Relevant bibliographies by topics / Oligos

Academic literature on the topic 'Oligos'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Oligos"

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Kabanov, Alexander V., Sergei V. Vinogradov, Alexander V. Ovcharenko, Alexander V. Krivonos, Nikolai S. Melik-Nubarov, Vsevolod I. Kiselev, and Eugenii S. Severin. "Antisense oligonucleotides modified at 5'-end by fatty radicals effectively inhibit reproduction of influenza virus." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 55, no. 2 (1990): 587–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19900587.

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To enhance penetration of oligonucleotides ("oligos") into cells it was suggested that they should be chemically modified by fatty radicals at 5'-end. Two modified by undecanol at 5'-end phosphate group oligos, namely, oligo complementary to the protein binding sites, located at the influenza virus polymerases encoding RNA, and oligo complementary to the polyadenylation signal of the polymerase 3 encoding RNA were synthesized using DNA-synthetisator. These modified oligos effectively suppressed the influenza A/PR8/34 virus reproduction and inhibited the synthesis of virus-specific proteins in MDCK cells. The non-modified antisense oligos and modified nonsense oligos did not affect the virus development under the same conditions.
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Coleman, Christina, Danielle Levine, Raj Kishore, Gangjian Qin, Tina Thorne, Erin Lambers, Sharath P. Sasi, Mina Yaar, Barbara A. Gilchrest, and David A. Goukassian. "Inhibition of Melanoma Angiogenesis by Telomere Homolog Oligonucleotides." Journal of Oncology 2010 (2010): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/928628.

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Telomere homolog oligonucleotides (T-oligos) activate an innate telomere-based program that leads to multiple anticancer effects. T-oligos act at telomeres to initiate signaling through the Werner protein and ATM kinase. We wanted to determine if T-oligos have antiangiogenic effects. We found that T-oligo-treated human melanoma (MM-AN) cells had decreased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF receptor 2, angiopoeitin-1 and -2 and decreased VEGF secretion. T-oligos activated the transcription factor E2F1 and inhibited the activity of the angiogenic transcription factor, HIF-1α. T-oligos inhibited EC tubulogenesis and total tumor microvascular density matrix invasion by MM-AN cells and ECs in vitro. In melanoma SCID xenografts, two systemic T-oligo injections decreased by 60% (P<.004) total tumor microvascular density and the functional vessels density by 80% (P<.002). These findings suggest that restriction of tumor angiogenesis is among the host's innate telomere-based anticancer responses and provide further evidence that T-oligos may offer a powerful new approach for melanoma treatment.
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Slodzinski, M. K., M. Juhaszova, and M. P. Blaustein. "Antisense inhibition of Na+/Ca2+ exchange in primary cultured arterial myocytes." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 269, no. 5 (November 1, 1995): C1340—C1345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1995.269.5.c1340.

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The effects of chimeric phosphorothioated antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (AS-oligos) targeted against the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) were tested in primary cultured rat mesenteric artery myocytes. In parallel cultures, myocytes proliferated and were morphologically normal in the presence of scrambled nonsense (NS-) or AS-oligos or no oligos (controls). NCX function was examined with digital imaging, using fura 2 to estimate the cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]cyt). Resting [Ca2+]cyt was higher (145 +/- 4 nM; P < 0.05) in AS-oligo-treated cells than in controls (125 +/- 5 nM) or NS-oligo-treated cells (131 +/- 4 nM). Lowering external Na+, to promote Ca2+ entry via NCX, increased [Ca2+]cyt transiently in controls and NS-oligo-treated cells but not in AS-oligo-treated cells. Raising the cytosolic free Na+ concentration with ouabain augmented the low-Na(+)-induced rise in [Ca2+]cyt in controls and NS-oligo-treated cells, but AS-oligo-treated cells still did not respond. Nevertheless, serotonin (5-HT) increased [Ca2+]cyt in all three groups. Thus AS-oligos selectively blocked NCX activity but not the 5-HT response. To determine the effect of NCX knockdown on the modulation of stored Ca2+, the 5-HT response was tested immediately after removal of external Ca2+. Ouabain augmented the 5-HT-induced rise in [Ca2+]cyt in control and NS-oligo-treated cells but not AS-oligo-treated cells. This indicates that the NCX can modulate intracellular Ca2+ stores. We conclude that AS-oligos are useful for investigating the physiological role of NCX in vascular smooth muscle.
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Liu, Shaolin, Nicholas A. Tinker, and Diane E. Mather. "Exact word matches in rice pseudomolecules." Genome 49, no. 8 (August 1, 2006): 1047–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g06-055.

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Using pseudomolecules of assembled genomic sequence, we computed the frequencies of 6 to 24 bp oligonucleotide (oligo) "words" across the genome of rice (Oryza sativa L. subsp. japonica). All oligos of 10 or fewer basepairs were repeated at least 12 times in the genome. The percentage of unique (non-repeated) oligos ranged from 0.1% for 12 bp oligos to 76.0% for 24 bp oligos. For three 200 kb regions, we annotated each nucleotide position with the genome-wide frequency of the 18 bp oligo starting at that position. These frequencies formed landscapes consisting of high- and low-frequency zones. Low-frequency zones contained occasional high-frequency spikes; these may represent footprints of RIM2 transposon activity. BLASTn searches of high-frequency non-SSR (simple sequence repeat) 18 bp oligos returned few sequences from species other than rice. These results demonstrate that, in rice, words are not randomly used between different regions within the same genome, and indicate that words that are frequently repeated within the rice genome tend to be unique to rice.Key words: oligonucleotide, sequence repetition, word match frequency, rice.
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Varliero, Gilda, Jared Wray, Cédric Malandain, and Gary Barker. "PhyloPrimer: a taxon-specific oligonucleotide design platform." PeerJ 9 (April 29, 2021): e11120. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11120.

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Many environmental and biomedical biomonitoring and detection studies aim to explore the presence of specific organisms or gene functionalities in microbiome samples. In such cases, when the study hypotheses can be answered with the exploration of a small number of genes, a targeted PCR-approach is appropriate. However, due to the complexity of environmental microbial communities, the design of specific primers is challenging and can lead to non-specific results. We designed PhyloPrimer, the first user-friendly platform to semi-automate the design of taxon-specific oligos (i.e., PCR primers) for a gene of interest. The main strength of PhyloPrimer is the ability to retrieve and align GenBank gene sequences matching the user’s input, and to explore their relationships through an online dynamic tree. PhyloPrimer then designs oligos specific to the gene sequences selected from the tree and uses the tree non-selected sequences to look for and maximize oligo differences between targeted and non-targeted sequences, therefore increasing oligo taxon-specificity (positive/negative consensus approach). Designed oligos are then checked for the presence of secondary structure with the nearest-neighbor (NN) calculation and the presence of off-target matches with in silico PCR tests, also processing oligos with degenerate bases. Whilst the main function of PhyloPrimer is the design of taxon-specific oligos (down to the species level), the software can also be used for designing oligos to target a gene without any taxonomic specificity, for designing oligos from preselected sequences and for checking predesigned oligos. We validated the pipeline on four commercially available microbial mock communities using PhyloPrimer to design genus- and species-specific primers for the detection of Streptococcus species in the mock communities. The software performed well on these mock microbial communities and can be found at https://www.cerealsdb.uk.net/cerealgenomics/phyloprimer.
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Medina-Cucurella, Angélica V., Paul J. Steiner, Matthew S. Faber, Jesús Beltrán, Alexandra N. Borelli, Monica B. Kirby, Sean R. Cutler, and Timothy A. Whitehead. "User-defined single pot mutagenesis using unamplified oligo pools." Protein Engineering, Design and Selection 32, no. 1 (January 2019): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/protein/gzz013.

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Abstract User-defined mutagenic libraries are fundamental for applied protein engineering workflows. Here we show that unamplified oligo pools can be used to prepare site saturation mutagenesis libraries from plasmid DNA with near-complete coverage of desired mutations and few off-target mutations. We find that oligo pools yield higher quality libraries when compared to individually synthesized degenerate oligos. We also show that multiple libraries can be multiplexed into a single oligo pool, making preparation of multiple libraries less expensive and more convenient. We provide software for automatic oligo pool design that can generate mutagenic oligos for saturating or focused libraries.
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Kulkarni, R. N., D. M. Smith, M. A. Ghatei, P. M. Jones, and S. R. Bloom. "Investigation of the effects of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to islet amyloid polypeptide mRNA on insulin release, content and expression." Journal of Endocrinology 151, no. 3 (December 1996): 341–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1510341.

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Abstract We have investigated the effects of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (oligos) to islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) mRNA on the expression and secretion of IAPP and insulin, in the clonal β-cell line HIT-T15. Phosphorothioate-modified oligos were cytotoxic compared with phosphodiester (D)-oligos. Of the nine oligos tested using a lipofection reagent, 03, a 30-mer D-oligo complementary to a sequence downstream of the IAPP initiation codon, showed a significant dose-dependent suppression of IAPP mRNA, with a 42% decrease at 7·5 μm, compared with a scrambled (MS03) control oligo (n=3, P<0·01). A subsequent 89% suppression of IAPP release was observed in the 4-h period following antisense treatment (1·78 ± 0·13 (MS03) vs 0·19 ± 0·14 (03) pmol/106 cells per 240 min, n=7, P<0·01). A significant increase in insulin mRNA (100 ± 10% (MS03) vs 124 ± 8% (03), n=3, P<0·05) and insulin content (13·0 ± 0·9 (MS03) vs 17·4 ± 1·4 (03) pmol/106 cells, n=7, P=0·028) was observed following treatment with 03 at 7·5 μm. 08, a 20-mer D-oligo directed to a region of IAPP mRNA further downstream than 03, also showed a decrease in IAPP mRNA and peptide release and an increase in insulin content. No significant changes were observed in the expression and release of the unrelated β-cell peptide, neuropeptide Y. We thus show a suppression of synthesis and release of IAPP in HIT-T15 cells using antisense oligos. The associated increase in insulin mRNA and content in these cells after treatment with IAPP antisense oligos is in accord with an inhibitor action of IAPP on insulin availability. Journal of Endocrinology (1996) 151, 341–348
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SHARPE, CLAIRE C., MARK E. C. DOCKRELL, RIZALDY SCOTT, MAZHAR I. NOOR, LEX M. COWSERT, BRETT P. MONIA, and BRUCE M. HENDRY. "Evidence of a Role for Ki-RAS in the Stimulated Proliferation of Renal Fibroblasts." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 10, no. 6 (June 1999): 1186–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.v1061186.

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Abstract. Progressive renal fibrosis is driven by a range of cytokines that act via membrane receptors and intracellular signaling cascades to evoke gene transcription events and related responses. The Ras family of GTPases has been implicated in many of these signaling cascades in model systems such as 3T3 fibroblasts. However, the role of the specific Ras isoforms Ki, Ha, and N in the stimulation of renal fibroblasts has not been defined. In this study, Ras has been inhibited in primate renal fibroblasts (vero cells) using specific phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides (oligos) targeting the three isoforms. Lipofectin transfection with 200 to 400 nM Ki-Ras oligo inhibited the epidermal growth factor- and fibroblast growth factor-stimulated proliferation of vero cells by 25 to 35% with a lesser effect on serum-stimulated growth. Oligos against Ha-Ras and N-Ras were inactive with respect to control oligo. Total cellular Ras protein (estimated by Western blotting) was reduced by 60 to 90% 24 h after transfection with Ki-Ras oligo. N-Ras, Ha-Ras, and control oligos were inactive. Total Ras synthesis over 4 h measured using [35S]-cys/met pulse chase was reduced by approximately 70% by Ki-Ras oligo and not altered by other oligos. The fractional prenylation of Ras was quantified from the discrete bands on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and was increased by the Ki-Ras oligo alone. These data demonstrate that these renal fibroblasts predominantly express the Ki isoform of Ras and that this GTPase plays a role in the stimulated proliferation of these cells. Ras GTPases may be a target for the inhibition of processes leading to renal fibrosis.
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GUÉNOCHE, A. "SUPERSEQUENCES OF MASKS FOR OLIGO-CHIPS." Journal of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology 02, no. 03 (September 2004): 459–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219720004000685.

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On a very small surface, a chip, several thousands of oligonucleotides, can be synthesized using a mask technology. Given a set of oligos, the problems tackled here are: • What is the minimum number of masks necessary to synthesize one copy of each oligo? • How long will be the series of masks if each oligo is synthesized twice, such that the two copies are realized with two completely different series of masks? We establish that, for 20,000 oligos of 20 bases a single copy can be synthesized with around 67 masks and for two copies with less than the double.
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Rahmann, Sven. "Fast Large Scale Oligonucleotide Selection Using the Longest Common Factor Approach." Journal of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology 01, no. 02 (July 2003): 343–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219720003000125.

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We present a fast method that selects oligonucleotide probes (such as DNA 25-mers) for microarray experiments on a truly large scale. For example, reliable oligos for human genes can be found within four days, a speedup of one to two orders of magnitude compared to previous approaches. This speed is attained by using the longest common substring as a specificity measure for candidate oligos. We present a space- and time-efficient algorithm, based on a suffix array with additional information, to compute matching statistics (lengths of longest matches) between all candidate oligos and all remaining sequences. With the matching statistics available, we show how to incorporate constraints such as oligo length, melting temperature, and self-complementarity into the selection process at a postprocessing stage. As a result, we can now design custom oligos for any sequenced genome, just as the technology for on-site chip synthesis is becoming increasingly mature.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Oligos"

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GHIACCIO, VALENTINA. "Correction of splicing, chain imbalance, and adult hemoglobin synthesis in IVS-2-745 β-thalassemia specimens using 2'-o-methoxyethyl splice-switching oligos." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11584/249572.

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β-thalassemia is one of the most frequently-occurring disorders due to altered hemoglobin protein synthesis (Modell & Darlison, 2008). In this disease, the β-globin gene is mutated, causing severe anemia and ineffective erythropoiesis. Patients can present with a number of life-threatening co-morbidities, including iron overload, extramedullary erythropoiesis, hypogonadism and osteoporosis (Origa, 2016). Current standard of care for patients with severe anemia involves blood transfusion and iron chelation. Allogeneic bone marrow transplant is the only curative option, but is constrained by the availability of matching donors and the occurrence of graft-versus-host disease. (Breda et al., 2016) As this is a monogenic disease, it makes it an attractive setting for genetic therapy at the DNA and RNA level. Currently, there are a few clinical trials and preclinical tests underway to evaluate the curative potential of lentiviral vectors to correct the mutated β-globin or add back a functional copy of β-globin (Jorge Mansilla-Soto, Isabelle Riviere, Farid Boulad, 2016, Negre et al., 2016) One of the processes that affects β-globin synthesis in β-thalassemia is occurrence of aberrant splicing. IVS-2-745 is a splicing mutation that occurs in intron 2 of the β-globin gene. It creates an aberrantly spliced form that incorporates an extra exon and leads to a premature stop codon. Here we report novel uniform 2’-O-methoxyethyl (2’-MOE) splice switching oligos (SSOs) to reverse this aberrant splicing. Lead 2’-MOE SSOs were generated to redirect splicing in the IVS-2-745 pre-mRNA. With these lead SSOs we have demonstrated aberrant to wild type splice switching. This switching led to an increase from 3-6% to up to 80% adult hemoglobin (HbA) in erythroid cells from thalassemic patients. Furthermore, we demonstrated a restoration of the balance between β-like- and α-globin chains, and up to an 87% reduction in toxic α-heme aggregates. While next examining the potential benefit of 2’MOE SSOs in a sickle-thalassemic phenotypic setting, we found reduced HbS synthesis and sickle cell formation due to HbA induction, as a result of 2’MOE SSO treatment. In summary, 2’MOE-SSOs are a promising therapy for splicing forms of β-thalassemia. Their ability to functionally modulate the thalassemia and sickle cell anemia phenotype by correcting the underlying defect offers a pharmacological treatment that is both direct and specific
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González, Palacios Cristián Patricio. "Efecto del riego deficitario controlado sobre la productividad de olivos var. arbequina, coratina, frantoio y leccino." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2009. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/112471.

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Memoria para optar al título profesional de Ingeniero Agrónomo Mención: Fruticultura
Se realizó un ensayo con el objetivo de determinar el efecto del riego deficitario controlado (RDC) en variedades de olivo para aceite, Arbequina, Coratina, Frantoio y Coratina. Los tratamientos de déficit hídrico se iniciaron desde el momento de pinta hasta cosecha para cada una de las variedades. El tratamiento control tuvo un 100% de reposición de la evapotranspiración del cultivo (ETc) durante toda la temporada; un segundo tratamiento (T2) tuvo un 50% de reposición de la ETc desde el período de pinta hasta cosecha, duplicando el tiempo de espera entre los riegos y un tercer tratamiento (T3) con un 50% de reposición de la ETc desde el período de pinta hasta cosecha, disminuyendo a la mitad la precipitación de cada riego. El potencial hídrico xilemático se vió afectado en todas las variedades, excepto en Frantoio, y sólo antes de que comenzaran las precipitaciones, en donde, el tratamiento 2 presentó siempre los valores más bajos. Tanto en la var. Leccino como en la var. Frantoio, el contenido de agua en el fruto se vió reducido al momento de la cosecha, en donde los valores más bajos se obtuvieron en el tratamiento 2, alrededor de un 7% menos que el tratamiento control para el caso de Leccino. Esto trajo como consecuencia que el peso del fruto disminuyera y a su vez la concentración de aceite en éste aumentara. Al momento del procesamiento de los frutos en la almazara, se obtuvo mayores niveles de aceite en los tratamientos con RDC, esto debido básicamente a que los frutos al tener un menor contenido de agua, el proceso de extracción de aceite es más eficiente. Con respecto a las variedades, Arbequina y Coratina, en general, no presentaron diferencias en las distintas variables analizadas al momento de la cosecha, dado que los árboles no se encontraban en una situación de déficit hídrico, producto de las abundantes precipitaciones ocurridas ese otoño.
With the goal of determining the effect of deficit irrigation on olive trees, for oil production, var. Arbequina, Coratina, Frantoio and Leccino, treatments of hydric deficit between veraison and harvest were established. Treatments were; T1, control, with a water reposition of 100% of the crop evapotranspiration (Etc) during the whole season; T2, 50% of the Etc reached by doubling the delay between irrigations compared to the control frequency and; T3, 50% of Etc reposition reached by applying half the irrigation amount compared to the control, with the same frequency. The hidric potential xilematic met affected in all the varieties, except in Frantoio, and only before they began the rainfalls, where, the treatment 2 presented always the lowest values. The var. Leccino as well as var. Frantoio, reduced the fruit water content at harvest, as result of the controlled deficit irrigation. The lowest water content values were reached by treatment T2, with about 7% less water than T1, for var. Leccino, and about 4% less water content in the case of var. Frantoio, with no significant oil content reduction in both cases. Furthermore, as consequence of the controlled deficit irrigation, the weight of fruit decreased and the oil concentration increased. At the moment of the fruit processing in the oil mill, both cultivars showed improved efficiency in terms of oil extraction, and higher oil levels in the treatments with controlled deficit irrigation, basically due to minor fruit water content. With respect to var. Arbequina and var. Coratina, no significant differences for the analyzed variables was seen, do to the lack of hydric deficit close to harvest, given the effect of early rainfall events during autumn.
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Hoang-Xuan, Khé. "Caractérisation des altérations moléculaires des tumeurs oligodendrogliales." Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066157.

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Fernández, Palma Guillermo, and K. Héctor Ahumada. "Los Olivos Producciones." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2018. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/164065.

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TESIS PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE MAGÍSTER EN ADMINISTRACIÓN
Fernández Palma, Guillermo, [Parte I], Ahumada K., Héctor, [Parte II]
El plan de negocio consiste en una productora de eventos Familiares y Profesionales, que resuelva las necesidades de celebración en escenarios naturales y que ponga a disposición servicios adicionales. Esto permitirá generar una experiencia superior a los clientes y usuarios. El lugar elegido es la provincia de Talagante, por su oferta de entornos naturales y cercanía a las comunas del Gran Santiago y la provincia de Melipilla, que es el segmento geográfico definido. De esta forma, se firmará un contrato a cinco años con el centro de Eventos Olivos del Monte, ubicado en Talagante. Zona de alta demanda por sus entornos y servicios. Los entornos naturales, marcan una tendencia bien definida en el estudio de mercado y contar con un centro de eventos que cumpla con estas características es fundamental. Por ello, se seleccionó Los Olivos del Monte, con amplios y hermosos escenarios, donde se desarrollará una ventaja competitiva basada en actividades internas como marketing, adquisiciones, servicio de atención y seguimiento al cliente, hermoseamiento y mantención de las características distintivas del recurso elegido. Los Olivos Producciones, contará con un recurso único en la zona y que es el contar con un centro de eventos donde salón y carpa están inmersos en un bosque, esto hará sentir a los invitados que están experimentando de una celebración excepcional, además cuenta con hermosos escenarios como parques, parras, estacionamientos y piscina. El mercado de los matrimonios, como ejemplo de eventos familiares, asciende a $35.868 millones y el mercado de las capacitaciones en administración, eventos profesionales, a $27.704 millones. Por los montos involucrados y la alta atomización de empresas que compiten se estima una participación de mercado de 0,77% de los eventos familiares y un 0,19% de los eventos profesionales, al cierre del primer año. Para llegar a un 1,51% de participación en el mercado familiar y 0,38% del mercado de profesionales al quinto año, que es cuando se deberá tomar la decisión de continuidad o salida. Los socios aportaran capital y solicitarán financiamiento bancario, por un total de $74,8 millones. Así, el 100% de las utilidades obtenidas serán repartidas a los socios del proyecto, luego de cada ejercicio. Con esta inversión se espera obtener un VAN de $249 millones, una TIR de 72%, considerando un horizonte de evaluación de cinco años y una tasa de descuento de 13,13%. Con indicadores como EBITDA de un 4,4% al término del primer año y un 36% al quinto año, el proyecto tiene un Payback de 2,1 años desde el inicio de las operaciones. Resultando atractivo para los inversionistas.
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Dominguez, Aliaga Emili del Pilar. "Residencia Universitaria en Los Olivos." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/656329.

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El siguiente trabajo de investigación parte como respuesta a la falta de residencias universitarias en Lima, ciudad más importante del país, que a pesar de la gran oferta de estudiantes universitarios que se ha venido dando durante los últimos años, solo cuenta con una residencia universitaria propiamente dicha. Según cifras, del total de becas que se otorga todos los años en el Programa Nacional de Becas (PRONABEC), el 85% lo obtienen estudiantes del interior del país, que en su gran mayoría vienen a la capital a estudiar en universidades tanto públicas como privadas. Ante esta situación, los estudiantes optan por el alquiler de casas que no cuentan con espacios comunes donde puedan desarrollarse académica y socialmente. Es por ello que se plantea una residencia destinada exclusivamente para alumnos universitarios que se encuentran estudiando en alguna institución cercana. Por otro lado, el proyecto al estar ubicado estratégicamente en el distrito de Los Olivos, donde existen varios polos educativos y oportunidades de negocio, estará compuesto por tres tipologías: residencia, oficinas coworking y comercio local, ya que no solo se busca resolver el tema de estadía, sino que ayude a que los jóvenes tengan un mejor desarrollo profesional durante y después de su etapa universitaria, que tengan mayor conexión con su entorno directo y su comunidad, creando patios abiertos acompañados con áreas verdes de esparcimiento donde puedan intercambiar diferentes costumbres que cada uno tiene del lugar donde nacieron, logrando una interculturalidad entre los usuarios.
The research work below begins in response to the lack of student housing in Lima, the most important city in the country, which despite the great offer of university students that has been given in recent years, only has one university residence proper. According to statistics, of the total scholarships awarded every year in the National Scholarship Program (PRONABEC), 85% are obtained by students from country, who mostly come to the capital to study at both, public or private universities. Faced with this situation, students choose to rent houses that do not have common spaces where they can develop academically and socially. That is why a residence is proposed exclusively for young university students who are studying at a nearby institution. On the other hand, the project being strategically located in the district of Los Olivos, where there are several educational areas and business opportunities, because of that the project consists in three typologies: residence, coworking offices and local commerce, because not only do you seek to resolve the issue of stay, it also helps to young people have better professional development during and after their university stage , that have greater connection with their direct environment and their community, creating open plazas with green areas of recreation where they can exchange different customs that each has of the place where they were born, achieving an interculturality among users.
Tesis
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Quevedo, Sturla Gabriella. "Biblioteca pública en Los Olivos." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/624299.

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El Proyecto busca principalmente responder a la falta de una biblioteca pública en el distrito de los Olivos que abastezca de manera suficiente a las necesidades de los usuarios que habitan en él. Actualmente la biblioteca pública del los Olivos no cumple con abastecer la demanda de la población respecto a los estándares necesarios propuestos por la IFLA (Federación Internacional de Asociaciones de Bibliotecarios y Bibliotecas) de número de libros por habitante en el distrito. Además tiene como objetivo romper la brecha entre la biblioteca y la sociedad, cambiando la imagen de la biblioteca como un edificio elitista estancado en el tiempo a uno abierto a los usuarios, a la ciudad, al entorno natural que constantemente se actualice a los cambios tecnológicos. Siendo los Olivos un distrito joven y dinámico, marcado por su rápido crecimiento a partir de las migraciones ocurridas en el siglo XX, se caracteriza por tener una diversidad social y cultural donde coexisten habitantes de distintas culturas, costumbres y necesidades. Esta pluralidad tiene como consecuencia roces dentro de los mismos habitantes que desencadena mayormente en problemas como la marginación social, cultural y de genero. Con este proyecto se generará un punto de encuentro entre ciudadanos a modo de catalizador social jerarquizando la calidad espacial mediante espacios flexibles, dinámicos e integrados al entorno urbano y natural, promoviendo un espacio de descubrimiento, aprendizaje y integración.
The Project seeks mainly to respond to the lack of a public library in Los Olivo’s district in order to supply the needs of the users who live there. At the present time Los Olivo’s public library does not satisfy the population’s demand of needs in relationship to the standards proposed by the IFLA (International Federation of Associations of Librarians and Libraries) on the number of books per inhabitant in the district. It also aims to break the gap between the library and society, by changing the image of the library as an elitist building stuck in time to one open to users, to the city, and natural environment that is constantly updated to technological changes. Being Los Olivos a young and dynamic district, marked by its rapid growth from migrations in the twentieth century, it is characterized by having a social and cultural diversity where people of different cultures, customs and needs coexist. This plurality has a consequence: frictions within the same inhabitants that triggers problems such as social, cultural and gender exclusion. This project will generate a meeting point between citizens and act as a social catalyst, prioritizing spatial quality through flexible, dynamic spaces integrated into the urban and natural environment, promoting a space of discovery, learning and integration.
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De, La Cruz Roncal Melisa, Sanchez Christian Matos, and Abanto Teresa Trasmonte. "SPA Urbano Lima Norte – Los Olivos." Master's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/622711.

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El objetivo de la presente tesis es evaluar la factibilidad de poner en marcha un Spa Urbano en el distrito de Los Olivos, denominado “Aqua Spa”, que brinde al visitante una experiencia vivencial única: “La cultura del Slow Life” a través de actividades de relajación como tratamientos corporales, circuitos de aguas, etc., que aprovechan los recursos naturales, como el agua y materia natural para los tratamientos del Spa. La propuesta de valor está basada principalmente en ofrecer un servicio de calidad, y una infraestructura Premium armónica evocando elementos naturales, como caídas de agua, espacios diseñados especialmente para desconectarse del día a día y mediante la arquitectura y el diseño pueda llevar al cliente a un nivel de relax y reflexión. El proyecto será un edificio de 3 niveles y estará ubicado en Los Olivos en zona comercial accesible, cabe destacar que su diseño contempla una preparación acústica para separar a las habitaciones de los tratamientos del mundo de afuera. “Aqua Spa” se posicionará como el primer spa dirigido a las familias de Lima Norte en particular a las que habitan en la zona de Los olivos como un servicio de lujo a precios competitivos con los centros existentes. La evaluación económica y financiera de los flujos de caja del proyecto demostró su factibilidad en este aspecto, sustentada en un VAN Económico de 65,981 dólares, lo que representa un retorno de inversión de cinco años. La inversión necesaria para llevar a cabo el proyecto es de 649,145 dólares; este importe será financiado con un aporte de capital del 30% por el promotor del proyecto y un 70% será financiado mediante un préstamo bancario. Finalmente, se concluye que el plan de negocio es viable, sustentado en una demanda existente de las personas para consumo de productos de cuidado personal, el gasto per cápita que está por debajo del gasto promedio en Latinoamérica, la creciente preocupación de las personas por el tema de salud (stress), la escasa oferta de establecimientos en la zona de Los Olivos, y la factibilidad operativa y económica del proyecto.
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Ruff, Yves. "Biopolymères dynamiques : Oligo- et polysaccharides." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2008. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2008/RUFF_Yves_2008.pdf.

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Les polymères dynamiques ont la particularité d’être composés de monomères liés entre eux par des liaisons covalentes ou non et dont la formation est réversible dans certaines conditions. Leur structure et leurs propriétés sont donc susceptibles de s’adapter avec les conditions dans lesquelles ils sont placés, et cela même après la polymérisation. Les polysaccharides sont formés par des séquences de saccharides connectés entre eux par des liaisons glycosidiques. Si on remplace cette liaison glycosidique par un lien covalent réversible, comme la fonction imine, on obtient alors un analogue dynamique d’un polysaccharide. Notre but a été de préparer des analogues dynamiques de polysaccharides naturels basés sur la formation réversible d’imines (hydrazones, oximes). Différents types de monomères ont été synthétisés par fonctionnalisations de saccharides ou d’oligosaccharides naturels (glycosylations, oxydations, protections et déprotections sélectives,…)
Reversible polymers, or dynamic polymers, result from the reversible association of monomers using covalent (dynamic covalent polymers) or non covalent (supramolecular polymers) chemical bonds. As the polymerisation is reversible, the structure, the molecular weight distribution, and the composition of the polymer are susceptible to evolve even after polymerisation. According to their dynamic character this polymers are adaptative and can respond to an external stimuli (temperature, pH, presence of a molecular target) by a constitutional change, and so they can be considered as smart materials. Our goal was to prepare dynamic covalent polymers, based on reversible imine bonds formation (hydrazones or oximes), that are analogs of natural polysaccharides. This dynamic glycopolymers could be interesting as materials, and have biorecognition properties combined with the possibility to adapt their sequence and composition in presence of a biological target
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Ruff, Yves Lehn Jean-Marie. "Biopolymères dynamiques Oligo- et polysaccharides /." Strasbourg : Université Louis Pasteur, 2008. http://eprints-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr:8080/955/01/RUFF_Yves_2008.pdf.

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Muñoz, Cornejo Claudia Lorena. "Control de carga frutal en olivos variedad coratina mediante poda de invierno." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2009. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/112433.

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Memoria para optar al título profesional de Ingeniero Agrónomo Mención Fruticultura
En la producción de aceite de oliva se debe enfrentar el problema de añerismo de esta especie, siendo particularmente dañino por la intensidad en que se manifiesta, afectando la disponibilidad de materia prima. Con el objeto de regular la carga frutal, en olivos bajo un sistema orgánico, se estableció un ensayo mediante diferentes regímenes de poda, utilizando árboles de 8 años de edad, de la variedad aceitera Coratina, en su año alta producción. El estudio fue realizado en el fundo “El Oliveto” (33º48 latitud sur y 71º05 longitud oeste, altitud 205 m.s.n.m.), localidad de Cholqui, comuna de Melipilla, provincia de Melipilla, Región Metropolitana, Chile. Se realizaron tres tratamientos, los cuales se efectuaron a salidas de invierno, el 12 de septiembre del 2006, cuando los árboles presentaban el estado fenológico de ramillete expuesto. Se contó con un tratamiento control, sin poda; un segundo tratamiento con un 33% de remoción de la madera del año y un tercer tratamiento con un 50% de remoción de la madera del año. Cada uno de los tratamientos contó de cinco repeticiones; siendo la unidad experimental el árbol. En los tratamientos de poda, se logró un aumento en el crecimiento de brotes durante la temporada, respecto del tratamiento testigo. Además, se redujo el porcentaje de frutos retenidos, lo que repercutió tanto en un mayor tamaño y peso de fruto, como en el porcentaje de aceite al momento de la cosecha. A medida que la intensidad de poda fue mayor, menor fue la producción de los olivos y la carga frutal obtenida. Finalmente con ambos tipos de poda, se obtuvo similares producciones de aceite por árbol (kg aceite/árbol).
Alternate bearing is particularly damaging in the olive trees because of the intensity with which it manifests itself, affecting the availability of raw material for oil production. With the objective of regulating fruit load in olive trees under an organic system, a trial with different pruning systems was established using eight-year-old trees from of the oil Coratina cultivar in their full-bearing year. The study was carried out on the “El Oliveto” farm (33º 48´ South lat. and 71º 05´ West long., at 205 m.a.s.l.) at the Cholqui location, Melipilla commune, Melipilla province, Metropolitan Region of Chile. Three treatments were performed in late winter (Sept. 12, 2006), when the olive trees were in the phenological stage of “exposed bouquet”. Treatments consisted of: (1) control without pruning; (2) 33% removal of one-year-old wood; and (3) 50% one-year-old wood. Five replications of each treatment were done, with a single olive tree being the experiment unit. An increase in shoot growth was achieved with the pruning treatments during the season compared to the control treatment. There was a decrease in the percentage of retained fruits with the pruning treatments, resulting in a greater fruit size and weight as well as in a greater oil content at harvest. As pruning was intensified, olive production decreased. As a consequence, similar oil yields per tree (kg oil/tree) were obtained with both types pruning.
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Books on the topic "Oligos"

1

Olivos. Buenos Aires: Centro Cultural Ricardo Rojas, 2002.

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Tierra de olivos. Madrid: Gadir Editorial, 2004.

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Ramos, María Guadalupe Olalde. Olivos y acebuches. [Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Mexico]: Gobierno del Estado de Chiapas, Consejo Estatal de Fomento a la Investigación y Difusión de la Cultura, DIF-Chiapas/Instituto Chiapaneco de Cultura, 1993.

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Tiempo de plantar olivos. Guadalajara, Jalisco: Arlequín, 2011.

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Norris, Jim. Los Olivos: California crossroad. Los Olivos, CA: Olive Press, 1987.

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Viaje a los olivos. Xalapa, Veracruz: Universidad Veracruzana, 2009.

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Therios, I., ed. Olives. Wallingford: CABI, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781845934583.0000.

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Therios, Ioannis Nikolaos. Olives. Wallingford: CABI, 2009.

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Therios, Ioannis Nikolaos. Olives. Cambridge, MA: CABI, 2009.

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Therios, Ioannis Nikolaos. Olives. Wallingford: CABI, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Oligos"

1

Li, Yong-Fu. "End-Modifications on Morpholino Oligos." In Morpholino Oligomers, 39–50. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6817-6_4.

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Hill, Jordan, Mario Vieweger, Fengmei Pi, and Peixuan Guo. "Purification of RNA, Modified Oligos, and RNA Nanoparticles." In RNA Nanotechnology and Therapeutics, 159–71. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003001560-22.

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Zheng, Jie, Timothy J. Close, Tao Jiang, and Stefano Lonardi. "Efficient Selection of Unique and Popular Oligos for Large EST Databases." In Combinatorial Pattern Matching, 384–401. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-44888-8_28.

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Kredo-Russo, Sharon, and Eran Hornstein. "MicroRNA Knock Down by Cholesterol-Conjugated Antisense Oligos in Mouse Organ Culture." In MicroRNAs in Development, 89–97. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-083-6_7.

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Aslesh, Tejal, Rika Maruyama, and Toshifumi Yokota. "Systemic and ICV Injections of Antisense Oligos into SMA Mice and Evaluation." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 455–65. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8651-4_28.

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Lau, Jeffrey M. C., and Anthony J. Muslin. "Analysis of 14-3-3 Family Member Function in Xenopus Embryos by Microinjection of Antisense Morpholino Oligos." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 31–41. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-202-1_3.

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Estruch, Juan Jose. "OLIGO." In Sequence Data Analysis Guidebook, 279–85. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/0-89603-358-9:279.

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Haley, Michael M., Joshua J. Pak, and Stephen C. Brand. "Macrocyclic Oligo(phenylacetylenes) and Oligo(phenyldiacetylenes)." In Topics in Current Chemistry, 81–130. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-49451-0_3.

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Scherf, Ullrich. "Oligo- and Polyarylenes, Oligo- and Polyarylenevinylenes." In Topics in Current Chemistry, 163–222. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-49451-0_5.

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Bährle-Rapp, Marina. "oligo-éléments." In Springer Lexikon Kosmetik und Körperpflege, 388. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71095-0_7170.

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Conference papers on the topic "Oligos"

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Shunmugam, Ashaa Preyadharishini, Bjorn Hogberg, and Jayavel. "Enzymatic production Of DNA oligos." In International Conference on Advanced Nanomaterials & Emerging Engineering Technologies (ICANMEET-2013). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icanmeet.2013.6609329.

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Thachuk, Chris, and Anne Condon. "On the Design of Oligos for Gene Synthesis." In 2007 IEEE 7th International Symposium on BioInformatics and BioEngineering. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bibe.2007.4375554.

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Chattopadhyaya, Jyoti. "The carba-LNA oligos as RNA targeted therapeutics." In XVth Symposium on Chemistry of Nucleic Acid Components. Prague: Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/css201112287.

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Joseph Mathuram, T. L., D. M. Townsend, V. J. Lynch, I. Bederman, Z. W. Ye, J. Zhang, R. Jobava, M. Hatzoglou, Y. Perry, and A. Blumental-Perry. "Synthetic Oligos Derived from mtDNA-Encoded Non-Coding RNAs as Potential Therapeutic Agents in Restoration of Mitochondrial Bioenergetics." In American Thoracic Society 2022 International Conference, May 13-18, 2022 - San Francisco, CA. American Thoracic Society, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2022.205.1_meetingabstracts.a4632.

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Gaidau, Carmen, Maria Stanca, Demetra Simion, Olga Niculescu, Cosmin-Andrei Alexe, Concepcio Casas, Anna Bacardit, Stoica Tonea, and Gabriela Paun. "Olipo-wet olive pomace, a new renewable source for leather retanning." In The 8th International Conference on Advanced Materials and Systems. INCDTP - Leather and Footwear Research Institute (ICPI), Bucharest, Romania, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24264/icams-2020.ii.10.

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The aim of OLIPO project is to find suitable extraction methods for an important waste of olive oil production, wet olive pomace, in view of reclaiming it as tanning and retanning material, alternative to petroleum origin materials. The total volume of wet olive pomace in Mediterranean countries where olive crops are traditional is about 80% of processed olives and is the result of a two-phase continuous extraction process. Wet olive pomace is rich in polyphenolic compounds, fats, tannins, non-tannins, possible to be extracted, concentrated, chemical processed in view of developing a new tanning product. The use of new renewable materials from oil industry as biobased tanning material for leather industry represents an important step in lowering carbon footprint of both sectors and complies with circular economy principles. The antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of olive oil pomace can be exploited in view of increasing the efficiency of the new product. The paper presents the characterisation of four kinds of wet olive pomace wastes, water and water-organic solvent extracts as tanning materials in order to select the methods for a new tanning material elaboration and testing on leathers in retanning processes.
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Shoshan, Avi, Vladimir Grebinskiy, Avner Magen, Ariel Scolnicov, Eyal Fink, David Lehavi, and Alon Wasserman. "Designing oligo libraries taking alternative splicing into account." In BiOS 2001 The International Symposium on Biomedical Optics, edited by Michael L. Bittner, Yidong Chen, Andreas N. Dorsel, and Edward R. Dougherty. SPIE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.427976.

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Tomczuk, Grzegorz, and Piotr Wasiewicz. "Comparison of two approaches to oligo sets optimization." In Wilga - DL Tentative. SPIE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.610790.

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Nickmans, K., and A. P. H. J. Schenning. "Smectic hybrid oligo(dimethylsiloxane) liquid crystal for nanopatterning." In SPIE OPTO, edited by Liang-Chy Chien. SPIE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2266586.

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Hertsyk, Oksana, Olga Yezerska, Tetiana Hula, and Myroslava Kovbuz. "Formation of Oligo peroxide Coatings on Amorphous Alloys." In 2022 IEEE 12th International Conference Nanomaterials: Applications & Properties (NAP). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nap55339.2022.9934557.

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Hashim, Haneen E., and Mowafak K. Hasan. "Mitochondrial Number in Oligo and Azoospermia Male Patients." In 1st International Ninevah Conference on Medical Sciences (INCMS 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ahsr.k.211012.008.

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Reports on the topic "Oligos"

1

Tour, James M. Synthesis and Properties of Soluble Oligo- and Polyphenylenes. A Review. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada281293.

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Newman, Harvey B., Artur Barczyk, and Michael Bredel. OLiMPS. OpenFlow Link-layer MultiPath Switching. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1163919.

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Will, James A., Ricardo Saban, and Nian-Ji Li. Pharmacologic Studies on the In Vitro Bronchodilating Vasoactive Actions of Oligo-PGB (Prostaglandin B). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada193138.

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Jamison, G. M., D. A. Loy, and J. G. Curro. LDRD final report on chemical functionalization of oligo(hydrido)silanes, economically attractive routes to new photoresponsive materials. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/491421.

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Bryant, C. A., S. A. Wilks, and C. W. Keevil. Survival of SARS-CoV-2 on the surfaces of food and food packaging materials. Food Standards Agency, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.kww583.

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COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, was first reported in China in December 2019. The virus has spread rapidly around the world and is currently responsible for 500 million reported cases and over 6.4 million deaths. A risk assessment published by the Foods Standards Agency (FSA) in 2020 (Opens in a new window) concluded that it was very unlikely that you could catch coronavirus via food. This assessment included the worst-case assumption that, if food became contaminated during production, no significant inactivation of virus would occur before consumption. However, the rate of inactivation of virus on products sold at various temperatures was identified as a key uncertainty, because if inactivation does occur more rapidly in some situations, then a lower risk may be more appropriate. This project was commissioned to measure the rate of inactivation of virus on the surface of various types of food and food packaging, reducing that uncertainty. The results will be used to consider whether the assumption currently made in the risk assessment remains appropriate for food kept at a range of temperatures, or whether a lower risk is more appropriate for some. We conducted a laboratory-based study, artificially contaminating infectious SARS-CoV-2 virus onto the surfaces of foods and food packaging. We measured how the amount of infectious virus present on those surfaces declined over time, at a range of temperatures and relative humidity levels, reflecting typical storage conditions. We tested broccoli, peppers, apple, raspberry, cheddar cheese, sliced ham, olives, brine from the olives, white and brown bread crusts, croissants and pain au chocolat. The foods tested were selected as they are commonly sold loose on supermarket shelves or uncovered at deli counters or market stalls, they may be difficult to wash, and they are often consumed without any further processing i.e. cooking. The food packaging materials tested were polyethylene terephthalate (PET1) trays and bottles; aluminium cans and composite drinks cartons. These were selected as they are the most commonly used food packaging materials or consumption of the product may involve direct mouth contact with the packaging. Results showed that virus survival varied depending on the foods and food packaging examined. In several cases, infectious virus was detected for several hours and in some cases for several days, under some conditions tested. For a highly infectious agent such as SARS-CoV-2, which is thought to be transmissible by touching contaminated surfaces and then the face, this confirmation is significant. For most foods tested there was a significant drop in levels of virus contamination over the first 24 hours. However, for cheddar cheese and sliced ham, stored in refrigerated conditions and a range of relative humidity, the virus levels remained high up to a week later, when the testing period was stopped. Both cheddar cheese and sliced ham have high moisture, protein and saturated fat content, possibly offering protection to the virus. When apples and olives were tested, the virus was inactivated to the limit of detection very quickly, within an hour, when the first time point was measured. We suggest that chemicals, such as flavonoids, present in the skin of apples and olives inactivate the virus. The rate of viral decrease was rapid, within a few hours, for croissants and pain au chocolat. These pastries are both coated with a liquid egg wash, which may have an inhibitory effect on the virus. Food packaging materials tested had variable virus survival. For all food packaging, there was a significant drop in levels of virus contamination over the first 24 hours, in all relative humidity conditions and at both 6°C and 21°C; these included PET1 bottles and trays, aluminium cans and composite drinks cartons.
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Levisohn, Sharon, Mark Jackwood, and Stanley Kleven. New Approaches for Detection of Mycoplasma iowae Infection in Turkeys. United States Department of Agriculture, February 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7612834.bard.

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Mycoplasma iowae (Mi) is a pathogenic avian mycoplasma which causes mortality in turkey embryos and as such has clinical and economic significance for the turkey breeder industry. Control of Mi infection is severely hampered by lack of adequate diagnostic tests, together with resistance to most antibiotics and resilience to environment. A markedly high degree of intra-species antigenic variation also contributes to difficulties in detection and control of infection. In this project we have designed an innovative gene-based diagnostic test based on specific amplification of the 16S rRNA gene of Mi. This reaction, designed Multi-species PCR-RFLP test, also amplifies the DNA of the pathogenic avian mycoplasmas M. gallisepticum (Mg) and M. synoviae (Ms). This test detects DNA equivalent to about 300 cfu Mi or either of the other two target mycoplasmas, individually or in mixed infection. It is a quick test, applicable to a wide variety of clinical samples, such as allantoic fluid or tracheal or cloacal swab suspensions. Differential diagnosis is carried out by gel electro-phoresis of the PCR amplicon digested with selected restriction enzymes (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism). This can also be readily accomplished by using a simple Dot-Blot hybridization assay with digoxigenin-labeled oligonucleotide probes reacting specifically with unique Mi, Mg or Ms sequences in the PCR amplicon. The PCR/OLIGO test increased sensitivity by at least 10-fold with a capacity for rapid testing of large numbers of samples. Experimental infection trials were carried out to evaluate the diagnostic tools and to study pathogenesis of Mi infection. Field studies and experimental infection of embryonated eggs indicated both synergistic and competitive interaction of mycoplasma pathogens in mixed infection. The value of the PCR diagnostic tests for following the time course of egg transmission was shown. A workable serological test (Dot Immunobinding Assay) was also developed but there was no clear-cut evidence that infected turkeys develop an immune response. Typing of a wide spectrum of Mi field isolates by a variety of gene-based molecular techniques indicated a higher degree of genetic homogeneity than predicted on the basis of the phenotypic variability. All known strains of Mi were detected by the method developed. Together with an M. meleagridis-PCR test based on the same gene, the Multi-species PCR test is a highly valuable tool for diagnosis of pathogenic mycoplasmas in single or mixed infection. The further application of this rapid and specific test as a part of Mi and overall mycoplasma control programs will be dependent on developments in the turkey industry.
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Lehotay, Steven J., and Aviv Amirav. Fast, practical, and effective approach for the analysis of hazardous chemicals in the food supply. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7695587.bard.

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Background to the topic: For food safety and security reasons, hundreds of pesticides, veterinary drugs, and environmental pollutants should be monitored in the food supply, but current methods are too time-consuming, laborious, and expensive. As a result, only a tiny fraction of the food is tested for a limited number of contaminants. Original proposal objectives: Our main original goal was to develop fast, practical, and effective new approaches for the analysis of hazardous chemicals in the food supply. We proposed to extend the QuEChERS approach to more pesticides, veterinary drugs and pollutants, further develop GC-MS and LC-MS with SMB and combine QuEChERS with GC-SMB-MS and LC-SMB-EI-MS to provide the “ultimate” approach for the analysis of hazardous chemicals in food. Major conclusions, solutions and achievements: The original QuEChERS method was validated for more than 200 pesticide residues in a variety of food crops. For the few basic pesticides for which the method gave lower recoveries, an extensive solvent suitability study was conducted, and a buffering modification was made to improve results for difficult analytes. Furthermore, evaluation of the QuEChERS approach for fatty matrices, including olives and its oil, was performed. The QuEChERS concept was also extended to acrylamide analysis in foods. Other advanced techniques to improve speed, ease, and effectiveness of chemical residue analysis were also successfully developed and/or evaluated, which include: a simple and inexpensive solvent-in-silicone-tube extraction approach for highly sensitive detection of nonpolar pesticides in GC; ruggedness testing of low-pressure GC-MS for 3-fold faster separations; optimization and extensive evaluation of analyte protectants in GC-MS; and use of prototypical commercial automated direct sample introduction devices for GC-MS. GC-MS with SMB was further developed and combined with the Varian 1200 GCMS/ MS system, resulting in a new type of GC-MS with advanced capabilities. Careful attention was given to the subject of GC-MS sensitivity and its LOD for difficult to analyze samples such as thermally labile pesticides or those with weak or no molecular ions, and record low LOD were demonstrated and discussed. The new approach of electron ionization LC-MS with SMB was developed, its key components of sample vaporization nozzle and flythrough ion source were improved and was evaluated with a range of samples, including carbamate pesticides. A new method and software based on IAA were developed and tested on a range of pesticides in agricultural matrices. This IAA method and software in combination with GC-MS and SMB provide extremely high confidence in sample identification. A new type of comprehensive GCxGC (based on flow modulation) was uniquely combined with GC-MS with SMB, and we demonstrated improved pesticide separation and identification in complex agricultural matrices using this novel approach. An improved device for aroma sample collection and introduction (SnifProbe) was further developed and favorably compared with SPME for coffee aroma sampling. Implications, both scientific and agricultural: We succeeded in achieving significant improvements in the analysis of hazardous chemicals in the food supply, from easy sample preparation approaches, through sample analysis by advanced new types of GC-MS and LCMS techniques, all the way to improved data analysis by lowering LOD and providing greater confidence in chemical identification. As a result, the combination of the QuEChERS approach, new and superior instrumentation, and the novel monitoring methods that were developed will enable vastly reduced time and cost of analysis, increased analytical scope, and a higher monitoring rate. This provides better enforcement, an added impetus for farmers to use good agricultural practices, improved food safety and security, increased trade, and greater consumer confidence in the food supply.
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Ground-water quality in the Santa Rita, Buellton, and Los Olivos hydrologic subareas of the Santa Ynez River basin, Santa Barbara County, California. US Geological Survey, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri844131.

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9

Chemostratigraphy of Oligo-Miocene sequences in Cook Inlet, Alaska as based from core samples from the following wells: North Cook Inlet Unit A-02; Middle Ground Shoal wells A13-01, A33-11, C31-26; Swanson River Unit 34-10/Swanson River Unit #1 discovery well; and Deep Creek Unit #1. Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, December 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.14509/19562.

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