Journal articles on the topic 'Olfactory nerve'
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Jiang, Rong-San, and Yu-Yu Lu. "Functional Olfactory Nerve Regeneration Demonstrated by Thallium-201 Olfacto-Scintigraphy in Patients with Traumatic Anosmia: A Case Report." Case Reports in Otolaryngology 2019 (November 16, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1069741.
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Head trauma is one of the most common etiologies of olfactory dysfunction. It is difficult to use either the olfactory function test or magnetic resonance imaging to directly assess the course of damage to olfactory nerves. Thallium-201 (201Tl) olfacto-scintigraphy has been shown to be an able means for objectively assessing the olfactory nerve transport function. It is expected to be used to evaluate olfactory nerve regeneration after damage to the olfactory nerves. However, no such result has been reported. We present a patient who lost his olfactory function after experiencing head trauma. When his olfactory function remained anosmic, a 201Tl olfacto-scintigraphy showed no migration of 201Tl from the nasal mucosa to the olfactory bulb. After treatment with medicines and olfactory training, his olfactory function improved. A second 201Tl olfacto-scintigraphy showed an increased migration of 201Tl from the nasal mucosa to the olfactory bulb.
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Omar, A. R., and A. I. Dakrory. "The Terminal and Vomeronasal Nerves of Montpellier Snake, Malpolon monspessulana (Colubridae, Ophidia, Squamata)." Vestnik Zoologii 50, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/vzoo-2016-0021.
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Abstract The montpellier snake, Malpolon monspessulana, used in the current work in order to study the nervi terminalis and vomeronasalis. The vomeronasal organ or Jacobson’s organ is a part of the olfactory apparatus. This organ is innervated by the terminal and vomeronasal nerves. These nerves emerge from the sensory epithelium of Jacobson’s organ simultaneously. The bundles of the terminal and vomeronasal nerves traverse together the cavity of the nasal capsule in their way to the brain. These nerves bear scattered ganglionic cells which represent the ganglion terminale. They leave the capsule through the foramen olfactorium advehens. The terminal and vomeronasal nerves are connected with the olfactory nerve and enter the olfactory formation of the forebrain.
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Yamagishi, Masuo, Ryusuke Okazoe, and Yoichi Ishizuka. "Olfactory Mucosa of Patients with Olfactory Disturbance following Head Trauma." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 103, no. 4 (April 1994): 279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348949410300404.
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The olfactory mucosa in 7 patients with olfactory disturbance following head trauma were sampled for biopsy with special biopsy forceps and examined by immunohistochemical staining with anti—neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and S-100 protein (S-100) antibodies. The residual olfactory receptor cells and nerve bundles were counted, and the degree of degeneration was determined. In 5 patients, olfactory receptor cells that reacted with anti-NSE antiserum remained, although the number varied with the patient, and in 2 patients the receptor cells disappeared. In the lamina propria, the S-100–immunoreactive olfactory nerves were retained in 6 patients. The outcome was poor in all cases regardless of the number of residual receptor cells and nerve bundles. These results indicate that the degree of impairment of the peripheral olfactory region after head trauma differs from case to case, and that even if the receptor cells and nerve bundles remain, it is difficult to improve the condition, although some cases of malingering may be contained.
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Sarnat, Harvey B., and Laura Flores-Sarnat. "Survey on Olfactory Testing by Pediatric Neurologists: Is the Olfactory a “True” Cranial Nerve?" Journal of Child Neurology 35, no. 5 (January 8, 2020): 317–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0883073819896513.
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Background: The olfactory nerve was conceptualized in the 4th century BC by Alcmaeon and described anatomically by Winslow in 1733. Cranial nerves (CNs) were named and numbered by Soemmerring in 1791. Notions still prevail that the olfactory (CN1) is not a “true” cranial nerve. Methods: To confirm our impression that the olfactory nerve is infrequently tested by North American pediatric neurologists, a survey was distributed to members of national pediatric neurology societies in Mexico, Canada, and the United States. A total of 233 responses were received to 6 multiple-choice questions regarding practice patterns examining CN1 in neonates and children and in metabolic, endocrine, and genetic disorders and cerebral malformations. Two of the questions addressed familiarity with neonatal olfactory reflexes and asked whether the olfactory is a “true” cranial nerve. Results: Only 16% to 24% of North American pediatric neurologists examine CN1 in neonates, even in conditions in which olfaction may be impaired. About 40% of respondents were aware of olfactory reflexes. A minority 15% did not consider CN1 as a “true” cranial nerve. Conclusions: Olfactory evaluation in neonates is simple, rapid, and inexpensive. It tests parts of the brain not otherwise examined. It may assist diagnosis in cerebral malformations; metabolic, endocrine, and hypoxic encephalopathies; and some genetic diseases, including chromosomopathies. CN1 is neuroanatomically unique and fulfills criteria of a true sensory cranial nerve. We recommend that olfaction be routinely or selectively included during neurologic examination of neonates and children.
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Cardali, Salvatore, Alberto Romano, Filippo Flavio Angileri, Alfredo Conti, Domenico La Torre, Oreste de Divitiis, Domenico d'Avella, Manfred Tschabitscher, and Francesco Tomasello. "Microsurgical Anatomic Features of the Olfactory Nerve: Relevance to Olfaction Preservation in the Pterional Approach." Operative Neurosurgery 57, suppl_1 (July 1, 2005): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000144844.72403.7b.
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Abstract OBJECTIVE: The pterional approach represents the standard approach for most lesions of the anterior and middle cranial fossa. It requires some degree of frontal lobe retraction, which may result in temporary or permanent damage of olfaction because of nerve avulsion or mechanical compression. The purpose of this study, based on microanatomic dissection of human cadaveric specimens, was to review the microsurgical anatomic features of the nerve and suggest operative nuances that may contribute to reducing the rate of postoperative olfactory dysfunction. METHODS: Twenty olfactory nerves and tracts were examined in 10 human cadaveric heads obtained from three fresh and seven formalin-fixed adult cadavers. A standard pterional craniotomy was performed. The olfactory nerve was dissected from its arachnoidal envelopes and then mobilized for an average length of 30 mm (range, 25–35 mm). RESULTS: The possible retraction of the frontal lobe was 10 to 15 mm. More retraction invariably resulted in nerve disruption. CONCLUSION: The standard sylvian and basal cistern opening may be insufficient to guarantee preservation of olfactory function. Early identification and arachnoidal dissection of the nerve may reduce the rate of olfaction compromise. The opening of the subarachnoidal space should be performed in a proximal-to-distal manner to allow early visualization of the olfactory bulb and its dissection. The arachnoidal dissection should be performed with sharp instruments, avoiding any traction on the posterior portion of the olfactory tract. Any direct retractor compression should also be avoided to spare the microvasculature lying on the dorsal surface of the nerve.
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Melkumyan, Karine, Darshan Shingala, Syuzanna Simonyan, Hrag Torossian, Karen Mkrtumyan, Karen Dilbaryan, Garri Davtyan, Erik Vardumyan, and Konstantin Yenkoyan. "Assessment of Smell and Taste Disturbances among COVID-19 Convalescent Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study in Armenia." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 12 (June 9, 2022): 3313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11123313.
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Background and Objectives: Neurological manifestations of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) such as olfactory and gustatory disturbance have been reported among convalescent COVID-19 patients. However, scientific data on the prevalence of smell and taste disturbance are lacking. Therefore, we present findings on the degree of smell and taste disturbances among the Armenian population. Methods: Study participants were randomly recruited and then categorized into two groups based on their course of the disease. A cross-sectional study was performed to assess participants’ sensitivity to smell triggered by the olfactory and the trigeminal nerves; their ability to differentiate between various odors; and to evaluate their gustatory perception. Results: The smell test revealed that the degree of olfactory nerve disturbance was different by 30.7% in those participants of the early group as compared to those of the late group, and the degree of trigeminal nerve disturbance was different by 71.3% in the early group as compared to the late group. A variation of the differentiating ability among the participants of the early and late groups was detected. Gustatory disturbances for all flavors were also found to be different in both the groups. A moderate positive correlation (0.51) was found between the overall sensitivity of smell and the ability to differentiate between various odors as cumulatively stimulated by both the olfactory and trigeminal nerves. Also, a moderate positive correlation (0.33) was found between headache and smell sensitivity through the olfactory nerve and a high negative correlation (−0.71) was found between headache and smell sensitivity through the trigeminal nerve. Conclusion: Pathological changes in the olfactory and trigeminal perceptive abilities caused disturbances in smell sensation, with the trigeminal nerve being more affected. The capacity to differentiate fragrances did not improve with time and the disturbance severity of bitter taste perception was higher among the study participants.
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Carswell, Andrew J., David Whinney, Nick Hollings, and Philip Flanagan. "Isolated olfactory nerve agenesis." British Journal of Hospital Medicine 69, no. 8 (August 2008): 474. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/hmed.2008.69.8.30747.
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Inoue, Tsuyoshi, Satoshi Watanabe, Shigenori Kawahara, and Yutaka Kirino. "Phase-Dependent Filtering of Sensory Information in the Oscillatory Olfactory Center of a Terrestrial Mollusk." Journal of Neurophysiology 84, no. 2 (August 1, 2000): 1112–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2000.84.2.1112.
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With electrophysiological techniques, we found phase-dependent modification of the efficacy of signal transmission in the procerebrum (PC), the oscillatory olfactory center, of the terrestrial mollusk Limax marginatus and elucidated its neuronal mechanism. Previous studies have indicated that about 105 PC neurons can be classified into only two types: bursting (B) neurons and nonbursting (NB) neurons, and both types of neurons have ongoing and phase-locked periodic oscillation of their membrane potentials. On olfactory nerve stimulation, excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) were evoked with a constant latency in NB neurons, while EPSPs with a variable latency were evoked in B neurons. These findings suggest a monosynaptic connection from the olfactory nerve to NB neurons, but a polysynaptic connection between the olfactory nerve and B neurons. This polysynaptic transmission is most likely mediated by NB neurons because the olfactory nerve makes synaptic connection only with NB neurons in the PC. The latency of the evoked EPSPs in B neurons depended on the phase of the PC oscillatory activity, presumably because of the oscillation of the intervening NB neurons. These results suggest that the efficacy of olfactory nerve–B neuron polysynaptic transmission is regulated by the activity level of the phasically oscillating NB neurons. Thus, the intrinsic oscillation in the PC can serve as a filter for olfactory information conveyed from the olfactory nerve as a train of neuronal spikes. This filtering system may also produce a phase-dependent modification by the olfactory input of the PC oscillation frequency.
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Berkowicz, D. A., P. Q. Trombley, and G. M. Shepherd. "Evidence for glutamate as the olfactory receptor cell neurotransmitter." Journal of Neurophysiology 71, no. 6 (June 1, 1994): 2557–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1994.71.6.2557.
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1. Synaptic transmission between olfactory receptor neurons and mitral/tufted cells was examined using a whole-cell recording technique in a hemisected preparation of the turtle olfactory bulb. To determine the olfactory receptor neuron transmitter, we isolated components of the synaptic response of mitral/tufted cells to olfactory nerve stimulation using postsynaptic receptor antagonists. 2. Low-intensity stimulation of the olfactory nerve evoked monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic potentials in mitral/tufted cells that consisted of a rapid and prolonged depolarization with little contribution from other bulb neurons. The exogenous application of glutamate mimicked the response of mitral/tufted cells to olfactory nerve stimulation. 3. Olfactory nerve stimulation evoked in mitral/tufted cells a two component response that was reversibly blocked by glutamate receptor antagonists. The first, a rapid depolarization of short duration, was sensitive to the non-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX); the second, a depolarization of slower onset but longer duration, was sensitive to the NMDA receptor antagonist DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (AP5). When DNQX and AP5 were both present the postsynaptic response was completely abolished. These results strongly support the notion that glutamate is the neurotransmitter at the olfactory nerve to mitral/tufted cell synapse.
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Li, Ying, Pauline M. Field, and Geoffrey Raisman. "Olfactory ensheathing cells and olfactory nerve fibroblasts maintain continuous open channels for regrowth of olfactory nerve fibres." Glia 52, no. 3 (2005): 245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/glia.20241.
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Greer, Charles A., Juan C. Bartolomei, and Jeffrey M. Dembner. "Organization of primary afferent and local-circuit synapses in the olfactory glomerulus." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 52 (1994): 148–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100168475.
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Odorant molecules are transduced by olfactory receptor cells whose axons join to form the olfactory nerve which distributes across the surface of the olfactory bulb (OB). Axons exit the nerve layer to terminate within the glomerular neuropil of the OB. While there appears a gross topography between the epithelium and OB4, it is clear that extensive topographic reorganization of axons occurs within the olfactory nerve. To better understand the mechanisms that may contribute to the establishment of glomerular-specific fascicles and functional domains within the OB, we have investigated axonal organization within the nerve and the intraglomerular distribution of primary afferent synapses using light, confocal and electron microscopy.Sprague-Dawley rats, 30 to 50 days postnatal, were anesthetized, lightly perfused with 0.9% NaCl and the OBs removed. Crystals of the lipophilic dye, Dil, were inserted into the olfactory nerve layer and the tissue placed in 4% paraformaldehyde at room temperature for 10 - 30 days.
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Radtke, Christine, Masanori Sasaki, Karen L. Lankford, Vittorio Gallo, and Jeffery D. Kocsis. "CNPase Expression in Olfactory Ensheathing Cells." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2011 (2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/608496.
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A large body of work supports the proposal that transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) into nerve or spinal cord injuries can promote axonal regeneration and remyelination. Yet, some investigators have questioned whether the transplanted OECs associate with axons and form peripheral myelin, or if they recruit endogenous Schwann cells that form myelin. Olfactory bulbs from transgenic mice expressing the enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) under the control of the 2-3-cyclic nucleotide 3-phosphodiesterase (CNPase) promoter were studied. CNPase is expressed in myelin-forming cells throughout their lineage. We examined CNPase expression in both in situ in the olfactory bulb andin vitroto determine if OECs express CNPase commensurate with their myelination potential. eGFP was observed in the outer nerve layer of the olfactory bulb. Dissociated OECs maintained in culture had both intense eGFP expression and CNPase immunostaining. Transplantation of OECs into transected peripheral nerve longitudinally associated with the regenerated axons. These data indicate that OECs in the outer nerve layer of the olfactory bulb of CNPase transgenic mice express CNPase. Thus, while OECs do not normally form myelin on olfactory nerve axons, their expression of CNPase is commensurate with their potential to form myelin when transplanted into injured peripheral nerve.
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M.B.Aliyeva, D. N. Ayaganov, S. S. Saparbayev, M. B. Aliyeva, D. N. Ayaganov, S. S. Saparbayev. "FEATURES OF PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY OF THE OLFACTORY NERVE IN COVIND-19." Ambiance in Life International Scientific Journal in Medicine of Southern Caucasus 13, no. 08 (December 2, 2021): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/alisjmsc1308202128.
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Sudden anosmia and/or ageusia is one of the first and significant symptoms With OVID-19, which are manifested in good health and a successful course of the disease. Purpose: to analyze neurological disorders in COVID-19 and present the results of peripheral neuropathy of the olfactory nerve. We present the results of 39 (32%) patients with olfactory dysfunction obtained among 121 patients with a positive RT-PCR test for COVID-19. The data was collected through a survey and questionnaire based on the AAO-HNS anosmia reporting tool. The majority of individuals (32 patients) did not have close contact with a positive case in the recent past. Most patients regained their sense of smell within 1-2 weeks of the onset of anosmia. To date, the mechanisms of anosmia in SARS-CoV-2 are not yet clear. It remains debatable whether anosmias are the result of nerve damage or inflammation of the olfactory nerves, which requires further research. Keywords: anosmia, loss of smell, dysgeusia, neuroinflammation, olfactory dysfunction, SARS-COV-2, COVID-19.
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Świdziński, Teodor, Kamila Linkowska-Świdzińska, Hanna Czerniejewska-Wolska, Bożena Wiskirska-Woźnica, Maciej Owecki, Maria Danuta Głowacka, Anna Frankowska, et al. "Hypothyroidism Affects Olfactory Evoked Potentials." BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9583495.
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Background. Objective electrophysiological methods for investigations of the organ of smell consist in recordings of olfactory cortex responses to specific, time restricted odor stimuli. In hypothyroidism have impaired sense of smell.Material and Methods. Two groups: control of 31 healthy subjects and study group of 21 with hypothyroidism. The inclusion criterion for the study group was the TSH range from 3.54 to 110 μIU/mL.Aim. Assessment of the latency time of evoked responses from the olfactory nerve N1 and the trigeminal nerve N5 using two smells of mint and anise in hypothyroidism.Results. The smell perception in subjective olfactory tests was normal in 85% of the hypothyroid group. Differences were noticed in the objective tests. The detailed intergroup analysis of latency times of recorded cortical responsesPN5andPN1performed by means between the groups of patients with overt clinical hypothyroidism versus subclinical hypothyroidism demonstrated a significant difference (p<0.05) whereas no such differences were found between the control group versus subclinical hypothyroidism group (p>0.05).Conclusion. We can conclude that registration of cortex potentials at irritation of olfactory and trigeminal nerves offers possibilities for using this method as an objective indicator of hypothyroidism severity and prognostic process factor.
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Alvites, Rui D., Mariana V. Branquinho, Ana C. Sousa, Bruna Lopes, Patrícia Sousa, Justina Prada, Isabel Pires, et al. "Effects of Olfactory Mucosa Stem/Stromal Cell and Olfactory Ensheating Cells Secretome on Peripheral Nerve Regeneration." Biomolecules 12, no. 6 (June 11, 2022): 818. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom12060818.
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Cell secretome has been explored as a cell-free technique with high scientific and medical interest for Regenerative Medicine. In this work, the secretome produced and collected from Olfactory Mucosa Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Olfactory Ensheating Cells was analyzed and therapeutically applied to promote peripheral nerve regeneration. The analysis of the conditioned medium revealed the production and secretion of several factors with immunomodulatory functions, capable of intervening beneficially in the phases of nerve regeneration. Subsequently, the conditioned medium was applied to sciatic nerves of rats after neurotmesis, using Reaxon® as tube-guides. Over 20 weeks, the animals were subjected to periodic functional assessments, and after this period, the sciatic nerves and cranial tibial muscles were evaluated stereologically and histomorphometrically, respectively. The results obtained allowed to confirm the beneficial effects resulting from the application of this therapeutic combination. The administration of conditioned medium from Olfactory Mucosal Mesenchymal Stem Cells led to the best results in motor performance, sensory recovery, and gait patterns. Stereological and histomorphometric evaluation also revealed the ability of this therapeutic combination to promote nervous and muscular histologic reorganization during the regenerative process. The therapeutic combination discussed in this work shows promising results and should be further explored to clarify irregularities found in the outcomes and to allow establishing the use of cell secretome as a new therapeutic field applied in the treatment of peripheral nerves after injury.
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Coates, E. L., and G. O. Ballam. "Breathing and upper airway CO2 in reptiles: role of the nasal and vomeronasal systems." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 256, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): R91—R97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1989.256.1.r91.
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The ventilatory response of the garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis, to 2% CO2 delivered to the upper airways (UA) was measured before and after the olfactory or vomeronasal nerves were transected. The UA (nasal cavities and mouth) were isolated from the gas source inspired into the lungs by inserting an endotracheal T tube into the glottis. CO2 was administered to the UA via a head chamber. The primary ventilatory response to UA CO2 was a significant decrease in ventilatory frequency (f) and minute ventilation. The decrease in f was caused by a significant increase in the pause duration. Tidal volume, expiratory duration, and inspiratory duration were not altered with UA CO2. The f response to UA CO2 was abolished with olfactory nerve transection, whereas vomeronasal nerve transection significantly increased the magnitude of the f depression. These results indicate that CO2-sensitive receptors are located in the nasal epithelium and that the olfactory nerves must be intact for the UA CO2 f response to be observed. In addition, the vomeronasal system appears to modulate the ventilatory response to UA CO2.
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Abolmaali, Nasreddin, Volker Gudziol, and Thomas Hummel. "Pathology of the Olfactory Nerve." Neuroimaging Clinics of North America 18, no. 2 (May 2008): 233–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nic.2007.10.002.
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Corona, Cristiano, Chiara Porcario, Francesca Martucci, Barbara Iulini, Barbara Manea, Marina Gallo, Claudia Palmitessa, et al. "Olfactory System Involvement in Natural Scrapie Disease." Journal of Virology 83, no. 8 (January 21, 2009): 3657–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01966-08.
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ABSTRACT The olfactory system (OS) is involved in many infectious and neurodegenerative diseases, both human and animal, and it has recently been investigated in regard to transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Previous assessments of nasal mucosa infection by prions following intracerebral challenge suggested a potential centrifugal spread along the olfactory nerve fibers of the pathological prion protein (PrPSc). Whether the nasal cavity may be a route for centripetal prion infection to the brain has also been experimentally studied. With the present study, we wanted to determine whether prion deposition in the OS occurs also under field conditions and what type of anatomical localization PrPSc might display there. We report here on detection by different techniques of PrPSc in the nasal mucosa and in the OS-related brain areas of sheep affected by natural scrapie. PrPSc was detected in the perineurium of the olfactory nerve bundles in the medial nasal concha and in nasal-associated lymphoid tissue. Olfactory receptor neurons did not show PrPSc immunostaining. PrPSc deposition was found in the brain areas of olfactory fiber projection, chiefly in the olfactory bulb and the olfactory cortex. The prevalent PrPSc deposition patterns were subependymal, perivascular, and submeningeal. This finding, together with the discovery of an intense PrPSc immunostaining in the meningeal layer of the olfactory nerve perineurium, at the border with the subdural space extension surrounding the nerve rootlets, strongly suggests a probable role of cerebrospinal fluid in conveying prion infectivity to the nasal submucosa.
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Scott, John W., and Lisa Sherrill. "Effects of Odor Stimulation on Antidromic Spikes in Olfactory Sensory Neurons." Journal of Neurophysiology 100, no. 6 (December 2008): 3074–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.90399.2008.
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Spikes were evoked in rat olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) populations by electrical stimulation of the olfactory bulb nerve layer in pentobarbital anesthetized rats. The latencies and recording positions for these compound spikes showed that they originated in olfactory epithelium. Dual simultaneous recordings indicated conduction velocities in the C-fiber range, around 0.5 m/s. These spikes are concluded to arise from antidromically activated olfactory sensory neurons. Electrical stimulation at 5 Hz was used to track changes in the size and latency of the antidromic compound population spike during the odor response. Strong odorant stimuli suppressed the spike size and prolonged its latency. The latency was prolonged throughout long odor stimuli, indicating continued activation of olfactory receptor neuron axons. The amounts of spike suppression and latency change were strongly correlated with the electroolfactogram (EOG) peak size evoked at the same site across odorants and across stimulus intensities. We conclude that the curve of antidromic spike suppression gives a reasonable representation of spiking activity in olfactory sensory neurons driven by odorants and that the correlation of peak spike suppression with the peak EOG shows the accuracy of the EOG as an estimate of intracellular potential in the population of olfactory sensory neurons. In addition, these results have important implications about traffic in olfactory nerve bundles. We did not observe multiple peaks corresponding to stimulated and unstimulated receptor neurons. This suggests synchronization of spikes in olfactory nerve, perhaps by ephaptic interactions. The long-lasting effect on spike latency shows that action potentials continue in the nerve throughout the duration of an odor stimulus in spite of many reports of depolarization block in olfactory receptor neuron cell bodies. Finally, strong odor stimulation caused almost complete block of antidromic spikes. This indicates that a very large proportion of olfactory axons was activated by single strong odor stimuli.
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Taha, Mahmoud, Amr AlBakry, Magdy ElSheikh, and Tarek AbdelBary. "Olfactory Nerve Schwannoma: A Case Report and Review of the Literature." Surgery Journal 04, no. 03 (July 2018): e164-e166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1669991.
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AbstractSchwannomas are benign tumors, which arise from the Schwann cells of the central or peripheral nerves. They form 8% of all intracranial tumors and most of the cases arise from vestibular division of the 8th cranial nerve. Rare cases are shown to arise from the olfactory or optic nerve, being devoid of myelin sheath. Up to date and according to our best of knowledge, 66 cases have been reported till now. Here we present a review of the literature and a case report of a 56-year-old male with an accidently discovered anterior cranial fossa schwannoma, following a road traffic accident. Tumor was completely excised, using a right frontal approach. Histopathology revealed Antoni-A cellular pattern. Although rare, but olfactory nerve schwannomas should be included in the differential diagnosis in anterior cranial fossa space occupying lesions, and the approach should be designed taking into consideration, this rare entity.
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Yamagishi, Masuo, Satoshi Hasegawa, Yuichi Nakano, Sugata Takahashi, and Toshihiko Iwanaga. "Immunohistochemical Analysis of the Olfactory Mucosa by Use of Antibodies to Brain Proteins and Cytokeratin." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 98, no. 5 (May 1989): 384–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348948909800514.
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The present study deals with the immunohistochemical detection of four brain-derived proteins and cytokeratin in the normal olfactory mucosa of humans and guinea pigs. Neurofilament protein immunoreactivity was found in the olfactory vesicles, dendrites, and perikaryon of receptor cells, and in thick nerve bundles located deep in the lamina propria. The antiserum to neuron-specific enolase (NSE) selectively stained olfactory receptor cells throughout the length of the bundles. The NSE immunoreactivity also was recognized in nerve bundles of various sizes throughout the lamina propria. Glia-specific S-100 protein immunoreactivity was present in Bowman's glands as well as in all nerve bundles in the lamina propria, but not in any cellular elements constituting the olfactory epithelium. Immunoreactivity for spot-35 protein, which was considered to be specific for cerebellar Purkinje cells, was found in flasklike cells (microvillar cells) occurring near the free surface of the epithelium. The basal cells in the olfactory and respiratory epithelium were stained positively with a cytokeratin antiserum.
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DeJoia, Crista, Brian Moreaux, Kimberly O'Connell, and Richard A. Bessen. "Prion Infection of Oral and Nasal Mucosa." Journal of Virology 80, no. 9 (May 1, 2006): 4546–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.80.9.4546-4556.2006.
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ABSTRACT Centrifugal spread of the prion agent to peripheral tissues is postulated to occur by axonal transport along nerve fibers. This study investigated the distribution of the pathological isoform of the protein (PrPSc) in the tongues and nasal cavities of hamsters following intracerebral inoculation of the HY strain of the transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) agent. We report that PrPSc deposition was found in the lamina propria, taste buds, and stratified squamous epithelium of fungiform papillae in the tongue, as well as in skeletal muscle cells. Using laser scanning confocal microscopy, PrPSc was localized to nerve fibers in each of these structures in the tongue, neuroepithelial taste cells of the taste bud, and, possibly, epithelial cells. This PrPSc distribution was consistent with a spread of HY TME agent along both somatosensory and gustatory cranial nerves to the tongue and suggests subsequent synaptic spread to taste cells and epithelial cells via peripheral synapses. In the nasal cavity, PrPSc accumulation was found in the olfactory and vomeronasal epithelium, where its location was consistent with a distribution in cell bodies and apical dendrites of the sensory neurons. Prion spread to these sites is consistent with transport via the olfactory nerve fibers that descend from the olfactory bulb. Our data suggest that epithelial cells, neuroepithelial taste cells, or olfactory sensory neurons at chemosensory mucosal surfaces, which undergo normal turnover, infected with the prion agent could be shed and play a role in the horizontal transmission of animal prion diseases.
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Hu, Bian, Jingyu Zhang, Mengdan Gong, Yongqin Deng, Yujie Cao, Yizhen Xiang, and Dong Ye. "Research Progress of Olfactory Nerve Regeneration Mechanism and Olfactory Training." Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management Volume 18 (March 2022): 185–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/tcrm.s354695.
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Barnett, Susan C., Anne-Marie Hutchins, and Mark Noble. "Purification of Olfactory Nerve Ensheathing Cells from the Olfactory Bulb." Developmental Biology 155, no. 2 (February 1993): 337–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/dbio.1993.1033.
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St. John, James A., Heidi Walkden, Lynn Nazareth, Kenneth W. Beagley, Glen C. Ulett, Michael R. Batzloff, Ifor R. Beacham, and Jenny A. K. Ekberg. "Burkholderia pseudomallei Rapidly Infects the Brain Stem and Spinal Cord via the Trigeminal Nerve after Intranasal Inoculation." Infection and Immunity 84, no. 9 (July 5, 2016): 2681–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00361-16.
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Infection withBurkholderia pseudomalleicauses melioidosis, a disease with a high mortality rate (20% in Australia and 40% in Southeast Asia). Neurological melioidosis is particularly prevalent in northern Australian patients and involves brain stem infection, which can progress to the spinal cord; however, the route by which the bacteria invade the central nervous system (CNS) is unknown. We have previously demonstrated thatB. pseudomalleican infect the olfactory and trigeminal nerves within the nasal cavity following intranasal inoculation. As the trigeminal nerve projects into the brain stem, we investigated whether the bacteria could continue along this nerve to penetrate the CNS. After intranasal inoculation of mice,B. pseudomalleicaused low-level localized infection within the nasal cavity epithelium, prior to invasion of the trigeminal nerve in small numbers.B. pseudomalleirapidly invaded the trigeminal nerve and crossed the astrocytic barrier to enter the brain stem within 24 h and then rapidly progressed over 2,000 μm into the spinal cord. To rule out that the bacteria used a hematogenous route, we used a capsule-deficient mutant ofB. pseudomalleithat does not survive in the blood and found that it also entered the CNS via the trigeminal nerve. This suggests that the primary route of entry is via the nerves that innervate the nasal cavity. We found that actin-mediated motility could facilitate initial infection of the olfactory epithelium. Thus, we have demonstrated thatB. pseudomalleican rapidly infect the brain and spinal cord via the trigeminal nerve branches that innervate the nasal cavity.
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Koussa, Mounir A., Leslie P. Tolbert, and Lynne A. Oland. "Development of a glial network in the olfactory nerve: role of calcium and neuronal activity." Neuron Glia Biology 6, no. 4 (November 2010): 245–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740925x11000081.
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In adult olfactory nerves of mammals and moths, a network of glial cells ensheathes small bundles of olfactory receptor axons. In the developing antennal nerve (AN) of the moth Manduca sexta, the axons of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) migrate from the olfactory sensory epithelium toward the antennal lobe. Here we explore developmental interactions between ORN axons and AN glial cells. During early stages in AN glial-cell migration, glial cells are highly dye coupled, dividing glia are readily found in the nerve and AN glial cells label strongly for glutamine synthetase. By the end of this period, dye-coupling is rare, glial proliferation has ceased, glutamine synthetase labeling is absent, and glial processes have begun to extend to enwrap bundles of axons, a process that continues throughout the remainder of metamorphic development. Whole-cell and perforated-patch recordings in vivo from AN glia at different stages of network formation revealed two potassium currents and an R-like calcium current. Chronic in vivo exposure to the R-type channel blocker SNX-482 halted or greatly reduced AN glial migration. Chronically blocking spontaneous Na-dependent activity by injection of tetrodotoxin reduced the glial calcium current implicating an activity-dependent interaction between ORNs and glial cells in the development of glial calcium currents.
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Rambotti, M. G., C. Saccardi, A. Spreca, M. C. Aisa, I. Giambanco, and R. Donato. "Immunocytochemical localization of S-100 beta beta protein in olfactory and supporting cells of lamb olfactory epithelium." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 37, no. 12 (December 1989): 1825–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/37.12.2685111.
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By immunocytochemistry, we have identified two novel cell types, olfactory and supporting cells of lamb olfactory epithelium, expressing S-100 beta beta protein. S-100 immune reaction product was observed on ciliary and plasma membranes, on axonemes and in the cytoplasm adjacent to plasma membranes and to basal bodies of olfactory vesicles. A brief treatment of olfactory mucosae with Triton X-100 before fixation is necessary for detection of S-100 beta beta protein within olfactory vesicles. In the absence of such a treatment, the immune reaction product is restricted to ciliary and plasma membranes. On the other hand, irrespective of pre-treatment of olfactory mucosae, S-100 beta immune reaction product in supporting cells is restricted to microvillar and plasma membranes. The anti-S-100 beta antiserum used in these studies does not bind to basal cells of the olfactory epithelium or to cells of the olfactory glands, whereas it binds to Schwann cells of the olfactory nerve. An anti-S-100 alpha antiserum does not bind to cellular elements of the olfactory mucosa, Schwann cells, or axons of the olfactory nerve. The present data provide, for the first time, evidence for the presence of S-100 beta beta protein in mammalian neurons (olfactory cells).
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Shoji, T., KI Fujita, E. Furihata, and K. Kurihara. "Olfactory responses of a euryhaline fish, the rainbow trout: adaptation of olfactory receptors to sea water and salt-dependence of their responses to amino acids." Journal of Experimental Biology 199, no. 2 (February 1, 1996): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.199.2.303.
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Salmonid fishes are able to survive in both fresh water and sea water. Concentrations of NaCl in fresh water and sea water are 0.5 and 493 mmol l-1, respectively, and, hence, salt concentrations in the medium at the olfactory epithelium are greatly changed when the fish migrate between fresh water and sea water. We used the rainbow trout, which is a salmonid fish, to examine the adaptation mechanisms of the olfactory receptors to high concentrations of salts in sea water. Application of sea water to the olfactory epithelium elicited only a very small response in the olfactory nerve, but 500 mmol l-1 NaCl elicited a large response which did not adapt to a spontaneous level with time. It is considered that the olfactory nerve becomes fatigued when the olfactory epithelium is exposed to 500 mmol l-1 NaCl for long periods. We found that the presence of 10 mmol l-1 Ca2+ in sea water inhibited the response to 500 mmol l-1 NaCl, suggesting that Ca2+ in sea water is essential for adaptation of the olfactory receptors to sea water. In the second part of the study, we examined whether the olfactory nerve responses to amino acids, potent stimulants for fish, were altered between fresh water and sea water. The magnitudes of the responses to the six amino acids examined were similar in artificial pond water and artificial sea water, indicating that a large change in NaCl concentration between fresh and sea water does not affect the olfactory nerve responses to amino acids. We used fish reared in fresh water and fish acclimated to sea water and obtained similar results. It was concluded that the tolerance of the olfactory receptors for large changes in osmotic pressure is not acquired while fish are maintained in fresh or sea water, but that the receptors of these euryhaline fish naturally provide the tolerance.
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Qasem sami jawad and Khayria K. Habeeb. "HISTOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE OLFACTORY BULLB IN CATS." University of Thi-Qar Journal of agricultural research 13, no. 1 (June 1, 2024): 166–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.54174/utjagr.v13i1.283.
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The current study was carried out to investigate histological features of olfactory bulb were observed in cats, 12 samples (n = 12) were used. six samples for anatomical observation of olfactory bulb were record in adult cats which involved the morphological study (position, relation, weight, length and diameter), he length of the olfactory bulb was of greatest value in cats (19.5 ±0.72). The greatest width (diameter) of olfactory bulb relative to that of the corresponding cerebral hemisphere gave the highest ratio in the cats (41.92%), The olfactory bulbs were Fixed in 10% formalin solution then processed in routine histological technique which stained with Hematoxylin & Eosin and Mallory stains. The morphological result of olfactory bulb in cats showed was semicircular in shape with a ventrolateral rough surface Meanwhile. creamy in color that located in the fore brain of vertebrates which receives neural input about odors detected by cells in the nasal cavity. Histologically the histological section of the olfactory bulb of a cats, there are four distinct layers that may be identified: (olfactory nerve layer, glomerular layer, mitral cells layer, and granule cells layer). In the present study, olfactory bulbs of greyhound and outdoor cat were ccrrcered histologically. Was loud that the olfactory bulbs of both species were instituted by accessory and main parts having the same layers (nerve. glomerular, external plexiform, mitral cell, internal plexiform and granular cell). Nerve. glomerular and mitral cell layers were very wide and there were many glial cell in the test two layers in the olfactory bulbs of greyhound. However, in outdoor cat, these layers were very narrow and titer were few mitral and glial cells. Differences in the smiling ability between greyhound and outdoor cat were thought to be depended on the histomorphological diltererces of their olfactory bulbs.
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Shi, Junchao, Zi Li, Jing Zhang, Rongyi Xu, Yungang Lan, Jiyu Guan, Rui Gao, et al. "PHEV infection: A promising model of betacoronavirus-associated neurological and olfactory dysfunction." PLOS Pathogens 18, no. 6 (June 27, 2022): e1010667. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1010667.
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Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV) is a highly neurotropic coronavirus belonging to the genus Betacoronavirus. Similar to pathogenic coronaviruses to which humans are susceptible, such as SARS-CoV-2, PHEV is transmitted primarily through respiratory droplets and close contact, entering the central nervous system (CNS) from the peripheral nerves at the site of initial infection. However, the neuroinvasion route of PHEV are poorly understood. Here, we found that BALB/c mice are susceptible to intranasal PHEV infection and showed distinct neurological manifestations. The behavioral study and histopathological examination revealed that PHEV attacks neurons in the CNS and causes significant smell and taste dysfunction in mice. By tracking neuroinvasion, we identified that PHEV invades the CNS via the olfactory nerve and trigeminal nerve located in the nasal cavity, and olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) were susceptible to viral infection. Immunofluorescence staining and ultrastructural observations revealed that viral materials traveling along axons, suggesting axonal transport may engage in rapid viral transmission in the CNS. Moreover, viral replication in the olfactory system and CNS is associated with inflammatory and immune responses, tissue disorganization and dysfunction. Overall, we proposed that PHEV may serve as a potential prototype for elucidating the pathogenesis of coronavirus-associated neurological complications and olfactory and taste disorders.
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Stepanchuk, A. P. "Morphology of the Human Olfactory Analyzer." Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini, bìologìï ta sportu 6, no. 6 (December 25, 2021): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.26693/jmbs06.06.213.
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The sense of smell provides people with valuable information about the biochemical environment and their own body. Olfactory disorders occur in pathologies of the nasal cavity, liver cirrhosis, psychological and endocrine diseases. Smell affects various psychological aspects of people's lives, forming positive and negative emotional memories associated with smells. With the dysfunction of the olfactory analyzer, a person will not do the analysis whether the food is good, will not be able to feel the presence of poisonous gases in the air, bad breath. This puts a person in an awkward position and increases the risk of social isolation. The purpose of the study was to highlight the components of the normal structure and functioning of the human olfactory analyzer. Identification of odors in the environment and from one's own body is provided by the olfactory analyzer. Primary odors as camphor, floral, fruity, spicy, tarry, burnt and putrid in different quantities form secondary odors. Aromas are composed of volatile molecules called odorants. The smallest amount of odorant that causes an odor sensation is called the odor threshold. In people with coronavirus disease the sense of smell temporarily disappears (anosmia); it is reduced (hyposmia) in liver cirrhosis and rhinitis, and in Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia besides hyposmia there is olfactory hallucination (phantosmia). Olfactory dysfunction adversely affects children's cognitive abilities. Fragrances change emotions and behavior. Aromas are used to regulate the physical and psychological state of the patient. Volatile molecules of fragrances penetrate through the layer of mucus that covers the olfactory epithelium located in the olfactory region of the nasal mucosa. The olfactory epithelium consists of olfactory, supportive and basal epitheliocytes, as well as secretory cells of the olfactory glands. Olfactory cells are modified nerve cells that have a body, an axon, and a dendrite, which ends with a receptor in the form of olfactory cilia. Volatile molecules interact with the olfactory cilia and then with the receptor protein, which is located on the olfactory cell bodies. In humans, olfactory cells have 350 receptor proteins. One type of receptor can register molecules of several different odorants. Molecules of the same odorant can activate several different receptors simultaneously. The nerve impulse from the olfactory cells (bodies of I neurons) reaches the nerve cells (bodies of II neurons) of the olfactory bulbs via their central outgrowths (olfactory filaments). Axons of nerve cells of olfactory bulbs continue to bodies of III neurons, which are located in subcortical centers of the brain (almond-shaped body, nuclei of the transparent septum). In human, to analyze a particular odor, axons from bodies of III neurons continue to cortex, namely to the area of the uncus of the parahippocampal gyrus
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Aggarwal, Varun, Amit Narang, Chandni Maheshwari, and Divya Kavita. "Intra-Cranial Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor of Olfactory Nerve: A Case Report and Review of Literature." Romanian Neurosurgery 32, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 469–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/romneu-2018-0059.
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Abstract Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors (MPNSTs) are one of the very rare high grade malignancies usually affecting extremities or trunk. Incidence is 1/Lac. Intracranial MPNSTs are even rarer, schwannomatous and commonly affecting cranial nerves VIII &VII). Intra-cranial MPNSTs are usually sporadic, arising de novo. The second most common mode of origin is from malignant transformation from pre-existing schwannomas or neurofibroma. We present an extremely rare and probably the first case of intra-cranial malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor of the olfactory nerve in a non neurofibrosis patient with no prior history of irradiation.
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Perlman, S., G. Evans, and A. Afifi. "Effect of olfactory bulb ablation on spread of a neurotropic coronavirus into the mouse brain." Journal of Experimental Medicine 172, no. 4 (October 1, 1990): 1127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.172.4.1127.
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Previous results suggested that, after intranasal inoculation, mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), a neurotropic coronavirus, entered the central nervous system (CNS) via the olfactory and trigeminal nerves. To prove this hypothesis, the effect of interruption of the olfactory pathway on spread of the virus was studied using in situ hybridization. Unilateral surgical ablation of this pathway prevented spread of the virus via the olfactory tract on the side of the lesion. MHV RNA could be detected, however, at distal sites on the operated side, indicating that the virus spread via well-described circuits involving the anterior commissure from the control (intact) side of the brain. Viral transport via the trigeminal nerve was not affected by removal of the olfactory bulb, showing that the surgical procedure was specific for the olfactory pathway. These results prove conclusively that MHV gains entry to the CNS via a transneuronal route, and spreads to additional sites in the brain via known neuroanatomic pathways.
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Libreros-Jiménez, Hugo M., Jorge Manzo, Fausto Rojas-Durán, Gonzalo E. Aranda-Abreu, Luis I. García-Hernández, Genaro A. Coria-Ávila, Deissy Herrera-Covarrubias, César A. Pérez-Estudillo, María Rebeca Toledo-Cárdenas, and María Elena Hernández-Aguilar. "On the Cranial Nerves." NeuroSci 5, no. 1 (December 28, 2023): 8–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/neurosci5010002.
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The twelve cranial nerves play a crucial role in the nervous system, orchestrating a myriad of functions vital for our everyday life. These nerves are each specialized for particular tasks. Cranial nerve I, known as the olfactory nerve, is responsible for our sense of smell, allowing us to perceive and distinguish various scents. Cranial nerve II, or the optic nerve, is dedicated to vision, transmitting visual information from the eyes to the brain. Eye movements are governed by cranial nerves III, IV, and VI, ensuring our ability to track objects and focus. Cranial nerve V controls facial sensations and jaw movements, while cranial nerve VII, the facial nerve, facilitates facial expressions and taste perception. Cranial nerve VIII, or the vestibulocochlear nerve, plays a critical role in hearing and balance. Cranial nerve IX, the glossopharyngeal nerve, affects throat sensations and taste perception. Cranial nerve X, the vagus nerve, is a far-reaching nerve, influencing numerous internal organs, such as the heart, lungs, and digestive system. Cranial nerve XI, the accessory nerve, is responsible for neck muscle control, contributing to head movements. Finally, cranial nerve XII, the hypoglossal nerve, manages tongue movements, essential for speaking, swallowing, and breathing. Understanding these cranial nerves is fundamental in comprehending the intricate workings of our nervous system and the functions that sustain our daily lives.
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Favre, JJ, Ph Chaffanjon, JG Passagia, and JP Chirossel. "Blood supply of the olfactory nerve." Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy 17, no. 2 (June 1995): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01627573.
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Drapkin, Paola T., and Ann-Judith Silverman. "Development of the chick olfactory nerve." Developmental Dynamics 214, no. 4 (April 1999): 349–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0177(199904)214:4<349::aid-aja7>3.0.co;2-e.
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Crespo, Carlos, Teresa Liberia, José Miguel Blasco-Ibáñez, Juan Nácher, and Emilio Varea. "Cranial Pair I: The Olfactory Nerve." Anatomical Record 302, no. 3 (April 23, 2018): 405–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.23816.
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Bonnet, Maxime, Gaëlle Guiraudie-Capraz, Tanguy Marqueste, Stéphane Garcia, Charlotte Jaloux, Patrick Decherchi, and François Féron. "Immediate or Delayed Transplantation of a Vein Conduit Filled with Nasal Olfactory Stem Cells Improves Locomotion and Axogenesis in Rats after a Peroneal Nerve Loss of Substance." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 8 (April 11, 2020): 2670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21082670.
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Over the recent years, several methods have been experienced to repair injured peripheral nerves. Among investigated strategies, the use of natural or synthetic conduits was validated for clinical application. In this study, we assessed the therapeutic potential of vein guides, transplanted immediately or two weeks after a peroneal nerve injury and filled with olfactory ecto-mesenchymal stem cells (OEMSC). Rats were randomly allocated to five groups. A3 mm peroneal nerve loss was bridged, acutely or chronically, with a 1 cm long femoral vein and with/without OEMSCs. These four groups were compared to unoperated rats (Control group). OEMSCs were purified from male olfactory mucosae and grafted into female hosts. Three months after surgery, nerve repair was analyzed by measuring locomotor function, mechanical muscle properties, muscle mass, axon number, and myelination. We observed that stem cells significantly (i) increased locomotor recovery, (ii) partially maintained the contractile phenotype of the target muscle, and (iii) augmented the number of growing axons. OEMSCs remained in the nerve and did not migrate in other organs. These results open the way for a phase I/IIa clinical trial based on the autologous engraftment of OEMSCs in patients with a nerve injury, especially those with neglected wounds.
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Grkovic, Desanka, Sava Barisic, Sofija Davidovic, Stefan Brunet, and Svetlana Pavin. "Optical coherence tomography analysis of eyes in patients with chronic chiasmal compression: A case report." Medical review 74, no. 7-8 (2021): 265–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns2108270l.
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Introduction. Olfactory groove meningiomas cause progressive compression of the frontal lobes with posterior projection towards the sella turcica. If large enough, these tumors may cause optic nerve compression and optic chiasm. The aim of this study was to determine whether optical coherence tomography, as a method that objectively measures the thickness of retinal nerve fiber layer and retinal ganglion cell complex thickness, provides a realistic assessment of the postoperative visual outcome in chronic chiasmal compression caused by olfactory groove meningioma. Case Report. A 55-year-old woman presented with an eight month history of malaise, weakness, frontal headaches, anosmia, and blurred vision in both eyes. Magnetic resonance imaging of the endocranium revealed a large olfactory groove meningioma extending into the prechiasmal portion of the optic nerves and optic chiasm with a marked compressive effect. The mean preoperative retinal nerve fibre layer thickness was 65 ?m in the right eye and 63 ?m in the left eye. Ten months after surgery, the mean retinal nerve fibre layer thickness was 67 ?m in the right eye and 63 ?m in the left eye. The mean preoperative ganglion cell complex thickness was 57 ?m in the right eye, while it could not be measured in the left eye due to loss of fixation. Ten months after surgery, the mean ganglion cell complex thickness was 56 ?m in the right eye and 48 ?m in the left eye. The obtained values were significantly lower than the physiologic thickness values. Conclusion. Retinal nerve fibre layer thickness and ganglion cell complex thickness measured by optical coherence tomography represent a valid prognostic indicator of visual outcome and recovery after surgical decompression of the optic chiasm.
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Madatova, V. "Change in Thrombin Time in Epiphysectomized Animals With Simultaneous Dereception of the Olfactory Bulb." Bulletin of Science and Practice 10, no. 2 (February 15, 2024): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/99/07.
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Despite a comprehensive study of the neuro-reflex and humoral-hormonal mechanism of regulation of the functional blood coagulation system, the role of the epiphysis in the mechanism of regulation of hemostasis is still not fully understood. It has been established that the epiphysis is one of the main transducers that transmit light information to the neurohormonal regulation of functional systems and determine their chronophysiological features. The olfactory tract coming out of the olfactory bulb consists of several bundles that are directed to different parts of the forebrain: the anterior olfactory nucleus, olfactory tubercle, preperiform cortex and part of the nuclei of the amygdala complex. The molecules of the odorous substance come into contact with the mucous membrane of the nasal passages, interact with specialized proteins embedded in the receptor membrane, as a result of which a receptor potential is generated in the receptor, and then impulse activity. The excitation transmitted along the fiber of the olfactory nerve enters the olfactory bulb, the primary nerve center of the olfactory analyzer.
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Ennis, Matthew, Fu-Ming Zhou, Kelly J. Ciombor, Vassiliki Aroniadou-Anderjaska, Abdallah Hayar, Emiliana Borrelli, Lee A. Zimmer, Frank Margolis, and Michael T. Shipley. "Dopamine D2 Receptor–Mediated Presynaptic Inhibition of Olfactory Nerve Terminals." Journal of Neurophysiology 86, no. 6 (December 1, 2001): 2986–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2001.86.6.2986.
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Olfactory receptor neurons of the nasal epithelium project via the olfactory nerve (ON) to the glomeruli of the main olfactory bulb, where they form glutamatergic synapses with the apical dendrites of mitral and tufted cells, the output cells of the olfactory bulb, and with juxtaglomerular interneurons. The glomerular layer contains one of the largest population of dopamine (DA) neurons in the brain, and DA in the olfactory bulb is found exclusively in juxtaglomerular neurons. D2 receptors, the predominant DA receptor subtype in the olfactory bulb, are found in the ON and glomerular layers, and are present on ON terminals. In the present study, field potential and single-unit recordings, as well as whole cell patch-clamp techniques, were used to investigate the role of DA and D2 receptors in glomerular synaptic processing in rat and mouse olfactory bulb slices. DA and D2 receptor agonists reduced ON-evoked synaptic responses in mitral/tufted and juxtaglomerular cells. Spontaneous and ON-evoked spiking of mitral cells was also reduced by DA and D2 agonists, and enhanced by D2 antagonists. DA did not produce measurable postsynaptic changes in juxtaglomerular cells, nor did it alter their responses to mitral/tufted cell inputs. DA also reduced 1) paired-pulse depression of ON-evoked synaptic responses in mitral/tufted and juxtaglomerular cells and 2) the amplitude and frequency of spontaneous, but not miniature, excitatory postsynaptic currents in juxtaglomerular cells. Taken together, these findings are consistent with the hypothesis that activation of D2 receptors presynaptically inhibits ON terminals. DA and D2 agonists had no effect in D2 receptor knockout mice, suggesting that D2 receptors are the only type of DA receptors that affect signal transmission from the ON to the rodent olfactory bulb.
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Miwa, T., T. Moriizumi, H. Sakashita, Y. Kimura, T. Donjo, and M. Furukawa. "Transection of the olfactory nerves induces expression of nerve growth factor receptor in mouse olfactory epithelium." Neuroscience Letters 155, no. 1 (May 1993): 96–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(93)90681-a.
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Alvites, Rui D., Mariana V. Branquinho, Ana C. Sousa, Irina Amorim, Rui Magalhães, Filipa João, Diogo Almeida, et al. "Combined Use of Chitosan and Olfactory Mucosa Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells to Promote Peripheral Nerve Regeneration In Vivo." Stem Cells International 2021 (January 2, 2021): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6613029.
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Peripheral nerve injury remains a clinical challenge with severe physiological and functional consequences. Despite the existence of multiple possible therapeutic approaches, until now, there is no consensus regarding the advantages of each option or the best methodology in promoting nerve regeneration. Regenerative medicine is a promise to overcome this medical limitation, and in this work, chitosan nerve guide conduits and olfactory mucosa mesenchymal stem/stromal cells were applied in different therapeutic combinations to promote regeneration in sciatic nerves after neurotmesis injury. Over 20 weeks, the intervened animals were subjected to a regular functional assessment (determination of motor performance, nociception, and sciatic indexes), and after this period, they were evaluated kinematically and the sciatic nerves and cranial tibial muscles were evaluated stereologically and histomorphometrically, respectively. The results obtained allowed confirming the beneficial effects of using these therapeutic approaches. The use of chitosan NGCs and cells resulted in better motor performance, better sciatic indexes, and lower gait dysfunction after 20 weeks. The use of only NGGs demonstrated better nociceptive recoveries. The stereological evaluation of the sciatic nerve revealed identical values in the different parameters for all therapeutic groups. In the muscle histomorphometric evaluation, the groups treated with NGCs and cells showed results close to those of the group that received traditional sutures, the one with the best final values. The therapeutic combinations studied show promising outcomes and should be the target of new future works to overcome some irregularities found in the results and establish the combination of nerve guidance conduits and olfactory mucosa mesenchymal stem/stromal cells as viable options in the treatment of peripheral nerves after injury.
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Kurtz, D. B., and M. M. Mozell. "Olfactory stimulation variables. Which model best predicts the olfactory nerve response?" Journal of General Physiology 86, no. 3 (September 1, 1985): 329–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.86.3.329.
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Mozell et al. (1984. J. Gen. Physiol. 83:233-267) have examined the traditional manner in which olfactory stimulus-response relationships have been addressed. They developed a model that describes the olfactory nerve response as a function of three factors, viz., the number of odorant molecules (N), the stimulus duration (T), and the stimulus volume (V). In addition, two models derived from this three-variable model were also found to predict the response well. These were the [F, N] model involving flow rate (F = V/T) and, ranking closely behind, the [C, T] model involving concentration (C = N/V). A model involving the delivery rate (D = N/T) and volume was found to predict the response poorly. These models imply very different stimulus-response relationships. The present study was designed to assess the validity of this earlier approach by testing specific predictions drawn from each of the models. Because of the excellence of the [F, N] model, one would predict that the response will not change when F and N are held constant in spite of proportional increases in V and T. Similarly, one would predict from the [C, T] model that the response will be constant when C and T are held constant in spite of proportional increases in N and V. Because of the poor showing of the [D, V] model, one would predict changes in the response even when D and V are held constant while N and T are increased proportionately. It was observed that when F and N were held constant, the response was, in fact, constant. When D and V were held constant, the response increased dramatically. When C and T were held constant, there was a statistically significant, but small, change in the response. These results support the approach taken by Mozell et al. (op. cit.) and highlight the applicability of the [F, N] model to peripheral olfactory processing. The results are discussed in terms of their impact on the traditional manner in which olfactory stimulus-response relationships are conceived.
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Mermelstein, Sofia, Victor Evangelista Rodrigues Pereira, Paulo de Lima Serrano, Rachel Alencar de Castro Araújo Pastor, and Abelardo Queiroz Campos Araujo. "Olfactory nerve: from ugly duckling to swan." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 80, no. 1 (January 2022): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0004-282x-anp-2020-0529.
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ABSTRACT Background: The olfactory nerve has never been the shining star of neurological examination. Quite the contrary, examining the first cranial nerve is often an overlooked step. As cases of anosmia secondary to COVID-19 infection continue to rise, the 2020 pandemic has shed new light on this much-forgotten nerve, its value as an aid to diagnosis of several diseases and its central role in our daily lives. Objective: We aimed to emphasize how essential and simple clinical examination of the olfactory system can be by highlighting practical techniques and clinical tips for its assessment. We also share pearls and pitfalls in localization and differential diagnosis, which may prove valuable to busy clinicians. Methods: A broad review of the literature was conducted by searching PubMed, Cochrane and Google Scholar for articles and books containing topics regarding examination of the olfactory nerve and its anatomy, physiology and pathology. No particular inclusion or exclusion criteria were used. Results: Forty different works were found, between books and articles, from which 20 were selected after careful analysis. Conclusions: Despite the tragedy and adversity that followed the COVID-19 pandemic, its legacy has taught us a crystal-clear lesson: olfaction should no longer be neglected in clinical practice.
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Borges, Lígia Miranda Ferreira, Andrew Yongsheng Li, Pia Untalan Olafson, Robert Renthal, Gary Roy Bauchan, Kimberly Hutchison Lohmeyer, and Adalberto Angel Pérez de León. "Neuronal projections from the Haller's organ and palp sensilla to the synganglion of Amblyomma americanum§." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 25, no. 2 (June 14, 2016): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612016039.
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Abstract The present study was conducted to elucidate the neuronal pathways between peripheral olfactory and taste sensilla and the synganglion in an Ixodidae tick species. The tarsus of the front legs (olfactory nerves) and the fourth palpal segment (gustatory nerves) of unfed Amblyomma americanum males and females were excised. A neuronal tracer, dextran tetramethylrhodamine, was used for filling of the sensory neurons. The synganglion preparations were examined using a confocal microscope. Neuronal arborizations from the Haller’s organ were confined to the olfactory lobes and the first pedal ganglion. The estimated number of olfactory glomeruli ranged from 16 to 22 per olfactory lobe in the females. The number of glomeruli was not counted in males because they were densely packed. Sensory neurons associated with sensilla at the distal end of the palpal organ projected into the palpal ganglion in the synganglion through the palpal nerve. Gustatory sensory neurons associated with palpal sensilla projected into a commissure with several bulges, which are confined in the palpal ganglion. The findings of distinct projection patterns of sensory neurons associated with the Haller’s organ and palpal organ in the lone star tick from this study advanced our knowledge on mechanisms of sensory information processing in ticks.
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Vakhrushev, S. G., A. S. Smbatyan, and J. S. Korneva. "Diagnosis of the olfactory function in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis: a literature review." Siberian Medical Review 4 (2022): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.20333/25000136-2022-4-22-27.
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The aim of this review article is a comprehensive systematic review of peer-reviewed literature data on the methods for olfactory dysfunction diagnosis in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with consideration for anatomy and pathomorphology. Additionally, we have assessed the reliability and informative value of various methods. The search was carried out in PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases using the following keywords: “smell” AND “rhinosinusitis” OR “polyps”. As a rule, the presented methods of olfactory function diagnosis for patients with chronic rhinosinusitis only allow determining of quantitative disorders. It is required to select a universal diagnostic method which will make it possible to determine the location of the olfactory nerve lesion, the quantitative and qualitative impairment of the function taking into account the olfactory nerve fatigue and the time of adaptation.
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Frohlich, S., and C. A. Franco. "The neuropsychological function of the 12 cranials nerves." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72125-3.
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The cranial nerves can be an important key for research in Neuropsychology. Our hypothesis is that they can be organized in three groups and then, related to specifics attitudes.The Cochlear Nerve (VII pair), the Optic Nerve (II pair) and the olfactory nerve (I pair) have special translators that process the sensorial information from the environment to the brain, to form a clue. They are the first cranial nerve group: the cognitive nerves that incite the nervous system in an endogenous way. The second cranial nerve group stimulates muscles: the spinal nerve (XI pair) that regulates the posture, the trigeminal nerve (V pair) that is connected to mastication muscles and the hypoglossal nerve (XII pair) that supplies motor fibers for all the tongue muscles. They are behavioral nerves and act in an exogenous way.The third cranial nerve group regulates the emotions and is connected to the SNA: the Vagus nerve (X pair), the Facial nerve (VII pair) and the Glossofaringeal nerve (IX pair).The cranial nerves that enervate the eyes muscles are responsible for the regulation of the visual focus and the attention. We related them to the three groups above described. The Trochlear nerve (IV pair) incite a cognitive attitude and act in an endogenous way; the Abducent nerve (VI pair) produces the plain environmental attention through the saccades and following eyes movement and produces behavioral attitudes and the Oculomotor Nerve (III pair) act in autonomic way, regulating the inner feelings and emotions.
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Hopkins, Laurie E., Emilia A. Laing, Janice L. Peake, Dale Uyeminami, Savannah M. Mack, Xueting Li, Suzette Smiley-Jewell, and Kent E. Pinkerton. "Repeated Iron–Soot Exposure and Nose-to-brain Transport of Inhaled Ultrafine Particles." Toxicologic Pathology 46, no. 1 (September 15, 2017): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192623317729222.
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Particulate exposure has been implicated in the development of a number of neurological maladies such as multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, and idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. Only a few studies have focused on the olfactory pathway as a portal through which combustion-generated particles may enter the brain. The primary objective of this study was to define the deposition, uptake, and transport of inhaled ultrafine iron–soot particles in the nasal cavities of mice to determine whether combustion-generated nanoparticles reach the olfactory bulb via the olfactory epithelium and nerve fascicles. Adult female C57B6 mice were exposed to iron–soot combustion particles at a concentration of 200 μg/m3, which included 40 μg/m3 of iron oxide nanoparticles. Mice were exposed for 6 hr/day, 5 days/week for 5 consecutive weeks (25 total exposure days). Our findings visually demonstrate that inhaled ultrafine iron–soot reached the brain via the olfactory nerves and was associated with indicators of neural inflammation.
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Coello, Alejandro Fernández, Andreu Gabarrós Canals, Juan Martino Gonzalez, and Juan José Acebes Martín. "Cranial nerve injury after minor head trauma." Journal of Neurosurgery 113, no. 3 (September 2010): 547–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2010.6.jns091620.
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Object There are no specific studies about cranial nerve (CN) injury following mild head trauma (Glasgow Coma Scale Score 14–15) in the literature. The aim of this analysis was to document the incidence of CN injury after mild head trauma and to correlate the initial CT findings with the final outcome 1 year after injury. Methods The authors studied 49 consecutive patients affected by minor head trauma and CN lesions between January 2000 and January 2006. Detailed clinical and neurological examinations as well as CT studies using brain and bone windows were performed in all patients. Based on the CT findings the authors distinguished 3 types of traumatic injury: no lesion, skull base fracture, and other CT abnormalities. Patients were followed up for 1 year after head injury. The authors distinguished 3 grades of clinical recovery from CN palsy: no recovery, partial recovery, and complete recovery. Results Posttraumatic single nerve palsy was observed in 38 patients (77.6%), and multiple nerve injuries were observed in 11 (22.4%). Cranial nerves were affected in 62 cases. The most affected CN was the olfactory nerve (CN I), followed by the facial nerve (CN VII) and the oculomotor nerves (CNs III, IV, and VI). When more than 1 CN was involved, the most frequent association was between CNs VII and VIII. One year after head trauma, a CN deficit was present in 26 (81.2%) of the 32 cases with a skull base fracture, 12 (60%) of 20 cases with other CT abnormalities, and 3 (30%) of 10 cases without CT abnormalities. Conclusions Trivial head trauma that causes a minor head injury (Glasgow Coma Scale Score 14–15) can result in CN palsies with a similar distribution to moderate or severe head injuries. The CNs associated with the highest incidence of palsy in this study were the olfactory, facial, and oculomotor nerves. The trigeminal and lower CNs were rarely damaged. Oculomotor nerve injury can have a good prognosis, with a greater chance of recovery if no lesion is demonstrated on the initial CT scan.