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Journal articles on the topic 'Olfactory search'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 1 April 2023

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1

Nams, Vilis O. "Olfactory Search Images in Striped Skunks." Behaviour 119, no. 3-4 (1991): 267–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853991x00472.

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AbstractStriped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) which had been raised in captivity can increase their reaction distance to the smell of a given food. This reaction distance decreases after they find other types of foods, using either sound or smell. This decrease could be a result of skunks increasing preference for specific food, or shifting attention onto the smell of specific food. However, other experiments showed that skunks do not change prey preference. Therefore the decrease in reaction distance is likely due to skunks shifting attention to the smell of specific food. I suggest that this is the olfactory analogue to visual search images-i.e. olfactory search images.
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2

Balkovsky, E., and B. I. Shraiman. "Olfactory search at high Reynolds number." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99, no. 20 (September 12, 2002): 12589–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.192393499.

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3

Baker, Keeley L., Michael Dickinson, Teresa M. Findley, David H. Gire, Matthieu Louis, Marie P. Suver, Justus V. Verhagen, Katherine I. Nagel, and Matthew C. Smear. "Algorithms for Olfactory Search across Species." Journal of Neuroscience 38, no. 44 (October 31, 2018): 9383–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.1668-18.2018.

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4

Marques, Lino, Urbano Nunes, and A. T. de Almeida. "Particle swarm-based olfactory guided search." Autonomous Robots 20, no. 3 (May 26, 2006): 277–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10514-006-7567-0.

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5

Shcherban, Igor, Peter Kosenko, Oxana Shcherban, and Paul Lobzenko. "Method of automatic search for odor-induced patterns in bioelectric activity of a rat olfactory bulb." Information and Control Systems, no. 5 (October 20, 2020): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31799/1684-8853-2020-5-62-69.

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Introduction: The olfactory system in chronic animal experiments is studied according to the records of bioelectric activity recorded with microelectrode arrays located on the dorsal surface of the olfactory bulb. It is believed that the response of the olfactory bulb bioelectric activity to the odorant presentation is associated with fluctuations synchronized by respiration and belonging to the range of so-called gamma rhythms. Purpose: To develop a method of automatic search for time boundaries of odor-induced gamma rhythm patterns in the bioelectric activity of an olfactory bulb. Results: The complexity of automatic search for odor-induced patterns are due to masking them by spontaneous oscillations of gamma rhythms unrelated to the olfactory system activity. Besides, the modal frequency of the patterns is a priori unknown and changes dynamically during an experiment on an anesthetized animal. The Hausdorff distance is used as a cost function of the search. In order to increase its sensitivity, an adaptive band-pass filter was synthesized based on a multichannel singular spectrum analysis. Its passband in the analyzed time sample corresponds best to the spectrum of the required patterns. The results of experiments on rats are presented. The use of band-pass filters based on the Fourier transform with parameters unchanged during the experiment due to the non-stationary nature of the frequency characteristics of the desired patterns does not ensure their effective search. In particular, when using the Butterworth band-pass filter in the search algorithm, significant errors were observed in determining the time boundaries of the epochs of patterns, and omissions of patterns. But the use of a synthesized adaptive band-pass filter provided reliable automatic search for patterns and determination of their time boundaries with a high accuracy. Algorithm failures in this case were observed only in rat motion artifacts. Practical relevance: The developed method extends the existing tools used to study the olfactory system of a living organism.
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Riman, Nour, Jonathan D. Victor, Sebastian D. Boie, and Bard Ermentrout. "The Dynamics of Bilateral Olfactory Search and Navigation." SIAM Review 63, no. 1 (January 2021): 100–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/19m1265934.

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7

Montgomery, John C., Carol Diebel, Matthew B. D. Halstead, and Josh Downer. "Olfactory search tracks in the Antarctic fish Trematomus bernacchii." Polar Biology 21, no. 3 (February 23, 1999): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003000050346.

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8

Nams, V. O. "Density-dependent predation by skunks using olfactory search images." Oecologia 110, no. 3 (April 18, 1997): 440–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050179.

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9

Nevitt, G. A., M. Losekoot, and H. Weimerskirch. "Evidence for olfactory search in wandering albatross, Diomedea exulans." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105, no. 12 (March 6, 2008): 4576–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0709047105.

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10

Cross, Fiona R., and Robert R. Jackson. "Olfactory search-image use by a mosquito-eating predator." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277, no. 1697 (May 26, 2010): 3173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.0596.

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11

Jinn, Judy, Erin G. Connor, and Lucia F. Jacobs. "How Ambient Environment Influences Olfactory Orientation in Search and Rescue Dogs." Chemical Senses 45, no. 8 (September 17, 2020): 625–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjaa060.

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Abstract Under natural conditions, an animal orienting to an air-borne odor plume must contend with the shifting influence of meteorological variables, such as air temperature, humidity, and wind speed, on the location and the detectability of the plume. Despite their importance, the natural statistics of such variables are difficult to reproduce in the laboratory and hence few studies have investigated strategies of olfactory orientation by mobile animals under different meteorological conditions. Using trained search and rescue dogs, we quantified the olfactory orientation behaviors of dogs searching for a trail (aged 1–3 h) of a hidden human subject in a natural landscape, under a range of meteorological conditions. Dogs were highly successful in locating the human target hidden 800 m from the start location (93% success). Humidity and air temperature had a significant effect on search strategy: as air conditions became cooler and more humid, dogs searched significantly closer to the experimental trail. Dogs also modified their speed and head position according to their search location distance from the experimental trail. When close to the trail, dogs searched with their head up and ran quickly but when their search took them farther from the trail, they were more likely to search with their nose to the ground, moving more slowly. This study of a mammalian species responding to localized shifts in ambient conditions lays the foundation for future studies of olfactory orientation, and the development of a highly tractable mammalian species for such research.
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Manska, George. "Technical Report—Applying Physics and Sensory Sciences to Spirits Nosing Vessel Design to Improve Evaluation Diagnostics and Drinking Enjoyment." Beverages 4, no. 4 (November 22, 2018): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/beverages4040093.

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Ethanol is the direct by-product of distillation. The vast majority of straight spirit beverages are bottled at 40%+ ABV (alcohol by volume). Aficionados, critics, spirits judges, and a significant percentage of drinkers choose to drink and evaluate spirits at bottled strength from traditional vessels. Olfactory perceptions are quickly compromised by abundant ethanol, numbing olfactory sensors and severely inhibiting aroma detection during evaluation. Traditional vessel redesigns have concentrated on minor styling changes, ignoring olfactory and physical sciences. Consumers’ continued search for value and quality and increased dependency on spirits competitions as a primary source of ratings emphasizes the need for a functional diagnostic vessel which displays and delivers aromas unobscured by ethanol olfactory numbing. The application of olfactory and physical science creates an engineered tasting vessel which eliminates severe ethanol olfactory numbing, optimizes aroma definition, and significantly improves diagnostics for those who evaluate, judge, rate, distill, and enjoy flavor nuances of spirits.
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13

Forster, Sophie, and Charles Spence. "“What Smell?” Temporarily Loading Visual Attention Induces a Prolonged Loss of Olfactory Awareness." Psychological Science 29, no. 10 (August 1, 2018): 1642–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797618781325.

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The human sense of smell is highly sensitive, often conveying important biological signals. Yet anecdotal evidence suggests that we commonly fail to notice suprathreshold environmental olfactory stimuli. The determinants of olfactory awareness are, as yet, unknown. Here, we adapted the inattentional-blindness paradigm to test whether olfactory awareness is dependent on attention. Across three experiments, participants performed a visual search task with either a high or low perceptual load (a well-established attentional manipulation) while exposed to an ambient coffee aroma. Consistent with our hypothesis, results showed that task load modulated olfactory awareness: 42.5% fewer participants in the high- than in the low-load condition reported noticing the coffee aroma. Our final experiment demonstrates that because of unique characteristics of olfactory habituation, the consequences of inattentional anosmia can persist even once attention becomes available. These findings establish the phenomenon of inattentional anosmia and have applied implications for predicting when people may miss potentially important olfactory information.
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Leathers, Kyle W., Brenden T. Michaelis, and Matthew A. Reidenbach. "Interpreting the Spatial-Temporal Structure of Turbulent Chemical Plumes Utilized in Odor Tracking by Lobsters." Fluids 5, no. 2 (May 24, 2020): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids5020082.

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Olfactory systems in animals play a major role in finding food and mates, avoiding predators, and communication. Chemical tracking in odorant plumes has typically been considered a spatial information problem where individuals navigate towards higher concentration. Recent research involving chemosensory neurons in the spiny lobster, Panulirus argus, show they possess rhythmically active or ‘bursting’ olfactory receptor neurons that respond to the intermittency in the odor signal. This suggests a possible, previously unexplored olfactory search strategy that enables lobsters to utilize the temporal variability within a turbulent plume to track the source. This study utilized computational fluid dynamics to simulate the turbulent dispersal of odorants and assess a number of search strategies thought to aid lobsters. These strategies include quantification of concentration magnitude using chemosensory antennules and leg chemosensors, simultaneous sampling of water velocities using antennule mechanosensors, and utilization of antennules to quantify intermittency of the odorant plume. Results show that lobsters can utilize intermittency in the odorant signal to track an odorant plume faster and with greater success in finding the source than utilizing concentration alone. However, the additional use of lobster leg chemosensors reduced search time compared to both antennule intermittency and concentration strategies alone by providing spatially separated odorant sensors along the body.
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15

MEISAMI, ESMAIL, LAURA MIKHAIL, DARRIN BAIM, and KUNWAR P. BHATNAGAR. "Human Olfactory Bulb: Aging of Glomeruli and Mitral Cells and a Search for the Accessory Olfactory Bulba." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 855, no. 1 OLFACTION AND (November 1998): 708–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb10649.x.

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16

Vakhrushev, S. G., A. S. Smbatyan, and J. S. Korneva. "Diagnosis of the olfactory function in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis: a literature review." Siberian Medical Review 4 (2022): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.20333/25000136-2022-4-22-27.

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The aim of this review article is a comprehensive systematic review of peer-reviewed literature data on the methods for olfactory dysfunction diagnosis in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with consideration for anatomy and pathomorphology. Additionally, we have assessed the reliability and informative value of various methods. The search was carried out in PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases using the following keywords: “smell” AND “rhinosinusitis” OR “polyps”. As a rule, the presented methods of olfactory function diagnosis for patients with chronic rhinosinusitis only allow determining of quantitative disorders. It is required to select a universal diagnostic method which will make it possible to determine the location of the olfactory nerve lesion, the quantitative and qualitative impairment of the function taking into account the olfactory nerve fatigue and the time of adaptation.
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17

Silva, Maren de Moraes e., Camila Poletto Viveiros, Nikolai José Eustátios Kotsifas, Alexia Duarte, Evelyn Dib, Pilar Bueno Siqueira Mercer, Renata Ramina Pessoa, and Maria Carolina Zavagna Witt. "Olfactory impairment in frontotemporal dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis." Dementia & Neuropsychologia 13, no. 2 (June 2019): 154–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-57642018dn13-020003.

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ABSTRACT. Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) presents clinically in three variants: one behavioral and two with progressive primary aphasia - non-fluent/agrammatic and semantic. Defined by the degenerative process and cerebral atrophy, olfactory dysfunction occurs in up to 96% of previous FTD case series. Objective: the present study aims to critically synthesize data about the relationship between FTD and olfactory impairment to analyze the usefulness of olfactory evaluation tests as a complementary element in early diagnosis. Methods: a database search was performed using the keywords “olfactory OR smell OR olfaction AND frontotemporal dementia”. We included studies that evaluated olfactory function in patients diagnosed with frontotemporal dementia, all subtypes, compared with age-matched healthy controls. For comparative purposes, the effect size was calculated using Cohen’s D. The studies selected were categorized according to dementia variant and olfactory test type. A meta-analysis was performed using forest plots - homogeneity was evaluated by statistical tests (i2 and Cochran Q). Results: ten articles met the inclusion criteria. Heterogeneity was classified as low for semantic dementia olfactory identification and behavioral variant olfactory discrimination groups (i2 = 0 and 3.4%, respectively) and as moderate for the behavioral variant olfactory identification group (i2 = 32.6%). Conclusion: patients with the frontotemporal dementia behavioral variant seem to present with alterations in odor identification, but with preserved discrimination. Scent identification also seems to be impaired in semantic dementia. Therefore, we conclude that olfactory evaluation in these patients is possibly impacted by cognitive alterations and not by sensory deficits. Application of olfactory tests may prove important in differentiating prodromal states from other types of dementia with more pronounced olfactory impairment.
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Manan, Hanani Abdul, and Noorazrul Yahya. "Ageing and Olfactory Dysfunction in Trisomy 21: A Systematic Review." Brain Sciences 11, no. 7 (July 20, 2021): 952. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11070952.

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Purpose: The olfactory system is particularly vulnerable in an ageing brain, both anatomically and functionally, and these brain changes are more pronounced among individuals with trisomy 21. Furthermore, the age of the system starts to deteriorate, and the mechanism involved is unclear in an individual with trisomy 21. Therefore, the present review aims to summarise the available information related to this topic and to suggest questions still unanswered which can be a subject of further research. Methods: A systematic literature search of trisomy 21 and olfactory dysfunction was conducted using PubMed/MEDLINE and Scopus electronic database following PRISMA guidelines. References and citations were checked in the Google Scholar database. Reports were extracted for information on demographics and psychophysical evaluation. Then, the reports were systematically reviewed based on the effects of ageing on the three olfactory domains: threshold, discrimination, and identification. Results: Participants with trisomy 21 show an early onset of olfactory impairment, and the age effect of the olfactory deficit is fully expressed at age > 30 years old. The three olfactory domains, threshold, discrimination, and identification, are suggested to be impaired in trisomy 21 participants with age > 30 years old. Conclusions: Olfactory dysfunction in an individual with trisomy 21 commences at a relatively young age and affects the three olfactory domains. A challenge for the future is to quantitatively establish the olfactory function of an individual with trisomy 21 at all ages with more detailed measurements to further understand the pathophysiology of this brain deterioration.
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19

Rajchard, J. "Exogenous chemical substances in bird perception: a review." Veterinární Medicína 53, No. 8 (September 5, 2008): 412–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1926-vetmed.

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The perception of exogenous chemical substances, olfactory navigation and the use of the olfactory sense by birds to search for food are reviewed. Many results suggest that the olfactory sense is one of the important components of the navigation system in birds. The olfactory mechanisms used by homing pigeons to navigate homeward from distant sites have been well studied. The scent of potential food, carcasses, is a positive attracting percept for Vultures. Procellariiform seabirds (petrels, albatrosses and shearwaters) are able to localize food sources by using their olfactory sense. Procellariforms are sensitive to scented compounds associated with their primary prey: krill-related odors (pyrazines and trimethylamine), odors associated with phytoplankton (dimethyl sulfide – DMS) and ammonia. Anting is a specific type of behavior of over 200 bird species. Birds probably use anting to control ectoparasites, inhibit the growth of fungi or bacteria, to soothe skin irritated during the molting period, and to remove toxic formic acid from ants prior to their consumption. Insectivorous birds react to insect malodorous substances, produced by insect groups as a chemical defense against predators.
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Provecho, Y., and R. Josens. "Olfactory memory established during trophallaxis affects food search behaviour in ants." Journal of Experimental Biology 212, no. 20 (October 2, 2009): 3221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.033506.

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OHASHI, Mari, Yuki MYOREN, and Hiroshi ISHIDA. "1314 Autonomous Wheeled Underwater Robot Mimicking Olfactory Search Behavior of Crayfish." Proceedings of the Machine Design and Tribology Division meeting in JSME 2008.8 (2008): 147–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemdt.2008.8.147.

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22

Petersen, Marcela Leão, Monia Bresolin, and Ariane Madruga Monteiro. "539 - The association between olfactory dysfunction and psychiatric disorders." International Psychogeriatrics 33, S1 (October 2021): 82–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610221002349.

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It is known that olfactory dysfunction occurs early in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Dementia and psychiatric disorders share a number of clinical features, such as psychosis and depression. As such, misdiagnoses across these conditions are not uncommon. A variety of studies show smell dysfunction in schizophrenia, but little is known about other psychiatric disorders. In order to verify the link between olfaction and psychiatric disorders, a medical literature search was carried out in may 2021 using PubMed, and Cochrane Library, including the terms “olfaction” and “olfactory dysfunction” combined individually with “psychiatric disorder” and “depression”. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses written in English from 1991 to 2021 were included. Even thought one review suggested that patients with depression have reduced olfactory performance when compared with healthy, results show studies with different methodology and design which makes it difficult to reach definitive conclusions as how and if olfactory functioning is related to depression. Further studies with the same methodology that examines and separates central and peripheral olfactory processing are needed. Another review showed robust olfactory deficits in schizophrenia and at-risk youths, what indicates that olfactory measures may be a useful marker of schizophrenia risk status. Finally, a systematic review compared olfactory function in FTD, depression, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Results revealed that odor identification but not discrimination was severely impaired in FTD, both were impaired in schizophrenia, while no olfactory impairments were observed in depression. Findings in bipolar disorder were mixed. This review showed that testing odor identification and discrimination differentiates FTD from depression and schizophrenia, but not from bipolar disorder. It is possible to conclude that olfactory dysfunction occurs in schizophrenia and dementia but not in depression.
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Wolf, H., and R. Wehner. "Pinpointing food sources: olfactory and anemotactic orientation in desert ants, Cataglyphis fortis." Journal of Experimental Biology 203, no. 5 (March 1, 2000): 857–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.203.5.857.

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Desert ants, Cataglyphis fortis, search for a repeatedly visited food source by employing a combined olfactory and anemotactic orientation strategy (in addition to their visually based path-integration scheme). This behaviour was investigated by video-tracking consecutive foraging trips of individually marked ants under a variety of experimental conditions, including manipulations of the olfactory and wind-detecting systems of the ants. If the wind blows from a constant direction, ants familiar with the feeding site follow outbound paths that lead them into an area 0.5-2.5 m downwind of the feeding station. Here, the ants apparently pick up odour plumes emanating from the food source and follow these by steering an upwind course until they reach the feeder. If the food is removed, foragers usually concentrate their search movements within the area downwind of the feeding site. Only when the wind happens to subside or when tail-wind conditions prevail do the ants steer direct courses towards the food. Elimination of olfactory input by clipping the antennal flagella, or of wind perception by immobilising the bases of the antennae, altered the foraging behaviour of the ants in ways that supported these interpretations. Ants with clipped flagella were never observed to collect food items.
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Pronin, Alexey, Karolina Janczura, Claude-Henry Volmar, Shawn Brothers, and Vladlen Slepak. "Ectopically Expressed Human Olfactory Receptor OR51E1: a Search for Novel Molecular Probes." FASEB Journal 34, S1 (April 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.02355.

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25

Chauvin, C., and B. Thierry. "Tonkean Macaques Orient Their Food Search From Olfactory Cues Conveyed by Conspecifics." Ethology 111, no. 3 (March 2005): 301–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.2004.01066.x.

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Gazit, Irit, Allen Goldblatt, and Joseph Terkel. "Formation of an Olfactory Search Image for Explosives Odours in Sniffer Dogs*." Ethology 111, no. 7 (July 2005): 669–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.2005.01098.x.

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27

Pokora, Ondřej, and Petr Lánský. "Statistical approach in search for optimal signal in simple olfactory neuronal models." Mathematical Biosciences 214, no. 1-2 (July 2008): 100–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mbs.2008.02.010.

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28

Baker, Cindy, John Montgomery, and Todd Dennis. "The sensory basis of olfactory search behavior in banded kokopu ( Galaxias fasciatus )." Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology 188, no. 7 (August 1, 2002): 553–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00359-002-0329-3.

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29

Sabaru, Iulia, and Codrut Sarafoleanu. "Olfaction and traumatic head injury - Is it possible to discriminate between malingering and patients with smell disorders based on nowadays knowledge?" Romanian Journal of Rhinology 5, no. 19 (September 1, 2015): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rjr-2015-0017.

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Abstract BACKGROUND. Olfaction is one the most important senses; however, even nowadays it is incompletely known in humans from an anatomical and physiological point of view, but also as concerns the assessment methods and treatment. The main causes for acquired olfactory dysfunctions involve inflammatory pathology (local or general) and head trauma. Olfactory impairment after traumatic head injury (THI) is more frequent than believed. Today there are a number of tests for assessing the loss of smell, but more studies are needed in order to establish standardized protocols for patients with such pathology after THI. This uncertainty is more and more exploited by malingerers. OBJECTIVE. The aim of the paper was to find in literature the necessary information in order to permit a correct management of a patient with olfactory impairment after head trauma and to establish new protocols that may help identify malingerers when medico-legal implications exists. MATERIAL AND METHODS. We studied an amount of works and studies in order to highlight the diagnosis options specialist have, if such a case is encountered (olfactory loss after THI). RESULTS. Recent studies show that great progress has been made, but more scientific research is needed. Specialists still search correlation between all diagnosis methods. CONCLUSION. Olfactory disorders are an important topic given their importance in patient quality of life, but also for the medico-legal implications.
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Mirmosayyeb, Omid, Narges Ebrahimi, Mahdi Barzegar, Alireza Afshari-Safavi, Sara Bagherieh, and Vahid Shaygannejad. "Olfactory dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis; A systematic review and meta-analysis." PLOS ONE 17, no. 4 (April 19, 2022): e0266492. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266492.

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Background The importance and prevalence of olfactory dysfunction is recently gaining attention in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) as a result of their chronic inflammatory disease, yet different prevalence rates are reported for it. Therefore, we have designed this systematic review to estimate the pooled prevalence of olfactory dysfunction in patients with MS. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic review and meta-analysis on the prevalence of olfactory dysfunction in MS patients. Methods We searched PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, Web of Science, ProQuest, and gray literature including references from the identified studies, review studies, and conference abstracts which were published up to January 2021. Articles that were relevant to our topic and could provide information regarding the prevalence of olfactory dysfunction, or the scores of smell threshold, discrimination, or identification (TDI) among MS patients and healthy individuals were included. The pooled prevalence was calculated using a random-effects model and a funnel plot and Egger’s regression test were used to see publication bias. Results The literature search found 1630 articles. After eliminating duplicates, 897 articles remained. Two conference abstracts were included for final analysis. A total of 1099 MS cases and 299 MS patients with olfactory dysfunction were included in the analysis. The pooled prevalence of olfactory dysfunction in the included studies was 27.2%. Also, the overall TDI score in MS patients was lower than that in the control group, and the level of Threshold, Discrimination, and Identification per se were lower in MS compared with control respectively. Conclusion The results of this systematic review show that the prevalence of olfactory dysfunction in MS patients is high and more attention needs to be drawn to this aspect of MS.
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Tong, Jane Y., Amanda Wong, Daniel Zhu, Judd H. Fastenberg, and Tristan Tham. "The Prevalence of Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunction in COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 163, no. 1 (May 5, 2020): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0194599820926473.

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Objective To determine the pooled global prevalence of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction in patients with the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Data Sources Literature searches of PubMed, Embase, and Scopus were conducted on April 19, 2020, to include articles written in English that reported the prevalence of olfactory or gustatory dysfunction in COVID-19 patients. Review Methods Search strategies developed for each database contained keywords such as anosmia, dysgeusia, and COVID-19. Resulting articles were imported into a systematic review software and underwent screening. Data from articles that met inclusion criteria were extracted and analyzed. Meta-analysis using pooled prevalence estimates in a random-effects model were calculated. Results Ten studies were analyzed for olfactory dysfunction (n = 1627), demonstrating 52.73% (95% CI, 29.64%-75.23%) prevalence among patients with COVID-19. Nine studies were analyzed for gustatory dysfunction (n = 1390), demonstrating 43.93% (95% CI, 20.46%-68.95%) prevalence. Subgroup analyses were conducted for studies evaluating olfactory dysfunction using nonvalidated and validated instruments and demonstrated 36.64% (95% CI, 18.31%-57.24%) and 86.60% (95% CI, 72.95%-95.95%) prevalence, respectively. Conclusions Olfactory and gustatory dysfunction are common symptoms in patients with COVID-19 and may represent early symptoms in the clinical course of infection. Increased awareness of this fact may encourage earlier diagnosis and treatment, as well as heighten vigilance for viral transmission. To our knowledge, this is the first meta-analysis to report on the prevalence of these symptoms in COVID-19 patients.
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Uytingco, Cedric R., Warren W. Green, and Jeffrey R. Martens. "Olfactory Loss and Dysfunction in Ciliopathies: Molecular Mechanisms and Potential Therapies." Current Medicinal Chemistry 26, no. 17 (August 27, 2019): 3103–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867325666180105102447.

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Background: Ciliopathies are a class of inherited pleiotropic genetic disorders in which alterations in cilia assembly, maintenance, and/or function exhibit penetrance in the multiple organ systems. Olfactory dysfunction is one such clinical manifestation that has been shown in both patients and model organisms. Existing therapies for ciliopathies are limited to the treatment or management of symptoms. The last decade has seen an increase in potential curative therapeutic options including small molecules and biologics. Recent work in multiciliated olfactory sensory neurons has demonstrated the capacity of targeted gene therapy to restore ciliation in terminally differentiated cells and rescue olfactory function. This review will discuss the current understanding of the penetrance of ciliopathies in the olfactory system. Importantly, it will highlight both pharmacological and biological approaches, and their potential therapeutic value in the olfactory system and other ciliated tissues. Methods: We undertook a structured and comprehensive search of peer-reviewed research literature encompassing in vitro, in vivo, model organism, and clinical studies. From these publications, we describe the olfactory system, and discuss the penetrance of ciliopathies and impact of cilia loss on olfactory function. In addition, we outlined the developing therapies for ciliopathies across different organ and cell culture systems, and discussed their potential therapeutic application to the mammalian olfactory system. Results: One-hundred sixty-one manuscripts were included in the review, centering on the understanding of olfactory penetrance of ciliopathies, and discussing the potential therapeutic options for ciliopathies in the context of the mammalian olfactory system. Forty-four manuscripts were used to generate a table listing the known congenital causes of olfactory dysfunction, with the first ten listed are linked to ciliopathies. Twenty-three manuscripts were used to outline the potential of small molecules for the olfactory system. Emphasis was placed on HDAC6 inhibitors and lithium, both of which were shown to stabilize microtubule structures, contributing to ciliogenesis and cilia lengthening. Seventy-five manuscripts were used to describe gene therapy and gene therapeutic strategies. Included were the implementation of adenoviral, adeno-associated virus (AAV), and lentiviral vectors to treat ciliopathies across different organ systems and application toward the olfactory system. Thus far, adenoviral and AAVmeditated ciliary restoration demonstrated successful proof-of-principle preclinical studies. In addition, gene editing, ex vivo gene therapy, and transplantation could serve as alternative therapeutic and long-term approaches. But for all approaches, additional assessment of vector immunogenicity, specificity, and efficacy need further investigation. Currently, ciliopathy treatments are limited to symptomatic management with no curative options. However, the accessibility and amenability of the olfactory system to treatment would facilitate development and advancement of a viable therapy. Conclusion: The findings of this review highlight the contribution of ciliopathies to a growing list of congenial olfactory dysfunctions. Promising results from other organ systems imply the feasibility of biologics, with results from gene therapies proving to be a viable therapeutic option for ciliopathies and olfactory dysfunction.
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Hengenius, James B., Erin G. Connor, John P. Crimaldi, Nathaniel N. Urban, and G. Bard Ermentrout. "Olfactory navigation in the real world: Simple local search strategies for turbulent environments." Journal of Theoretical Biology 516 (May 2021): 110607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2021.110607.

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Mason, Madeleine G., Katherine Dyer, Katherine Bruce, and Mark Galizio. "Repeated reversals of concurrent olfactory discriminations in rats: A search for functional equivalence." Behavioural Processes 193 (December 2021): 104535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2021.104535.

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35

Chatterjee, Shuvam, and Paweł Bryła. "Innovation and trends in olfactory marketing: A review of the literature." Journal of Economics and Management 44 (2022): 210–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22367/jem.2022.44.09.

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Aim/purpose – Olfactory marketing is a phenomenon that is in the current trend of usage by marketing experts to ensure that consumers are more involved in the purchase decision-making process. This paper aims to review the studies involved in consumer purchase intentions influenced by fragrance and develop a framework for modeling consumer responses. Design/methodology/approach – PRISMA technique was used as a methodological approach. First, the researchers made criteria for inclusion and exclusion of studies along with the application of a set of keyword research strings to identify the relevant research articles. Second, prominent scientific search databases like EBSCO Host, Scopus, and ScienceDirect were used to mainly search the relevant literature. Findings – This article advances knowledge on the topic of fragrance marketing and proposes an integrative framework of consumer purchase responses considering the mutual relationship shared between fragrance, the influence of control variables, and response outcomes focusing on cognitive responses, intentions and behavior. The results of the conducted review also suggest that retail consumers tend to develop a positive attitude and behavior towards the place where the product and service are being sold. Research implications/limitations – The paper would be particularly helpful for man- agers in designing the right strategy for creating loyalty for their retail outlets and there- by creating a niche for themselves. Originality/value/contribution – The study assists marketers in understanding the im- pact of olfactory marketing in increasing short-term and long-term retail sales and de- termines future research directions to enrich the existence of these theories to fathom the essence behind consumers’ interpretations of olfaction in retail outlets. Keywords: olfactory marketing, consumer behavior, retail store, marketing innovation, fragrance, review. JEL Classification: M00, M31
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Nagai, M., K. Kishi, and S. Kato. "Insular cortex and neuropsychiatric disorders: A review of recent literature." European Psychiatry 22, no. 6 (April 9, 2007): 387–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.02.006.

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AbstractThe insular cortex is located in the centre of the cerebral hemisphere, having connections with the primary and secondary somatosensory areas, anterior cingulate cortex, amygdaloid body, prefrontal cortex, superior temporal gyrus, temporal pole, orbitofrontal cortex, frontal and parietal opercula, primary and association auditory cortices, visual association cortex, olfactory bulb, hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, and motor cortex. Accordingly, dense connections exist among insular cortex neurons. The insular cortex is involved in the processing of visceral sensory, visceral motor, vestibular, attention, pain, emotion, verbal, motor information, inputs related to music and eating, in addition to gustatory, olfactory, visual, auditory, and tactile data. In this article, the literature on the relationship between the insular cortex and neuropsychiatric disorders was summarized following a computer search of the Pub-Med database. Recent neuroimaging data, including voxel based morphometry, PET and fMRI, revealed that the insular cortex was involved in various neuropsychiatric diseases such as mood disorders, panic disorders, PTSD, obsessive-compulsive disorders, eating disorders, and schizophrenia. Investigations of functions and connections of the insular cortex suggest that sensory information including gustatory, olfactory, visual, auditory, and tactile inputs converge on the insular cortex, and that these multimodal sensory information may be integrated there.
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Hernandez-Reyes, Cesar, Shunsuke Shigaki, Mayu Yamada, Takeshi Kondo, and Daisuke Kurabayashi. "Learning a Generic Olfactory Search Strategy From Silk Moths by Deep Inverse Reinforcement Learning." IEEE Transactions on Medical Robotics and Bionics 4, no. 1 (February 2022): 241–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmrb.2021.3129113.

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Overath, Peter, Theo Sturm, and Hans-Georg Rammensee. "Of volatiles and peptides: in search for MHC-dependent olfactory signals in social communication." Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 71, no. 13 (February 5, 2014): 2429–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00018-014-1559-6.

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Vabø, Rune, Geir Huse, Anders Fernö, Terje Jørgensen, Svein Løkkeborg, and Georg Skaret. "Simulating search behaviour of fish towards bait." ICES Journal of Marine Science 61, no. 7 (January 1, 2004): 1224–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icesjms.2004.06.001.

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Abstract Search by olfaction is common in many aquatic animals, and this feature is exploited by the fishing industry, which has a long tradition in the use of longlines, pots, and other kinds of baited gear. Here we discuss a range of possible search strategies that fish might apply when searching for prey; this in order to improve our understanding of fish movement dynamics towards baited gear. Various search strategies were investigated using an individual-based behavioural model. The search phase was divided into plume-search (search for relevant stimuli) and bait-search (search when an olfactory stimulus has been encountered). The search strategies were evaluated based on their efficiency in providing guidance to the goal (plume or bait). The model was developed based on previous tagging studies of cod (Gadus morhua L.). The results for plume-search show that when the landscape is considered to be continuous, strategies based on moving at an angle against the current performed better than strategies moving straight into the current, or “random walk”-based strategies. When it is assumed that the fish is constrained to a home range, the results are reversed so that “random walk”-based strategies perform better than the “counter current” strategies. For bait-search the “counter current” strategies performed much better than strategies based on gradient-search, which rarely resulted in contact with the bait.
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Yi, Shan-Cheng, Yu-Hang Wu, Rui-Nan Yang, Dong-Zhen Li, Hazem Abdelnabby, and Man-Qun Wang. "A Highly Expressed Antennae Odorant-Binding Protein Involved in Recognition of Herbivore-Induced Plant Volatiles in Dastarcus helophoroides." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 4 (February 9, 2023): 3464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043464.

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Natural enemies such as parasitoids and parasites depend on sensitive olfactory to search for their specific hosts. Herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) are vital components in providing host information for many natural enemies of herbivores. However, the olfactory-related proteins involved in the recognition of HIPVs are rarely reported. In this study, we established an exhaustive tissue and developmental expression profile of odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) from Dastarcus helophoroides, an essential natural enemy in the forestry ecosystem. Twenty DhelOBPs displayed various expression patterns in different organs and adult physiological states, suggesting a potential involvement in olfactory perception. In silico AlphaFold2-based modeling and molecular docking showed similar binding energies between six DhelOBPs (DhelOBP4, 5, 6, 14, 18, and 20) and HIPVs from Pinus massoniana. While in vitro fluorescence competitive binding assays showed only recombinant DhelOBP4, the most highly expressed in the antennae of emerging adults could bind to HIPVs with high binding affinities. RNAi-mediated behavioral assays indicated that DhelOBP4 was an essential functional protein for D. helophoroides adults recognizing two behaviorally attractive substances: p-cymene and γ-terpinene. Further binding conformation analyses revealed that Phe 54, Val 56, and Phe 71 might be the key binding sites for DhelOBP4 interacting with HIPVs. In conclusion, our results provide an essential molecular basis for the olfactory perception of D. helophoroides and reliable evidence for recognizing the HIPVs of natural enemies from insect OBPs’ perspective.
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Nguyen, Dieu My T., Michael L. Iuzzolino, Aaron Mankel, Katarzyna Bozek, Greg J. Stephens, and Orit Peleg. "Flow-mediated olfactory communication in honeybee swarms." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 13 (March 23, 2021): e2011916118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2011916118.

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Honeybee swarms are a landmark example of collective behavior. To become a coherent swarm, bees locate their queen by tracking her pheromones. But how can distant individuals exploit these chemical signals, which decay rapidly in space and time? Here, we combine a behavioral assay with the machine vision detection of organism location and scenting (pheromone propagation via wing fanning) behavior to track the search and aggregation dynamics of the honeybee Apis mellifera L. We find that bees collectively create a scenting-mediated communication network by arranging in a specific spatial distribution where there is a characteristic distance between individuals and directional signaling away from the queen. To better understand such a flow-mediated directional communication strategy, we developed an agent-based model where bee agents obeying simple, local behavioral rules exist in a flow environment in which the chemical signals diffuse and decay. Our model serves as a guide to exploring how physical parameters affect the collective scenting behavior and shows that increased directional bias in scenting leads to a more efficient aggregation process that avoids local equilibrium configurations of isotropic (nondirectional and axisymmetric) communication, such as small bee clusters that persist throughout the simulation. Our results highlight an example of extended classical stigmergy: Rather than depositing static information in the environment, individual bees locally sense and globally manipulate the physical fields of chemical concentration and airflow.
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Petersen, Marcela Leão, Monia Bresolin, and Ariane Madruga Monteiro. "521 - The link between olfactory dysfunction and dementia: the road so far." International Psychogeriatrics 33, S1 (October 2021): 69–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610221002167.

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Dementia is characterized by the presence of progressive cognitive impairment losses in the individual’s social and occupational activities. Its etiological diagnosis has therapeutic and prognostic implications. Although its definitive diagnosis depends on neuropathological analysis, detailed anamnesis, physical and neuropsychological tests; biochemical and neuroimaging exams may enable a greater accuracy. Technological innovations using structural and functional neuroimaging methods, as well as biology and molecular genetics techniques, have presented perspectives for the early diagnosis of dementias, particularly Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, such techniques burden the diagnostic investigation, making its practice unfeasible most the times. The probable link between neurodegenerative diseases and impaired olfactory dysfunction has long been studied. It is suggested that smell tests can be used in dementia’s early detection and differential diagnosis, reducing costs and facilitating the establishment of appropriate treatment. In order to verify the validity of this information, a medical literature search was carried out in may 2021 using PubMed and Cochrane Library, including the terms “olfaction” and “olfactory dysfunction” combined individually with “neurodegenerative disorder”, “dementia” and “Alzheimer’s disease”. Only systematic reviews and meta-analyses written in English from 1991 to 2021 were included. Results show that olfactory impairment in neurodegenerative diseases worsens progressively as patients progress from mild cognitive impairment to AD. It suggests that odor tests could potentially identify AD in the preclinical stages. Although, rigorously designed longitudinal cohort studies are necessary to clarify the value of olfactory identification testing in predicting the onset of AD and its value as an early marker of cognitive decline. In addition, AD patients are more impaired on odor identification and recognition tasks and Parkinson’s Disease (PD) patients on odor detection thresholds tasks, what suggests that PD patients are more impaired on low-level perceptual olfactory tasks whereas AD patients are more strongly impaired on higher-order olfactory tasks involving specific cognitive processes. The results suggest smell tests are a cheaper, simpler to apply and a promising weapon for detecting individuals at risk of dementia.
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Gomes, Éderson Luis Lima, and Sandra Márcia Tietz Marques. "Olfato canino na missão de busca por cadáver humano – relato de caso." Revista Agraria Academica 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 16–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32406/v5n1/2022/16-28/agrariacad.

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Dogs have about 200 millions olfactory receptors in their nose, making their sense of smell about 40 times that of humans. This allows them to sniff out everything, bombs, drugs, human bodies and even diseases. The objective of this work is to describe relevant aspects of dogs that work with the search for cadavers and human remains. This skill is the combination of high endurance, concentration, obedience and the dexterity of their noses. The case of the search for a murdered individual is reported, in which the work of a binominal was requested to assist in the discovery of this body. The occurence led to discovery of the remains of the missing person and the closure of the case.
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Ma, Chao, Yang Yue, Yan Zhang, Zhen-Ya Tian, Hong-Song Chen, Jian-Ying Guo, and Zhong-Shi Zhou. "Scanning Electron Microscopic Analysis of Antennal Sensilla and Tissue-Expression Profiles of Chemosensory Protein Genes in Ophraella communa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)." Insects 13, no. 2 (February 9, 2022): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13020183.

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Ophraella communa is an efficient biocontrol agent used against the invasive weed Ambrosia artemisiifolia. It is an herbivorous insect that feeds on specific plants; the olfactory functions of this insects plays an important role in their search for host plants. There are no reports on O. communa sensilla types, morphology, or chemosensory protein (CSP) genes. In this study, we observed the external structure and distribution of antennal sensilla in adult O. communa antennae by scanning electron microscopy; moreover, we cloned 11 CSPs (CSP1–CSP11) and elucidated their tissue-expression profiles using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Six types of sensilla were identified: sensilla trichodea (including two subtypes), sensilla chaetica, sensilla basiconica (including two subtypes), sensilla styloconica, sensilla coeloconica, and Böhm bristles. Both male and female antennae had all six types of sensilla, and no sexual dimorphism was noted in sensillar types or distribution. We also found that the expression levels of CSP2, CSP3, CSP4, CSP6, and CSP7 in male and female antennae were higher than those in other tissues, which suggests that these five CSPs may be related to olfactory function in O. communa. Ultimately, our results lay the foundation for interpreting the olfactory functions of adult O. communa.
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Pezier, A., Y. V. Bobkov, and B. W. Ache. "The Na+/Ca2+ Exchanger Inhibitor, KB-R7943, Blocks a Nonselective Cation Channel Implicated in Chemosensory Transduction." Journal of Neurophysiology 101, no. 3 (March 2009): 1151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.90903.2008.

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The mechanism(s) of olfactory transduction in invertebrates remains to be fully understood. In lobster olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs), a nonselective sodium-gated cation (SGC) channel, a presumptive transient receptor potential (TRP)C channel homolog, plays a crucial role in olfactory transduction, at least in part by amplifying the primary transduction current. To better determine the functional role of the channel, it is important to selectively block the channel independently of other elements of the transduction cascade, causing us to search for specific pharmacological blockers of the SGC channel. Given evidence that the Na+/Ca2+ exchange inhibitor, KB-R7943, blocks mammalian TRPC channels, we studied this probe as a potential blocker of the lobster SGC channel. KB-R7943 reversibly blocked the SGC current in both inside- and outside-out patch recordings in a dose- and voltage-dependent manner. KB-R7943 decreased the channel open probability without changing single channel amplitude. KB-R7943 also reversibly and in a dose-dependent manner inhibited both the odorant-evoked discharge of lobster ORNs and the odorant-evoked whole cell current. Our findings strongly imply that KB-R7943 potently blocks the lobster SGC channel and likely does so directly and not through its ability to block the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger.
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Cunningham, Gregory B., Richard W. Van Buskirk, Mark J. Hodges, and Gabrielle A. Nevitt. "Responses of common diving petrel chicks (Pelecanoides urinatrix) to burrow and colony specific odours in a simple wind tunnel." Antarctic Science 24, no. 4 (March 6, 2012): 337–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102012000168.

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AbstractResearchers have previously assumed that common diving petrels (Pelecanoides urinatrix) have a limited sense of smell since they have relatively small olfactory bulbs. A recent study, however, showed that adult diving petrels prefer the scent of their own burrow compared to burrows of other diving petrels, implying that personal scents contribute to the burrow's odour signature. Because diving petrels appear to be adapted to use olfaction in social contexts, they could be a useful model for investigating how chemically mediated social recognition develops in birds. A first step is to determine whether diving petrel chicks can detect familiar and unfamiliar odours. We compared behavioural responses of chicks to three natural stimuli in a wind tunnel: soil collected from their burrow or colony, and a blank control. During portions of the experiment, chicks turned the least and walked the shortest distances in response to odours from the nest, which is consistent with their sedentary behaviour within the burrow. By contrast, behaviours linked to olfactory search increased when chicks were exposed to blank controls. These results suggest that common diving petrel chicks can detect natural olfactory stimuli before fledging, and lay the foundation for future studies on the role of olfaction in social contexts for this species.
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Kollikowski, Annika, Selina Jeschke, and Ute Radespiel. "Experimental Evaluation of Spontaneous Olfactory Discrimination in Two Nocturnal Primates (Microcebus murinus and M. lehilahytsara)." Chemical Senses 45, no. 7 (July 25, 2020): 581–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjaa051.

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Abstract Solitary species often employ chemocommunication to facilitate mate localization. In the solitarily foraging, nocturnal mouse lemurs (Microcebus spp.), females advertise their short period of estrus acoustically and by increased scent marking, whereas males search widely for receptive females. Both sexes can be trained by operant conditioning to discriminate conspecific from heterospecific urine scent. However, it is not known, if males during and outside the reproductive season show different spontaneous interest in conspecific female urine, and if urine from estrous females elicits a higher investigation response than that from diestrous females. We established a spontaneous discrimination paradigm and quantified olfactory investigation responses of 21 captive male mouse lemurs of M. lehilahytsara and M. murinus when presenting 1 conspecific and 1 heterospecific female urine odor sample simultaneously. Overall, M. murinus investigated stimuli significantly longer than M. lehilahytsara. Moreover, males of M. murinus showed significantly longer olfactory investigation at conspecific urine samples during but not outside the reproductive season. This indicates that female urinary cues are spontaneously discriminated by male M. murinus and that this discrimination is more relevant during the reproductive season. However, males of both species did not show different responses toward urine samples from estrous versus diestrous females. Finally, male age did not correlate with the overall duration of olfactory investigation, and investigation levels were similar when testing with fresh or frozen urine samples. In conclusion, this new spontaneous discrimination paradigm provides a useful additional tool to study olfactory communication of nocturnal primates from the receiver’s perspective.
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Gagnon, Sylvain, and François Y. Doré. "Search behavior in various breeds of adult dogs (Canis familiaris): Object permanence and olfactory cues." Journal of Comparative Psychology 106, no. 1 (March 1992): 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0735-7036.106.1.58.

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Schäpers, Alexander, Mikael A. Carlsson, Gabriella Gamberale-Stille, and Niklas Janz. "The Role of Olfactory Cues for the Search Behavior of a Specialist and Generalist Butterfly." Journal of Insect Behavior 28, no. 1 (January 2015): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10905-014-9482-0.

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Nagarathnam, Balasubramanian, Snehal D. Karpe, Krishnan Harini, Kannan Sankar, Mohammed Iftekhar, Durairaj Rajesh, Sadasivam Giji, et al. "DOR – a Database of Olfactory Receptors – Integrated Repository for Sequence and Secondary Structural Information of Olfactory Receptors in Selected Eukaryotic Genomes." Bioinformatics and Biology Insights 8 (January 2014): BBI.S14858. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/bbi.s14858.

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Olfaction is the response to odors and is mediated by a class of membrane-bound proteins called olfactory receptors (ORs). An understanding of these receptors serves as a good model for basic signal transduction mechanisms and also provides important clues for the strategies adopted by organisms for their ultimate survival using chemosensory perception in search of food or defense against predators. Prior research on cross-genome phylogenetic analyses from our group motivated the addressal of conserved evolutionary trends, clustering, and ortholog prediction of ORs. The database of olfactory receptors (DOR) is a repository that provides sequence and structural information on ORs of selected organisms (such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans, Mus musculus, and Homo sapiens). Users can download OR sequences, study predicted membrane topology, and obtain cross-genome sequence alignments and phylogeny, including three-dimensional (3D) structural models of 100 selected ORs and their predicted dimer interfaces. The database can be accessed from http://caps.ncbs.res.in/DOR . Such a database should be helpful in designing experiments on point mutations to probe into the possible dimerization modes of ORs and to even understand the evolutionary changes between different receptors.
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