Relevant bibliographies by topics / Olfactory nerve

Academic literature on the topic 'Olfactory nerve'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Olfactory nerve"

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Jiang, Rong-San, and Yu-Yu Lu. "Functional Olfactory Nerve Regeneration Demonstrated by Thallium-201 Olfacto-Scintigraphy in Patients with Traumatic Anosmia: A Case Report." Case Reports in Otolaryngology 2019 (November 16, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1069741.

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Head trauma is one of the most common etiologies of olfactory dysfunction. It is difficult to use either the olfactory function test or magnetic resonance imaging to directly assess the course of damage to olfactory nerves. Thallium-201 (201Tl) olfacto-scintigraphy has been shown to be an able means for objectively assessing the olfactory nerve transport function. It is expected to be used to evaluate olfactory nerve regeneration after damage to the olfactory nerves. However, no such result has been reported. We present a patient who lost his olfactory function after experiencing head trauma. When his olfactory function remained anosmic, a 201Tl olfacto-scintigraphy showed no migration of 201Tl from the nasal mucosa to the olfactory bulb. After treatment with medicines and olfactory training, his olfactory function improved. A second 201Tl olfacto-scintigraphy showed an increased migration of 201Tl from the nasal mucosa to the olfactory bulb.
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Omar, A. R., and A. I. Dakrory. "The Terminal and Vomeronasal Nerves of Montpellier Snake, Malpolon monspessulana (Colubridae, Ophidia, Squamata)." Vestnik Zoologii 50, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/vzoo-2016-0021.

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Abstract The montpellier snake, Malpolon monspessulana, used in the current work in order to study the nervi terminalis and vomeronasalis. The vomeronasal organ or Jacobson’s organ is a part of the olfactory apparatus. This organ is innervated by the terminal and vomeronasal nerves. These nerves emerge from the sensory epithelium of Jacobson’s organ simultaneously. The bundles of the terminal and vomeronasal nerves traverse together the cavity of the nasal capsule in their way to the brain. These nerves bear scattered ganglionic cells which represent the ganglion terminale. They leave the capsule through the foramen olfactorium advehens. The terminal and vomeronasal nerves are connected with the olfactory nerve and enter the olfactory formation of the forebrain.
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Yamagishi, Masuo, Ryusuke Okazoe, and Yoichi Ishizuka. "Olfactory Mucosa of Patients with Olfactory Disturbance following Head Trauma." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 103, no. 4 (April 1994): 279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348949410300404.

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The olfactory mucosa in 7 patients with olfactory disturbance following head trauma were sampled for biopsy with special biopsy forceps and examined by immunohistochemical staining with anti—neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and S-100 protein (S-100) antibodies. The residual olfactory receptor cells and nerve bundles were counted, and the degree of degeneration was determined. In 5 patients, olfactory receptor cells that reacted with anti-NSE antiserum remained, although the number varied with the patient, and in 2 patients the receptor cells disappeared. In the lamina propria, the S-100–immunoreactive olfactory nerves were retained in 6 patients. The outcome was poor in all cases regardless of the number of residual receptor cells and nerve bundles. These results indicate that the degree of impairment of the peripheral olfactory region after head trauma differs from case to case, and that even if the receptor cells and nerve bundles remain, it is difficult to improve the condition, although some cases of malingering may be contained.
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Sarnat, Harvey B., and Laura Flores-Sarnat. "Survey on Olfactory Testing by Pediatric Neurologists: Is the Olfactory a “True” Cranial Nerve?" Journal of Child Neurology 35, no. 5 (January 8, 2020): 317–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0883073819896513.

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Background: The olfactory nerve was conceptualized in the 4th century BC by Alcmaeon and described anatomically by Winslow in 1733. Cranial nerves (CNs) were named and numbered by Soemmerring in 1791. Notions still prevail that the olfactory (CN1) is not a “true” cranial nerve. Methods: To confirm our impression that the olfactory nerve is infrequently tested by North American pediatric neurologists, a survey was distributed to members of national pediatric neurology societies in Mexico, Canada, and the United States. A total of 233 responses were received to 6 multiple-choice questions regarding practice patterns examining CN1 in neonates and children and in metabolic, endocrine, and genetic disorders and cerebral malformations. Two of the questions addressed familiarity with neonatal olfactory reflexes and asked whether the olfactory is a “true” cranial nerve. Results: Only 16% to 24% of North American pediatric neurologists examine CN1 in neonates, even in conditions in which olfaction may be impaired. About 40% of respondents were aware of olfactory reflexes. A minority 15% did not consider CN1 as a “true” cranial nerve. Conclusions: Olfactory evaluation in neonates is simple, rapid, and inexpensive. It tests parts of the brain not otherwise examined. It may assist diagnosis in cerebral malformations; metabolic, endocrine, and hypoxic encephalopathies; and some genetic diseases, including chromosomopathies. CN1 is neuroanatomically unique and fulfills criteria of a true sensory cranial nerve. We recommend that olfaction be routinely or selectively included during neurologic examination of neonates and children.
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Cardali, Salvatore, Alberto Romano, Filippo Flavio Angileri, Alfredo Conti, Domenico La Torre, Oreste de Divitiis, Domenico d'Avella, Manfred Tschabitscher, and Francesco Tomasello. "Microsurgical Anatomic Features of the Olfactory Nerve: Relevance to Olfaction Preservation in the Pterional Approach." Operative Neurosurgery 57, suppl_1 (July 1, 2005): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000144844.72403.7b.

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Abstract OBJECTIVE: The pterional approach represents the standard approach for most lesions of the anterior and middle cranial fossa. It requires some degree of frontal lobe retraction, which may result in temporary or permanent damage of olfaction because of nerve avulsion or mechanical compression. The purpose of this study, based on microanatomic dissection of human cadaveric specimens, was to review the microsurgical anatomic features of the nerve and suggest operative nuances that may contribute to reducing the rate of postoperative olfactory dysfunction. METHODS: Twenty olfactory nerves and tracts were examined in 10 human cadaveric heads obtained from three fresh and seven formalin-fixed adult cadavers. A standard pterional craniotomy was performed. The olfactory nerve was dissected from its arachnoidal envelopes and then mobilized for an average length of 30 mm (range, 25–35 mm). RESULTS: The possible retraction of the frontal lobe was 10 to 15 mm. More retraction invariably resulted in nerve disruption. CONCLUSION: The standard sylvian and basal cistern opening may be insufficient to guarantee preservation of olfactory function. Early identification and arachnoidal dissection of the nerve may reduce the rate of olfaction compromise. The opening of the subarachnoidal space should be performed in a proximal-to-distal manner to allow early visualization of the olfactory bulb and its dissection. The arachnoidal dissection should be performed with sharp instruments, avoiding any traction on the posterior portion of the olfactory tract. Any direct retractor compression should also be avoided to spare the microvasculature lying on the dorsal surface of the nerve.
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Melkumyan, Karine, Darshan Shingala, Syuzanna Simonyan, Hrag Torossian, Karen Mkrtumyan, Karen Dilbaryan, Garri Davtyan, Erik Vardumyan, and Konstantin Yenkoyan. "Assessment of Smell and Taste Disturbances among COVID-19 Convalescent Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study in Armenia." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 12 (June 9, 2022): 3313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11123313.

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Background and Objectives: Neurological manifestations of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) such as olfactory and gustatory disturbance have been reported among convalescent COVID-19 patients. However, scientific data on the prevalence of smell and taste disturbance are lacking. Therefore, we present findings on the degree of smell and taste disturbances among the Armenian population. Methods: Study participants were randomly recruited and then categorized into two groups based on their course of the disease. A cross-sectional study was performed to assess participants’ sensitivity to smell triggered by the olfactory and the trigeminal nerves; their ability to differentiate between various odors; and to evaluate their gustatory perception. Results: The smell test revealed that the degree of olfactory nerve disturbance was different by 30.7% in those participants of the early group as compared to those of the late group, and the degree of trigeminal nerve disturbance was different by 71.3% in the early group as compared to the late group. A variation of the differentiating ability among the participants of the early and late groups was detected. Gustatory disturbances for all flavors were also found to be different in both the groups. A moderate positive correlation (0.51) was found between the overall sensitivity of smell and the ability to differentiate between various odors as cumulatively stimulated by both the olfactory and trigeminal nerves. Also, a moderate positive correlation (0.33) was found between headache and smell sensitivity through the olfactory nerve and a high negative correlation (−0.71) was found between headache and smell sensitivity through the trigeminal nerve. Conclusion: Pathological changes in the olfactory and trigeminal perceptive abilities caused disturbances in smell sensation, with the trigeminal nerve being more affected. The capacity to differentiate fragrances did not improve with time and the disturbance severity of bitter taste perception was higher among the study participants.
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Carswell, Andrew J., David Whinney, Nick Hollings, and Philip Flanagan. "Isolated olfactory nerve agenesis." British Journal of Hospital Medicine 69, no. 8 (August 2008): 474. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/hmed.2008.69.8.30747.

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Inoue, Tsuyoshi, Satoshi Watanabe, Shigenori Kawahara, and Yutaka Kirino. "Phase-Dependent Filtering of Sensory Information in the Oscillatory Olfactory Center of a Terrestrial Mollusk." Journal of Neurophysiology 84, no. 2 (August 1, 2000): 1112–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2000.84.2.1112.

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With electrophysiological techniques, we found phase-dependent modification of the efficacy of signal transmission in the procerebrum (PC), the oscillatory olfactory center, of the terrestrial mollusk Limax marginatus and elucidated its neuronal mechanism. Previous studies have indicated that about 105 PC neurons can be classified into only two types: bursting (B) neurons and nonbursting (NB) neurons, and both types of neurons have ongoing and phase-locked periodic oscillation of their membrane potentials. On olfactory nerve stimulation, excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) were evoked with a constant latency in NB neurons, while EPSPs with a variable latency were evoked in B neurons. These findings suggest a monosynaptic connection from the olfactory nerve to NB neurons, but a polysynaptic connection between the olfactory nerve and B neurons. This polysynaptic transmission is most likely mediated by NB neurons because the olfactory nerve makes synaptic connection only with NB neurons in the PC. The latency of the evoked EPSPs in B neurons depended on the phase of the PC oscillatory activity, presumably because of the oscillation of the intervening NB neurons. These results suggest that the efficacy of olfactory nerve–B neuron polysynaptic transmission is regulated by the activity level of the phasically oscillating NB neurons. Thus, the intrinsic oscillation in the PC can serve as a filter for olfactory information conveyed from the olfactory nerve as a train of neuronal spikes. This filtering system may also produce a phase-dependent modification by the olfactory input of the PC oscillation frequency.
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Berkowicz, D. A., P. Q. Trombley, and G. M. Shepherd. "Evidence for glutamate as the olfactory receptor cell neurotransmitter." Journal of Neurophysiology 71, no. 6 (June 1, 1994): 2557–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1994.71.6.2557.

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1. Synaptic transmission between olfactory receptor neurons and mitral/tufted cells was examined using a whole-cell recording technique in a hemisected preparation of the turtle olfactory bulb. To determine the olfactory receptor neuron transmitter, we isolated components of the synaptic response of mitral/tufted cells to olfactory nerve stimulation using postsynaptic receptor antagonists. 2. Low-intensity stimulation of the olfactory nerve evoked monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic potentials in mitral/tufted cells that consisted of a rapid and prolonged depolarization with little contribution from other bulb neurons. The exogenous application of glutamate mimicked the response of mitral/tufted cells to olfactory nerve stimulation. 3. Olfactory nerve stimulation evoked in mitral/tufted cells a two component response that was reversibly blocked by glutamate receptor antagonists. The first, a rapid depolarization of short duration, was sensitive to the non-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX); the second, a depolarization of slower onset but longer duration, was sensitive to the NMDA receptor antagonist DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (AP5). When DNQX and AP5 were both present the postsynaptic response was completely abolished. These results strongly support the notion that glutamate is the neurotransmitter at the olfactory nerve to mitral/tufted cell synapse.
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Li, Ying, Pauline M. Field, and Geoffrey Raisman. "Olfactory ensheathing cells and olfactory nerve fibroblasts maintain continuous open channels for regrowth of olfactory nerve fibres." Glia 52, no. 3 (2005): 245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/glia.20241.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Olfactory nerve"

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Viswaprakash, Nilmini Vodyanoy Vitaly. "Enhancement, modulation and electrophysiological characterization of murine olfactory neurons to odorant stimulation in vitro." Auburn, Ala., 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/1309.

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Lee, I.-Hui. "On CNS injury and olfactory ensheathing cell engraftment strategies /." Stockholm, 2005. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2005/91-7140-551-8/.

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Deckner, Maja-Lena. "Factors influencing the turnover of olfactory receptor neurons /." Stockholm : Karolinska Univ. Press, 2001. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2001/91-89428-05-6/.

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冼振鋒 and Chun-fung Sin. "Olfactory ensheathing cell transplanation in spinal cord after contusion injury." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B40738930.

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Sin, Chun-fung. "Olfactory ensheathing cell transplanation in spinal cord after contusion injury." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B40738930.

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Thompson, Rebecca M. (Rebecca Mae). "Ultrastructural effects of chemical modification on olfactory receptors." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1987. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc798163/.

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The ultrastructural effects of chemical modification on olfactory receptors were investigated with scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and fluorescent microscopy. Mason and Morton (1984) hypothesized that a two-step chemical treatment would covalently modify receptor proteins. Their two-step protocol was modified in an attempt to label olfactory receptor proteins and the ultra structural effects of the original two-step protocol were examined.
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Dombrowski, Mary A. "Sciatic nerve remyelination and nodal formation following olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation." Yale University, 2008. http://ymtdl.med.yale.edu/theses/available/etd-08092007-114648/.

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Transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) into injured spinal cord results in improved functional outcome through axonal regeneration, remyelination, and neuroprotection. However, because little is known of the fate of OECs transplanted into injured peripheral nerve, their myelin forming potential requires investigation. To study these issues OECs were isolated from the olfactory bulbs of adult green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing transgenic rats and transplanted into a sciatic nerve crush lesions. Five weeks to six months after transplantation the nerves were studied histologically and it was determined that GFP-expressing OECs survived in the lesion and distributed longitudinally across the lesion zone. Immunostaining revealed a high density of isoform Nav1.6 at the newly formed nodes of Ranvier which were flanked by paranodal Caspr staining. Immuno-electron microscopy for GFP revealed transplanted OECs form peripheral type myelin. These results indicate that transplanted OECs extensively integrate into transected peripheral nerve, form myelin on regenerated peripheral nerve fibers, and reconstruct nodes of Ranvier with proper sodium channel structure.
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Vukovic, Jana. "An in vitro and in vitro study on the role of the glycoprotein fibulin-3 in olfactory nerve growth and repair." University of Western Australia. School of Anatomy and Human Biology, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0182.

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The primary olfactory pathway in adult mammals has retained a remarkable potential for self-repair. Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), specialized glial cells within the olfactory nerve, are thought to play an important role in the ongoing growth and replenishment of sensory connections in this system. To gain insight into novel molecules that could mediate OEC-supported growth of axons within the olfactory nerve, gene expression profiling experiments revealed very high expression of the fibulin-3 glycoprotein in OECs. To date, research on fibulin-3 has been limited and mainly focused on its involvement in Doyne honeycomb retinal dystrophy, vasculogenesis and tumor formation. As the extracellular matrix associated with OECs is thought to be an important contributor to a growth-permissive environment, the main aim of this thesis was to define a putative role for fibulin-3 during olfactory receptor neuron replacement and regeneration. This hypothesis was investigated in a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments that involved lentiviral vectors to manipulate fibulin-3 gene expression in OECs as well as the use of knock-out mice. Using genetically-modified OECs, experimental data showed that increased levels of fibulin-3 induced morphological changes in OECs and also impeded their migration. Lentiviral vector-mediated expression of fibulin-3 in OECs also had an inhibitory effect on neurite outgrowth from dorsal root ganglion explants. On the other hand, knock-down of fibulin-3 levels via siRNA technology resulted in reduced proliferation. Comparative lesioning experiments in fibulin-3 knock-out and wild-type mice allowed for further assessment of a role for fibulin-3 in olfactory nerve repair in vivo. Two experimental injury models, i.e. epithelial (Triton-X) lesioning and olfactory bulbectomy, were employed. The results obtained were in line with in vitro observations. A lack of fibulin-3 in knock-out mice resulted in a seemingly augmented regeneration of the olfactory epithelium at 10 days post-injury. However, at the latest recovery time point of 42 days post-injury, an impaired recovery of the olfactory epithelium from the experimental insults was observed. Although the precise mechanism for the latter phenomenon is not yet fully understood, our data point towards several factors which include vascular abnormalities and altered cell proliferation within the olfactory epithelium. Additionally, the precise protein distribution of another wide-spread family of extracellular matrix molecules, the laminins, was investigated in this thesis. It was of interest to investigate the spatiotemporal expression of laminin isoforms during iii olfactory nerve development and regeneration as these molecules may have distinct roles in promoting olfactory sensory neuron growth and patterning. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemical studies concluded that laminin-211 and laminin-411 were the most likely candidates to play such a role. In summary, this thesis provides new insights into the role of the extracellular matrix, fibulin-3 in particular, in regulating cell migration, division and axonal growth in the primary olfactory pathway. Such knowledge also gives a greater understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which OEC transplants may enhance axonal regeneration elsewhere in the CNS.
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McMonagle, Brent Anthony. "Nasal Derived Olfactory Ensheathing and Stem Cells in Peripheral Nerve Repair and Regeneration." Thesis, Griffith University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366095.

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Damaged peripheral nerves are usually surgically repaired in an attempt to optimize recovery. The patient is stabilized and other potential life-threatening problems are managed. The wound area is thoroughly cleaned and devitalized tissue debrided, and any vascular injuries repaired. The nerve ends are trimmed, and if possible, sutured together using fine sutures using standard microsurgical techniques, provided there is no tension. There is often a gap between the ends of a damaged nerve, because of loss of nerve substance by the injury or resection of tumour, as well as retraction of the stumps because of the inherent elasticity of nerves. In certain circumstances, the nerve stumps may be mobilized to gain extra length, or sutured to other neighbouring nerves (see end-to side repair), but generally, a conduit is required to bridge the gap. Various different conduits have been used to bridge this gap in an attempt to allow axons to regenerate across the gap to the distal nerve stump, align and enter the endoneurial tubes of the distal stump, elongate down these tubes, and finally assume a connection with the end-organs (e.g. motor end-plates, sensory receptors, etc.) of their previous peripheral targets.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Natural Sciences
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Mallek, Jennifer de Toledo. "Hyaluronic acid-olfactory ensheathing cell compositions for spinal cord injury nerve regeneration." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0015880.

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Books on the topic "Olfactory nerve"

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Galbraith, David Allen. A study of the regeneration of olfactory neuron populations in Rana pipiens. [New Haven: s.n.], 1988.

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1932-, Van Toller Steve, and Dodd George H. 1942-, eds. Perfumery: The psychology and biology of fragrance. London: Chapman and Hall, 1991.

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Claire, Murphy, and International Symposium on Olfaction and Taste (12th : 1997 : San Diego, California), eds. Olfaction and taste XII: An international symposium. New York: New York Academy of Sciences, 1998.

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Garraway, Richard. The action of semiochemicals on olfactory nerve activity and behaviour of Deroceras reticulatum (Müll.). Portsmouth: Portsmouth Polytechnic, School of Biological Sciences, 1992.

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G, Brand Joseph, and International Symposium on Receptor Events and Transduction in Taste and Olfaction (1988 : Monell Chemical Senses Center), eds. Receptor events and transduction in taste and olfaction. New York: M. Dekker, 1989.

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Inc, BBC Worldwide Americas, Discovery Channel (Firm), and Films for the Humanities & Sciences (Firm), eds. Smell. Princeton, NJ: Films for the Humanites & Sciences, 2005.

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1959-, Amerongen Anton van, and Vries Hans de 1949-, eds. Smell: The secret seducer. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1997.

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H, Growdon John, Center for Brain Sciences and Metabolism Charitable Trust., and International Study Group on the Pharmacology of Memory Disorders Associated with Aging. Meeting, eds. Aging and Alzheimer's disease: Sensory systems neuronal growth, and neuronal metabolism. New York, N.Y: New York Academy of Sciences, 1991.

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Fantana, Antoniu. Odor processing in the olfactory bulb: Structure of mitral cell receptive fields. 2006.

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Olfactory Receptors: Methods and Protocols. Humana, 2018.

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Book chapters on the topic "Olfactory nerve"

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Grisold, Wolfgang, Walter Struhal, and Anna Grisold. "Cranial Nerve I: Olfactory Nerve." In The Cranial Nerves in Neurology, 61–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-43081-7_5.

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Suri, Vinit. "Olfactory Nerve: First Cranial Nerve." In Clinical Neurological Examination and Localization, 127–30. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-0579-5_14.

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Agarwal, Nivedita. "Cranial Nerve I: Olfactory." In Neuroimaging: Anatomy Meets Function, 169–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57427-1_12.

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Patten, John Philip. "Vision, the Visual Fields and the Olfactory Nerve." In Neurological Differential Diagnosis, 16–38. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58981-2_3.

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Miwa, Takaki, Tetsuji Moriizumi, Hideo Sakashita, Toshiaki Tsukatani, Yasuyuki Kimura, and Mitsuru Furukawa. "Effects of p-Chloroamphetamine on Recovery of Olfactory Function Following Olfactory Nerve Severance in Mice." In Olfaction and Taste XI, 50. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68355-1_19.

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Takai, Eiji, Kohki Nakane, and Hiroki Takada. "Nonlinear Analyses of Electrogastrogram Measurements Taken During Olfactory Stimulation Altering Autonomic Nerve Activity." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 277–87. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35681-0_18.

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Devitsina, Galina V., and Lila S. Chervova. "The Trigeminal Nerve System and its Interaction with Olfactory and Taste Systems in Fishes." In Chemical Signals in Vertebrates 6, 85–88. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9655-1_14.

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Leblanc, André. "Olfactory nerves." In Anatomy and Imaging of the Cranial Nerves, 1–16. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-97042-9_1.

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Leblanc, André. "Olfactory nerves (I)." In The Cranial Nerves, 1–16. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79404-9_1.

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Leblanc, André. "Olfactory Nerves (I)." In Encephalo-Peripheral Nervous System, 1–18. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56435-2_1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Olfactory nerve"

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Mayer, Nicolas, Thomas Hummel, Ilona Croy, Maria Geisler, Carina Heller, Annabelle Thierfelder, and Nadine Gunder. "The olfactory nerve as a channel for electrical stimulation of the salience network." In 95th Annual Meeting German Society of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery e. V., Bonn. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0044-1785103.

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Nunes, Alícia Malta Brandão. "COVID-19 and neuroinvasion: a systematic review." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.747.

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Background: Clinical practice throughout the pandemic has generated a debate about the existence of neurotropism and the neuropathogenic capacity of the new coronavirus. Medical professionals have noted that there is a wide spectrum of neurological manifestations associated with SARS-CoV-2 infections; from hyposmia to encephalopathy. The interaction of the viral protein spike (S) with the ACE2 gene present in endothelial and nerve cells and the cytokine storm triggered by COVID-19 are explanatory bases for a series of mechanisms proposed in recent literature. Objectives: To establish a direct connection, or not, between neurological manifestations and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Design and setting: Analysis of the current literature present in medical databases. Methods: To select the studies, the Medline (Pubmed), LILACS and SciELO databases were used with the keywords “neurology” and “covid” and “mechanism”. The search period for the articles covered the last 10 months (since June 2020). The selection and design criteria of the studies were descriptive, crosssectional, cohort, case report and randomized clinical study. Results: Thirty-eight articles with potential for inclusion were retrieved, but only seventeen of them declared no conflict of interest and answered the inclusion criteria and the guiding question, which consisted of assessing the association between neurological disorders and COVID-19. Conclusion: Eight studies defend the indirect invasion, due to the imaging exams presenting an olfactory bulb without any alteration. Through infection of the endothelial cells, vascular alterations and wear of the BBB by the cytokine storm. In parallel, the other nine studies advocate direct invasion, where the virus infects the olfactory bulb and reaches the rhinencephalon and midbrain through the axons, generating, for example, the lack of symptoms in the so-called happy hypoxia of the coronavirus. Neuroinvasion in COVID-19 is still unclear, but hypotheses show 2 possible pathways for the virus to access the CNS: hematogenous and retrograde neuronal pathways. To elucidate these pathogenic pathways, larger and more systematic studies will be needed.
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Lemaitre, Paola Restum Antonio, Elisa Yuki Kurosawa Ueda, Isabela Pierotti Prado, Pedro Guimarães Lameira Bittencourt Borges, Emmanuelle Batista Florentino, and Luiza Rodrigues Schwartz Tavares. "Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis due to Naegleria fowleri: Literature Review." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.165.

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Abstract:
Background: Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis is an acute purulent meningoencephalitis caused by Naegleria fowleri. The main route of transmission occurs through the inhalation of trophozoites present in the water, which cross the cribriform plate, reach the olfactory bulbs and destroy the nerve and nervous tissue. Objectives: This study aims to provide greater knowledge and updates on the topic. Design and setting: This is a literature review from the Escola de Medicina Souza Marques’s, and Universidade Federal Fluminense’s students, Brazil. Methods: The used articles were published between 2013 to 2021, from the UptoDate, Scielo, and Pubmed databases. Results: This protozoan’s distribution is worldwide. The clinical picture includes fever, headache, photophobia, emesis, convulsions, and dysfunctions of smell and taste; if untreated, it progresses rapidly to death. There is an incubation period of 2 to 7 days. Diagnosis should be considered when there is a picture of meningoencephalitis, negative results for viruses and bacteria, and there are motile trophozoites in the CSF sample. The main differential diagnosis is bacterial meningitis. Conclusion: The rarity of the disease, delay in diagnosis, and fulminant clinical course affect the evaluation of treatment models. Currently, the indicated therapy is Amphotericin B, Rifampicin, Fluconazole, Miltefosine, and Azithromycin, ranging from 9 to 30 days duration.
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