Journal articles: 'Olfactory system'

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Leboucq, N., N. Menjot de Champfleur, S. Menjot de Champfleur, and A. Bonafé. "The olfactory system." Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging 94, no. 10 (October 2013): 985–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diii.2013.06.006.

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Galeano, Carlos, Zhifang Qiu, Anuja Mishra, Steven L. Farnsworth, Jacob J. Hemmi, Alvaro Moreira, Peter Edenhoffer, and Peter J. Hornsby. "The Route by Which Intranasally Delivered Stem Cells Enter the Central Nervous System." Cell Transplantation 27, no. 3 (March 2018): 501–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963689718754561.

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Intranasal administration is a promising route of delivery of stem cells to the central nervous system (CNS). Reports on this mode of stem cell delivery have not yet focused on the route across the cribriform plate by which cells move from the nasal cavity into the CNS. In the current experiments, human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were isolated from Wharton’s jelly of umbilical cords and were labeled with extremely bright quantum dots (QDs) in order to track the cells efficiently. At 2 h after intranasal delivery in immunodeficient mice, the labeled cells were found under the olfactory epithelium, crossing the cribriform plate adjacent to the fila olfactoria, and associated with the meninges of the olfactory bulb. At all times, the cells were separate from actual nerve tracts; this location is consistent with them being in the subarachnoid space (SAS) and its extensions through the cribriform plate into the nasal mucosa. In their location under the olfactory epithelium, they appear to be within an expansion of a potential space adjacent to the turbinate bone periosteum. Therefore, intranasally administered stem cells appear to cross the olfactory epithelium, enter a space adjacent to the periosteum of the turbinate bones, and then enter the SAS via its extensions adjacent to the fila olfactoria as they cross the cribriform plate. These observations should enhance understanding of the mode by which stem cells can reach the CNS from the nasal cavity and may guide future experiments on making intranasal delivery of stem cells efficient and reproducible.

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Torres, Mateo V., Irene Ortiz-Leal, and Pablo Sanchez-Quinteiro. "Pheromone Sensing in Mammals: A Review of the Vomeronasal System." Anatomia 2, no. 4 (November 9, 2023): 346–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/anatomia2040031.

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This review addresses the role of chemical communication in mammals, giving special attention to the vomeronasal system in pheromone-mediated interactions. The vomeronasal system influences many social and sexual behaviors, from reproduction to species recognition. Interestingly, this system shows greater evolutionary variability compared to the olfactory system, emphasizing its complex nature and the need for thorough research. The discussion starts with foundational concepts of chemocommunication, progressing to a detailed exploration of olfactory systems. The neuroanatomy of the vomeronasal system stands in contrast with that of the olfactory system. Further, the sensory part of the vomeronasal system, known as the vomeronasal organ, and the integration center of this information, called the accessory olfactory bulb, receive comprehensive coverage. Secondary projections of both the olfactory and vomeronasal systems receive attention, especially in relation to the dual olfactory hypothesis. The review concludes by examining the organization of the vomeronasal system in four distinct mammalian groups: rodents, marsupials, herpestids, and bovids. The aim is to highlight the unique morphofunctional differences resulting from the adaptive changes each group experienced.

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Poncelet, Guillaume, and Sebastian M. Shimeld. "The evolutionary origins of the vertebrate olfactory system." Open Biology 10, no. 12 (December 2020): 200330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsob.200330.

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Vertebrates develop an olfactory system that detects odorants and pheromones through their interaction with specialized cell surface receptors on olfactory sensory neurons. During development, the olfactory system forms from the olfactory placodes, specialized areas of the anterior ectoderm that share cellular and molecular properties with placodes involved in the development of other cranial senses. The early-diverging chordate lineages amphioxus, tunicates, lampreys and hagfishes give insight into how this system evolved. Here, we review olfactory system development and cell types in these lineages alongside chemosensory receptor gene evolution, integrating these data into a description of how the vertebrate olfactory system evolved. Some olfactory system cell types predate the vertebrates, as do some of the mechanisms specifying placodes, and it is likely these two were already connected in the common ancestor of vertebrates and tunicates. In stem vertebrates, this evolved into an organ system integrating additional tissues and morphogenetic processes defining distinct olfactory and adenohypophyseal components, followed by splitting of the ancestral placode to produce the characteristic paired olfactory organs of most modern vertebrates.

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Heinbockel, Thomas. "Understanding the olfactory system." Research Outreach, no. 109 (August 28, 2019): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.32907/ro-109-1821.

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Semaniuk, Uliana. "Olfactory System in Drosophila." Journal of Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University 2, no. 1 (April 30, 2015): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/jpnu.2.1.85-92.

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Smell is an ancient sensory system presented virtually in organisms from bacteria tohumans. In Drosophila odors elicit a variety of behavioral responses in relatively simple butsensitive olfactory system. An increasing number of mutants have been found to be defective inolfactory function. Genetic and molecular analysis of the olfactory system of the fruit fly haveidentified many molecular components, and have revealed some principles of its function andorganization

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Keverne, E. B. "The vertebrate olfactory system." Neuroscience 43, no. 1 (January 1991): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(91)90436-r.

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Garcia-Gonzalez, D., V. Murcia-Belmonte, D. Clemente, and F. De Castro. "Olfactory System and Demyelination." Anatomical Record 296, no. 9 (July 31, 2013): 1424–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.22736.

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Arifani, Tania. "Overview of Anatomy and Physiology of Gustatory and Olfactory System." Sriwijaya Journal of Otorhinolaryngology 1, no. 2 (December 22, 2023): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.59345/sjorl.v1i2.93.

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The olfactory system is involved in detecting potential threats in the environment, generating sensations of enjoyment, facilitating proper nourishment, impacting sexual behavior, and regulating mood. Concurrently, the human taste system identifies hydrophilic molecules dissolved in saliva. The purpose of this review was to offer a thorough depiction of the human gustatory and olfactory systems. The various regions of the brain and the taste pathways transmit and receive information through distinct mechanisms. The taste circuits and various regions of the brain interconnect bidirectionally. The peripheral subdivision of the olfactory system consists of the olfactory epithelium and nerve fascicles. On the other hand, the central subdivision includes the olfactory bulb and its links to the central nervous system. Olfactory dysfunction (smell) and gustatory dysfunction (taste) can manifest independently or together. The robust correlation between olfaction and gustation engenders a gustatory feeling. Disruption of a feeling can alter the sense of flavor. Human olfactory and taste senses become less sensitive as they age.

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Lledo, Pierre-Marie, Gilles Gheusi, and Jean-Didier Vincent. "Information Processing in the Mammalian Olfactory System." Physiological Reviews 85, no. 1 (January 2005): 281–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00008.2004.

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Recently, modern neuroscience has made considerable progress in understanding how the brain perceives, discriminates, and recognizes odorant molecules. This growing knowledge took over when the sense of smell was no longer considered only as a matter for poetry or the perfume industry. Over the last decades, chemical senses captured the attention of scientists who started to investigate the different stages of olfactory pathways. Distinct fields such as genetic, biochemistry, cellular biology, neurophysiology, and behavior have contributed to provide a picture of how odor information is processed in the olfactory system as it moves from the periphery to higher areas of the brain. So far, the combination of these approaches has been most effective at the cellular level, but there are already signs, and even greater hope, that the same is gradually happening at the systems level. This review summarizes the current ideas concerning the cellular mechanisms and organizational strategies used by the olfactory system to process olfactory information. We present findings that exemplified the high degree of olfactory plasticity, with special emphasis on the first central relay of the olfactory system. Recent observations supporting the necessity of such plasticity for adult brain functions are also discussed. Due to space constraints, this review focuses mainly on the olfactory systems of vertebrates, and primarily those of mammals.

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Huart, Caroline, Philippe Rombaux, and Thomas Hummel. "Plasticity of the Human Olfactory System: The Olfactory Bulb." Molecules 18, no. 9 (September 17, 2013): 11586–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules180911586.

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Corona, Cristiano, Chiara Porcario, Francesca Martucci, Barbara Iulini, Barbara Manea, Marina Gallo, Claudia Palmitessa, et al. "Olfactory System Involvement in Natural Scrapie Disease." Journal of Virology 83, no. 8 (January 21, 2009): 3657–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01966-08.

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ABSTRACT The olfactory system (OS) is involved in many infectious and neurodegenerative diseases, both human and animal, and it has recently been investigated in regard to transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Previous assessments of nasal mucosa infection by prions following intracerebral challenge suggested a potential centrifugal spread along the olfactory nerve fibers of the pathological prion protein (PrPSc). Whether the nasal cavity may be a route for centripetal prion infection to the brain has also been experimentally studied. With the present study, we wanted to determine whether prion deposition in the OS occurs also under field conditions and what type of anatomical localization PrPSc might display there. We report here on detection by different techniques of PrPSc in the nasal mucosa and in the OS-related brain areas of sheep affected by natural scrapie. PrPSc was detected in the perineurium of the olfactory nerve bundles in the medial nasal concha and in nasal-associated lymphoid tissue. Olfactory receptor neurons did not show PrPSc immunostaining. PrPSc deposition was found in the brain areas of olfactory fiber projection, chiefly in the olfactory bulb and the olfactory cortex. The prevalent PrPSc deposition patterns were subependymal, perivascular, and submeningeal. This finding, together with the discovery of an intense PrPSc immunostaining in the meningeal layer of the olfactory nerve perineurium, at the border with the subdural space extension surrounding the nerve rootlets, strongly suggests a probable role of cerebrospinal fluid in conveying prion infectivity to the nasal submucosa.

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Uytingco, Cedric R., Warren W. Green, and Jeffrey R. Martens. "Olfactory Loss and Dysfunction in Ciliopathies: Molecular Mechanisms and Potential Therapies." Current Medicinal Chemistry 26, no. 17 (August 27, 2019): 3103–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867325666180105102447.

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Background: Ciliopathies are a class of inherited pleiotropic genetic disorders in which alterations in cilia assembly, maintenance, and/or function exhibit penetrance in the multiple organ systems. Olfactory dysfunction is one such clinical manifestation that has been shown in both patients and model organisms. Existing therapies for ciliopathies are limited to the treatment or management of symptoms. The last decade has seen an increase in potential curative therapeutic options including small molecules and biologics. Recent work in multiciliated olfactory sensory neurons has demonstrated the capacity of targeted gene therapy to restore ciliation in terminally differentiated cells and rescue olfactory function. This review will discuss the current understanding of the penetrance of ciliopathies in the olfactory system. Importantly, it will highlight both pharmacological and biological approaches, and their potential therapeutic value in the olfactory system and other ciliated tissues. Methods: We undertook a structured and comprehensive search of peer-reviewed research literature encompassing in vitro, in vivo, model organism, and clinical studies. From these publications, we describe the olfactory system, and discuss the penetrance of ciliopathies and impact of cilia loss on olfactory function. In addition, we outlined the developing therapies for ciliopathies across different organ and cell culture systems, and discussed their potential therapeutic application to the mammalian olfactory system. Results: One-hundred sixty-one manuscripts were included in the review, centering on the understanding of olfactory penetrance of ciliopathies, and discussing the potential therapeutic options for ciliopathies in the context of the mammalian olfactory system. Forty-four manuscripts were used to generate a table listing the known congenital causes of olfactory dysfunction, with the first ten listed are linked to ciliopathies. Twenty-three manuscripts were used to outline the potential of small molecules for the olfactory system. Emphasis was placed on HDAC6 inhibitors and lithium, both of which were shown to stabilize microtubule structures, contributing to ciliogenesis and cilia lengthening. Seventy-five manuscripts were used to describe gene therapy and gene therapeutic strategies. Included were the implementation of adenoviral, adeno-associated virus (AAV), and lentiviral vectors to treat ciliopathies across different organ systems and application toward the olfactory system. Thus far, adenoviral and AAVmeditated ciliary restoration demonstrated successful proof-of-principle preclinical studies. In addition, gene editing, ex vivo gene therapy, and transplantation could serve as alternative therapeutic and long-term approaches. But for all approaches, additional assessment of vector immunogenicity, specificity, and efficacy need further investigation. Currently, ciliopathy treatments are limited to symptomatic management with no curative options. However, the accessibility and amenability of the olfactory system to treatment would facilitate development and advancement of a viable therapy. Conclusion: The findings of this review highlight the contribution of ciliopathies to a growing list of congenial olfactory dysfunctions. Promising results from other organ systems imply the feasibility of biologics, with results from gene therapies proving to be a viable therapeutic option for ciliopathies and olfactory dysfunction.

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Kondoh, Daisuke, Kenichi Watanabe, Kaori Nishihara, Yurie S. Ono, Kentaro G. Nakamura, Kazutoshi Yuhara, Sohei Tomikawa, et al. "Histological Properties of Main and Accessory Olfactory Bulbs in the Common Hippopotamus." Brain, Behavior and Evolution 90, no. 3 (2017): 224–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000479180.

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The olfactory system of mammals comprises a main olfactory system that detects hundreds of odorants and a vomeronasal system that detects specific chemicals such as pheromones. The main (MOB) and accessory (AOB) olfactory bulbs are the respective primary centers of the main olfactory and vomeronasal systems. Most mammals including artiodactyls possess a large MOB and a comparatively small AOB, whereas most cetaceans lack olfactory bulbs. The common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) is semiaquatic and belongs to the order Cetartiodactyla, family Hippopotamidae, which seems to be the closest extant family to cetaceans. The present study evaluates the significance of the olfactory system in the hippopotamus by histologically analyzing the MOB and AOB of a male common hippopotamus. The MOB comprised six layers (olfactory nerve, glomerular, external plexiform, mitral cell, internal plexiform, and granule cell), and the AOB comprised vomeronasal nerve, glomerular, plexiform, and granule cell layers. The MOB contained mitral cells and tufted cells, and the AOB possessed mitral/tufted cells. These histological features of the MOB and the AOB were similar to those in most artiodactyls. All glomeruli in the AOB were positive for anti-Gαi2, but weakly positive for anti-Gαo, suggesting that the hippopotamus vomeronasal system expresses vomeronasal type 1 receptors with a high affinity for volatile compounds. These findings suggest that the olfactory system of the hippopotamus is as well developed as that of other artiodactyl species and that the hippopotamus might depend on its olfactory system for terrestrial social communication.

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Zhu, Ping, Yulan Tian, Yating Chen, Wei Chen, Ping Wang, Liping Du, and Chunsheng Wu. "Olfactory Optogenetics: Light Illuminates the Chemical Sensing Mechanisms of Biological Olfactory Systems." Biosensors 11, no. 9 (August 31, 2021): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios11090309.

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The mammalian olfactory system has an amazing ability to distinguish thousands of odorant molecules at the trace level. Scientists have made great achievements on revealing the olfactory sensing mechanisms in decades; even though many issues need addressing. Optogenetics provides a novel technical approach to solve this dilemma by utilizing light to illuminate specific part of the olfactory system; which can be used in all corners of the olfactory system for revealing the olfactory mechanism. This article reviews the most recent advances in olfactory optogenetics devoted to elucidate the mechanisms of chemical sensing. It thus attempts to introduce olfactory optogenetics according to the structure of the olfactory system. It mainly includes the following aspects: the sensory input from the olfactory epithelium to the olfactory bulb; the influences of the olfactory bulb (OB) neuron activity patterns on olfactory perception; the regulation between the olfactory cortex and the olfactory bulb; and the neuromodulation participating in odor coding by dominating the olfactory bulb. Finally; current challenges and future development trends of olfactory optogenetics are proposed and discussed.

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Mineev, V. N. "Ectopic olfactory receptors in the respiratory system." Russian Pulmonology 29, no. 6 (February 27, 2020): 734–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18093/0869-0189-2019-29-6-734-738.

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New findings and concepts on a role of so-called “ectopic” chemosensory receptors arise recently. The ectopic receptors are expressed outside their classical localization (nasal cavity) and referred to as extra-nasal olfactory receptors. Functional investigations of the ectopic olfactory receptors in the lungs are also ongoing. To date, it is well-known that molecules of odorous substances (odorants) bind to the G-protein-associated olfactory receptor (Gαolf) that can activate type III adenylate cyclase and increase concentration of a secondary messenger, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). In turn, this induces the opening of cAMP-dependent cationic channels including calcium channels. Olfactory receptor activation in neuroendocrine cells of the lungs affected serotonin release which decreased after the stimulation of those cells by an odorant. Amyl butyrate and burgenal, agonists of OR2AG1 and OR1D2 olfactory receptors, respectively, affect smooth muscle contractibility in human bronchi. Amyl butyrate inhibits histamine-induces muscle contractibility, whereas burgenal increases the smooth muscle contractibility. Both the processes are mediated by cAMP-dependent increase in the intracellular calcium concentration. Data have been published about the receptor expression on immune cells such as monocytes, natural killers, T- and B-lymphocites, and polymorphonuclears. Ectopic olfactory receptors are thought to participate in modulation (controlling) of intrinsic cell functions which provide a special role of inflammatory cells in asthma. In future, the olfactory receptor modulation could be probably used as a novel therapeutic approach in asthma and other chronic inflammatory lung diseases.

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Harvey, John, and Thomas Heinbockel. "Neuromodulation of Synaptic Transmission in the Main Olfactory Bulb." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 10 (October 8, 2018): 2194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102194.

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A major step in our understanding of brain function is to determine how neural circuits are altered in their function by signaling molecules or neuromodulators. Neuromodulation is the neurochemical process that modifies the computations performed by a neuron or network based on changing the functional needs or behavioral state of the subject. These modulations have the effect of altering the responsivity to synaptic inputs. Early sensory processing areas, such as the main olfactory bulb, provide an accessible window for investigating how neuromodulation regulates the functional states of neural networks and influences how we process sensory information. Olfaction is an attractive model system in this regard because of its relative simplicity and because it links primary olfactory sensory neurons to higher olfactory and associational networks. Likewise, centrifugal fibers from higher order brain centers target neurons in the main olfactory bulb to regulate synaptic processing. The neuromodulatory systems that provide regulatory inputs and play important roles in olfactory sensory processing and behaviors include the endocannabinoid system, the dopaminergic system, the cholinergic system, the noradrenergic system and the serotonergic system. Here, we present a brief survey of neuromodulation of olfactory signals in the main olfactory bulb with an emphasis on the endocannabinoid system.

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Mucignat-Caretta, C., M. Bondí, A. Rubini, F. Calabrese, and A. Barbato. "The olfactory system is affected by steroid aerosol treatment in mice." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 297, no. 6 (December 2009): L1073—L1081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00014.2009.

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Asthma needs continuous treatment often for years. In humans, some drugs are administered via aerosol, therefore they come in contact with both respiratory and olfactory mucosa. We explored the possibility that antiasthma corticosteroid treatment could influence the olfactory function by passage through the nose. A group of mice was exposed twice daily for 42 days to fluticasone propionate aerosol and was compared with a control group. Olfactory behavior, respiratory mechanics, histology, and immunoreactivity in the olfactory system were assessed. Fluticasone-treated mice were slower in retrieving a piece of hidden food, but both groups were similarly fast when the food was visible. When a clearly detectable odor was present in the environment, all mice behaved in a similar way. Respiratory mechanics indices were similar in all mice except for the viscose resistance, which was reduced in fluticasone-treated mice. Olfactory mucosa of fluticasone-treated mice was thicker than that of controls. Slight but consistent differences in staining were present for Olfactory Marker Protein but not for other proteins. A mild impairment of olfactory function is present in mice chronically treated with fluticasone aerosol, apparently accompanied by slight modifications of the olfactory receptor cells, and suggests monitoring of olfactory function modifications in long-term steroid users.

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Harrison, Paul J. H., Holly S. Cate, Pascal Steullet, and Charles D. Derby. "Structural plasticity in the olfactory system of adult spiny lobsters: postembryonic development permits life-long growth, turnover, and regeneration." Marine and Freshwater Research 52, no. 8 (2001): 1357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf01103.

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Caribbean spiny lobsters (Panulirus argus) rely on their sense of olfaction for many behaviours. Growth of their olfactory systems, and maintenance of olfactory function, is ensured by structural change that occurs continuously throughout life. In this paper, we review recent studies on postembryonic development in the olfactory system of P. argus and several other decapod species. Major structural change occurs in both the peripheral and central olfactory systems; it includes addition and loss of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs), aesthetasc and other sensilla, and interneurons associated with the olfactory lobes of the brain. From these studies it is clear that continuous growth and turnover of olfactory tissue is a normal process in decapod crustaceans. In addition, we describe for the first time mechanisms that enable the peripheral olfactory system of spiny lobsters to regenerate after injury. We monitored the regeneration of olfactory tissue usingin vivo incorporation of the cell proliferation marker 5- bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU). Our results show that regeneration after partial antennular amputation, which reduces the length of the antennule and thereby the number of ORNs, occurs as a result of upregulation of the normal mode of ORN addition and down-regulation of loss. In contrast, localized injury to aesthetasc sensilla, which causes the associated ORNs to degenerate but does not reduce antennular length, is followed by local regeneration of olfactory tissue.

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Mori, Kensaku, and Yoshihiro Yoshihara. "Molecular recognition and olfactory processing in the mammalian olfactory system." Progress in Neurobiology 45, no. 6 (April 1995): 585–619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-0082(94)00058-p.

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Sean Raspet. "Toward an Olfactory Language System." Future Anterior: Journal of Historic Preservation, History, Theory, and Criticism 13, no. 2 (2016): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.5749/futuante.13.2.0139.

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TOKO, Kiyoshi. "Development of artificial olfactory system." Journal of Japan Association on Odor Environment 50, no. 6 (November 25, 2019): 399–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.2171/jao.50.399.

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Imai, T., H. Sakano, and L. B. Vosshall. "Topographic Mapping--The Olfactory System." Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 2, no. 8 (June 16, 2010): a001776. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a001776.

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Cleland, Thomas A., and Christiane Linster. "Computation in the Olfactory System." Chemical Senses 30, no. 9 (November 1, 2005): 801–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bji072.

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Plendl, J., and F. Sinowatz. "Glycobiology of the Olfactory System." Cells Tissues Organs 161, no. 1-4 (1998): 234–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000046461.

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Kadow, Ilona Grunwald, Marion Hartl, Pelin Cayirlioglu, and S. Larry Zipursky. "miR in olfactory system divergence." Neuroscience Research 65 (January 2009): S25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2009.09.1629.

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Mobley, Arie S., Diego J. Rodriguez-Gil, Fumiaki Imamura, and Charles A. Greer. "Aging in the olfactory system." Trends in Neurosciences 37, no. 2 (February 2014): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2013.11.004.

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Kay, Leslie M. "Olfactory system oscillations across phyla." Current Opinion in Neurobiology 31 (April 2015): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2014.10.004.

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Mucignat-Caretta, Carla. "The rodent accessory olfactory system." Journal of Comparative Physiology A 196, no. 10 (July 4, 2010): 767–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00359-010-0555-z.

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Yousem, David M., Kader Karli Oguz, and Cheng Li. "Imaging of the olfactory system." Seminars in Ultrasound, CT and MRI 22, no. 6 (December 2001): 456–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0887-2171(01)90001-0.

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Shipley, Michael T., and Matthew Ennis. "Functional organization of olfactory system." Journal of Neurobiology 30, no. 1 (May 1996): 123–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4695(199605)30:1<123::aid-neu11>3.0.co;2-n.

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Doğan, A., N. Bayar Muluk, N. Asal, M. H. Şahan, M. Inal, Ö. Gündüz, and O. K. Arıkan. "Olfactory bulb volume and olfactory sulcus depth in patients with Behçet's disease." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 132, no. 12 (December 2018): 1088–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215118002141.

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AbstractObjectiveTo investigate olfactory bulb volume and olfactory sulcus depth in patients with Behçet's disease, using magnetic resonance imaging.MethodsCranial magnetic resonance imaging scans of 27 adults with Behçet's disease (10 males and 17 females) and 27 healthy controls were examined. Olfactory bulb volume and olfactory sulcus depth were measured on coronal, T2-weighted, spectral pre-saturation with inversion recovery sequences.ResultsBilateral olfactory bulb volume and right-sided olfactory sulcus depth were significantly lower in the Behçet's disease group than in the control group (p < 0.05). Left-sided olfactory sulcus depth increased with Behçet's disease duration. In both groups, olfactory bulb volume was significantly higher in the left than the right side. There were no gender differences for olfactory bulb volume and olfactory sulcus depth. Positive correlations were determined between right- and left-sided olfactory bulb volume values and between right- and left-sided olfactory sulcus depth values.ConclusionBehçet's disease may decrease olfactory functions, related to lower olfactory bulb volume and olfactory sulcus depth. The affected vascular system and possibly damaged neural system, nasal mucosal lesions, and prolonged nasal mucociliary clearance time may cause olfactory dysfunction. Patient follow up is recommended, with magnetic resonance imaging examinations of the olfactory system if necessary.

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Bhatia-Dey, Naina, and Thomas Heinbockel. "The Olfactory System as Marker of Neurodegeneration in Aging, Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Disorders." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13 (June 29, 2021): 6976. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136976.

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Research studies that focus on understanding the onset of neurodegenerative pathology and therapeutic interventions to inhibit its causative factors, have shown a crucial role of olfactory bulb neurons as they transmit and propagate nerve impulses to higher cortical and limbic structures. In rodent models, removal of the olfactory bulb results in pathology of the frontal cortex that shows striking similarity with frontal cortex features of patients diagnosed with neurodegenerative disorders. Widely different approaches involving behavioral symptom analysis, histopathological and molecular alterations, genetic and environmental influences, along with age-related alterations in cellular pathways, indicate a strong correlation of olfactory dysfunction and neurodegeneration. Indeed, declining olfactory acuity and olfactory deficits emerge either as the very first symptoms or as prodromal symptoms of progressing neurodegeneration of classical conditions. Olfactory dysfunction has been associated with most neurodegenerative, neuropsychiatric, and communication disorders. Evidence revealing the dual molecular function of the olfactory receptor neurons at dendritic and axonal ends indicates the significance of olfactory processing pathways that come under environmental pressure right from the onset. Here, we review findings that olfactory bulb neuronal processing serves as a marker of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders.

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Yang, Chi-Jen, Kuo-Ting Tsai, Nan-Fu Liou, and Ya-Hui Chou. "Interneuron Diversity: Toward a Better Understanding of Interneuron Development In the Olfactory System." Journal of Experimental Neuroscience 13 (January 2019): 117906951982605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1179069519826056.

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The Drosophila olfactory system is an attractive model for exploring the wiring logic of complex neural circuits. Remarkably, olfactory local interneurons exhibit high diversity and variability in their morphologies and intrinsic properties. Although olfactory sensory and projection neurons have been extensively studied of development and wiring; the development, mechanisms for establishing diversity, and integration of olfactory local interneurons into the developing circuit remain largely undescribed. In this review, we discuss some challenges and recent advances in the study of Drosophila olfactory interneurons.

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Mori, Kensaku, Harald von Campenhausen, and Yoshihiro Yoshihara. "Zonal organization of the mammalian main and accessory olfactory systems." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 355, no. 1404 (December 29, 2000): 1801–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2000.0736.

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Zonal organization is one of the characteristic features observed in both main and accessory olfactory systems. In the main olfactory system, most of the odorant receptors are classified into four groups according to their zonal expression patterns in the olfactory epithelium. Each group of odorant receptors is expressed by sensory neurons distributed within one of four circumscribed zones. Olfactory sensory neurons in a given zone of the epithelium project their axons to the glomeruli in a corresponding zone of the main olfactory bulb. Glomeruli in the same zone tend to represent similar odorant receptors having similar tuning specificity to odorants. Vomeronasal receptors (or pheromone receptors) are classified into two groups in the accessory olfactory system. Each group of receptors is expressed by vomeronasal sensory neurons in either the apical or basal zone of the vomeronasal epithelium. Sensory neurons in the apical zone project their axons to the rostral zone of the accessory olfactory bulb and form synaptic connections with mitral–tufted cells belonging to the rostral zone. Signals originated from basal zone sensory neurons are sent to mitral–tufted cells in the caudal zone of the accessory olfactory bulb. We discuss functional implications of the zonal organization in both main and accessory olfactory systems.

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Garrett, Eva C., and Michael E. Steiper. "Strong links between genomic and anatomical diversity in both mammalian olfactory chemosensory systems." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1783 (May 22, 2014): 20132828. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2828.

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Mammalian olfaction comprises two chemosensory systems: the odorant-detecting main olfactory system (MOS) and the pheromone-detecting vomeronasal system (VNS). Mammals are diverse in their anatomical and genomic emphases on olfactory chemosensation, including the loss or reduction of these systems in some orders. Despite qualitative evidence linking the genomic evolution of the olfactory systems to specific functions and phenotypes, little work has quantitatively tested whether the genomic aspects of the mammalian olfactory chemosensory systems are correlated to anatomical diversity. We show that the genomic and anatomical variation in these systems is tightly linked in both the VNS and the MOS, though the signature of selection is different in each system. Specifically, the MOS appears to vary based on absolute organ and gene family size while the VNS appears to vary according to the relative proportion of functional genes and relative anatomical size and complexity. Furthermore, there is little evidence that these two systems are evolving in a linked fashion. The relationships between genomic and anatomical diversity strongly support a role for natural selection in shaping both the anatomical and genomic evolution of the olfactory chemosensory systems in mammals.

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Morrison, Filomene G., Brian G. Dias, and Kerry J. Ressler. "Extinction reverses olfactory fear-conditioned increases in neuron number and glomerular size." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 41 (September 29, 2015): 12846–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1505068112.

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Although much work has investigated the contribution of brain regions such as the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex to the processing of fear learning and memory, fewer studies have examined the role of sensory systems, in particular the olfactory system, in the detection and perception of cues involved in learning and memory. The primary sensory receptive field maps of the olfactory system are exquisitely organized and respond dynamically to cues in the environment, remaining plastic from development through adulthood. We have previously demonstrated that olfactory fear conditioning leads to increased odorant-specific receptor representation in the main olfactory epithelium and in glomeruli within the olfactory bulb. We now demonstrate that olfactory extinction training specific to the conditioned odor stimulus reverses the conditioning-associated freezing behavior and odor learning-induced structural changes in the olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulb in an odorant ligand-specific manner. These data suggest that learning-induced freezing behavior, structural alterations, and enhanced neural sensory representation can be reversed in adult mice following extinction training.

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Lee, Sang Woo, Byeong Hee Kim, and Young Ho Seo. "Olfactory system-inspired electronic nose system using numerous low-cost homogenous and hetrogenous sensors." PLOS ONE 18, no. 12 (December 8, 2023): e0295703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0295703.

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This paper presents an electronic nose system inspired by the biological olfactory system. When comparing the human olfactory system to that of a dog, it’s worth noting that dogs have 30 times more olfactory receptors and three times as many types of olfactory receptors. This implies that the number of olfactory receptors could be a more important parameter for classifying chemical compounds than the number of receptor types. Instead of using expensive precision sensors, the proposed electronic nose system relies on numerous low-cost homogeneous and heterogeneous sensors with poor cross-interference characteristics due to their low gas selectivity. Even if the same type of sensor shows a slightly different output for the same chemical compound, this variation becomes a unique signal for the target gas being measured. The electronic nose system comprises 30 sensors, the e-nose had 6 differing sensors with 5 replicates of each type. The characteristics of the electronic nose system are evaluated using three different volatile alcoholic compounds, more than 99% of which are the same. Liquid samples are supplied to the sensor chamber for 60 seconds using an air bubbler, followed by a 60-second cleaning of the chamber. Sensor signals are acquired at a sampling rate of 100 Hz. In this experimental study, the effects of data preprocessing methods and the number of sensors of the same type are investigated. By increasing the number of sensors of the same type, classification accuracy exceeds 99%, regardless of the deep learning model. The proposed electronic nose system, based on low-cost sensors, demonstrates similar results to commercial expensive electronic nose systems.

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Olivares, Jesús, and Oliver Schmachtenberg. "An update on anatomy and function of the teleost olfactory system." PeerJ 7 (September 27, 2019): e7808. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7808.

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About half of all extant vertebrates are teleost fishes. Although our knowledge about anatomy and function of their olfactory systems still lags behind that of mammals, recent advances in cellular and molecular biology have provided us with a wealth of novel information about the sense of smell in this important animal group. Its paired olfactory organs contain up to five types of olfactory receptor neurons expressing OR, TAAR, VR1- and VR2-class odorant receptors associated with individual transduction machineries. The different types of receptor neurons are preferentially tuned towards particular classes of odorants, that are associated with specific behaviors, such as feeding, mating or migration. We discuss the connections of the receptor neurons in the olfactory bulb, the differences in bulbar circuitry compared to mammals, and the characteristics of second order projections to telencephalic olfactory areas, considering the everted ontogeny of the teleost telencephalon. The review concludes with a brief overview of current theories about odor coding and the prominent neural oscillations observed in the teleost olfactory system.

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Chanel, J. "The Olfactory System as a Molecular Descriptor." Physiology 2, no. 6 (December 1, 1987): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiologyonline.1987.2.6.203.

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The olfactory mucosa has a limited variety of membrane receptor sites, diversely distributed from one olfactory cell to another. The distribution pattern might provide an activation scheme that is spatially organized for each odorant. The distinct topological arrangement would then constitute a molecular descriptor of the odorant.

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Grosu-Bularda, Andreea, Claudiu Manea, and Ioan Lascar. "The role of olfactory ensheating cells in regenerative medicine: review of the literature." Romanian Journal of Rhinology 5, no. 18 (June 1, 2015): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rjr-2015-0008.

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Abstract Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) join olfactory axons in their entrance to the central nervous system, representing a unique population of glial cells with functions in olfactory neurogenesis, axonal growth and olfactory bulb formation. Olfactory ensheathing cells have a great potential to induce repair for neural injuries, in central nervous system and peripheral nervous system, existing numerous experimental and clinical studies lately, reporting beneficial effects in anatomical and functional recovery. Studies are also conducted in order to establish possible pro-regenerative effects of the OECs, their potential in tissue repair and ability to modulate the immune system. The aim of this paper was to review the properties of olfactory ensheathing cells and their potential therapeutic role in regenerative medicine.

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Oprych, Karen, Daniel Cotfas, and David Choi. "Common olfactory ensheathing glial markers in the developing human olfactory system." Brain Structure and Function 222, no. 4 (October 7, 2016): 1877–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00429-016-1313-y.

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Gourévitch, Boris, Leslie M. Kay, and Claire Martin. "Directional Coupling From the Olfactory Bulb to the Hippocampus During a Go/No-Go Odor Discrimination Task." Journal of Neurophysiology 103, no. 5 (May 2010): 2633–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01075.2009.

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The hippocampus and olfactory regions are anatomically close, and both play a major role in memory formation. However, the way they interact during odor processing is still unclear. In both areas, strong oscillations of the local field potential (LFP) can be recorded, and are modulated by behavior. In particular, in the olfactory system, the beta rhythm (15–35 Hz) is associated with cognitive processing of an olfactory stimulus. Using LFP recordings in the olfactory bulb and dorsal and ventral hippocampus during performance of an olfactory go/no-go task in rats, we previously showed that beta oscillations are also present in the hippocampus, coherent with those in the olfactory bulb, during odor sampling. In this study, we provide further insight into information transfer in the olfacto-hippocampal network by using directional coherence (DCOH estimate), a method based on the temporal relation between two or more signals in the frequency domain. In the theta band (6–12 Hz), coherence between the olfactory bulb (OB) and the hippocampus (HPC) is weak and can be both in the feedback and feedforward directions. However, at this frequency, modulation of the coupling between the dorsal and ventral hippocampus is seen during stimulus expectation versus odor processing. In the beta frequency band (15–35 Hz), analysis showed a strong unidirectional coupling from the OB to dorsal and ventral HPC, indicating that, during odor processing, beta oscillations in the hippocampus are driven by the olfactory bulb.

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Calvo-Ochoa, Erika, and Christine Byrd-Jacobs. "The Olfactory System of Zebrafish as a Model for the Study of Neurotoxicity and Injury: Implications for Neuroplasticity and Disease." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 7 (April 2, 2019): 1639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20071639.

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The olfactory system, composed of the olfactory organs and the olfactory bulb, allows organisms to interact with their environment and through the detection of odor signals. Olfaction mediates behaviors pivotal for survival, such as feeding, mating, social behavior, and danger assessment. The olfactory organs are directly exposed to the milieu, and thus are particularly vulnerable to damage by environmental pollutants and toxicants, such as heavy metals, pesticides, and surfactants, among others. Given the widespread occurrence of olfactory toxicants, there is a pressing need to understand the effects of these harmful compounds on olfactory function. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a valuable model for studying human physiology, disease, and toxicity. Additionally, the anatomical components of the zebrafish olfactory system are similar to those of other vertebrates, and they present a remarkable degree of regeneration and neuroplasticity, making it an ideal model for the study of regeneration, reorganization and repair mechanisms following olfactory toxicant exposure. In this review, we focus on (1) the anatomical, morphological, and functional organization of the olfactory system of zebrafish; (2) the adverse effects of olfactory toxicants and injury to the olfactory organ; and (3) remodeling and repair neuroplasticity mechanisms following injury and degeneration by olfactory toxicant exposure.

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Valle-Leija, Pablo. "Odorant Receptors Signaling Instructs the Development and Plasticity of the Glomerular Map." Neural Plasticity 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/975367.

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The olfactory system provides a great opportunity to explore the mechanisms that underlie the formation and function of neural circuits because of the simplicity of its structure. Olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) located in the peripheral olfactory epithelium (OE) take part in the initial formation and function of glomeruli in the olfactory bulb (OB) inside the central nervous system. Glomeruli are key in the process of transduction of olfactory information, as they constitute a map in the OB that sorts the different types of odorant inputs. This odorant categorization allows proper olfactory perception, and it is achieved through the anatomical organization and function of the different glomerular circuits. Once formed, glomeruli keep the capacity to undergo diverse plasticity processes, which is unique among the different neural circuits of the central nervous system. In this context, through the expression and function of the odorant receptors (ORs), OSNs perform two of the most important roles in the olfactory system: transducing odorant information to the nervous system and initiating the development of the glomerular map to organize olfactory information. This review addresses essential information that has emerged in recent years about the molecular basis of these processes.

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Kondoh, Daisuke, Akihiro Kamikawa, Motoki Sasaki, and Nobuo Kitamura. "Localization of α1-2 Fucose Glycan in the Mouse Olfactory Pathway." Cells Tissues Organs 203, no. 1 (July 16, 2016): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000447009.

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Glycoconjugates in the olfactory system play critical roles in neuronal formation, and α1-2 fucose (α1-2Fuc) glycan mediates neurite outgrowth and synaptic plasticity. Histochemical findings of α1-2Fuc glycan in the mouse olfactory system detected using Ulex europaeus agglutinin-I (UEA-I) vary. This study histochemically assessed the main olfactory and vomeronasal pathways in male and female ICR and C57BL/6J mice aged 3-4 months using UEA-I. Ulex europaeus agglutinin-I reacted with most receptor cells arranged mainly at the basal region of the olfactory epithelium. The olfactory nerve layer and glomerular layer of the main olfactory bulb were speckled with positive UEA-I staining, and positive fibers were scattered from the glomerular to the internal plexiform layer. The lateral olfactory tract and rostral migratory stream were also positive for UEA-I. We identified superficial short-axon cells, interneurons of the external plexiform layer, external, middle and internal tufted cells, mitral cells and granule cells as the origins of the UEA-I-positive fibers in the main olfactory bulb. The anterior olfactory nucleus, anterior piriform cortex and olfactory tubercle were negative for UEA-I. Most receptor cells in the vomeronasal epithelium and most glomeruli of the accessory olfactory bulb were positive for UEA-I. Our findings indicated that α1-2Fuc glycan is located within the primary and secondary, but not the ternary, pathways of the main olfactory system, in local circuits of the main olfactory bulb and within the primary, but not secondary, pathway of the vomeronasal system.

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Som, P. M., and T. P. Naidich. "The Olfactory System: Part II: How Olfaction Is Processed in the Olfactory Epithelium and Olfactory Bulb." Neurographics 8, no. 2 (April 1, 2018): 136–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3174/ng.1700003.

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Yoo, Shin Hyuk, Hae-Won Kim, and Jun Hee Lee. "Restoration of olfactory dysfunctions by nanomaterials and stem cells-based therapies: Current status and future perspectives." Journal of Tissue Engineering 13 (January 2022): 204173142210834. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20417314221083414.

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Dysfunction in the olfactory system of a person can have adverse effects on their health and quality of life. It can even increase mortality among individuals. Olfactory dysfunction is related to many factors, including post-viral upper respiratory infection, head trauma, and neurodegenerative disorders. Although some clinical therapies such as steroids and olfactory training are already available, their effectiveness is limited and controversial. Recent research in the field of therapeutic nanoparticles and stem cells has shown the regeneration of dysfunctional olfactory systems. Thus, we are motivated to highlight these regenerative approaches. For this, we first introduce the anatomical characteristics of the olfactory pathway, then detail various pathological factors related to olfactory dysfunctions and current treatments, and then finally discuss the recent regenerative endeavors, with particular focus on nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems and stem cells. This review offers insights into the development of future therapeutic approaches to restore and regenerate dysfunctional olfactory systems.

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Hegg, Colleen C., Edmund Au, A. Jane Roskams, and Mary T. Lucero. "PACAP Is Present in the Olfactory System and Evokes Calcium Transients in Olfactory Receptor Neurons." Journal of Neurophysiology 90, no. 4 (October 2003): 2711–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00288.2003.

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Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP), a neuroregulatory peptide, is found in germinative regions of the CNS, including the olfactory bulb, throughout adulthood. We show that 1) PACAP immunoreactivity is also present in the neonatal mouse and adult mouse and rat olfactory epithelium, 2) PACAP expression pattern differs between neonatal and adult mice, and 3) PACAP is produced by olfactory ensheathing cells. PACAP may thus be a key factor in the uniquely supportive role of olfactory ensheathing cells in regeneration of neurons from olfactory epithelium and lesioned spinal cord. Using calcium imaging, we demonstrated physiological responses to PACAP in both neonatal and adult olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). We propose that PACAP plays an important role in normal turnover of ORNs by providing neurotrophic support during development and regeneration and neuroprotective support of mature neurons.

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Matiashova, Lolita, Anouk Lisa Hoogkamer, and Katharina Timper. "The Role of the Olfactory System in Obesity and Metabolism in Humans: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Metabolites 14, no. 1 (December 25, 2023): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo14010016.

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Obesity, linked to chronic diseases, poses a global health challenge. While the role of the olfactory system in energy homeostasis is well-documented in rodents, its role in metabolism regulation and obesity in humans remains understudied. This review examines the interplay between olfactory function and metabolic alterations in human obesity and the effects of bariatric surgery on olfactory capabilities in humans. Adhering to PRISMA guidelines, a systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted, focusing exclusively on original human studies. From 51 articles, 14 were selected for the meta-analysis. It was found that variations in olfactory receptor genes influence the susceptibility to odors and predisposition to weight gain and poor eating habits. Bariatric surgery, particularly sleeve gastrectomy, shows significant improvements in olfactory function (SMD 2.37, 95% CI [0.96, 3.77], I = 92%, p = 0.001), especially regarding the olfactory threshold (SMD −1.65, 95% CI [−3.03, −0.27], I = 81%, p = 0.02). There is a bidirectional relationship between olfactory function and metabolism in humans. Bariatric surgery improves olfactory perception in obese patients, but it is still unclear if impacting the olfactory system directly affects eating behavior and the energy balance. However, these findings open novel avenues for future studies addressing the olfactory system as a novel target to alter systemic metabolism in humans.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Olfactory system'

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