Relevant bibliographies by topics / Oligomery

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Academic literature on the topic 'Oligomery'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 28 June 2021
Last updated: 25 April 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Oligomery"

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Faúndez, Eduardo I., and Mariom A. Carvajal. "Descripción del primer caso teratológico en un ejemplar de Esphalmenus silvestrii (Borelli) (Dermaptera: Pygidicranidae) de Isla Magdalena, Chile." REVISTA CHILENA DE ENTOMOLOGÍA 46, no. 4 (December 23, 2020): 745–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.35249/rche.46.4.20.21.

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First teratological case in the earwig Esphalmenus silvestrii (Borelli, 1902) is reported. The case belongs to an atrophy and oligomery unilateral with anarthrogenesis in the mesothoracic right leg. The case is discussed and illustrated. Additionally, this is the first record of E. silvestrii in Magdalena Island, Magellanes Region, Chile.
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Thirunarayanan, Ayyavu, and Perumal Rajakumar. "Synthesis, photophysical and electrochemical properties of chiral and achiral thiadiazolophanes." RSC Adv. 4, no. 45 (2014): 23433–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra02672a.

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One pot synthesis of chiral and achiral 2:2 oligomeric thiadiazolophane 1 and 3 and 3:3 oligomeric thiadiazolophane 2 and 4 with (S)-BINOL and methylene bis-naphthyl spacer unit has been achieved. The photophysical and electrochemical properties revealed higher degree of aggregation in 2:2 oligomor than 3:3 oligomer. Energy minimized calculations show that 3:3 oligomer has less heat of formation than 2:2 oligomer.
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DECRAENE, L. P. RONSE, and E. F. SMETS. "The distribution and systematic relevance of the androecial character oligomery." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 118, no. 3 (July 1995): 193–247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1995.tb00469.x.

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DECRAENE, L., and E. SMETS. "The distribution and systematic relevance of the androecial character oligomery." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 118, no. 3 (July 1995): 193–247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0024-4074(05)80002-6.

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Burford, Neil T., Tom Wehrman, Daniel Bassoni, Jonathan O’Connell, Martyn Banks, Litao Zhang, and Andrew Alt. "Identification of Selective Agonists and Positive Allosteric Modulators for µ- and δ-Opioid Receptors from a Single High-Throughput Screen." Journal of Biomolecular Screening 19, no. 9 (July 21, 2014): 1255–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087057114542975.

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Hetero-oligomeric complexes of G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) may represent novel therapeutic targets exhibiting different pharmacology and tissue- or cell-specific site of action compared with receptor monomers or homo-oligomers. An ideal tool for validating this concept pharmacologically would be a hetero-oligomer selective ligand. We set out to develop and execute a 1536-well high-throughput screen of over 1 million compounds to detect potential hetero-oligomer selective ligands using a β-arrestin recruitment assay in U2OS cells coexpressing recombinant µ- and δ-opioid receptors. Hetero-oligomer selective ligands may bind to orthosteric or allosteric sites, and we might anticipate that the formation of hetero-oligomers may provide novel allosteric binding pockets for ligand binding. Therefore, our goal was to execute the screen in such a way as to identify positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) as well as agonists for µ, δ, and hetero-oligomeric receptors. While no hetero-oligomer selective ligands were identified (based on our selection criteria), this single screen did identify numerous µ- and δ-selective agonists and PAMs as well as nonselective agonists and PAMs. To our knowledge, these are the first µ- and δ-opioid receptor PAMs described in the literature.
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Barton, Jeremy, D. Sebastian Arias, Chamani Niyangoda, Gustavo Borjas, Nathan Le, Saefallah Mohamed, and Martin Muschol. "Kinetic Transition in Amyloid Assembly as a Screening Assay for Oligomer-Selective Dyes." Biomolecules 9, no. 10 (September 27, 2019): 539. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom9100539.

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Assembly of amyloid fibrils and small globular oligomers is associated with a significant number of human disorders that include Alzheimer’s disease, senile systemic amyloidosis, and type II diabetes. Recent findings implicate small amyloid oligomers as the dominant aggregate species mediating the toxic effects in these disorders. However, validation of this hypothesis has been hampered by the dearth of experimental techniques to detect, quantify, and discriminate oligomeric intermediates from late-stage fibrils, in vitro and in vivo. We have shown that the onset of significant oligomer formation is associated with a transition in thioflavin T kinetics from sigmoidal to biphasic kinetics. Here we showed that this transition can be exploited for screening fluorophores for preferential responses to oligomer over fibril formation. This assay identified crystal violet as a strongly selective oligomer-indicator dye for lysozyme. Simultaneous recordings of amyloid kinetics with thioflavin T and crystal violet enabled us to separate the combined signals into their underlying oligomeric and fibrillar components. We provided further evidence that this screening assay could be extended to amyloid-β peptides under physiological conditions. Identification of oligomer-selective dyes not only holds the promise of biomedical applications but provides new approaches for unraveling the mechanisms underlying oligomer versus fibril formation in amyloid assembly.
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Wang, Yu, Karen S. L. Lam, Ming-hon Yau, and Aimin Xu. "Post-translational modifications of adiponectin: mechanisms and functional implications." Biochemical Journal 409, no. 3 (January 15, 2008): 623–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20071492.

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Adiponectin is an insulin-sensitizing adipokine with anti-diabetic, anti-atherogenic, anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective properties. This adipokine is secreted from adipocytes into the circulation as three oligomeric isoforms, including trimeric, hexameric and the HMW (high-molecular-mass) oligomeric complex consisting of at least 18 protomers. Each oligomeric isoform of adiponectin exerts distinct biological properties in its various target tissues. The HMW oligomer is the major active form mediating the insulin-sensitizing effects of adiponectin, whereas the central actions of this adipokine are attributed primarily to the hexameric and trimeric oligomers. In patients with Type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease, circulating levels of HMW adiponectin are selectively decreased due to an impaired secretion of this oligomer from adipocytes. The biosynthesis of the adiponectin oligomers is a complex process involving extensive post-translational modifications. Hydroxylation and glycosylation of several conserved lysine residues in the collagenous domain of adiponectin are necessary for the intracellular assembly and stabilization of its high-order oligomeric structures. Secretion of the adiponectin oligomers is tightly controlled by a pair of molecular chaperones in the ER (endoplasmic reticulum), including ERp44 (ER protein of 44 kDa) and Ero1-Lα (ER oxidoreductase 1-Lα). ERp44 inhibits the secretion of adiponectin oligomers through a thiol-mediated retention. In contrast, Ero1-Lα releases HMW adiponectin trapped by ERp44. The PPARγ (peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor γ) agonists thiazolidinediones selectively enhance the secretion of HMW adiponectin through up-regulation of Ero1-Lα. In the present review, we discuss the recent advances in our understanding of the structural and biological properties of the adiponectin oligomeric isoforms and highlight the role of post-translational modifications in regulating the biosynthesis of HMW adiponectin.
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Bazaco, Raúl Blanco, José L. Segura, and Carlos Seoane. "Recent advances in the design, synthesis and study of covalent conjugated oligomer–C60 ensembles." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 74, no. 6 (2009): 857–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc2008218.

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This review presents an overview of the most recent results in the field of conjugated oligomer covalently attached to the C60 sphere focusing mainly on donor–conjugated oligomer–C60 triads and conjugated oligomer–multifullerene materials. Well-defined monodisperse oligomers as new materials that exhibit interesting optoelectronic properties have been the subject of intense study during the last decade. In this regard, a huge amount of work has been devoted to the development of new synthetic strategies toward the synthesis of conjugated oligomeric materials with precise length and constitution and to their chemical functionalization in order to incorporate them into more complex molecular and supramolecular architectures. An important area of research in the field of conjugated oligomers involves the design and synthesis of donor–acceptor ensembles by combination of monodisperse π-conjugated oligomeric systems with C60 fullerene. Such hybrid systems have shown excited-state interactions making them excellent candidates for fundamental photophysical studies. In addition, these materials have found applications in the field of photovoltaic devices. A review with 70 references.
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Thoms, Sven. "Import of proteins into peroxisomes: piggybacking to a new home away from home." Open Biology 5, no. 11 (November 2015): 150148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsob.150148.

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Peroxisomes are capable of importing folded and oligomeric proteins. However, it is a matter of dispute whether oligomer import by peroxisomes is the exception or the rule. Here, I argue for a clear distinction between homo-oligomeric proteins that are essentially peroxisomal, and dually localized hetero-oligomers that access the peroxisome by piggyback import, localizing there in limited number, whereas the majority remain in the cytosol. Homo-oligomeric proteins comprise the majority of all peroxisomal matrix proteins. There is evidence that binding by Pex5 in the cytosol can regulate their oligomerization state before import. The hetero-oligomer group is made up of superoxide dismutase and lactate dehydrogenase. These proteins have evolved mechanisms that render import inefficient and retain the majority of proteins in the cytosol.
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Liu, Guang-Hui, Jing Qu, Anne E. Carmack, Hyun Bae Kim, Chang Chen, Hongmei Ren, Andrew J. Morris, Brian N. Finck, and Thurl E. Harris. "Lipin proteins form homo- and hetero-oligomers." Biochemical Journal 432, no. 1 (October 25, 2010): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20100584.

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Lipin family members (lipin 1, 2 and 3) are bi-functional proteins that dephosphorylate PA (phosphatidic acid) to produce DAG (diacylglycerol) and act in the nucleus to regulate gene expression. Although other components of the triacylglycerol synthesis pathway can form oligomeric complexes, it is unknown whether lipin proteins also exist as oligomers. In the present study, using various approaches, we revealed that lipin 1 formed stable homo-oligomers with itself and hetero-oligomers with lipin 2/3. Both the N- and C-terminal regions of lipin 1 mediate its oligomerization in a head-to-head/tail-to-tail manner. We also show that lipin 1 subcellular localization can be influenced through oligomerization, and the individual lipin 1 monomers in the oligomer function independently in catalysing dephosphorylation of PA. The present study provides evidence that lipin proteins function as oligomeric complexes and that the three mammalian lipin isoforms can form combinatorial units.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Oligomery"

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Sun, Xiaohua. "Synthesis and properties of monodisperse oligomer-substituted calix[4]arene assemblies and related oligomers." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2006. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/706.

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Fučík, Jan. "Analýza látek uvolněných z kompozitního zubního materiálu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-444545.

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This master's thesis deals with a present problem of alternative dental fillings, which should replace amalgam fillings. Although there are health concerns about these alternative materials, especially resin composite fillings raise concerns, because they release potentionally harmful substances into the oral cavity. Accordingly even this medical device subjects various tests before releasing to the commercial market and one of these tests was carried out according to ČSN EN ISO 10993 and available scientific literature in the experimental part of this thesis. The amalgam controversy, substances used for manufacturing of resin dental fillings and analytical methods are described in the theoretical part of the thesis. In the experimental part of the thesis, 30 days long cumulative extraction experiments were carried out into various extraction mediums in order to assess suitability of new dental resin filling from ADM, a.s. by comparison with commercially available dental material from company GC EUROPE N.V. These samples were analysed by LC-MS and the amount of eluted substances from dental composites to extraction medium was quantified.
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Cerf, Emilie. "Unraveling Alzheimer's disease: insight into the influence of apolipoprotein E isoforms on Abeta aggregation." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209880.

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Nowadays, the emerging role of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) oligomers in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is widely accepted, putting aside the old idea that fibrils are the primary entities responsible for the onset of the disease. Recent studies indeed show that the level of soluble Aβ oligomeric forms better correlates with the progression of the disease than the level of fibrillar forms.

Using conditions which yield characteristic Aβ42 oligomers or fibrils, we studied the secondary structure of these species by ATR (attenuated total reflection)-FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) spectroscopy. Whereas fibrillar Aβ was organized in a parallel β-sheet conformation, oligomeric Aβ displayed distinct spectral features attributed to an antiparallel β-sheet structure. Antiparallel β-sheet structure may thus be a structural signature of oligomeric Aβ. Moreover, we noted striking spectral similarities between Aβ oligomers and a bacterial pore-forming protein, OmpF.

Apolipoprotein E (apoE) isoforms are strongly linked to Alzheimer’s disease, with the E4 isoform being the most recognized genetic risk factor so far. Nevertheless, the involvement of apoE4 in AD remains confusing. We evaluated the influence of apoE isoforms on Aβ aggregation in vitro. Comparing Aβ controls with Aβ incubated either with the apoE3 or apoE4 isoform, we observed a sharp reduction of the Aβ fibrillar content, whereas the oligomeric content was increased upon incubation with the pathological isoform apoE4. These data suggest that apoE4 binds and blocks Aβ in its oligomeric conformation, inhibiting further formation of less toxic fibrillar forms of Aβ. The enhanced interaction of apoE4 with Aβ oligomers could arise from its reported unique propensity to form a molten globule state, unlike the other isoforms of apoE. While previous studies mostly correlated E4 with fibrils, our data underline a correlation between apoE4 and Aβ oligomers. Our work reconciles apoE4 with the new amyloid cascade hypothesis and brings support to studies whose therapeutic strategy aims at designing inhibitors of the apoE/Aβ interaction./

Le rôle central des espèces oligomèriques du peptide amyloïde bêta (Aβ) dans la maladie d’Alzheimer est de plus en plus reconnu actuellement, mettant de côté l’ancien concept selon lequel les espèces fibrillaires sont les entités responsables du développement de la maladie. Des études récentes montrent en effet que le taux d’oligomères semble bien mieux corrélé à la progression de la maladie que le taux de fibrilles.

A l’aide de protocoles bien établis permettant de former des oligomères ou des fibrilles d’Aβ42 in vitro, nous avons étudié la structure secondaire de ces espèces par spectroscopie infrarouge en réflexion totale atténuée. Alors que les fibrilles présentaient une conformation en feuillets β parallèles, les oligomères quant à eux, ont révélé des caractéristiques spectrales distinctes, attribuées à du feuillet β antiparallèle. Cette structure en feuillets β antiparallèles pourrait donc représenter une signature structurale typique des espèces oligomèriques d’Aβ. De plus, nous avons observé de frappantes similarités spectrales entre les oligomères d’Aβ et une protéine bactérienne formant des pores, l’OmpF.

Les isoformes de l’apolipoprotéine E (apoE) sont fortement impliquées dans la maladie d’Alzheimer et plus particulièrement, l’isoforme E4 qui est actuellement reconnue comme étant le plus important facteur de risque d’origine génétique. Néanmoins, le rôle précis joué par l’apoE4 dans la maladie est encore mal connu. Nous avons étudié l’influence des isoformes de l’apoE sur l’agrégation du peptide amyloïde in vitro. En comparant des échantillons contrôle d’Aβ avec des échantillons incubés en présence d’apoE3 ou d’apoE4, nous avons observé une nette réduction de la quantité de fibrilles ainsi qu’une augmentation concomitante de la proportion d’oligomères lors de l’incubation avec l’isoforme pathologique E4. Ces résultats suggèrent que l’apoE4 interagit avec Aβ et le bloque dans sa conformation oligomèrique, inhibant ainsi le processus d’agrégation et la formation de fibrilles, espèces moins toxiques. Cette plus forte interaction entre l’apoE4 et les oligomères d’Aβ pourrait s’expliquer par la propriété unique de l’apoE4 à former un état intermédiaire ‘molten globule’, ce qui n’est pas le cas des autres isoformes. Tandis que d’anciennes études ont corrélé l’apoE4 principalement avec les fibrilles, nos résultats mettent en évidence un lien entre l’apoE4 et les oligomères d’Aβ, respectivement l’isoforme pathologique et les espèces les plus toxiques du peptide. Ce travail réconcilie donc l’apoE4 avec la nouvelle hypothèse de la « cascade amyloïde » et soutient les études thérapeutiques visant à mettre au point des inhibiteurs spécifiques de l’interaction apoE/Aβ.


Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Čižas, Paulius. "Beta amiloido sąveika su žiurkės neuroninėmis ir mikroglijos ląstelėmis: eksperimentiniai tyrimai in vitro." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20120918_151511-32900.

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Tikslas. Ištirti įvairaus oligomerizacijos laipsnio Aβ1-40 ir Aβ1-42 peptidų agregatų poveikį smegenėlių ląstelėms ir išaiškinti toksinio veikimo mechanizmus. Uždaviniai: 1.Įvertinti Aβ1-40 ir Aβ1-42 monomerų, oligomerų ir fibrilių poveikį neuronų-glijos ląstelių kultūros gyvybingumui. 2.Nustatyti ryšį tarp Aβ1-42 oligomerų toksiškumo ir dydžio. 3.Ištirti Aβ1-42 oligomerų poveikį neuronų ir mikroglijos ląstelių plazminės membranos įtampos pokyčiams ir įvertinti, kokią reikšmę Aβ1-42 oligomerų sukeltoje neuronų žūtyje turi išorinio kalcio koncentracija, NMDA receptorių ir endocitozės aktyvumas. 4.Nustatyti Aβ1-42 oligomerų poveikį smegenėlių kultūrai, papildytai J774 makrofagais 5.Nustatyti Aβ1-42 oligomerų poveikį mitochondrijų oksidacinio fosforilinimo sistemai. Mokslinis naujumas Šiame darbe nustatytas ryšys tarp Aβ1-42 oligomerų dydžio ir toksiškumo neuronams. Pirmą kartą parodyta, kad maži (toksiški) Aβ1-42 oligomerai (1–2 nm), koncentracijose, kurios gali susidaryti smegenyse patologinėmis sąlygomis, yra toksiški ląstelių kultūroje esantiems neuronams, tačiau nekeičia kitų, ląstelių kultūroje esančių, ląstelių gyvybingumo (mikroglijos ir astrocitų). Pirmieji išsiaiškinome, kad maži ir dideli Aβ1-42 oligomerai gali sukelti neuronų žūtį skirtingais mechanizmais: maži tiesiogiai veikdami neuronus, o dideli veikdami per glijos ląsteles. Mūsų tyrimai atskleidė iki šiol neaprašytą reiškinį, kad maži Aβ1-42 oligomerai gali sąlygoti ne tik neuroninių ląstelių žūtį, bet ir jų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
Objective and tasks. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 peptide aggregates at various degrees of oligomerization on cultivated neurons of brain cells and their toxic mechanisms. 1.To investigate the effect of various Aβ1–40 and Aβ1-42 aggregates on the viability of neuronal-glial cell cultures. 2.To determine the relationship between the toxicity of Aβ1-42 oli-gomers and their size. 3.To analyze the effect of Aβ1-42 oligomers on membrane potential of neuronal and glial cells. To assess the effect of extracellular Ca2+ concentration, NMDA receptors and activity of endocytosis on neu¬ronal death caused by Aβ1-42 oligomers. 4.To determine the effect of Aβ1-42 oligomers (4–6 nm in size) on neurons in CGC cultures with added macrophages J774 cells. 5.To determine the effect of Aβ1-42oligomers on respiration of isolated brain mitochondria. Scientific novelty This study determined the relationship between size of amyloid and its toxicity to neurons. For the first time it was shown that small Aβ1-42 oligomers of the size 1–3 nm were toxic to neurons in cell cultures at the concentrations which occur in brain under pathological conditions. However, they did not affect the viability of other cells (microglia and astrocytes) present in the cell cultures. For the first time it has been shown that small and large Aβ1-42 oligo-mers can cause neuronal death by different mechanisms: small oligomers by affecting neurons directly, and large oligomers... [to full text]
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Wattebled, Laurent. "Oligomeric surfactants as novel type of amphiphiles : structure - property relationships and behaviour with additives." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2006. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2007/1285/.

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The properties of a series of well-defined new surfactant oligomers (dimers to tetramers)were examined. From a molecular point of view, these oligomeric surfactants consist of simple monomeric cationic surfactant fragments coupled via the hydrophilic ammonium chloride head groups by spacer groups (different in nature and length). Properties of these cationic surfactant oligomers in aqueous solution such as solubility, micellization and surface activity, micellar size and aggregation number were discussed with respect to the two new molecular variables introduced, i.e. degree of oligomerization and spacer group, in order to establish structure – property relationships. Thus, increasing the degree of oligomerization results in a pronounced decrease of the critical micellization concentration (CMC). Both reduced spacer length and increased spacer hydrophobicity lead to a decrease of the CMC, but to a lesser extent. For these particular compounds, the formed micelles are relatively small and their aggregation number decreases with increasing the degree of oligomerization, increasing spacer length and sterical hindrance. In addition, pseudo-phase diagrams were established for the dimeric surfactants in more complex systems, namely inverse microemulsions, demonstrating again the important influence of the spacer group on the surfactant behaviour. Furthermore, the influence of additives on the property profile of the dimeric compounds was examined, in order to see if the solution properties can be improved while using less material. Strong synergistic effects were observed by adding special organic salts (e.g. sodium salicylate, sodium vinyl benzoate, etc.) to the surfactant dimers in stoichiometric amounts. For such mixtures, the critical aggregation concentration is strongly shifted to lower concentration, the effect being more pronounced for dimers than for analogous monomers. A sharp decrease of the surface tension can also be attained. Many of the organic anions produce viscoelastic solutions when added to the relatively short-chain dimers in aqueous solution, as evidenced by rheological measurements. This behaviour reflects the formation of entangled wormlike micelles due to strong interactions of the anions with the cationic surfactants, decreasing the curvature of the micellar aggregates. It is found that the associative behaviour is enhanced by dimerization. For a given counterion, the spacer group may also induce a stronger viscosifying effect depending on its length and hydrophobicity. Oppositely charged surfactants were combined with the cationic dimers, too. First, some mixtures with the conventional anionic surfactant SDS revealed vesicular aggregates in solution. Also, in view of these catanionic mixtures, a novel anionic dimeric surfactant based on EDTA was synthesized and studied. The synthesis route is relatively simple and the compound exhibits particularly appealing properties such as low CMC and σCMC values, good solubilization capacity of hydrophobic probes and high tolerance to hard water. Noteworthy, mixtures with particular cationic dimers gave rise to viscous solutions, reflecting the micelle growth.
Die Eigenschaften einer Reihe gut definierter neuer oligomerer Tenside (von Dimeren bis zu Tetrameren) wurden untersucht. Strukturell bestehen diese oligomeren Tenside aus einfachen monomeren kationischen Tensidfragmenten, die über die hydrophile Kopfgruppe (Tetraalkyl-Ammoniumchlorid) durch „Spacer“-Gruppen unterschiedlicher Natur und Länge miteinander verbunden/gekoppelt sind. Die Eigenschaften dieser kationischen oligomeren Tenside in wässriger Lösung wie Löslichkeit, kritische Mizellbildungskonzentration und Oberflächenaktivität, Mizellgröße und Aggregationszahl werden in Bezug auf die zwei neuen molekularen Variabeln (d.h. dem Oligomerisationsgrad und der Spacer-Gruppe) untersucht, um Struktur-Eigenschafts-Beziehungen abzuleiten. Die Erhöhung des Oligomerizationsgrads verringert stark die kritische Mizellbildungskonzentration (CMC). Eine kurze Spacer-Länge oder ein erhöhte Hydrophobie des Spacers erniedrigt die CMC ebenfalls, aber in einem geringeren Umfang. Die gebildeten Mizellen sind relativ klein und ihre Aggregationszahl nimmt mit zunehmendem Oligomerisationsgrad ab, genau wie mit zunehmender Spacerlänge oder sterischer Behinderung. Außerdem wurden Pseudo-Phasendiagramme für die Gemini-Tenside in komplexen Systemen, nämlich in inversen Mikroemulsionen untersucht. Auch hier zeigt die Spacer-Gruppe einen großen Einfluß auf das Tensidverhalten. Weiterhin wurde der Einfluss von Zusätzen auf das Eigenschaftsprofil der dimeren Tenside untersucht. Starke Synergien wurden beobachtet, wenn man spezielle organische Anionen (z.B. Natriumsalicylat, Natriumvinylbenzoat, etc.) zu den dimeren Tensiden in stöchiometrischen Mengen hinzugibt. Für solche Mischungen wird die Mizellbildungskonzentration stark zu niedrigen Konzentrationen verschoben, wobei der Effekt für die Dimere ausgeprägter als für die analogen Monomere ist. Eine Verringerung der Oberflächenspannung wird ebenfalls erreicht. Gemini-Tenside mit geeigneten Spacer-Gruppen bilden nach Zugabe ausgewählter organischer Anionen viskoelastische Lösungen, selbst wenn die dimeren Tenside nur über relativ kurz Alkylketten verfügen. Dies wurde mittels rheologischer Messungen gezeigt. Dieses Verhalten resultiert aus der Bildung langer Zylinder-Mizellen aufgrund der starken Wechselwirkung der Anionen mit den kationischen Tensiden, die die Krümmung der mizellaren Strukturen verringern. Es wurde auch festgestellt, dass das assoziative Verhalten durch die Dimerisation erhöht wird. Für ein gegebenes Gegenion kann die Spacer-Gruppe den verdickenden Effekt verstärken, in Abhängichkeit von seiner Länge und Hydrophobie. Als weitere Zusätze wurden entgegengesetzt geladene Tenside wurden mit den kationischen Dimeren kombiniert. Einige Mischungen mit dem käuflichen anionischen Tensid SDS bilden Vesikel in Lösung. Mit Blick auf diese katanionischen Mischungen wurde ein neues anionisches Gemini-Tensid, das auf EDTA basiert ist, synthetisiert und charakterisiert. Der Syntheseweg ist relativ einfach und das Tensid zeigt interessante Eigenschaften wie niedrige CMC- und scmc-Werte, gute Solubilisierungskapazität von hydrophoben Substanzen und hohe Toleranz gegen hartes Wasser. Mischungen dieses anionischen Tensids mit bestimmten kationischen Dimeren bilden visköse Lösungen, was ein starkes Mizell-Wachstum widerspiegelt.
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Skirka, Šarūnas. "Trinties porų, modifikuotų fluoro oligomerais, tyrimas kintamos apkrovos sąlygomis." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2005. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2005~D_20050607_110131-73271.

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In diesem Bericht wurde ein Übersicht über den Einfluss auf die Eigenschaften eines Reibungspaars, das Prüfungsverfahren mit Wechselbelastung, hydraulische Flüssigkeiten, die in den modernen Hydrauliksystemen eingesetzt werden, gemacht. Theoretisch wurde die Bewertungsmethodik des Verschleißes des Schiebers nach dem Volumen des verschlissenen Materials begründet, die Hertzsche Pressung und ihre Verteilung in der Kontaktzone berechnet. Die tribologischen Prüfungen wurden an der Technischen Universität Hamburg- Harburg mit Prüfstand MPH – 3 durchgeführt. Es wurden die Reibungsverluste während des Starts des Prüfstandes, des Einlaufs der Reibungspaare und der langfristigen Prüfungen festgestellt. Nach den Profilogrammen der Oberfläche des Schiebers wurde das Volumen des verschlissenen Materials berechnet. Es wurde die Bewertung der verschlissenen Oberflächen mithilfe der optischen Mikroskopie durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die fluorhaltigen Oligomere auf die Reibungsverluste während des Starts des Prüfstandes keinen wesentlichen Einfluss ausgeübt hatten. Die in der Einlaufphase modifizierten Oberflächen richteten sich nach der Belastungssteigerung. Der Verschleiß der modifizierten Oberflächen war nach dem Volumen des verschlissenen Schiebermaterials 2,3 ÷ 3,8 kleiner als bei Kontrollprüfkörper.
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Baratha, Nesan Krishna Veni. "Phosphorylated Polyurethane film synthesized from Natural Rubber for flame retardant application." Thesis, Le Mans, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LEMA1001.

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L’objectif de ce travail a consisté à développer un revêtement polyuréthane (PU) ignifugeant à partir de caoutchouc naturel. Pour ce faire, deux types de diols ont été utilisés. Un oligoisoprène hydroxytéléchélique a été tout d’abord synthétisé et utilisé comme segment souple. Par ailleurs, un second oligomère phosphorylé, dont les groupements phosphonate ou phosphate sont connus pour offrir des propriétés retardatrices de flamme, et possédant une extrémité diol a été réalisé afin de servir d’extenseur de chaine au cours du procédé one shot d’obtention des revêtements. Ces oligophosphonates ou phosphates ont été obtenus quant à eux selon un procédé de polymérisation radicalaire contrôlé de type RAFT à partir de monomères diethyl (acryloyloxymethyl) phosphonate (DEAMP) et 2-acryloyloxyethyldiethylphosphate (ADEP) afin d'accéder à deux gammes de masses strictes (n~13 and n~21 ) et des dispersités étroites (Ð<1.2). Ces polymères ont été entièrementcaractérisés par RMN 1H, 31P, SEC et spectrométrie Maldi TOF et utilisés en synthèse de polyuréthanes selon deux procédés appelés additif et réactif. Les propriétés physicochimiques et mécaniques des matériaux PU synthétisés ont été comparés à ceux de matériaux PU incorporant selon les mêmes approches une petite molécule phosphorylée, afin de traduire les effets spécifiques de ces oligomères. Les revêtements polyuréthane synthétisés ont été caractérisés par FTIR et spectroscopie Raman afin de mesurer la dispersion des oligomères phosphorés au sein de la matrice polymère. En outre, les propriétés physicochimiques et notamment les propriétés ignifugeante ont été évaluées par TGA, DSC et LOI. En complément, les propriétés mécaniques ont été elles aussi évaluées (élongation à rupture, module, dureté et scratch test). Une étude de mapping par spectroscopie Raman a révélé une meilleure dispersion des additifs dans un matériau obtenu selon l’approche réactive, où l’oligomère phosphorylé est lié de manière covalente au squelette du Polyuréthane. De la même façon, cette dispersion apparaîtplus homogène pour l’utilisation d’un oligomère de chaine plus courte (n=13). Les propriétés ignifugeantes ont été démontrées grâce aux caractérisations TGA et DSC où la première étape de décomposition est retardée quels que soient les pourcentages d’oligomères incorporés à la matrice (1, 5 ou 8%). En outre, il s’avère que les mesures LOI démontrent un maximum proche de 30% pour un pourcentage d’oligomère de 8%, valeur très notablement supérieure à celle de l’additif de comparaison. Concernant les propriétés mécaniques, l’incorporation d’oligomères phosphorylés entraîne une augmentation du module et de la dureté et une diminution de la résistance à l’abrasion. Les valeurs d’élongation à rupture sont cependant très similaires, quelles que soient les formulations testées. Néanmoins, ces propriétés apparaissent très supérieures à celles de la matrice standard, démontrant une plus grande efficacité d’oligomères phosphorylés par comparaison avec une petite molécule de type phosphate ou phosphonate. Ces résultats encourageant laissent entrevoir une perspective d’application industrielle de cette méthodologie vers la production de caoutchoucs ignifugeants
The aim of this research was to develop polyurethane (PU) coating from Natural Rubber (NR) presenting Flame Retardant (FR) properties. For this purpose, two kinds of diols were used. Hydroxytelechelic oligoisoprenes were firstly synthesized from Natural Rubber (NR) and used as softsegment. Secondly, diol chain end phosphorylated oligophosphonates or oligophosphates were synthesised that would cater as chain extender during the polyurethane synthesis one shot process. Such Phosphorylated oligomer was synthesized by RAFT polymerization of diethyl (acryloyloxymethyl) phosphonate (DEAMP) and 2-acryloyloxyethyl diethylphosphate (ADEP) monomer. A new trithiocarbonate based RAFT agent was synthesized (2-(dihydroxypropan-2-yloxy)carbonyl trithiocarbonate). This RAFT agent was used to polymerize each monomer with welldefinedmolecular weight and narrow dispersities (Đ<1.2). The polymer was well characterised by 1H, 31PNMR, SEC and Maldi TOF. The oligomers were synthesised with two different chain lengths, n≈13 andn≈21 to be used as additive and reactive FR in polyurethane films. As a reference molecule, a phosphatediol was synthesized to be used as a pendent group in polyurethane synthesis.Polyurethane films were fully characterised using FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, TGA, DSC and LOI.The mechanical properties were furthermore evaluated such as elongation at break, modulus, hardnessand scratch test. Polyurethanes with 1, 5, and 8% w/w of the phosphorylated oligomer were preparedaccording two different pathways so called additive or reactive. The main difference consists in thecovalent attachment of the phosphorylated oligomer to the PU backbone in the reactive pathway whilein the additive process, the oligomers are only physically incorporated in the PU. Raman mappingcharacterizations on the different films reveal a better homogeneous distribution of shortphosphorylated oligomer chains using a reactive pathways compared to the additive pathway as well asthe use of longer chains. Moreover TGA Analysis showed lower decomposition temperature on the firststep and an increased decomposition temperature on the second step of all phosphorylated treatedPUs. This indicates char formation from FR oligomer at lower temperature increases the decompositiontemperature on the second step. LOI measurements showed a maximum of 28.2% with shorterphosphate based oligomers added via reactive pathway at 8%w/w ratio.The mechanical properties of PU with phosphorylated oligomer gave similar elongation at breakbetween additive and reactive pathway. Compared to standard PU, the incorporation of the phosphorylated oligomer showed a decrease in scratch resistance and an increase in modulus and hardness. However, these oligomers (additive and reactive) performed better when compared withsmall molecule added as additive fillers. As a perspective, these phosphorylated oligomers on its own,with low Tg values (≈ -30oC), could be used in dry rubber FR application
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Thamyongkit, Patchanita. "Synthesis and characterization of pyrazine and phthalocyaninatonickel(II) substituted PPV analogous oligomers Synthese und Charakterisierung von Pyrazin- und Phthalocyaninatonickel(II)-substituierten PPV-anologen Oligomeren /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2001. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=963899929.

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Günter, Roland. "Oligomere und Blockcopolymere auf Fluorenbasis." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2004. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=971650136.

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Lederer, Kay. "Crystalline assemblies of folded oligomers." [S.l. : s.n.], 1999. http://ArchiMeD.uni-mainz.de/pub/2000/0036/diss.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Oligomery"

1

Ėntelis, S. G. Reakt͡s︡ionnosposobnye oligomery. Moskva: "Khimii͡a︡", 1985.

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Uglea, Constantin V. Synthesis and characterization of oligomers. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 1991.

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Uglea, Constantin V. Liquid chromatography of oligomers. New York: M. Dekker, 1996.

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Francqui, Colloquium (4th 1998 Brussels Belgium). Conjugated oligomers, polymers, and dendrimers: From polyacetylene to DNA : proceedings of the Fourth Francqui Colloqium, 21-23 October 1998, Brussels. Paris: De Boeck Université, 1999.

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Ėntelis, S. G. Reactive oligomers. Utrecht, The Netherlands: VSP, 1989.

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Moulton, Hong M., and Jon D. Moulton, eds. Morpholino Oligomers. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6817-6.

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Harris, Frank W., and Harry J. Spinelli, eds. Reactive Oligomers. Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1985-0282.

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Uglea, Constantin V. Oligomer technology and applications. New York: M. Dekker, 1998.

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Masli͡uk, A. F. Fotokhimii͡a polimerizat͡sionnosposobnykh oligomerov. Kiev: Nauk. dumka, 1989.

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Müllen, K. Electronic materials: The oligomer approach. Weinheim ; New-York: Wiley-VCH, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Oligomery"

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Daly, Seth M., Carolyn R. Sturge, and David E. Greenberg. "Inhibition of Bacterial Growth by Peptide-Conjugated Morpholino Oligomers." In Morpholino Oligomers, 115–22. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6817-6_10.

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Krtková, Jana, and Alexander R. Paredez. "Use of Translation Blocking Morpholinos for Gene Knockdown in Giardia lamblia." In Morpholino Oligomers, 123–40. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6817-6_11.

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Gong, Qiuming, and Zhengfeng Zhou. "Regulation of Isoform Expression by Blocking Polyadenylation Signal Sequences with Morpholinos." In Morpholino Oligomers, 141–50. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6817-6_12.

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Crossley, Madzia P., and Torsten Krude. "Targeting Functional Noncoding RNAs." In Morpholino Oligomers, 151–60. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6817-6_13.

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Levicky, Rastislav, Ursula Koniges, and Napoleon Tercero. "Diagnostic Applications of Morpholinos and Label-Free Electrochemical Detection of Nucleic Acids." In Morpholino Oligomers, 181–90. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6817-6_15.

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Rajsbaum, Ricardo. "Intranasal Delivery of Peptide-Morpholinos to Knockdown Influenza Host Factors in Mice." In Morpholino Oligomers, 191–99. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6817-6_16.

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Maruyama, Rika, Yusuke Echigoya, Oana Caluseriu, Yoshitsugu Aoki, Shin’ichi Takeda, and Toshifumi Yokota. "Systemic Delivery of Morpholinos to Skip Multiple Exons in a Dog Model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy." In Morpholino Oligomers, 201–13. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6817-6_17.

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Nizzardo, M., and M. Rizzuti. "Intracerebroventricular Delivery in Mice for Motor Neuron Diseases." In Morpholino Oligomers, 229–39. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6817-6_19.

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Moulton, Jon D. "Making a Morpholino Experiment Work: Controls, Favoring Specificity, Improving Efficacy, Storage, and Dose." In Morpholino Oligomers, 17–29. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6817-6_2.

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Wang, Xiaoqui, and Kathrin A. Dunlap. "Delivery of Morpholino Antisense Oligonucleotides to a Developing Ovine Conceptus via Luminal Injection into a Ligated Uterine Horn." In Morpholino Oligomers, 241–50. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6817-6_20.

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Conference papers on the topic "Oligomery"

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Gaffney, P. J., L. J. Creighton, A. Curry, B. MacMahon, and R. Thorpe. "MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES OF THE IgM AND IgG CLASS SPECIFIC FOR CROSSLINKED FIBRIN DEGRADATION PRODUCTS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643651.

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Monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to crosslinked fibrin degradation products (XL-FDP) having the general formula D/Y[X]nY/D (known as X-oligomer) and D-D (known as D dimer) have been raised in balb/C mice by both a novel mtrasplenic and a conventional subcutaneous route of immunisation and by combinations of both these procedures. Mabs to X-oligomers (NIBn 52 and NIBn 123) obtained by an intrasplenic procedure have been demonstrated to crossreact only with X-oligomer in a 2-site ELISA procedure and not with D dimer or whole fibrinogen and have been shown to be of value m the examination of clinical material obtained from patients with various types of thrombosis and have also been useful in monitoring the efficacy of thrombolytic therapy. The X-oligomer mabs are immunoglobulins of the M class. It was demonstrated that their unique specificity for conformational epitopes on the large X-oligomer fragments does not reside in the IgM structure since alterative immunisation procedures have been used to generate mabs of the IgG class which have the same specificity. Using immunoglobulin class switching in culture rather than during immunisation was suggested by certain cell lines which produced both IgM and IgG specific for X-oligomer. This latter point needs rigorous validation.Immunoglobulin G type mabs to highly purified D dimer were raised by conventional subcutaneous immunisation of balb/C mice. One of these, NIBn-11, was found to crossreact with PVC-immobilised X-oligomer and D dimer but not with fibrinogen. However NIBn-11 did not bind to D dimer in a 2-site ELISA procedure while crossreactmg quite avidly with X-oligomer. This suggests that the D dimer epitope to which NIBn-11 is directed is expressed in some conformations and not m others and that these conformations are always expressed in the complex X-oligomer group of fragments. These mabs, whilst of value in measuring certain unique fibrin fragments m plasma, are useful in the epitope mapping of fibrinogen/fibrin and their plasmm-mediated
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Procyk, R., M. Block, and B. Blomback. "POLYMERIZATION OF FIBRINOGEN AND FIBRONECTIN CATALYZED BY FACTOR XIII." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643310.

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Factor XIII catalyzed the formation of gels in solutions containing physiological concentrations of fibrinogen and fibro-nectin. Oligomeric intermediates were isolated from reaction mixtures at early times prior to gel formation by chromatography on gelatin-Sepharose and by FPLC using Superose 6 columns. The products of two simultaneous polymerization reactions were characterized: fibrinogen oligomers (fibrinogenin) from the poly merization of fibrinogen, and conjugates of fibrinogen-fibro-nectin (heteronectin) from heteropolymer formation involving the two proteins.At a constant concentration of fibrinogen (2.5 mg/mL) and factor XIII (0.4 U/mL), the appearance of different sizes of fibrinogen polymers depended on the concentration of fibronectin added to the reaction mixture. At fibronectin concentrations in the range of the normal plasma level of 0.3 mg/mL, fibrinogen formed oligomers of various sizes up to heptamer before incorporating a molecule of fibronectin. At a high fibronectin concentration (3.2 mg/mL) most of the fibrinogen reacted with the fibronectin at the monomer stage, although small amounts of fibrinogen dimers and trimers were also formed.Heteronectin formation coincided with the appearance of filamentous and particulate matter. This material became incorporated into a gel structure if sufficient fibrinogen was present in the reaction mixture (about 0.5 mg/mL). If these factor XIII catalyzed polymerization reactions occur in the microvasculature under conditions where the fibrinogen concentration might be significantly lowered, the production of fibrinogen-fibronectin polymeric material without gel formation would be favored.
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Hentschel, Mario, Martin Schäferling, Thomas Weiss, Hans-Georg Kuball, Na Liu, and Harald W. Giessen. "Three-dimensional Chiral Plasmonic Oligomers." In Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/qels.2012.qth4f.1.

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Kim, Y. H., F. Li, and H. Zimmer. "Charged states of thiophene oligomers." In International Conference on Science and Technology of Synthetic Metals. IEEE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/stsm.1994.834786.

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Ozols, Andris O., Valdis Kampars, Mara Reinfelde, and Valdis Kokars. "Hologram recording in azobenzene oligomers." In SPIE Proceedings, edited by Janis Spigulis, Janis Teteris, Maris Ozolinsh, and Andrejs Lusis. SPIE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.517010.

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Nor Izan, N., N. Ahmat, and M. Syah Yana. "Oligomer resveratrols from Shorea bracteolate." In GA 2017 – Book of Abstracts. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1608218.

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Ding, Y., S. Garland, M. Howland, A. Revzin, and T. Pan. "Universal nano-adhesive of PDMS oligomers." In 2012 IEEE 25th International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/memsys.2012.6170210.

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Weber, Thorsten, Felix von Cube, Stephan Irsen, and Stefan Linden. "Near-field Study of Plasmonic Oligomers." In Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/qels.2012.qw1b.2.

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Poplawski, J., E. Ehrenfreund, R. Pugh, M. Ibrahim, A. J. Frank, J. Cornil, and J. L. Bredas. "Photogeneration of polarons in sexithiophene oligomers." In International Conference on Science and Technology of Synthetic Metals. IEEE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/stsm.1994.834699.

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Kroychuk, M. K., E. V. Melik-Gaykazyan, A. S. Shorokhov, D. Y. Choi, V. V. Zubyuk, T. V. Dolgova, M. R. Shcherbakov, D. N. Neshev, A. A. Fedyanin, and Y. S. Kivshar. "Nonlinear anisotropy in silicon nanoparticle oligomers." In ADVANCES IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING: FROM THEORY TO APPLICATIONS: Proceedings of the International Conference on Electrical and Electronic Engineering (IC3E 2017). Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4998096.

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Reports on the topic "Oligomery"

1

Good, J. R., and Aileen Huang-Saad. Nucleotide Oligomers. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada407868.

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Hnatowich, DJ. Targeting Cancer with Antisense Oligomers. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/940005.

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Mirley, C. L., and J. T. Koberstein. Tribology of Functionally-Terminated Oligomer Films. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada250076.

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Viers, Brent D., Alan Esker, and Katie Farmer. Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes Surfactants. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada410399.

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Rajca, Andrzej. Polymers and Oligomers of Carbon-Sulfur Helicenes. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada421423.

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Toole, Bryan P., and Jeanine Ward. Antagonistic Action of Hyaluronan Oligomers in Breast Cancer. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada381536.

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Reynolds, John R. Electroactive Reactive Oligomers and Polymers as Device Components. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada510609.

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Peterson, Rebecca A. Antagonistic Action of Hyaluronan Oligomers in Breast Cancer. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada377165.

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Robert Perry, Teresa Grocela-Rocha, Michael O'Brien, Sarah Genovese, Benjamin Wood, Larry Lewis, Hubert Lam, Malgorzata Rubinsztajn, Grigorii Soleveichik, and Sergei Kniajanski. Novel High Capacity Oligomers for Low Cost CO2 Capture. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1013258.

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Feng, J., W. Zhang, A. G. MacDiarmid, and A. J. Epstein. Synthesis and Characterization of Oligomeric Anilines. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada330138.

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