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1
Kondonassis, A. J. "The European Economic Community: Thirty Years Later." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 6, no. 1 (October 25, 2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v6i1.6312.
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The European Economic Community has been in operation for about 30 years. During this period an increased economic cooperation has been attained but the goal of a truly integrated Europe has remained elusive. The Single European Act, which was ratified in 1987, represents a recommitment to an integrated Europe by 1992. It is premised on a number of changes and reforms. Above all the effectiveness of the new effort will depend on the achievement of social cohesion and supranationalism among the EEC countries.
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Alfiyah, Nur Inna, and Very Andrianingsih. "DAMPAK KRISIS EKONOMI YUNANI TERHADAP EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY (EEC)." PERFORMANCE: Jurnal Bisnis & Akuntansi 11, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24929/feb.v11i1.1318.
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Globalization is a phenomenon that cannot be separated from human life, where all international structures and orders change. Easy access to information, technology and the exchange of goods, services and ideology make globalization a very important part. Changing the structure and economic, political and social order at this time requires existing countries to adapt to all changes brought about by globalization. The birth of non-state actors in globalization then brought about its own changes, especially in the economic field. This study aims to explain how the impact of the Greek economic crisis on the European economic community. The method used in this research is a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. The results of this study indicate that the economic interdependence between European countries which has led to the birth of the European Economic Community (EEC) is very influential on one another. This can be seen from how the Greek crisis was able to change the economic policy order of member countries of the European Economic Community (EEC).
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Babic, Blagoje. "Economic relations between Slavic countries." Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no. 128 (2009): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn0928007b.
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Economic relations between Slavic countries are a taboo topic. This is a reflection of divisions in Europe, which have also been transmitted to the Slavic world. Although the aspiration for Slav unification has existed for centuries, Slavic peoples have been a part of a single community only once - and even then not of their own choice - in the Eastern Block, which emerged from the division of Europe after the Second World War. The decomposition of the Eastern Bloc was followed by the decomposition of the Slavic world as well, which became more disunited than ever before. Changes that have been occurring in Europe - the incorporation into the European Union of several Slavic countries, the transformation of socio-economic systems in the Slavic countries and the global economic crisis - are driving the Slavic peoples toward a gathering on a new basis. The Slavic world is becoming the most promising emerging market in the world, for which the European Union is showing increasing interest. With the building of a pan-European energy infrastructure, which would also encompass all the Slavic countries, coupled with efforts toward creating a 'single European economic space' that would include both the European Union and Russia, all Slavic peoples will be united by common economic interests. Pan-European arrangements have as a consequence the development of economic relations among Slavic countries, bringing added benefit to their mutual political relations as well. Paradoxically, the European Union is accomplishing for the Slavic peoples what the Slavic peoples aren't able to accomplish for themselves.
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Adriaenssens, Niels, Robin Bruyndonckx, Ann Versporten, Niel Hens, Dominique L. Monnet, Geert Molenberghs, Herman Goossens, et al. "Consumption of quinolones in the community, European Union/European Economic Area, 1997–2017." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 76, Supplement_2 (July 1, 2021): ii37—ii44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkab176.
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Abstract Objectives Data on quinolone consumption in the community were collected from 30 EU/European Economic Area (EEA) countries over two decades. This article reviews temporal trends, seasonal variation, presence of change-points and changes in the composition of main subgroups of quinolones. Methods For the period 1997–2017, data on consumption of quinolones, i.e. ATC group J01M, in the community and aggregated at the level of the active substance, were collected using the WHO ATC/DDD methodology (ATC/DDD index 2019). Consumption was expressed in DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day and in packages per 1000 inhabitants per day. Quinolone consumption was analysed by subgroups based on pharmacokinetic profile, and presented as trends, seasonal variation, presence of change-points and compositional changes. Results In 2017, quinolone consumption in the community expressed in DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day varied by a factor of 8.2 between countries with the highest (Bulgaria) and the lowest (Norway) consumption. The second-generation quinolones accounted for >50% of quinolone consumption in most countries. Quinolone consumption significantly increased up to 2001, and did not change significantly afterwards. Seasonal variation increased significantly over time. Proportional consumption of third-generation quinolones significantly increased over time relative to that of second-generation quinolones, while proportional consumption of both third- and second-generation quinolones significantly increased relative to that of first-generation quinolones. Levofloxacin and moxifloxacin represented >40% of quinolone consumption in the community in southern EU/EEA countries. Conclusions Quinolone consumption in the community is no longer increasing in the EU/EEA, but its seasonal variation continues to increase significantly as is the proportion of quinolones to treat respiratory infections.
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Deng, Haoran, Tzuhan Lin, Zihao Ma, and Yixi Wang. "The impact of European Monetary Union on different countries within the EU." Highlights in Business, Economics and Management 2 (November 6, 2022): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hbem.v2i.2371.
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The decision on the establishment of economic and Monetary Union will be regarded as a major event in the economic history of Europe. A stable European monetary structure will affect the future not only of the Member States of the Community, but also of the whole world. It is likely to serve as a guidepost for the economic policies of future members of the European Community, such as Austria, Sweden and Finland, as well as the emerging market economies of Central and Eastern Europe. These countries are looking forward to closer links with the European Community. Monetary union would also provide a currency for the European Community. The creation of economic and monetary union is a complex undertaking from both a technical and a political point of view. It requires a high degree of consistency between economic policy and performance. At the same time, it would greatly reduce the economic autonomy of participating countries. The traditional differences in the economic and monetary policies of the member states of the European Community also have different effects. Therefore, this paper mainly studies the influence of EMU on different EU countries by studying the EU's political ideology, historical and economic development, economic main body structure and cultures of different EU countries.
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Versporten, Ann, Robin Bruyndonckx, Niels Adriaenssens, Niel Hens, Dominique L. Monnet, Geert Molenberghs, Herman Goossens, et al. "Consumption of cephalosporins in the community, European Union/European Economic Area, 1997–2017." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 76, Supplement_2 (July 1, 2021): ii22—ii29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkab174.
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Abstract Objectives Data on cephalosporin consumption in the community were collected from 30 EU/EEA countries over two decades. This article reviews temporal trends, seasonal variation, presence of change-points and changes in the composition of the main subgroups of cephalosporins. Methods For the period 1997–2017, data on consumption of cephalosporins (i.e. first-, second-, third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins; ATC subgroups J01DB, J01DC, J01DD and J01DE, respectively) in the community and aggregated at the level of the active substance, were collected using the WHO ATC/DDD methodology (ATC/DDD index 2019). Consumption was expressed in DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day and in packages per 1000 inhabitants per day. Cephalosporin consumption was analysed based on ATC-4 subgroup, and presented as trends, seasonal variation, presence of change-points and compositional changes. Results In 2017, cephalosporin consumption in the community expressed in DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day varied by a factor of 285 between countries with the highest (Greece) and the lowest (the Netherlands) consumption. Cephalosporin consumption did not change significantly between the first quarter of 1997 and the last quarter of 2017. Seasonal variation decreased significantly over time. Proportional consumption of second- and third-generation cephalosporins significantly increased over time compared with that of first-generation cephalosporins, and proportional consumption of fourth-generation cephalosporins significantly decreased compared with that of second- and third-generation cephalosporins. Conclusions Despite considerable variation between countries in the composition of cephalosporin consumption and trends over time, a significant shift towards consumption of more broad-spectrum cephalosporins in the community was observed across the EU/EEA during 1997–2017.
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Bruyndonckx, Robin, Niels Adriaenssens, Niel Hens, Ann Versporten, Dominique L. Monnet, Geert Molenberghs, Herman Goossens, et al. "Consumption of penicillins in the community, European Union/European Economic Area, 1997–2017." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 76, Supplement_2 (July 1, 2021): ii14—ii21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkab173.
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Abstract Objectives Data on consumption of penicillins in the community were collected from 30 EU/European Economic Area (EEA) countries over two decades. This article reviews temporal trends, seasonal variation, presence of change-points and changes in the composition of the main subgroups of penicillins. Methods For the period 1997–2017, data on consumption of penicillins, i.e. β-lactam antibacterials, penicillins (ATC group J01C), in the community aggregated at the level of the active substance, were collected using the WHO ATC/DDD methodology (ATC/DDD index 2019). Consumption was expressed in DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day and in packages per 1000 inhabitants per day. Consumption of penicillins was analysed based on ATC-4 subgroups, and presented as trends, seasonal variation, presence of change-points and compositional changes. Results In 2017, consumption of penicillins in the community expressed in DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day varied by a factor of 4.9 between countries with the highest (Spain) and the lowest (the Netherlands) consumption. An increase in consumption of penicillins, which was not statistically significant, was observed between 1997 and 2003 and up to 2010. A decrease, which was not statistically significant, was observed from 2010 onwards. Proportional consumption of combinations of penicillins, including β-lactamase inhibitors (J01CR) increased during 1997–2017, which coincided with a decrease in the proportional consumption of extended-spectrum penicillins (J01CA) and narrow-spectrum penicillins (J01CE). Conclusions Considerable variation in the patterns of consumption of penicillins was observed between EU/EEA countries. The consumption of penicillins in the EU/EEA community did not change significantly over time, while the proportional consumption of combinations of penicillins increased.
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Gylka, K. "Prospects for European Integration of the Republic of Moldova and the Constitutional Component." Scientific Research and Development. Economics of the Firm 10, no. 2 (August 6, 2021): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2306-627x-2021-10-2-84-89.
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The European Union (EU) is an economic and political union of 28 European countries. The population is 508 million people, 24 official and working languages and about 150 regional and minority languages. The origins of the European Union come from the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the European Economic Community (EEC), consisting of six states in 1951 - Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. These countries came together to put an end to the wars that devastated the European continent, and they agreed to share control over the natural resources needed for war (coal and steel). The founding members of ECSC have determined that this European project will not only be developed in order to share resources or to prevent various conflicts in the region. Thus, the Rome Treaty of 1957 created the European Economic Community (EEC), which strengthened the political and economic relations between the six founding states. The relevance of the topic stems from their desire of peoples and countries to live better. The purpose of the study is to identify the internal and external development mechanisms of European countries and, on this basis, to formulate a model of economic, legislative and social development for individual countries. The results of the study provide a practical guideline for determining the vector of the direction of efforts of political, economic, legislative, humanitarian, etc.
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Bruyndonckx, Robin, Ana Hoxha, Chantal Quinten, Girma Minalu Ayele, Samuel Coenen, Ann Versporten, Niels Adriaenssens, et al. "Change-points in antibiotic consumption in the community, European Union/European Economic Area, 1997–2017." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 76, Supplement_2 (July 1, 2021): ii68—ii78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkab179.
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Abstract Objectives Surveillance of antibiotic consumption in the community is of utmost importance to inform and evaluate control strategies. Data on two decades of antibiotic consumption in the community were collected from 30 EU/European Economic Area (EEA) countries. This article reviews temporal trends and the presence of abrupt changes in subgroups of relevance in antimicrobial stewardship. Methods For the period 1997–2017, data on yearly antibiotic consumption in the community, aggregated at the level of the active substance, were collected using the WHO ATC classification and expressed in DDD (ATC/DDD index 2019) per 1000 inhabitants per day. We applied a range of non-linear mixed models to assess the presence of changes in the consumption of antibacterials for systemic use (ATC group J01) and eight antibiotic subgroups. Results For the majority of the studied groups, a country-specific change-point model provided the best fit. Depending on the antibiotic group/subgroup and on the country, change-points were spread out between 2000 and 2013. Conclusions Due to the heterogeneity in antibiotic consumption in the community across EU/EEA countries, a country-specific change-point model provided the better fit. Given the limitations of this model, our recommendation for the included countries is to carefully interpret the country-specific results presented in this article and to use the tutorial included in this series to conduct their own change-point analysis when evaluating the impact of changes in regulations, public awareness campaigns, and other national interventions to improve antibiotic consumption in the community.
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Adriaenssens, Niels, Robin Bruyndonckx, Ann Versporten, Niel Hens, Dominique L. Monnet, Geert Molenberghs, Herman Goossens, et al. "Quality appraisal of antibiotic consumption in the community, European Union/European Economic Area, 2009 and 2017." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 76, Supplement_2 (July 1, 2021): ii60—ii67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkab178.
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Abstract Objectives The quality of antibiotic consumption in the community can be assessed using 12 drug-specific quality indicators (DSQIs) developed by the European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption (ESAC) project. We compared quality in 2009 and 2017 in the EU/European Economic Area (EEA) and evaluated the impact of using different DDD values (ATC/DDD indices 2011 and 2019) for the 2009 quality assessment using these DSQIs and a joint scientific opinion (JSO) indicator. Methods We calculated the 12 DSQIs and the JSO indicator for 2017 and for 2009 for EU/EEA countries able to deliver values. For each of the indicators we grouped the 2017 and 2009 indicator values into four quartiles. To evaluate changes in quality between 2009 and 2017, we used the quartile distribution of the 2009 indicator values in 30 EU/EEA countries as benchmarks. In addition, we compared the quality assessment for 2009 using the ATC/DDD indices 2011 and 2019. Results In 2017, a difference in the quality of antibiotic consumption in the community between northern and southern EU/EEA countries remained, but also several eastern EU/EEA countries shifted towards lower quality. Quality of antibiotic consumption decreased between 2009 and 2017 in particular indicator values for penicillin, quinolone, relative β-lactam and broad- versus narrow-spectrum antibiotic consumption, and seasonal variation. Using different ATC/DDD indices did not substantially change countries’ ranking based on their DSQI values. Conclusions The quality of antibiotic consumption in the community as measured by the DSQIs further decreased between 2009 and 2017, especially in Southern and Eastern European countries. A continuous effort to improve antibiotic consumption is essential to reduce antibiotic consumption in general and the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics in particular.
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Szczepańska-Woszczyna, Katarzyna, Dainora Gedvilaitė, Joanicjusz Nazarko, Andrius Stasiukynas, and Aleš Rubina. "ASSESSMENT OF ECONOMIC CONVERGENCE AMONG COUNTRIES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION." Technological and Economic Development of Economy 28, no. 5 (November 7, 2022): 1572–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/tede.2022.17518.
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The debate on the presence of economic benefits in the European Union (EU) is not over. The study responds unequivocally to this question, with the intensity of economic development in the countries that joined the European Union in 2004 and beyond twice as high as that of the countries that joined it this year, i.e. the EU’s old ones compared to the new ones; smoothness – 1.1 times and dynamics – 1.6 times. Another important trend for further development is that, as the level of economic development increases, its smoothness is diminishing. In respect of the context of the EP of all EU Members, it turned out that the higher intensity of enlargement was characterised by higher economic levels, with similar homogeneity and almost identical values for the dynamic indicator. The introduction to the article presents the context of the studies, i.e. two groups of EU Community countries are formed according to their level of economic development and the year of their accession to the Community, as well as a survey scheme. The literature review reveals the methods used to analyse the convergence of economic development in these countries, as members of the Community. The research methodology introduces the indicator of economic development of countries and provides a methodology for assessing its dynamics. The empirical part assesses the dynamics of economic development of both groups of countries and identifies trends in terms of convergence. The discussion section summarises the consolidation and destabilising factors in the EU and the importance of the study carried out in this context. The conclusions present the main results of the studies and outline their further directions. The results of the study can be used both in the EU and for the purpose-oriented decisions of its members on further economic development.
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Bruyndonckx, Robin, Niels Adriaenssens, Ann Versporten, Niel Hens, Dominique L. Monnet, Geert Molenberghs, Herman Goossens, et al. "Consumption of antibiotics in the community, European Union/European Economic Area, 1997–2017." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 76, Supplement_2 (July 1, 2021): ii7—ii13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkab172.
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Abstract Objectives Data on antibiotic consumption in the community were collected from 30 EU/EEA countries over two decades. This article reviews temporal trends, seasonal variation, presence of change-points and changes in the composition of the main antibiotic groups. Methods For the period 1997–2017, data on consumption of antibiotics, i.e. antibacterials for systemic use (ATC group J01), in the community, aggregated at the level of the active substance, were collected using the WHO ATC/DDD methodology (ATC/DDD index 2019). Consumption was expressed in DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day and in packages per 1000 inhabitants per day. Antibiotic consumption was analysed based on ATC-3 groups, and presented as trends, seasonal variation, presence of change-points and compositional changes. Results In 2017, antibiotic consumption in the community expressed in DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day varied by a factor 3.6 between countries with the highest (Greece) and the lowest (the Netherlands) consumption. Antibiotic consumption in the EU/EEA did not change significantly over time. Antibiotic consumption showed a significant seasonal variation, which decreased over time. The number of DDD per package significantly increased over time. The proportional consumption of sulphonamides and trimethoprim (J01E) relative to other groups significantly decreased over time, while the proportional consumption of other antibacterials (J01X) relative to other groups significantly increased over time. Conclusions Overall, antibiotic consumption in the community in the EU/EEA did not change during 1997–2017, while seasonal variation consistently decreased over time. The number of DDD per package increased during 1997–2017.
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Babiarz, Stefan. "Unification of gift and inheritance taxes and the protection of taxpayers – the inheritors and recipients of donations." Nieruchomości@ IV, no. IV (December 31, 2021): 27–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.5417.
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Gift and inheritance tax in the European Union Member States is calculated and charged in numerous ways. In the majority of countries of the European Economic Community it constitutes a separate tax. In several countries it is not charged at all or is part of the income tax. Despite the attempts made by the European Commission to unify the legislation of the Member States in this regard, there has been no success. The article presents the above-mentioned attempts of the European Commission, their results and consequences. It identifies the methods of avoiding a double or even triple taxation on cross-border inheritances or donations. This is of crucial significance also to the Polish citizens who demonstrate higher and higher investment activity in the countries of the European Economic Community and third countries.
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McMahon, Joseph A. "International Agricultural Trade Reform and Developing Countries: The Case of the European Community." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47, no. 3 (July 1998): 632–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589300062205.
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We are all aware that agriculture is important to developing countries as a source of income, employment and export earnings. To a far greater extent than in the OECD countries, agriculture it central to the economic performance of developing countries and the livelihood of their inhabitants. Rural societies in developing countries are directly dependent on the agricultural sector and urban dwellers rely on agriculture to provide food security and sustainable economic growth. Furthermore, many developing countries heavily rely on the export earnings or are highly dependent on food imports. Given the fact that the poorest and most threatened communities and countries are typically the most highly dependent, the resolution of pressing global agricultural policy and trade issues is critical to sustainable development and poverty alleviation.
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CZECH, Mirosław. "Pan-European transport corridors in the policy of the European Union." Inżynieria Bezpieczeństwa Obiektów Antropogenicznych, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.37105/iboa.100.
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The issue of organizing efficient transport with in Europe is one of the areas of the common policy of the European Union, shaped for over 30 years. Poland has been participating in this creative processsince May 1, 2004. The intensity of the development of transport and economy of individual countries that do not only belong to the Community has a significant impact on changes in the European Union's transport policy aimedatimproving the course of pan-European transport corridors. In parallel with the creation of an effective European transport network, the rapid economic development of the regions belonging to the Union, including Poland, is becoming in creasingly important. The aim of the article is to discuss the issue of the development of trans-European transport corridors, which also pass through the territory of Poland, and to present changes in EU policy concerning the shaping of transport infrastructure in Europe, as a result of which a single transport network is to be created in the near future, meeting the communication and economic needs of the countries belonging to the Community.
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CZECH, Mirosław. "PAN – EUROPEAN TRANSPORT CORRIDORS IN THE POLICY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION." Scientific Journal of Silesian University of Technology. Series Transport 112 (September 1, 2021): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.20858/sjsutst.2021.112.4.
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The issue of organising efficient transport within Europe is one of the areas of a common policy of the European Union, shaped for over 30 years. Poland has been participating in this creative process since May 1, 2004. The intensity of the development of transport and the economy of individual countries that do not only belong to the Community but also have a significant impact on changes in the European Union's transport policy aimed at improving the course of pan-European transport corridors. In parallel with the creation of an effective European transport network, the rapid economic development of the regions belonging to the Union, including Poland, is becoming increasingly important. This article aims to discuss the issue of the development of the trans-European transport corridors, which also passes through the territory of Poland. In addition, this paper aims to present changes in EU policy concerning the shaping of transport infrastructure in Europe, following which a single transport network is to be created soon, meeting the communication and economic needs of the countries belonging to the Community.
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Mardas, Dimitri. "Intra-Industry Trade in Manufactured Products Between the European Economic Community and the Eastern European Countries." Journal of World Trade 26, Issue 5 (October 1, 1992): 5–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad1992028.
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Popova, Irina, and Nataliya Demchenko. "TERRITORIAL SOCIETIES FEATURES: EUROPEAN EXPERIENCE." Three Seas Economic Journal 1, no. 1 (June 10, 2020): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2661-5150/2020-1-4.
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The purpose of the article is to summarize the experience of developing tools for the implementation of amalgamated territorial communities. The European countries’ experience helps to improve the system of public administration in such a way that it acts in the interests of the individual-citizen and is under the control of civil society. The important factors in the dynamic development of the state is effective public administration at all levels of the administrative and territorial structure of the country are investigated. The main links in this section are the district and regional levels, within which the main socio-economic, political and cultural links are realized and estableshed. The main task of effective regional public administration is to ensure the socio-economic development of the region and to meet the needs of citizens. Methodology. The survey is based on a comparison of data from the EU countries. The competences of local governments in the EU countries are examined. Results. Implementation tools for amalgamated territorial communities have been identified to assess the socio-economic development of the community for investment attractiveness. It has been proved that the amalgamation of territorial communities should be based on the principle of multicriteria, since the main participants in the formation, functioning and further development of the community are people who are united in a team to achieve a common goal, which is to develop the territorial community in order to improve the quality of life. Practical implications. Society will be able only if each of its members clearly understands the possibility of improving the standard of living within the community than existence outside of it. The study has shown that there are the number of criteria, including spatial, temporal, demographic, labor, cultural, historical, financial, that should be considered when amalgamating territorial communities. It is proved that the main instruments of implementation of amalgamated territorial communities are area, population (including demographic structure), income level, level of spending, financing structure, structure of economic entities by types of activity and level of income, number of objects of social infrastructure, employment and community unemployment, etc.
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Adriaenssens, Niels, Robin Bruyndonckx, Ann Versporten, Niel Hens, Dominique L. Monnet, Geert Molenberghs, Herman Goossens, et al. "Consumption of macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramins in the community, European Union/European Economic Area, 1997–2017." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 76, Supplement_2 (July 1, 2021): ii30—ii36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkab175.
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Abstract Objectives Data on the consumption of macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramins (MLS) in the community were collected from 30 EU/European Economic Area (EEA) countries over two decades. This article reviews temporal trends, seasonal variation, presence of change-points and changes in composition of the main subgroups of MLS. Methods For the period 1997–2017, data on consumption of MLS, i.e. ATC group J01F, in the community and aggregated at the level of the active substance, were collected using the WHO ATC/DDD methodology (ATC/DDD index 2019). Consumption was expressed in DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day and in packages per 1000 inhabitants per day. Consumption of MLS was analysed and presented as trends, seasonal variation, presence of change-points and compositional changes, using a classification based on mean plasma elimination half-life for macrolides. Results In 2017, consumption of MLS in the community expressed in DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day varied by a factor of 13 between countries with the highest (Greece) and the lowest (Sweden) consumption. Consumption of MLS did not change significantly up to 2003, after which it significantly increased up to 2007. No significant change was observed after 2007. Consumption of MLS showed high seasonal variation. The proportional consumption of long-acting macrolides significantly increased over time compared with that of intermediate-acting macrolides, and proportional consumption of the latter increased compared with that of short-acting macrolides. Conclusions Consumption of MLS did not change significantly over time during 2007–2017, while the proportional consumption of long-acting macrolides increased. Seasonal variation remained high, which suggests that MLS are still prescribed inappropriately in many countries.
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Petrushenko, Yuriy, Fedir Zhuravka, Vladyslav Shapoval, Lyudmila Khomutenko, and Olena Zhuravka. "Sustainable socio-economic development and Rainbow Europe Index." Problems and Perspectives in Management 19, no. 4 (December 21, 2021): 408–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.19(4).2021.33.
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The issues of recognizing the rights of the LGBTQ+ community around the world and developing appropriate anti-discrimination policies and laws are one of the main topics for discussion in the global agenda. This is due to the commitment of the world community to protect human rights and meet the needs of society. The paper aims to assess the relationship between socio-economic development indicators of some European countries and the Rainbow Europe Index. To find out how discrimination against the LGBTQ+ community affects various social and economic development indicators of some European countries, a data matrix was developed and the Spearman rank correlation coefficient was calculated. The obtained results confirmed a positive relationship between the Rainbow Europe Index and GDP per capita, the Human Development Index, the Corruption Index, and the Index of Happiness. Calculations have shown that the Rainbow Europe Index had a significant impact on these indicators. The study proved the dependence of indicators and demonstrated the need to provide freedoms and rights for LGBTQ+ affiliated members in Ukraine and other European countries. AcknowledgmentThis paper is published as a part of research projects “Convergence of economic and educational transformations in the digital society: modeling the impact on regional and national security” (No. 0121U109553) and “Reforming the lifelong learning system in Ukraine for the prevention of the labor emigration: a coopetition model of institutional partnership” (No. 0120U102001).
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Höhmann, H. ‐H, C. Meier, and H. Timmermann. "The European community and the countries of the CIS: Political and economic relations." Journal of Communist Studies 9, no. 3 (September 1993): 151–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13523279308415217.
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Legrand, Pierre. "European Legal Systems are not Converging." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 45, no. 1 (January 1996): 52–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589300058656.
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Since the late 1940s, economic considerations relating to the globalisation of world markets have led an ever larger group of Western European countries to unite in the quest for a supra-national legal order which, in time, generated the European Community. Most of these countries' legal orders claim allegiance to what anglophones are fond of labelling the “civli law” tradition,1although two common law jurisdictions joined the Community in the early 1970s. The European Community's early decision to promote economic integration (and, later, other types of integration) through harmonisation or unification has involved, at both Community and national levels (for the implementation of Community rules in the member States carries the adoption ofnationalrules in all member States), a process of relentless “juridification”; law, in the guise of legislatively or judicially enacted rules, has assumed the role of a “steering medium”.2This development was foreseeable: once the interaction among European legal systems had acted as a catalyst for the creation of a supra-system,3the need to achieve reciprocal compatibility between the infra-systems and the supra-system naturally fostered the development of an extended network of interconnections (such as regulations and directives) which eventually raised the question of further legal integration in the form of a common law of Europe.4
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Bruyndonckx, Robin, Niels Adriaenssens, Ann Versporten, Niel Hens, Dominique L. Monnet, Geert Molenberghs, Herman Goossens, et al. "Consumption of antibiotics in the community, European Union/European Economic Area, 1997–2017: data collection, management and analysis." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 76, Supplement_2 (July 1, 2021): ii2—ii6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkab171.
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Abstract Objectives This article introduces a series of articles on antibiotic consumption in the community between 1997 and 2017, which provide an update of previous articles covering the periods 1997–2003 and 1997–2009. Methods In this article, differences in participating countries, the ATC/DDD classification system, and data collection, validation and analysis between the current and previous series are described. Results In the previous series, 33 European countries provided valid data for further analysis, while the current series focused on 30 countries belonging to the EU or the European Economic Area (EEA). For both series, data were collected in accordance with the WHO ATC classification system. While the previous series reported data in accordance with the ATC/DDD index 2011, the current series employed the ATC/DDD index 2019. Both series focused on consumption of antibacterials for systemic use (ATC J01) and collected data expressed in DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day and packages per 1000 inhabitants per day. When studying consumption expressed in packages per 1000 inhabitants per day, countries reporting total care data, i.e. community and hospital sector combined, were included in the previous series but excluded in the current series. While the previous series used non-linear mixed models to evaluate time trends in antibiotic consumption, the current series allowed for inclusion of change-points with a data-driven location. In addition, both series assessed the composition and quality of antibiotic consumption in the EU/EEA. Conclusions The updated analyses of two decades of ESAC-Net data provide the most comprehensive and detailed description of antibiotic consumption in the community in Europe.
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O'Donovan, Joan Lockwood. "Political Authority and European Community: The Challenge of the Christian Political Tradition." Scottish Journal of Theology 47, no. 1 (February 1994): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0036930600045610.
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Today the whole of Europe, East and West, is caught up in the search for new political and economic structures, sadly, along violent and atavistic as well as peaceful and constructive paths. In the West the fulcrum of change is the halting movement of countries toward economic and political ‘integration’ within the European Community. The issue of what form, or forms, the Community should take (whether federal, confederal, or more loosely associative) is understandably divisive, for its resolution will determine the political shape, not only of the member states, but also of those western European countries (should there be any eventually) that remain either outside the Community or only partially integrated in it. Moreover, it will decisively influence the political and economic aspirations and possibilities of the Community's eastern European neighbours, and even of their Soviet or ex-Soviet neighbours. Thus are we justified in viewing the fate of the European Community as the fate of Europe. Consequendy, it is a task of theoretical and practical moment to attempt to grasp the civilisational meaning of the projected European union with the help of some points of reference from western Europe's past and present.
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Nozari, Fariborz. "Competition Rules in the European Economic Area." International Journal of Legal Information 21, no. 1 (1993): 16–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500027232.
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On October 22, 1991, after exhaustive negotiations between the European Community (EC) and the Member States of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) an agreement on the formation of the European Economic Area (EEA) was reached. Hence, the foundation was laid for an economic and social unit embracing 19 countries and about 380 million people, forming the world's largest economic bloc and a regional single market responsible for ca.40 percent of the world trade.The Agreement consists of a preamble and nine parts covering the objectives and principles, the four freedoms of movements of goods, persons, service and capital, provisions on competition and other common rules, horizontal policies relevant to the four freedoms, cooperation outside the four freedoms, institutional provisions, funding, and final provisions.
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Sipkov, Ivan. "The European Economic Community: A Sovereign Entity Under its Own Legal Order." International Journal of Legal Information 16, no. 3 (1988): 177–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500022289.
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The European Economic Community (EEC), also known as the European Community, the Common Market, and the Community, originated through the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) Treaty. The inaugural agreement was signed in Paris on April 18, 1951, and became effective on July 25, 1952. The original members included Germany, France, Italy, and the Benelux countries of Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands. The primary task of the ECSC Treaty was to create a common market for coal and steel by prohibiting all duties on imports and exports and all quantitative and private restraints on competition. This Treaty is considered the first step towards a united Europe. Its decisive innovation was to entitle the Community's institutions established by the Treaty to directly bind member states and enterprises by means of its decisions.
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Versporten, Ann, Robin Bruyndonckx, Niels Adriaenssens, Niel Hens, Dominique L. Monnet, Geert Molenberghs, Herman Goossens, et al. "Consumption of tetracyclines, sulphonamides and trimethoprim, and other antibacterials in the community, European Union/European Economic Area, 1997–2017." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 76, Supplement_2 (July 1, 2021): ii45—ii59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkab177.
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Abstract Objectives Data on consumption of tetracyclines, sulphonamides and trimethoprim, and other antibacterials were collected from 30 EU/European Economic Area (EEA) countries over two decades. This article reviews temporal trends, seasonal variation, presence of change-points and changes in the composition of main subgroups of tetracyclines, sulphonamides and trimethoprim and other antibacterials. Methods For the period 1997–2017, data on consumption of tetracyclines (ATC group J01A), sulphonamides and trimethoprim (ATC group J01E), and other antibacterials (ATC group J01X) in the community and aggregated at the level of the active substance, were collected using the WHO ATC/DDD methodology (ATC/DDD index 2019). Consumption was expressed in DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day and in packages per 1000 inhabitants per day. Consumption of tetracyclines, sulphonamides and trimethoprim, and other antibacterials was analysed based on ATC-4 subgroups and presented as trends, seasonal variation, presence of change-points and compositional changes. Results In 2017, consumption of tetracyclines, sulphonamides and trimethoprim, and other antibacterials in the community expressed in DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day varied considerably between countries. Between 1997 and 2017, consumption of tetracyclines did not change significantly, while its seasonal variation significantly decreased over time. Consumption of sulphonamides and trimethoprim significantly decreased until 2006, and its seasonal variation significantly decreased over time. The consumption of other antibacterials showed no significant change over time or in seasonal variation. Conclusions Consumption and composition of tetracyclines, sulphonamides and trimethoprim, and other antibacterials showed wide variations between EU/EEA countries and over time. This represents an opportunity to further reduce consumption of these groups in some countries and improve the quality of their prescription.
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Kovacevic, Maja. "International problems and the research on process of the European integration from the establishment of the communities to the single European act." Medjunarodni problemi 70, no. 2 (2018): 147–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp1802147k.
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Based on research topics that have been discussed in the context related to the European integration in the journal International Problems in the period 1949-1990, the aim of this paper is to consider the extent to which the Yugoslav science of international relations followed this process. The main thesis is that domestic science has studied all relevant aspects of the integration process and has kept up with the times and the key theoretical frameworks. After World War II, the focus was on the economic and political situation of the Western European countries, their interests, as well as the security context in which were launched the first integration initiatives: the German issue, the Marshall Plan, the Cold war and bipolar world, the process of decolonisation, the failure of the European Defense Community and the establishment of the European Coal and Steel Community, the European Economic Community and EURATOM. At the beginning of the 60s of the 20th century, great attention was devoted to the study of regional integration in general and its models, as well as the expected effects. Along with the slowdown in the European integration process in the late 60s and throughout the 70s, the attention of researchers gradually shifted to individual policies and initiatives of the European Economic Community: the Common Agricultural Policy, development of regional policy, association agreements, the Mediterranean policy, initiatives in the field of monetary integration. The 80s of the last century were dominated by themes that marked this decade in the process of European integration: factors for change in the European Economic Community, the initiatives for reform of the Treaty, the Mediterranean enlargement, the Single European Act, the program for completing the internal market, changes in the social policy of the Community and measures to promote technological development and strategy for the industry. Along with it, the focus was on the relationship between the United States and the Western European countries, East-West relations and relations of Yugoslavia with the Community.
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Peshkin, Vitalii Mikhailovich. "Prerequisites for the creation of Visegrád Group in the context of international political and economic situation in Europe." Исторический журнал: научные исследования, no. 4 (April 2021): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0609.2021.4.36045.
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The subject of this research is the historical conditions for the creation of Visegrád Group – subregional organization of the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary and Poland. The collapse of the system of pro-communist regimes in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe allowed the local dissident circles to create the “ideological” framework for subregional organization, which is based on the idea of the Central European identity. In the late 1980s, the idea of subregional cooperation in the socialist camp won support of a number of Western European countries. However, the initiative on the development regional cooperation in Central and Eastern Europe was taken over by the United States. The United States prompted the decision of the G7 member-states on the transfer of the European Commission a coordinating role in assisting Poland and Hungary as the flagships for conducting political and economic liberalization in Central and Eastern Europe. The novelty of this research consists in the analysis of attempts of subregional cooperation outside the framework of the European Economic Community in the late 1980s. Attention is also given to the previously unstudied criticism of the process of accession of the countries of Visegrád Group to the European Economic Community. Critical assessments substantiated by ineffectiveness of the programs of assisting the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, as well as by posing threats to the stability of the European Economic Community member-states due to inclusion of the former socialist countries into the united Europe. The main conclusion lies in the statement that the collapse of the socialist camp at the turn of the 1980s – 1990s actualized the pursuit of identity in the new world by the Central and Eastern European countries. The oath of European integration was selected as a universal method for solution of this problem. However, regional cooperation remained a relevant question, since rapprochement with the Western Europe alone could not eliminate all the contradictions between the countries. The cooperation between Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia became the most successful example of such cooperation and served as the prototype for creation of other subregional structures.
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Parodi, Silvio, Anita Parodi, Claudio Lombardo, and Leonardo Santi. "Cancer Research in the European Community and Other Non-EC Countries." Tumori Journal 79, no. 1 (February 1993): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030089169307900102.
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Aims We assessed the scientific productivity in the field of cancer research of countries in the European Community (EC) and the most important non-EC countries by counting the number of papers published during the period 1988-1990 in 15 of the top scientific journals (as defined by the Journal Citation Reports, Oncology). The global and per capita data are presented for each country. Methods Qualitative parameters like the impact factor and the half-life were also considered in the analysis. The selection of cancer journals with a high average quotation rate gave significant results. Introducing the average impact factor and half-life of each journal modified the results only slightly. The per capita data for each country were not corrected for the number of investigators working in oncology (a datum difficult to obtain). The parameters thus do not define the performance of the average investigator but are more « economic » parameters specifically related to the field of cancer research. Results and conclusions Small, wealthy Western countries tended to have an advantage over large, less developed countries, as expected. However, additional individual differences that could be of interest were present in the group of developed countries.
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Sobczak, Wioleta, and Elżbieta Radziewicz. "CORRELATION BETWEEN ECONOMIC GROWTH AND PUBLIC DEBT LEVEL IN SELECT COUNTRIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia 20, no. 1 (June 2, 2021): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/aspe.2021.20.1.6.
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The complex correlation between public debt and economic growth is very important and is a focus of research within the scientific community and among policy makers. The main purpose of this paper is to identify the correlation between the level of public debt and the level of economic growth in select European Union countries. It is an empirical study of the transmission mechanisms and impact of public debt on economic growth in countries which joined the European Union in 2004 or later. The time range of the analyses covers the years 2000–2019. Estimation of the model parameters shows that the level of public debt had an impact on economic growth only in some countries.
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Elharahsheh, Ibrahim Sulaiman, and Khaled Hamed Shnikat. "Jordanian relationship with European Community (Economic and Technical Cooperation Agreement of 1977) Study of the Convention and its results and its subsequent effects." Journal of Arts and Social Sciences [JASS] 10, no. 2 (March 6, 2020): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jass.vol10iss2pp61-78.
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The study deals with the economic and technical cooperation of 1977 Agreement between Jordan and the European Community as a model for understanding the relationship, and studies its impact on the Jordanian economy, and the inequality in the relationship in fact and effect.The study seeks to answer the key question is how to understand the relationship of Jordan to the European Community in the light of the cooperation of the 1977 agreement as a model for understanding the relationship with the group and therest of other countries? And what it’s consequences on the Jordanian economy, and how this agreement affected the relations between Jordan and the European Community? The study uses the legal approach and the methodology of systems analysis, the study results, including that the Mediterranean region, Jordan part of it, is an important area for European countries politically and economically, and that the stability and growth of the region is essential for European reality; so the Mediterranean partner countries should be aware on one hand, and reins to take the initiative by asking issues boldly and transparently on the other hand. In addition, Jordan should re-evaluation its policies with the EU.
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Gavrilov, Doina. "Europeanization of Turkey and the Long Way to EU Membership." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 86 (March 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.86.1.
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For a few decades, Europe watches Turkey evolution in a matter of politics, policy, policies, human rights and so on. Everything begins in 1959 when Turkey applies to associate membership to the European Economic Community. But unfortunately for Turkey, the accession to the Community was not to accomplish. In time, the European Economic Community became the European Union. The organization pass through the enlargement process multiple times that today it is the Union of the 28 countries, but still without Turkey as a member. After all this time, a question is raised: what drags Turkey from achieving the membership status in all this time? In this paper, we try to answer the above question through the Europeanization spectrum.
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Perrons, D. "Measuring Equal Opportunities in European Employment." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 26, no. 8 (August 1994): 1195–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a261195.
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The European Community has developed various social policies to compensate for the uneven effects of economic integration, and to bring about greater equality between women and men. In addition, the member states have their own policy traditions and institutional frameworks which likewise affect general employment conditions. In order to bring about greater economic and social cohesion in the European Community there have been moves to harmonise social policy. Clearly, if greater equality between women and men is a desired goal then it is important that the harmonisation should take place around those policies that are more progressive in this respect. Two ways of measuring gender inequality in paid work are proposed and applied to EC data. The results of this preliminary study indicate that those countries with more formal regulatory frameworks are more conducive to greater gender equality than those where market-based policies prevail.
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Schaad, Martin. "Plan G – A ‘Counterblast’? British Policy towards the Messina Countries, 1956." Contemporary European History 7, no. 01 (March 1998): 39–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777300004756.
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As the new Labour government has declared its intention to enhance Britain's role in Europe, there is renewed interest in the chequered history of Anglo-European relations. Of particular relevance in view of the present policy reappraisal is the period between 1955 and 1963, as the challenge here is to account for perhaps the most fundamental policy reversal: from Britain's refusal to take part in the common market project launched by the six member countries of the European Coal and Steel Community(ECSC) at the Messina conference to Prime Minister Harold Macmillan's effort to negotiate entry into the European Economic Community (EEC). Given that this latter effort proved unsuccessful, it is said by some that the earlier date represents the British failure to seize the opportunity to be part of the European project. The catchphrase‘missing the boat at Messina’ – though not undisputed – is most illustrative of this view.
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Grieco, Joseph M. "The Maastricht Treaty, Economic and Monetary Union and the neo-realist research programme." Review of International Studies 21, no. 1 (January 1995): 21–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210500117504.
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With the Treaty on European Union, or the Maastricht Treaty, into force in November 1993, the member-states of the European Community (EC) appeared to be embarking on a far-reaching enterprise to enhance the authority of Community institutions. Continuing a process that had begun with the Single European Act (SEA), into force in 1987, Maastricht increased the powers of the European Parliament. It established mechanisms whereby EC countries were to seek to improve policy coordination in such diverse areas as social affairs, high technology, border controls, immigration, and anti-crime efforts. It committed the EC members to work toward the establishment of a common foreign and security policy. Most importantly, it laid out a path and timetable for qualified EC members to achieve Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) by the end of the 1990s.
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Villanueva, Eduardo. "The Provision of Legal and Economic Information to the Public in some European Community Countries." IFLA Journal 18, no. 4 (December 1992): 361–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/034003529201800415.
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Mardas, Dimitri, and Chistos Nikas. "Economic Integration and Intra-industry Trade Between the European Community and the Western Balkan Countries." Transition Studies Review 15, no. 3 (October 16, 2008): 511–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11300-008-0025-2.
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Eichenberg, Richard C., and Russell J. Dalton. "Europeans and the European Community: the dynamics of public support for European integration." International Organization 47, no. 4 (1993): 507–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300028083.
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Europeans evaluate the European Community (EC) according to its economic performance, political salience, and role in international relations. During the last two decades their measured attitudes toward European integration warmed especially when inflation rates fell, as the EC share of the country's trade expanded, when EC elections and referenda increased attention to the community, and to some extend during periods when East-West relations were relaxed. Europeans did not vary their support according to their countries' shares of the Brussels budget. Thus, notwithstanding Denmark's 1992 rejection of the Maastricht treaty and the end of the cold war, recent EC reforms that increase monetary stability, intra-European trade and political attention are all likely to maintain or increase citizen support for the EC. These findings result from a model that blends comparative political economy with international relations in one of the first applications of pooled cross-sectional and time-series analysis to the comparative study of public opinion.
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Blockmans, Steven, and Steven Blockmans. "Revitalizing the European Neighbourhood Economic Community: The Case for Legally Binding Sectoral Multilateralism." European Foreign Affairs Review 17, Issue 4 (November 1, 2012): 577–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2012040.
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The revolutionary upheaval in the southern Mediterranean and the slow reforms in most of the eastern neighbourhood have pushed the European Union to revise its approach to the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP). In May 2011, the Commission presented a full review of the ENP, introducing an enhanced form of conditionality which should see more political and financial support being given to those neighbouring countries that implement more reforms and are more democratic. Characteristic of this 'more for more' conditionality is its strong bilateral dimension. While there is some rhetorical commitment to strengthening the regional dimensions of the ENP, for example, the Union for the Mediterranean and the Eastern Partnership, few tangible proposals to that effect have been made. Notably, while the reviewed ENP repeats the goal of a 'Neighbourhood Economic Community' as a long-term objective of regional integration across the neighbourhood, it makes no proposals on instruments or strategy as to how to achieve that objective. This paper proposes that 'legally binding sectoral multilateralism' should be the EU's method and instrument of choice to reach that goal. This entails a pro-active strategy consisting of treaty-based legal integration between the EU and neighbouring countries and between the latter themselves, in sectors where such is clearly beneficial in its own right, as well as in the light of the long-term objective of a neighbourhood community. On the basis of two case studies, pertaining to the Energy Community Treaty and the draft Transport Community Treaty, the paper explores the benefits and weaknesses of this approach. The paper argues that the challenges posed by legal fragmentation in the wider European legal space can be overcome in order to reap the substantial economic and policy benefits spurred by legally binding sectoral multilateralism.
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Rudner, Martin. "European Community Development Assistance to Asia: Policies, Programs and Performance." Modern Asian Studies 26, no. 1 (February 1992): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00015912.
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The European Community is distinctive among the donors of international development assistance. Although it is categorized officially as a multilateral aid institution, the Community differs in structure, purpose and role compared to other, more familiar organizations of that genre. Like other multilaterals, the European Community derives its aid budget, as well as its other financial resources, from the fiscal contributions of its Member states (each of which provides its own bilateral assistance to developing countries). Yet, to be sure, the Community represents more than just a multilateral economic union, since it also constitutes a supra-European governmental authority in the making. Indeed, the European Community has begun to evolve a common foreign policy, which is reflected in its role in Official Development Assistance (ODA). Its aid effort, in giving expression to the Community's common international purpose, has taken on most of the attributes of government-to-government assistance. It is this combination of multilateral and quasi-bilateral characteristics that sets the European Economic Community (EEC, as the Community is styled in its ODA role) apart as a uniquely meta-national participant in international development cooperation.
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Pasierbiak, Pawel Mariusz. "Causes, Origins and Possible Effects of the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC)." JAS (Journal of ASEAN Studies) 6, no. 1 (August 27, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/jas.v6i1.3897.
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In 2007, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) at its 13th summit decided to create the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC). In assumptions, the common market was to be established by the end of 2015, and the introduction of free movement of goods, services, capital and skilled labor was to lead to an increase in the degree of market integration among member states. But the creation of a single market is not an easy process, as illustrated by the case of the European Community/European Union, where a process of single market creation has been implemented slowly and with numerous difficulties. On the other hand, if the process of a common market creation is successful, the integration brings benefits to the participating countries. The primary goal of this article is to indicate potential effects as well as to show the progress of the implementation and functioning of the common market in the ASEAN Economic Community. To achieve the objective, the author will analyze the theoretical implications of a common market and the real implications, taking the European Union as an example. Having done this part of the analysis, the author will try to indicate and evaluate the possible effects of the process of the common market creation in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations.
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Polishchuk, V. "Aspects of ecological taxation development in the European economy transformation." Agroecological journal, no. 3 (September 6, 2022): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33730/2077-4893.3.2022.266408.
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It is revealed that the fiscal ecological policy plays a principal role in the complex process of economic transformation. One of its functions is a direct participation in the realization of the nature environment conservation policy of European countries, which in turn react resolutely and balanced on the aggravation of resource problems and ecological crisis. The main purpose of this article is the influence identification of the environmental taxation on the realization of the environmental conservation policy of the European Economic Area (EEA) with financial and economic capability of the modern European countries considered. Complex indicators, which are investigated analytically with the comparative analysis considered, are utilized for the realization of the aforementioned endeavor. The experience of the European countries is recommended to be explored, generalized and engrained if possible in Ukraine for modern system of the environmental taxation formation. The indicators, which characterize the level of EU environmental taxation income, are analyzed systematically. As the realization of the fiscal and ecological policy has to become one of the stimulating factors of the environmental conservation, the basic aspects of environmental taxation implementation of the European countries are determined. The systematic approach for environmental taxation influence determination on the successive prospects of environmental conservation doctrine realization by the European community is applied in the article. The European community in turn has to make a balanced choice of the chief priorities for the further community and economic development. It has been proven that the environment degradation and irrational usage of the natural resources are the main motivating stimulus for the environmental conservation policy of Europe transportation. It should be pointed out that the efficacious implementation of the environmental taxation is obligatory for the full-fledged policy realization. The comprehensive investigating method which indicates the real influence of different kinds of the environmental taxation on an increase of the technical level of the production and the auspicious investment climate establishment. The realization of the investment policy of the environmental conservation and fiscal ecological reform are the paramount component of the sustainable development and its fulfillment must be directed to the increase of the quality level of the environment. European countries have already reached certain results, but the modification of nature conservation policy must be continuous and meet the requirements of time. It is investigated that ecotax can play a critical role in material and mental influence on a manufacturer, a consumer and non-ecological services. Financial instruments in turn are more often utilized by market economy countries for improving ecosystem quality and live circumstances of society.
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Fujisawa, Jun. "The End of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 67, no. 2 (2022): 532–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.213.
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This paper analyzes the negotiations within the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance during the final years of its existence, focusing on the Soviet reform proposals and M. S. Gorbachev’s vision of the “Common European Home” as well as on Eastern European reaction to them. In the second half of the 1980s, Gorbachev tried to found a “unified market” for the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance by introducing a market-oriented reform of the organization. However, this attempt did not materialize because of the East German and Romanian objections. After the collapse of Eastern European socialist regimes in 1989, the Soviet leadership urged the member-states to accelerate the reform of this international organization, hoping to achieve the pan-European economic integration through close cooperation between the totally reformed Council for Mutual Economic Assistance and the European Community. Although the Central European countries, namely Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland, aspired to join the EC individually, they agreed to participate in a successor organization of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance because the EC was not ready to accept them. Accordingly, by the beginning of 1991, all the member-states agreed to establish a consultative organization, which would be named the Organization for International Economic Cooperation). However, as the Soviet Union failed to sustain trade with the Central European countries, the three countries lost interest in the project. As a result, the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance was disbanded without any successor organization. In other words, it did not collapse automatically after 1989 but came to an end as a result of various factors, such as rapidly declining trade between the member-states, Western disinterest in the cooperation with it, and the Central European policy changes.
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Wallace, Helen. "Pan‐European Integration: A Real or Imagined Community?" Government and Opposition 32, no. 2 (April 1997): 215–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.1997.tb00159.x.
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EUROPEAN INTEGRATION — THE PHRASE WAS USED SO EASILY TO connote a process that might, over a period, incorporate most of the continent. But in the four decades when the cold war segmented Europe the notion of extensive integration seemed irrelevant; in practice integration has been consolidated as an essentially West European phenomenon. The policy scope, the economic application, the security implications and the institutional frameworks of integration became concentrated around the core countries of Western Europe. Similarly the underpinning understandings about solidarity and mutual commitment were formulated on the assumption that a hard boundary separated those Europeans capable of being engaged from those who were prevented from so doing. There were few among those who studied this West European process who kept the wider Europe in mind. Ghiţa Ionescu was unusual in always keeping an eye open to developments in both parts of the continent, a legacy that all of us who worked with him cherish. The burden that he leaves us is of trying to figure out whether integration can be given substance as a process for pan-Europe.
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Corina, PETRESCU, and GROSU Veronica. "Assessing the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Evolution and Efficiency of Health Expenditure in Eastern European Countries." 14th GCBSS Proceeding 2022 14, no. 2 (December 28, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gcbssproceeding.2022.2(55).
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In the global context of the COVID-19 pandemic, economic and social systems were shaken to their foundations, in the sense that many businesses had to close or suspend their activities, which also had a negative impact on the quality of life of the population, both from a medical and economic perspective. Thus, like other countries around the world, Eastern European countries that are members of the European Union (EU) community have also faced such economic and health problems, which have led to multiple crisis situations that have not been managed in the most optimal, efficient and targeted way to meet the real needs of the population, generating discontent and protests among them. In view of these issues, the aim of this paper is to identify the main factors impacting on the evolution of health budget expenditures allocated to the management of the COVID-19 crisis in Eastern European countries and the efficiency of the allocation of these costs. Keywords: Eastern Europe, health expenditure, GDP, COVID-19
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Derado, Dražen. "THE EFFECTS OF TRADE LIBERALISATION AMONG THE SOUTH EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES." Tourism and hospitality management 12, no. 1 (May 2006): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20867/thm.12.1.1.
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Trade liberalisation brings long-term benefits. Nonetheless, in order to be able to realise those benefits, a creation of a competitive economic structure is required, which would make it possible to successfully participate in the international division of labour. Building from this fact, this paper analyzes the effects of trade liberalisation between the SEEC. To that end, a method of intra-industry trade has been applied on the example of Croatia, in order to establish dynamic effects of changes in trade flows. Low level of trade integration and weak midterm growth prospects in inter-sectoral trade represent the biggest threat for the countries in the Region. The threat could be manifested through rising adjustment costs, as a consequence of trade liberalisation, and could, therefore, jeopardize economic stability. Low level of trade integration poses a problem even from the aspect of the policy of international community towards South East Europe in the framework of the Stability Pact.
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Sekongo, N. B. "PROBLEMS OF TRADE AND ECONOMIC RELATIONS OF WEST AFRICAN COUNTRIES WITH THE EUROPEAN UNION, PROSPECTS FOR THEIR DEVELOPMENT." Vestnik Universiteta, no. 3 (May 29, 2020): 102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2020-3-102-110.
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The problems of trade and economic relations between West African countries and the European Union have been considered in the article in detail, a brief description of the Economic Community of West African States has been given. The essence of relationships between West Africa and the European Union based on the papers, both foreign and domestic researchers in the field of security, regional economic development and integration etc. has been disclosed. The historical path within the framework of international legal documentation that preceded the signing of the Economic Partnership Agreement has been described. The conducted study was based on the analysis of the cost dynamics of exports, imports and trade balance, their structure has been briefly adduced. The main negative aspects faced by West African countries in connection with the implementation of the Economic Partnership Agreement, in particular tariff restrictions, the ban on the use of export taxes, which undermines the national sovereignty of the Economic Community of West African States, have been revealed. Nevertheless, the signed Agreement will allow West Africa to actively integrate into world trade, improve the economic and demographic situation, while the overall trade tariff will remain at the same level.
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Strel’tsov, V. "Japan: Course Towards Joining to Trans-Pacific Community." World Economy and International Relations, no. 12 (2012): 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2012-12-70-77.
Full textAbstract:
Currently, ten countries are negotiating the membership in the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TTP). After joining of Japan (Japan is the third-largest economy of Asia-Pacific region after USA and China) the TTP will acquire a qualitatively new status while becoming a full-fledged prototype of a Pacific free trade area. As a result, such a zone could cover a wider range of countries on both sides of the Pacific Ocean. From this point of view, Japan’s participation certainly will mark a qualitative leap in the TPPs evolution, namely a transfer from the status of a peripheral economic block into a structure of global importance. Participation of Japan (which is an economic heavyweight) in the TTP will give a new impetus to the development of the world economy. Also, it will be an important step in coping with the aftermaths of the global financial and economic crisis. A happy end story, i.e. the creation of an effective framework for economic integration in the Asia-Pacific region, would have a considerable positive impact on the integration processes in Europe, where the acute debt crisis has put under question the viability of the European integration model.
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Close, George. "The Legal, Economic and Administrative Adaptations of Central European Countries to the European Community. European Community Studies AssociationNormes Verlagsgeselbchaft. 1993. 126 pp. ISBN 3-7890-3174-x.DM.28]." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 43, no. 4 (October 1994): 971–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclqaj/43.4.971.
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