. Indian Society of Tree Scientists. P. K. Kosla, ed. Sdan, India, 1982. (3) B. A. Pérez et al. (Abstr.) Phytopathology 91 (suppl):S71, 2001.
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Cardoni, Martina, Jesús Mercado-Blanco, and Rafael Villar. "Functional Traits of Olive Varieties and Their Relationship with the Tolerance Level towards Verticillium Wilt." Plants 10, no. 6 (May 27, 2021): 1079. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10061079.
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Verticillium wilt of olive (VWO), caused by the soil-borne pathogen Verticillium dahliae, is considered one of the most important diseases affecting this tree crop. One of the best VWO management measures is the use of tolerant cultivars. Remarkably, no information is available about olive functional traits and their potential relationship with tolerance to V. dahliae. Twenty-five selected functional traits (for leaf, stem, root and whole plant) were evaluated in six olive varieties differing in their VWO tolerance level to identify possible links between this phenotype and functional traits’ variation. High intervarietal diversity was found among cultivars and several functional traits were related with VWO tolerance. Tolerant varieties showed higher leaf area, dry matter content (leaf, stem and plant) and mass fraction for stems, but lower for leaves. Significant differences were also detected for root functional traits, tolerant cultivars displaying larger fine root diameter and lignin content but smaller specific length and area of thick and fine roots. Correlations were found among functional traits both within varieties and between levels of tolerance/susceptibility to VWO. Associations were observed between biomass allocation, dry matter content and VWO tolerance. The most relevant difference between tolerant and susceptible cultivars was related to root system architecture.
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Santana-Garrido, Álvaro, Claudia Reyes-Goya, Santiago Milla-Navarro, Pedro de la Villa, Helder André, Carmen M. Vázquez, and Alfonso Mate. "Anti-Inflammatory Action of Dietary Wild Olive (Acebuche) Oil in the Retina of Hypertensive Mice." Foods 10, no. 9 (August 25, 2021): 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10091993.
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Inflammation plays a crucial role in the course of eye diseases, including many vascular retinopathies. Although olive oil is known to have beneficial effects against inflammatory processes, there is no information available on the anti-inflammatory potential of the wild olive tree (namely, acebuche (ACE) for the primitive Spanish lineages). Here we investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of ACE oil in the retina of a mouse model of arterial hypertension, which was experimentally induced by administration of L-NAME (NG-nitro-L-arginine-methyl-ester). The animals were fed supplements of ACE oil or extra virgin olive oil (EVOO, for comparative purposes). Retinal function was assessed by electroretinography (ERG), and different inflammation-related parameters were measured in the retina and choroid. Besides significant prevention of retinal dysfunction shown in ERG recordings, ACE oil-enriched diet upregulated the expression of the anti-inflammatory markers PPARγ, PPARα and IL-10, while reducing that of major proinflammatory biomarkers, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and COX-2. This is the first report to highlight the anti-inflammatory properties of an ACE oil-enriched diet against hypertension-related retinal damage. Noteworthy, dietary supplementation with ACE oil yielded better results compared to a reference EVOO.
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Marchetti, Carla, Marco Clericuzio, Barbara Borghesi, Laura Cornara, Stefania Ribulla, Fabio Gosetti, Emilio Marengo, and Bruno Burlando. "Oleuropein-Enriched Olive Leaf Extract Affects Calcium Dynamics and Impairs Viability of Malignant Mesothelioma Cells." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/908493.
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Malignant mesothelioma is a poor prognosis cancer in urgent need of alternative therapies. Oleuropein, the major phenolic of olive tree (Olea europaeaL.), is believed to have therapeutic potentials for various diseases, including tumors. We obtained an oleuropein-enriched fraction, consisting of 60% w/w oleuropein, from olive leaves, and assessed its effects on intracellular Ca2+and cell viability in mesothelioma cells. Effects of the oleuropein-enriched fraction on Ca2+dynamics and cell viability were studied in the REN mesothelioma cell line, using fura-2 microspectrofluorimetry and MTT assay, respectively. Fura-2-loaded cells, transiently exposed to the oleuropein-enriched fraction, showed dose-dependent transient elevations of cytosolic Ca2+concentration (Ca2+i). Application of standard oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol, and of the inhibitor of low-voltage T-type Ca2+channels NNC-55-0396, suggested that the effect is mainly due to oleuropein acting through its hydroxytyrosol moiety on T-type Ca2+channels. The oleuropein-enriched fraction and standard oleuropein displayed a significant antiproliferative effect, as measured on REN cells by MTT cell viability assay, with IC50of 22 μg/mL oleuropein. Data suggest that our oleuropein-enriched fraction from olive leaf extract could have pharmacological application in malignant mesothelioma anticancer therapy, possibly by targeting T-type Ca2+channels and thereby dysregulating intracellular Ca2+dynamics.
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Chliyeh, Mohamed, Amina Ouazzani Touhami, Karima Selmaoui, Rachid Benkirane, and Allal Douira. "Inventory and world geographical distribution of the olive tree (Olea europaea L.) diseases caused by viruses, bacteria and phytoplasma." International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology 2, no. 3 (2017): 1410–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab/2.3.51.
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Hinad, Ibrahim, Youssef S’hih, Radia El Gui, Aboubaker Elhessni, Abdelhalim Mesfioui, and Moulay laarbi Ouahidi. "Acute and subacute toxicity study of the methanolic extract of olea europea.L leaves in Wistar rat." E3S Web of Conferences 319 (2021): 01094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202131901094.
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Olea europea.L (olive tree) is a plant widely used in the world. Its leaves have an extensive use in traditional herbal medicine to prevent and/or treat several diseases especially in Mediterranean regions. Despite this, research into the study of its toxicity is very limited in the literature. For this, this study aims to study the acute and subacute toxicity of methanolic extract olive leaves in Wistar rats. To study acute toxicity, four dose levels (50,300,2000 and 5000 mg/kg body weight) were tested by single oral administration to Wistar rats. The subacute toxicity for 28 days was conducted by daily oral administration of methanolic extract of olive leaves at doses 1000,2000 and 3000 mg/kg in rats Wistar. After fourteen days of the administration of escalating doses, no deaths were recorded in the animals and no clinically detectable signs were observed. The results of subacute toxicity showed that the body weight of rats was not significantly changed by administration of methanolic extract of olive leaves. Monitoring of the behavior of the rats during the study showed the appearance of some manifestations of tremor, agitation and diarrhea in rats treated with the dose of 3000mg/kg. Grosse examination of the kidneys and liver revealed no changes in those organs and histopathological examination showed congestion and inflammation of the fat in rats treated with the dose of 3000mg/kg. the hematological profile showed no significant changes of the measured hematological parameters. Olive leaves should be used with care and caution since its methanolic extract caused some signs of toxicity and may affect the liver at repeated dose. however, more studies are needed to verify and clarify the toxic aspect of olea europea.L leaves.
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Rodríguez-Espinosa, Teresa, Jose Navarro-Pedreño, Ignacio Gómez Lucas, María Belén Almendro Candel, Ana Pérez Gimeno, and Antonis A. Zorpas. "Soluble Elements Released from Organic Wastes to Increase Available Nutrients for Soil and Crops." Applied Sciences 13, no. 2 (January 14, 2023): 1151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13021151.
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Member States of the European Union must ban burning arable stubble by 2023 and improve the recycling of organic waste into fertilizers and organic farming practices by 2030. The current lack of nutrients from soils and crops leads to food insecurity, human malnutrition and diseases. Consequently, innovative solutions are required, as technosols are constructed by waste. The objective of this paper is to educate on the nutrients that some pruning residues can provide. This work characterizes elemental composition, nutrients soluble fraction and physical and chemical properties of the following organic wastes: almond tree pruning, commercial peat substrate, olive tree pruning, pine needle, date palm leaf pruning, sewage sludge compost and vine pruning. The results show significant differences between macro (Na, K, Ca, Mg) and micronutrient (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn) content and their solubility. Sewage sludge compost, olive pruning and pine needle are the three residues with the highest presence of nutrients in their elemental composition. Nevertheless, if a farmer applies pruning residues as a nutritional supplement for crops, it will be key to finding the short-term soluble nutrient rate and synchronizing the nutritional requirement curve of a plant’s life cycle with its nutrient release. Consequently, organic waste (without composting treatment) obtains higher solubility rates, being date palm leaf residue the one with the greatest value. The solubility index of organic wastes can be significant in providing short-term nutrients to crops. Hence, our results can help in choosing the proper waste to enhance plant nutrient supply, mainly K, Ca, Mg and Na for crop nutrition, to ensure efficient biofertilization.
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Lepore, Saverio Massimo, Valeria Maria Morittu, Marilena Celano, Francesca Trimboli, Manuela Oliverio, Antonio Procopio, Carla Di Loreto, et al. "Oral Administration of Oleuropein and Its Semisynthetic Peracetylated Derivative Prevents Hepatic Steatosis, Hyperinsulinemia, and Weight Gain in Mice Fed with High Fat Cafeteria Diet." International Journal of Endocrinology 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/431453.
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The high consumption of olive tree products in the Mediterranean diet has been associated with a lower incidence of metabolic disorders and cardiovascular diseases. In particular, the protective effects of olive oil have been attributed to the presence of polyphenols such as oleuropein (Ole) and its derivatives. We have synthesized a peracetylated derivative of Ole (Ac-Ole) which has shownin vitroantioxidant and growth-inhibitory activity higher than the natural molecule. In this study, male C57BL/6JOlaHsd mice were fed with a standard (std), cafeteria (caf) diet, and caf diet supplemented with Ole (0.037 mmol/kg/day) and Ac-Ole (0.025 mmol/kg/day) for 15 weeks. We observed a significant reduction in the caf diet-induced body weight gain and increase of abdominal adipose tissue. Also, Ole and Ac-Ole prevented the development of hepatic steatosis. Finally, Ole and Ac-Ole determined a lower increase of HDL and LDL-cholesterol levels and corrected caf diet-induced elevation of plasma glucose concentrations by improving insulin sensitivity. The observed beneficial properties of Ole and Ac-Ole make these compounds and in particular Ac-Ole promising candidates for a potential pharmaceutic use in metabolic disorders.
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Shadeed, Sameer, Sandy Alawna, Michel Riksen, and Luuk Fleskens. "Land suitability mapping for rainfed olive tree plantation in the West Bank, Palestine." DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT 268 (2022): 194–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2022.28716.
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PARAMÁ, A., J. A. ARRANZ, M. F. ÁLVAREZ, M. L. SANMARTÍN, and J. LEIRO. "Ultrastructure and phylogeny ofPhilasterides dicentrarchi(Ciliophora, Scuticociliatia) from farmed turbot in NW Spain." Parasitology 132, no. 4 (January 3, 2006): 555–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182005009534.
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Several species of opportunistic histophagous scuticociliates have been implicated in systemic infections of farmed fish. In turbot, scuticociliatosis is an emerging disease, and the identification of the parasite species involved is controversial. We have previously isolatedPhilasterides dicentrarchifrom farmed turbot scuticociliatosis outbreaks in northwest Spain. In the present study, we report detailed ultrastructural studies of this parasite, and investigate phylogenetic relations with other members of the order Philasterida on the basis of sequence comparison of the small-subunit rRNA (SSUrRNA) gene. Ultrastructural study indicates the presence of dikinetids in the anterior two-thirds of the body; micronucleus closely associated with the macronucleus, though not physically connected; numerous mitochondria located below the cell cortex, parallel to the surface; numerous spherical and fusiform extrusomes located close to the plasma membrane. We consider that these characteristics are useful for diagnosis of infections by this parasite. A nested 350-bp nucleotide sequence of the SSUrRNA gene of the turbotP. dicentrachiisolate showed high identity with previously reported SSUrRNA gene sequences from 2 scuticociliates isolated from olive flounderParalichthys olivaceusin Korea, namelyP. dicentrarchi(98%) andMiamiensis avidus(99%); conversely, ourP. dicentrarchisequence showed low identity (86%) with that ofUronema marinum, a scuticociliate that has also been implicated in scuticociliatosis outbreaks in turbot in Europe and olive flounder in Asia. Phylogenetic tree construction on the basis of the SSUrRNA gene sequences, using the neighbour-joining method, confirm that the differentP. dicentrarchiisolates andM. avidusare closely related and a possible synonymy between both ciliates species should be considered.
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Vettraino, A. M., G. P. Shrestha, and A. Vannini. "First Report of Fusarium solani Causing Wilt of Olea europaea in Nepal." Plant Disease 93, no. 2 (February 2009): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-2-0200a.
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Leaf drop, wilt, and mortality were observed in September of 2007 on approximately 10% of 1- to 2-year-old olive (Olea europaea cv. Leccino) plants shipped from Europe and growing in a nursery in the District of Makwampur, Nepal. Roots of symptomatic and asymptomatic plants were disinfected in 1% NaOCl, cut into 1 cm long pieces, plated on 2% potato dextrose agar, and maintained at 20°C with 14 h of light per day. Colonies with white mycelium developed after 3 days. Microconidia and three-septated macroconidia averaged 11 × 3.9 μm and 38 × 5 μm, respectively. Chlamydospores were produced singly and in pairs. On the basis of culture characteristics, the fungus was identified as Fusarium solani (2). The ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 DNA sequences of 10 monoconidial cultures shared 99% identity with F. solani strains available on the NCBI databases (GenBank Accession Nos. 1115947 and 1115999). Pathogenicity tests were conducted with F. solani isolates NR1 and NR2 obtained from symptomatic plants. Twelve-month-old rooted cuttings of O. europaea cv. Leccino were transferred to pots containing a soilless mix and F. solani-infected oat grains (10:1 vol/vol). Fifteen plants of each F. solani isolate were inoculated. Noninfested sterilized oat grains were used for the control treatment. Symptoms on inoculated plants included leaf abscission followed by wilting and plant death approximately 10 days after inoculation and resembled those observed on the naturally infected plants. Noninoculated control plants remained healthy. The fungus was reisolated from roots of symptomatic tissues and was identical in appearance to the isolates used to inoculate the plants. No colonies of F. solani were isolated from noninoculated plants. F. solani has been reported as weakly pathogenic on olive in Spain (4) and highly aggressive on olive in Argentina (1) and India (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of F. solani causing wilt and mortality of young olive plants in Nepal. References: (1) S. Babbit et al. Plant Dis. 86:326, 2002. (2) C. Booth. Fusarium Laboratory Guide to the Identification of the Major Species. CMI, Kew, England, 1977. (3) R. L. Munjal et al. Studies on diseases of olive in Himachal Pradesh. Page 437 in: Improvement of Forest Biomass. Symposium Proceedings. Indian Society of Tree Scientists. P. K. Kosla, ed. Sdan, India, 1982. (4) M. E. Sánchez Hernández et al. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 104:347, 1998.
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Kargin, Dicle, Laura Tomaino, and Lluís Serra-Majem. "Experimental Outcomes of the Mediterranean Diet: Lessons Learned from the Predimed Randomized Controlled Trial." Nutrients 11, no. 12 (December 6, 2019): 2991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11122991.
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The Mediterranean Diet (MD) is, culturally and historically, the nutritional pattern shared by people living in the olive-tree growing areas of the Mediterranean basin. It is of great importance for its potential preventive effect against cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea (PREDIMED) study, a Spanish multicentre randomised controlled trial (RCT), was designed to assess the long-term effects of the MD, without any energy restriction, on the incidence of CVD in individuals at high cardiovascular (CV) risk. Since its inception, it gave a great contribution to the available literature on the issue. It is well known that, in the field of the health sciences, RCTs provide the best scientific evidence. Thus, the aim of the present review is to analyse the results of the RCTs performed within the frame of the PREDIMED study. Our findings showed that MD has beneficial effects in the primary prevention of CVDs, diabetes and in the management of metabolic syndrome.
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Sicard, Anne, Adam R. Zeilinger, Mathieu Vanhove, Tyler E. Schartel, Dylan J. Beal, Matthew P. Daugherty, and Rodrigo P. P. Almeida. "Xylella fastidiosa: Insights into an Emerging Plant Pathogen." Annual Review of Phytopathology 56, no. 1 (August 25, 2018): 181–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-080417-045849.
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The bacterium Xylella fastidiosa re-emerged as a plant pathogen of global importance in 2013 when it was first associated with an olive tree disease epidemic in Italy. The current threat to Europe and the Mediterranean basin, as well as other world regions, has increased as multiple X. fastidiosa genotypes have now been detected in Italy, France, and Spain. Although X. fastidiosa has been studied in the Americas for more than a century, there are no therapeutic solutions to suppress disease development in infected plants. Furthermore, because X. fastidiosa is an obligatory plant and insect vector colonizer, the epidemiology and dynamics of each pathosystem are distinct. They depend on the ecological interplay of plant, pathogen, and vector and on how interactions are affected by biotic and abiotic factors, including anthropogenic activities and policy decisions. Our goal with this review is to stimulate discussion and novel research by contextualizing available knowledge on X. fastidiosa and how it may be applicable to emerging diseases.
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Fatema, Bensalah, Gaouar-Benyelles Nassira, and Choukri Beghdad Mohammed. "High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) Identification of five new phenolic compounds involved in the olive tree (Olea europea var. Sigoise) resistance to Verticillium dahliae." African Journal of Microbiology Research 8, no. 2 (January 8, 2014): 192–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajmr2013.5844.
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Cvjetićanin, Tamara, Djordje Miljković, Ivana Stojanović, Dragana Dekanski, and Stanislava Stošić-Grujičić. "Dried leaf extract of Olea europaea ameliorates islet-directed autoimmunity in mice." British Journal of Nutrition 103, no. 10 (December 22, 2009): 1413–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114509993394.
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The health-promoting effects of various constituents of the olive tree (Olea europaea) are mainly associated with hypoglycaemic and insulin-sensitising activities and have been widely demonstrated in the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. However, their biological activity in autoimmune type 1 diabetes (T1D) is poorly characterised. Therefore, the influence of O. europaea-derived components present in dry olive leaf extract (DOLE) was examined in two established preclinical models of human T1D, which differ in some aspects of diabetogenesis: multiple low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetes in susceptible C57BL/6 and CBA/H mouse strains; cyclophosphamide-accelerated diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice. In both T1D models, in vivo administration of DOLE significantly reduced clinical signs of diabetes (hyperglycaemia and body weight loss) and led to complete suppression of histopathological changes in pancreatic islets. In line with these, insulin expression and release were restored in DOLE-treated mice. Interestingly, inducible NO synthase expression and NO production were significantly elevated in peripheral tissues but were down-regulated within the local environment of the endocrine pancreas. This interference was reflected in NO-mediated suppression of T lymphocyte proliferation and lower production of the proinflammatory cytokines interferon-γ, IL-17 and TNF-α in the spleen, with subsequent blockade of β-cell destruction. The results suggest that DOLE interferes with development of autoimmune diabetes by down-regulating production of proinflammatory and cytotoxic mediators. Therefore, the potential use of a DOLE-enriched diet for prophylaxis/treatment of human T1D, and possibly other autoimmune diseases, is worthy of further investigation.
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Varandas, Leonor, João Faria, Pedro Gaspar, and Martim Aguiar. "Low-Cost IoT Remote Sensor Mesh for Large-Scale Orchard Monitorization." Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks 9, no. 3 (September 21, 2020): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jsan9030044.
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Population growth and climate change lead agricultural cultures to face environmental degradation and rising of resistant diseases and pests. These conditions result in reduced product quality and increasing risk of harmful toxicity to human health. Thus, the prediction of the occurrence of diseases and pests and the consequent avoidance of the erroneous use of phytosanitary products will contribute to improving food quality and safety and environmental land protection. This study presents the design and construction of a low-cost IoT sensor mesh that enables the remote measurement of parameters of large-scale orchards. The developed remote monitoring system transmits all monitored data to a central node via LoRaWAN technology. To make the system nodes fully autonomous, the individual nodes were designed to be solar-powered and to require low energy consumption. To improve the user experience, a web interface and a mobile application were developed, which allow the monitored information to be viewed in real-time. Several experimental tests were performed in an olive orchard under different environmental conditions. The results indicate an adequate precision and reliability of the system and show that the system is fully adequate to be placed in remote orchards located at a considerable distance from networks, being able to provide real-time parameters monitoring of both tree and the surrounding environment.
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El Idrissi, A., A. Haidine, A. Dahbi, and A. Aqqal. "SMART OASIS: USING ICT ADVANCED SOLUTIONS FOR SOCIETAL AND ECONOMIC RECONNECTION." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVIII-4/W3-2022 (December 2, 2022): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlviii-4-w3-2022-47-2022.
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Abstract. The climate change is hitting the whole world, and with different level of severity from one geographical zone to another. There are different sensible environments, where its impact is having dramatic consequences on the life, for human being as well for fauna and flora. One of this sensible environment is the oasis. For example, in Moroccan oases, the conditions are getting more dramatic, with harsh desertification, scarcity of the precipitations, and more dangerously is the diminished groundwater, caused by less rain, less snow on the mountains, and evaporation of few available water due to thigh temperature. Other factors come to worsen the situation, such diseases in palm trees, olive tree, more frequent fire even outside of the hot season, etc. In this paper, we list and discuss some of the major challenges and problems facing the oasis environment, and we propose some smart applications to hep this environment to overcome such problems/challenges from societal, economic as well as environmental aspects. These solutions are pointed as smart to, because they are based on some advanced Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), through data collection from sensors, data transmission, and then data analysis in order to make some intelligent decisions through algorithms to meet some optical decisions for resources utilisation. The term of “resources” covers energy, water, space, etc. In other works, we discuss “Internet-of-Things” (IoT) paradigm for modelling, synthesis and deployment of smart oasis.
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Lăcătușu, Cristina-Mihaela, Elena-Daniela Grigorescu, Mariana Floria, Alina Onofriescu, and Bogdan-Mircea Mihai. "The Mediterranean Diet: From an Environment-Driven Food Culture to an Emerging Medical Prescription." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 6 (March 15, 2019): 942. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16060942.
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The Mediterranean diet originates in the food cultures of ancient civilizations which developed around the Mediterranean Basin and is based on the regular consumption of olive oil (as the main source of added fat), plant foods (cereals, fruits, vegetables, legumes, tree nuts, and seeds), the moderate consumption of fish, seafood, and dairy, and low-to-moderate alcohol (mostly red wine) intake, balanced by a comparatively limited use of red meat and other meat products. A few decades ago, the Mediterranean diet drew the attention of medical professionals by proving extended health benefits. The first reports ascertained cardiovascular protection, as multiple large-scale clinical studies, starting with Ancel Keys’ Seven Countries Study, showed a marked reduction of atherosclerotic clinical events in populations with a Mediterranean dietary pattern. Ensuing trials confirmed favorable influences on the risk for metabolic syndrome, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. While its health benefits are universally recognized today by medical professionals, the present state of the Mediterranean diet is challenged by major difficulties in implementing this protective dietary pattern in other geographical and cultural areas and keeping it alive in traditional Mediterranean territories, also tainted by the unhealthy eating habits brought by worldwide acculturation.
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Ben-Amor, Ichrak, Bochra Gargouri, Hamadi Attia, Khaoula Tlili, Imen Kallel, Maria Musarra-Pizzo, Maria Teresa Sciortino, and Rosamaria Pennisi. "In Vitro Anti-Epstein Barr Virus Activity of Olea europaea L. Leaf Extracts." Plants 10, no. 11 (November 12, 2021): 2445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10112445.
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Olea europaea L. var. sativa (OESA) preparations are widely used in traditional medicine in the Mediterranean region to prevent and treat different diseases. In this research, olive extracts derived from the leaves of the OESA tree have been screened for antioxidant activity by two methods: the DPPH free radical scavenging assay (DPPH) and the Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. The DPPH assay showed that OESA possesses a stronger antioxidant activity (84%) at 1 mg/mL while the FRAP method showed a strong metal ion chelating activity (90%) at 1 mg/mL. The low IC50 values, obtained by two different methods, implies that OESA has a noticeable effect on scavenging free radicals comparable to standards. During EBV infection, the free radicals increased triggering lipid oxidation. Therefore, the monitoring of the secondary lipid peroxidation products was done by measuring malonaldehyde (MDA) and conjugated dienes (DC). The simultaneous treatment of Raji cells with OESA and TPA, as an inductorof the lytic cycle, generated a significant decrease in MDA levels and DC (p < 0.05). Besides, Raji cells simultaneously exposed to TPA and OESA exhibited a percentage of EBV-positive fluorescence cells lower than TPA treated cells (**** p < 0.0001). This suggests that OESA treatment has a protective effect against EBV lytic cycle induction.
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Pino Vargas, Edwin Martin, and Germán Huayna. "Spatial and temporal evolution of olive cultivation due to pest attack, using remote sensing and satellite image processing." Scientia Agropecuaria 13, no. 2 (June 6, 2022): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17268/sci.agropecu.2022.013.
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Climate change, as well as the appearance of pests and diseases, are affecting olive plantations (Olea europaea L.) and the production of olives in the world, therefore, there is an urgent need for tools to help us identify the spatial and temporal evolution of the olive groves, regarding the attack of pests, in this case, the Orthezia olivicola and the olive borer Phloeotribus scarabaeoides. In this work, we use information from freely available satellite images that allowed us to carry out spatial and temporal analysis and the combination of vegetation indices. For the studied area, according to the values of the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), it was identified that the surface of diseased plants ranges from 42% to 68%, moderately healthy plants from 2% to 18%, and the state of the plantation considered as very healthy plants with a tendency to zero, which means that practically 100% of the olive trees are affected by some level. The temporal variation of the NDVI, DVI, SAVI, GNDVI, EVI2, and MSAVI indices, allowed us to establish the states of affectation as mild, moderate pest attack, the severity of the pest attack added to the water deficit, and very strong pest attack and state of permanent wilting.
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Lee, S. H., C. K. Lee, M. J. Park, and H. D. Shin. "First Report of Leaf Spot Caused by Ascochyta marginata on Aralia elata in Korea." Plant Disease 96, no. 1 (January 2012): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-08-11-0658.
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Aralia elata (Miq.) Seem., known as Japanese angelica tree, is a deciduous shrub belonging to the Araliaceae, which is native to East Asia. The young shoots have long been used in various dishes in East Asia. Commercial cultivation of this shrub, especially in polytunnels, is expanding in Korea. Several diseases including Sclerotinia rot have been known to be present on this plant (1,2). In early September 2007, leaf spot symptoms were first observed on several trees in Hongcheon, Korea. Microscopic observations revealed that the leaf spots were associated with an Ascochyta sp. Further surveys of the Ascochyta leaf spot showed the occurrence of the disease in approximately 5 to 10% of the trees in the 3 ha of commercial fields surveyed in Chuncheon, Gapyeong, Inje, and Jinju, Korea. Initial symptoms on leaves were circular to irregular, brown to dark brown, becoming zonate, and finally fading to grayish brown in the center with a yellow halo. Representative samples were deposited in the herbarium of Korea University. Conidiomata on leaf lesions were pycnidial, amphigenous, but mostly epiphyllous, immersed or semi-immersed in host tissue, light brown to olive brown, and 60 to 200 μm in diameter. Ostioles were papillate, 20 to 35 μm wide, and surrounded by a ring of darker cells. Conidia were hyaline, smooth, cylindrical to clavate, straight to mildly curved, slightly constricted at the septa, medianly one-septate, sometimes aseptate, 8 to 16 × 2.5 to 3.5 μm, and contained small oil drops. These morphological characteristics were consistent with the previous reports of Ascochyta marginata J.J. Davis (3,4). A monoconidial isolate was cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates and accessioned in the Korea Agricultural Culture Collection (Accession KACC43082). The conidia were readily formed on PDA. Inoculum for the pathogenicity tests was prepared by harvesting conidia from 30-day-old cultures of KACC43082 and a conidial suspension (approximately 2 × 106 conidia/ml) was sprayed onto leaves of three healthy seedlings. Three noninoculated seedlings served as controls. Inoculated and noninoculated plants were covered with plastic bags for 48 h in a glasshouse. After 7 days, typical leaf spot symptoms started to develop on the leaves of the inoculated plants. The fungus, A. marginata, was reisolated from those lesions, confirming Koch's postulates. No symptoms were observed on control plants. Previously, the disease was reported in Japan (4) and China (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of A. marginata on Japanese angelica trees in Korea. According to our field observations in Korea, the Ascochyta leaf spot mostly occurred on plants growing in a humid environment, especially during the rainy season. The seedlings as well as the trees growing in sunny, well-ventilated plots were nearly free from this disease. Therefore, the growing conditions seemed to be the most important factor for the development and severity of the disease. References: (1) C. K. Lee et al. Plant Pathol. J. 26:426, 2010. (2) S. H. Lee et al. Diseases of Japanese Angelica Tree and Their Control. Research Report 08-10. Korea Forest Research Institute. Seoul, Korea, 2008. (3) J. Sun et al. Acta Mycol. Sin. 14:107, 1995. (4) M. Yoshikawa and T. Yokoyama. Mycoscience 36:67, 1995.
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Bulotta, Stefania, Rosanna Corradino, Marilena Celano, Jessica Maiuolo, Maria D'Agostino, Manuela Oliverio, Antonio Procopio, Sebastiano Filetti, and Diego Russo. "Antioxidant and antigrowth action of peracetylated oleuropein in thyroid cancer cells." Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 51, no. 1 (May 29, 2013): 181–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/jme-12-0241.
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The olive tree phenolic component oleuropein (OLE) and its derivatives have shown many biological properties, thus representing promising novel therapeutics for the treatment of several diseases, including neoplasia. In this study, we evaluated the activities of OLE and its peracetylated derivative (peracetylated oleuropein, Ac-OLE) against two thyroid tumor cell lines that host genotypic alterations detected in human papillary thyroid cancer. TPC-1 and BCPAP cells were treated with OLE and Ac-OLE, and the effects on viability were evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, cell counting, and trypan blue exclusion assays. Antioxidant effects were analyzed by measuring the reactive oxygen species (ROS) in basal conditions and after treatment with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Activity of MAP kinase and PI3K–Akt signaling pathways was evaluated by examining the levels of phosphorylated ERK and Akt by western blot. We found that OLE significantly inhibited the proliferation of both cell lines. This effect was paralleled by a reduction of basal phospho-Akt and phospho-ERK levels and H2O2-induced ROS levels. A stronger effect was elicited by Ac-OLE either in inhibiting cell growth or as an antioxidant, in particular on BCPAP cells. Our results demonstrate that OLE and especially Ac-OLE inhibitin vitrothyroid cancer cell proliferation acting on growth-promoting signal pathways, as well as exerting antioxidant effects. Further studies will reveal the potential application as novel targeted therapeutics in thyroid cancer.
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Ntasiou, Panagiota, George Tziros, and George Karaoglanidis. "Novel Copper Nanoparticles for the Control of Olive Foliar and Fruit Diseases." Biology and Life Sciences Forum 4, no. 1 (December 2, 2020): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecps2020-08854.
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Peacock spot caused by Spilocaea oleagina and anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum spp., are the most important foliar and fruit diseases of olives. Applications of copper-based fungicides are the main control measures for these pathogens. However, the replacement of copper-based products with more eco-friendly alternatives is a priority. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of five novel nano-copper (Cu-NPs) formulations against the two major olive diseases. Two commercial copper-based formulations were included as reference treatments. The efficacy of Cu-NPs against Spilocaea oleagina was evaluated in one-year-old olive trees (cv. Chondrolia Chalkidikis) under controlled environmental conditions in plant growth chambers, while the efficacy against Colletotrichum spp. was evaluated under field conditions on the same cultivar. Results showed that the most effective Cu-NPs against Colletotrichum spp. was 110_CN_S4_X1 which provided a mean control efficacy value of 61.03%, while the two commercial formulations of conventional copper products provided significantly lower control efficacy values of 35.06% and 45.45%. Similarly, three of the Cu-NPs tested (110_CN_S4_X1, 109_CC_S4_X2, 108_CN_S1_X1) were found to be highly effective against Spilocaea oleagina, with control efficacy values ranging from 60% to 67.5%. The results of this study are expected to contribute to the optimization of olive disease control and reduce the yield losses caused, using a new generation of biocides.