Journal articles: 'Olfactory Influences'

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Karunanayaka, Prasanna R., Jiaming Lu, Qing X. Yang, and K. Sathian. "Olfactory Costimulation Influences Intranasal Somatosensory Perception." Multisensory Research 33, no. 7 (August 18, 2020): 723–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134808-bja10008.

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Abstract Olfactory sensitivity is influenced by intranasal trigeminal sensation. For instance, sniffing is central to how humans and animals perceive odorants. Here, we investigated the influence of olfactory costimulation on the perception of intranasal somatosensory stimulation. In this study, 22 healthy human subjects, with normal olfactory function, performed a localization task for stimulation using weak air puffs, a pure odorant, phenyl ethyl alcohol (PEA; rose odor), or their combination. Visual cues were used to inform participants to briefly hold their breath while weak, poorly localizable, air puffs and/or PEA were delivered to either nostril. Although PEA alone could not be localized to the correct nostril, when it accompanied a weak air puff in the ipsilateral nostril, localization accuracy significantly improved, relative to presentation of the air puff without the odorant. The enhancement of localization was absent when the air puff and PEA were presented to opposite nostrils. Since ipsilateral but not contralateral costimulation with PEA increased the accuracy of weak air puff localization, the results argue against a non-specific alerting effect of PEA. These findings suggest an interaction between olfactory and intranasal somatosensory stimuli leading to their integration.

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Mizuno, Katsumi, and Aki Ueda. "Antenatal olfactory learning influences infant feeding." Early Human Development 76, no. 2 (February 2004): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2003.10.003.

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Doty, Richard L. "Reproductive endocrine influences upon olfactory perception." Journal of Chemical Ecology 12, no. 2 (February 1986): 497–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01020569.

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Chen, Ben, Anabel Stein, Falk-Tony Olesch, and Thomas Hummel. "Odor deprivation influences human olfactory function." Physiology & Behavior 262 (April 2023): 114090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114090.

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Klyuchnikova, M. A., and V. V. Voznessenskaya. "Specific anosmia in humans and animals: Environmental and genetic influences." Ukrainian Journal of Ecology 9, no. 3 (July 16, 2019): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2019_708.

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Olfaction plays a very important role across the lifespan of most mammalian species, including humans. Being the oldest, chemical communication is one of the least understood forms of communication due in part to the difficulty of detecting and measuring the chemicals in a sample. The ability to detect chemicals in the environment serves many functions. Individuals with specific anosmia, or “odor blindness”, have significantly increased olfactory thresholds to particular odorants though they show normal general olfactory acuity. Hereby we review research on specific anosmia in humans, factors that may affect individual variation in olfaction as well as animal models of specific anosmia. Variability in sensitivity to odorants is influenced by genotype, age, gender, individual olfactory experience and environmental cues. Large data pile from human and animal studies suggests that not all factors are determined yet. The possibility of induction of olfactory sensitivity to biologically relevant chemical cues is discussed. Olfactory plasticity determines the adaptability of the species to the environment. Mechanisms that underlie the induction of sensitivity to the odorants still to be elucidated.

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Hörberg, Thomas, Maria Larsson, Ingrid Ekström, Camilla Sandöy, Peter Lundén, and Jonas K. Olofsson. "Olfactory Influences on Visual Categorization: Behavioral and ERP Evidence." Cerebral Cortex 30, no. 7 (March 30, 2020): 4220–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhaa050.

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Abstract Visual stimuli often dominate nonvisual stimuli during multisensory perception. Evidence suggests higher cognitive processes prioritize visual over nonvisual stimuli during divided attention. Visual stimuli should thus be disproportionally distracting when processing incongruent cross-sensory stimulus pairs. We tested this assumption by comparing visual processing with olfaction, a “primitive” sensory channel that detects potentially hazardous chemicals by alerting attention. Behavioral and event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were assessed in a bimodal object categorization task with congruent or incongruent odor–picture pairings and a delayed auditory target that indicated whether olfactory or visual cues should be categorized. For congruent pairings, accuracy was higher for visual compared to olfactory decisions. However, for incongruent pairings, reaction times (RTs) were faster for olfactory decisions. Behavioral results suggested that incongruent odors interfered more with visual decisions, thereby providing evidence for an “olfactory dominance” effect. Categorization of incongruent pairings engendered a late “slow wave” ERP effect. Importantly, this effect had a later amplitude peak and longer latency during visual decisions, likely reflecting additional categorization effort for visual stimuli in the presence of incongruent odors. In sum, contrary to what might be inferred from theories of “visual dominance,” incongruent odors may in fact uniquely attract mental processing resources during perceptual incongruence.

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Heuschele, Jan, and Ulrika Candolin. "An increase in pH boosts olfactory communication in sticklebacks." Biology Letters 3, no. 4 (April 24, 2007): 411–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2007.0141.

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Human-induced eutrophication is a serious environmental problem that constrains visual communication and influences the mate choice process in fishes. Eutrophication also changes the chemical environment and the pH of the water, which could influence the use of olfactory cues in mate choice. Here, we show that an increase in pH enhances the use of male olfactory cues in mate choice in three-spined sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus . In a laboratory choice experiment, gravid females were more attracted to male olfactory cues when pH was raised. This could compensate for impaired visual communication in eutrophied waters and facilitate adaptive mate choice.

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Muluk, Nuray Bayar. "Olfactory functions in Behçet’s disease: A review." Romanian Journal of Rhinology 8, no. 32 (October 1, 2018): 213–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rjr-2018-0023.

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Abstract OBJECTIVES. We reviewed the relationship between olfactory functions and Behçet’s disease (BD). MATERIAL AND METHODS. We searched Pubmed, Google, Google Scholar and Proquest Cebtral Database with the key words of “olfactory”, “functions”, “smell”, “nasal” and “Behçet’s disease”. RESULTS. Behçet’s disease influences the nasal mucosa. Nasal mucosal inclusion causes mucosal ulcers, pain, burning, nasal obstruction, epistaxis, nasal itching and dysosmia. Nasal cartilage deformity is also reported. The higher rate of comorbid chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) in BD patients may likewise be because of the complex mechanism of the disease inclining the host tissues to bacterial infections. Olfactory functions may decrease in BD. Odor identification may be lower in patients BD. CONCLUSION. An olfactory dysfunction may be seen in patients with BD. BD patients should be evaluated for the involvement of the olfactory function and may require treatment because of a malfunction of the olfactory system that influences the quality of life. Neurological involvement associated with BD might play a more important role in causing olfactory dysfunction than mucosal involvement.

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Mandairon, Nathalie, Casara Jean Ferretti, Conor M. Stack, Daniel B. Rubin, Thomas A. Cleland, and Christiane Linster. "Cholinergic modulation in the olfactory bulb influences spontaneous olfactory discrimination in adult rats." European Journal of Neuroscience 24, no. 11 (December 2006): 3234–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.05212.x.

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Thiebaud, Nicolas, Stéphanie Veloso Da Silva, Ingrid Jakob, Gilles Sicard, Joëlle Chevalier, Franck Ménétrier, Olivier Berdeaux, Yves Artur, Jean-Marie Heydel, and Anne-Marie Le Bon. "Odorant Metabolism Catalyzed by Olfactory Mucosal Enzymes Influences Peripheral Olfactory Responses in Rats." PLoS ONE 8, no. 3 (March 26, 2013): e59547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0059547.

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Price, Catherine J., and Peter B. Banks. "Food quality and conspicuousness shape improvements in olfactory discrimination by mice." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1847 (January 25, 2017): 20162629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.2629.

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How animals locate nutritious but camouflaged prey items with increasing accuracy is not well understood. Olfactory foraging is common in vertebrates and the nutritional desirability of food should influence the salience of odour cues. We used signal detection analysis to test the effect of nutritional value relative to the conspicuousness of food patches on rates of foraging improvement of wild house mice Mus musculus searching for buried food (preferred peanuts or non-preferred barley). Olfactory cues were arranged to make food patches conspicuous or difficult to distinguish using a novel form of olfactory camouflage. Regardless of food type or abundance, mice searching for conspicuous food patches performed significantly better than mice searching for camouflaged patches. However, food type influenced how mice responded to different levels of conspicuousness. Mice searching for peanuts improved by similar rates regardless of whether food was easy or hard to find, but mice searching for barley showed significant differences, improving rapidly when food was conspicuous but declining in accuracy when food was camouflaged. Our results demonstrate a fundamental tenet of olfactory foraging that nutritional desirability influences rates of improvement in odour discrimination, enabling nutritious but camouflaged prey to be located with increasing efficiency.

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Kuruppath, Praveen, and Leonardo Belluscio. "The influence of stimulus duration on olfactory perception." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 10, 2021): e0252931. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252931.

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The duration of a stimulus plays an important role in the coding of sensory information. The role of stimulus duration is extensively studied in the tactile, visual, and auditory system. In the olfactory system, temporal properties of the stimulus are key for obtaining information when an odor is released in the environment. However, how the stimulus duration influences the odor perception is not well understood. To test this, we activated the olfactory bulbs with blue light in mice expressing channelrhodopsin in the olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) and assessed the relevance of stimulus duration on olfactory perception using foot shock associated active avoidance behavioral task on a “two-arms maze”. Our behavior data demonstrate that the stimulus duration plays an important role in olfactory perception and the associated behavioral responses.

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Schopf, V., K. Kollndorfer, M. Pollak, C. A. Mueller, and J. Freiherr. "Intranasal insulin influences the olfactory performance of patients with smell loss, dependent on the body mass index: A pilot study." Rhinology journal 53, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 371–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4193/rhino15.065.

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Background: The application of intranasal insulin in healthy humans has been linked to improved memory function, reduced food intake, and increased olfactory thresholds. There has also been some correlation between the morbidities associated with central nervous system (CNS) insulin resistance, such as type II diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer's disease, obesity, and impaired odour recognition. Given that impaired odour recognition is an important component of olfactory performance, mechanisms that govern these effects may account for impaired olfactory functions in anosmic patients. Methodology: Ten patients with post-infectious olfactory loss received intranasal administration of 40 IU insulin or a placebo solution, as well as olfactory performance tests before and after administration. Results: When administered insulin, patients exhibited an immediate performance improvement with regard to olfactory sensitivity and olfactory intensity ratings. In addition, more odours were correctly identified. Furthermore, an improvement in the odour identification task was detected in patients with higher body mass index. Conclusion: Results of this pilot study shed light on the link between cerebral insulin level and an impaired sense of smell. This research line might provide a better understanding of olfactory loss in relation to eating and dietary behavior, and could offer opportunities to develop faster therapeutic intervention for patients with olfactory dysfunction.

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Zhu, Ping, Yulan Tian, Yating Chen, Wei Chen, Ping Wang, Liping Du, and Chunsheng Wu. "Olfactory Optogenetics: Light Illuminates the Chemical Sensing Mechanisms of Biological Olfactory Systems." Biosensors 11, no. 9 (August 31, 2021): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios11090309.

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The mammalian olfactory system has an amazing ability to distinguish thousands of odorant molecules at the trace level. Scientists have made great achievements on revealing the olfactory sensing mechanisms in decades; even though many issues need addressing. Optogenetics provides a novel technical approach to solve this dilemma by utilizing light to illuminate specific part of the olfactory system; which can be used in all corners of the olfactory system for revealing the olfactory mechanism. This article reviews the most recent advances in olfactory optogenetics devoted to elucidate the mechanisms of chemical sensing. It thus attempts to introduce olfactory optogenetics according to the structure of the olfactory system. It mainly includes the following aspects: the sensory input from the olfactory epithelium to the olfactory bulb; the influences of the olfactory bulb (OB) neuron activity patterns on olfactory perception; the regulation between the olfactory cortex and the olfactory bulb; and the neuromodulation participating in odor coding by dominating the olfactory bulb. Finally; current challenges and future development trends of olfactory optogenetics are proposed and discussed.

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Ferreira, Matheus Henrique, Patricia Renovato Tobo, Carla Regina Barrichello, and Mirella Gualtieri. "Olfactory interference on the emotional processing speed of visual stimuli: The influence of facial expressions intensities." PLOS ONE 17, no. 5 (May 17, 2022): e0264261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264261.

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Research on olfactory stimulation indicates that it can influence human cognition and behavior, as in the perception of facial expressions. Odors can facilitate or impair the identification of facial expressions, and apparently its hedonic valence plays an important role. However, it was also demonstrated that the presentation of happiness and disgust faces can influence the emotional appraisal of odorants, indicating a bilateral influence in this phenomenon. Hence, it’s possible that odor influences on emotional categorization vary depending on the intensity of expressions. To investigate this hypothesis, we performed an emotion recognition task using facial expressions of five emotional categories (happiness, fear, disgust, anger and sadness) with ten different intensities. Thirty-five participants completed four blocks of the task, each with a different olfactory condition, and we found that odorants’ effects varied according to the facial expressions intensity. Odorants enhanced the Reaction Time (RT) differences between threshold and high-intensity expressions for disgust and fear faces. Also, analysis of the RT means for high-intensity facial expressions revealed that the well-known advantage in recognition of happiness facial expressions, compared to other emotions, was enhanced in the positive olfactory stimulation and decreased in the negative condition. We conclude that olfactory influences on emotional processing of facial expressions vary along intensities of the latter, and the discrepancies of past research in this field may be a result of a bilateral effect in which the odorants influence the identification of emotional faces just as the facial expressions influence the emotional reaction to the odor.

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Diamond, J. "Gender-specific Olfactory Sensitization: Hormonal and Cognitive Influences." Chemical Senses 30, Supplement 1 (January 1, 2005): i224—i225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjh195.

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Yeomans, Martin R. "Olfactory influences on appetite and satiety in humans." Physiology & Behavior 87, no. 4 (April 2006): 800–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.01.029.

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Yeomans, Martin R. "Olfactory influences on appetite and satiety in humans." Physiology & Behavior 89, no. 1 (August 2006): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.04.010.

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Kramer, P. R., and Susan Wray. "Novel gene expressed in nasal region influences outgrowth of olfactory axons and migration of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) neurons." Genes & Development 14, no. 14 (July 15, 2000): 1824–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gad.14.14.1824.

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Although a variety of cues have been implicated in axonal targeting during embryogenesis and regeneration, the precise mechanisms guiding olfactory axons remain unclear. Appropriate olfactory axon pathfinding is essential for functional chemoreceptive and pheromone receptive systems. Olfactory axon pathfinding is also necessary for establishment of the neuroendocrine LHRH system, cells critical for reproductive function. LHRH cells exhibit neurophilic migration moving from the nasal region along olfactory axons into the brain. Factors involved in the migration of these neuroendocrine cells are as yet unresolved. We report identification of a novel factor termed nasal embryonic LHRH factor (NELF) that was discovered in a differential screen of migrating versus nonmigrating primary LHRH neurons. NELF is expressed in PNS and CNS tissues during embryonic development, including olfactory sensory cells and LHRH cells. NELF antisense experiments indicate that a reduction in NELF expression decreases olfactory axon outgrowth and the number of LHRH neurons that migrate out of the nasal tissue. These results demonstrate that NELF plays a role as a common guidance molecule for olfactory axon projections and subsequently, either directly or indirectly, in the neurophilic migration of LHRH cells.

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Majid, Asifa, Laura Speed, Ilja Croijmans, and Artin Arshamian. "What Makes a Better Smeller?" Perception 46, no. 3-4 (January 19, 2017): 406–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0301006616688224.

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Olfaction is often viewed as difficult, yet the empirical evidence suggests a different picture. A closer look shows people around the world differ in their ability to detect, discriminate, and name odors. This gives rise to the question of what influences our ability to smell. Instead of focusing on olfactory deficiencies, this review presents a positive perspective by focusing on factors that make someone a better smeller. We consider three driving forces in improving olfactory ability: one’s biological makeup, one’s experience, and the environment. For each factor, we consider aspects proposed to improve odor perception and critically examine the evidence; as well as introducing lesser discussed areas. In terms of biology, there are cases of neurodiversity, such as olfactory synesthesia, that serve to enhance olfactory ability. Our lifetime experience, be it typical development or unique training experience, can also modify the trajectory of olfaction. Finally, our odor environment, in terms of ambient odor or culinary traditions, can influence odor perception too. Rather than highlighting the weaknesses of olfaction, we emphasize routes to harnessing our olfactory potential.

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Luquet, Martin, Olympe Tritto, Anne-Marie Cortesero, Bruno Jaloux, and Sylvia Anton. "Early Olfactory Environment Influences Antennal Sensitivity and Choice of the Host-Plant Complex in a Parasitoid Wasp." Insects 10, no. 5 (May 3, 2019): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10050127.

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Early experience of olfactory stimuli associated with their host–plant complex (HPC) is an important driver of parasitoid foraging choices, notably leading to host fidelity. Mechanisms involved, such as peripheral or central modulation, and the impact of a complex olfactory environment are unknown. Using olfactometer assays, we compared HPC preference of Aphidius ervi Haliday (Hymenoptera:Braconidae) females originating from two different HPCs, either with the other HPC in close vicinity (complex environment) or without (simple environment). We also investigated antennal responses to volatiles differentially emitted by the two respective HPCs. In a simple environment, HPC of origin had an influence on olfactory choice, but the preferences observed were asymmetric according to parasitoid origin. Electroantennographic recordings revealed significant sensitivity differences for some of the tested individual volatiles, which are emitted differentially by the two HPCs. Besides, presence of an alternative HPC during early stages modified subsequent parasitoid preferences. We discuss how increased olfactory complexity could influence parasitoid host foraging and biological control in diversified cropping systems.

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Bhatia-Dey, Naina, and Thomas Heinbockel. "The Olfactory System as Marker of Neurodegeneration in Aging, Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Disorders." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13 (June 29, 2021): 6976. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136976.

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Research studies that focus on understanding the onset of neurodegenerative pathology and therapeutic interventions to inhibit its causative factors, have shown a crucial role of olfactory bulb neurons as they transmit and propagate nerve impulses to higher cortical and limbic structures. In rodent models, removal of the olfactory bulb results in pathology of the frontal cortex that shows striking similarity with frontal cortex features of patients diagnosed with neurodegenerative disorders. Widely different approaches involving behavioral symptom analysis, histopathological and molecular alterations, genetic and environmental influences, along with age-related alterations in cellular pathways, indicate a strong correlation of olfactory dysfunction and neurodegeneration. Indeed, declining olfactory acuity and olfactory deficits emerge either as the very first symptoms or as prodromal symptoms of progressing neurodegeneration of classical conditions. Olfactory dysfunction has been associated with most neurodegenerative, neuropsychiatric, and communication disorders. Evidence revealing the dual molecular function of the olfactory receptor neurons at dendritic and axonal ends indicates the significance of olfactory processing pathways that come under environmental pressure right from the onset. Here, we review findings that olfactory bulb neuronal processing serves as a marker of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders.

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Kikuchi, Fumitoshi, Yoshika Akita, and Tsuneyuki Abe. "Olfactory influences on the perceived effects of lip balm." Japanese journal of psychology 84, no. 5 (2013): 515–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/jjpsy.84.515.

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Van Vugt, Dean. "Influences of the Visual and Olfactory Systems on Reproduction." Seminars in Reproductive Medicine 8, no. 01 (February 1990): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1021418.

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Pérez-Bouza, Alberto, Caroline B. Wigley, Wilhelm Nacimiento, Johannes Noth, and Gary A. Brook. "Spontaneous orientation of transplanted olfactory glia influences axonal regeneration." NeuroReport 9, no. 13 (September 1998): 2971–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001756-199809140-00010.

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Chehrehasa, Fatemeh, Brian Key, and James A. St John. "The shape of the olfactory bulb influences axon targeting." Brain Research 1169 (September 2007): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2007.06.073.

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Terry, Leslie M., and Ingrid B. Johanson. "Olfactory influences on the ingestive behavior of infant rats." Developmental Psychobiology 20, no. 3 (May 1987): 313–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dev.420200309.

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Li, C. S., H. Kaba, H. Saito, and K. Seto. "Cholecystokinin: Critical role in mediating olfactory influences on reproduction." Neuroscience 48, no. 3 (June 1992): 707–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(92)90413-v.

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Cornwell, Catherine A., Julia W. Chang, Barry Cole, Yuichi Fukada, Thomas Gianulli, Elizabeth A. Rathbone, Hewlet McFarlane, and James L. McGaugh. "DSP-4 treatment influences olfactory preferences of developing rats." Brain Research 711, no. 1-2 (March 1996): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(95)01327-x.

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Patel, Suketu J., Andrew D. Bollhoefer, and Richard L. Doty. "Influences of ethanol ingestion on olfactory function in humans." Psychopharmacology 171, no. 4 (February 1, 2004): 429–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-003-1612-x.

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Melroy-Greif, Whitney E., Kirk C. Wilhelmsen, Rachel Yehuda, and Cindy L. Ehlers. "Genome-Wide Association Study of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Two High-Risk Populations." Twin Research and Human Genetics 20, no. 3 (March 6, 2017): 197–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/thg.2017.12.

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Mexican Americans (MAs) and American Indians (AIs) constitute conspicuously understudied groups with respect to risk for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), especially in light of findings showing racial/ethnic differences in trauma exposure and risk for PTSD. The purpose of this study was to examine genetic influences on PTSD in two minority cohorts. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) with sum PTSD symptoms for trauma-exposed subjects was run in each cohort. Six highly correlated variants in olfactory receptor family 11 subfamily L member 1 (OR11L1) were suggestively associated with PTSD in the MA cohort. These associations remained suggestively significant after permutation testing. A signal in a nearby olfactory receptor on chromosome 1, olfactory receptor family 2 subfamily L member 13 (OR2L13), tagged by rs151319968, was nominally associated with PTSD in the AI sample. Although no variants were significantly associated after correction for multiple testing in a meta-analysis of the two cohorts, pathway analysis of the top hits showed an enrichment cluster of terms related to sensory transduction, olfactory receptor activity, G-protein coupled receptors, and membrane. As previous studies have proposed a role for olfaction in PTSD, our results indicate this influence may be partially driven by genetic variation in the olfactory system.

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Li, Sheng-Tien, Tai-Horng Young, Chih-Feng Lin, and Tsung-Wei Huang. "Promotion of Olfactory Receptor Neuron Differentiation of Olfactory Neuroepithelial Cells by Using Chitosan Solution." American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy 31, no. 5 (September 2017): 289–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/ajra.2017.31.4456.

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Background Olfactory dysfunction significantly influences patients’ quality of life. Chitosan has been reported to support neuron and Schwann cell growth and even leads to orient axonal growth. However, researchers have yet to explore whether chitosan solution can promote differentiation of olfactory receptor neurons of the olfactory neuroepithelium and be used for treating olfactory dysfunction. Objective To evaluate the effect of chitosan solution on the differentiation of olfactory neuroepithelial cells. Method Olfactory neuroepithelial cells were isolated from embryonic day 17 of Wistar rats and then cultured with and without soluble chitosan for 9 days. The concentration of chitosan solution was set at 0.1 mg/mL. The effects of treatment were assessed by immunocytochemistry and Western blot after culturing. Results The morphologic analysis indicated that olfactory neuroepithelial cells treated with chitosan exhibited bipolar shape with asymmetric processes. In addition, from days 3 to 9, the expression level of βIII tubulin gradually reduced, but the expression level of olfactory marker protein significantly rose at day 9 in the chitosan groups (p < 0.05). Importantly, chitosan-treated olfactory neuroepithelial cells expressed more signal transduction apparatuses, olfactory neuron specific-G protein and adenylate cyclase 3, than those without chitosan treatment at day 9. Western blot analysis also further confirmed the results(p < 0.05). Conclusion Experimental results revealed that soluble chitosan promoted differentiation of olfactory neuroepithelial cells based on its role in olfactory receptor neuron differentiation, neurite outgrowth, and signal transduction apparatus expressions.

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Narikiyo, Kimiya, Hiroyuki Manabe, and Kensaku Mori. "Sharp wave-associated synchronized inputs from the piriform cortex activate olfactory tubercle neurons during slow-wave sleep." Journal of Neurophysiology 111, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 72–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00535.2013.

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During slow-wave sleep, anterior piriform cortex neurons show highly synchronized discharges that accompany olfactory cortex sharp waves (OC-SPWs). The OC-SPW-related synchronized activity of anterior piriform cortex neurons travel down to the olfactory bulb and is thought to be involved in the reorganization of bulbar neuronal circuitry. However, influences of the OC-SPW-related activity on other regions of the central olfactory system are still unknown. Olfactory tubercle is an area of OC and part of ventral striatum that plays a key role in reward-directed motivational behaviors. In this study, we show that in freely behaving rats, olfactory tubercle receives OC-SPW-associated synchronized inputs during slow-wave sleep. Local field potentials in the olfactory tubercle showed SPW-like activities that were in synchrony with OC-SPWs. Single-unit recordings showed that a subpopulation of olfactory tubercle neurons discharged in synchrony with OC-SPWs. Furthermore, correlation analysis of spike activity of anterior piriform cortex and olfactory tubercle neurons revealed that the discharges of anterior piriform cortex neurons tended to precede those of olfactory tubercle neurons. Current source density analysis in urethane-anesthetized rats indicated that the current sink of the OC-SPW-associated input was located in layer III of the olfactory tubercle. These results indicate that OC-SPW-associated synchronized discharges of piriform cortex neurons travel to the deep layer of the olfactory tubercle and drive discharges of olfactory tubercle neurons. The entrainment of olfactory tubercle neurons in the OC-SPWs suggests that OC-SPWs coordinate reorganization of neuronal circuitry across wide areas of the central olfactory system including olfactory tubercle during slow-wave sleep.

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Jinn, Judy, Erin G. Connor, and Lucia F. Jacobs. "How Ambient Environment Influences Olfactory Orientation in Search and Rescue Dogs." Chemical Senses 45, no. 8 (September 17, 2020): 625–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjaa060.

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Abstract Under natural conditions, an animal orienting to an air-borne odor plume must contend with the shifting influence of meteorological variables, such as air temperature, humidity, and wind speed, on the location and the detectability of the plume. Despite their importance, the natural statistics of such variables are difficult to reproduce in the laboratory and hence few studies have investigated strategies of olfactory orientation by mobile animals under different meteorological conditions. Using trained search and rescue dogs, we quantified the olfactory orientation behaviors of dogs searching for a trail (aged 1–3 h) of a hidden human subject in a natural landscape, under a range of meteorological conditions. Dogs were highly successful in locating the human target hidden 800 m from the start location (93% success). Humidity and air temperature had a significant effect on search strategy: as air conditions became cooler and more humid, dogs searched significantly closer to the experimental trail. Dogs also modified their speed and head position according to their search location distance from the experimental trail. When close to the trail, dogs searched with their head up and ran quickly but when their search took them farther from the trail, they were more likely to search with their nose to the ground, moving more slowly. This study of a mammalian species responding to localized shifts in ambient conditions lays the foundation for future studies of olfactory orientation, and the development of a highly tractable mammalian species for such research.

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Morin, P. P., T. J. Hara, and J. G. Eales. "T4 depresses olfactory responses to L-alanine and plasma T3 and T3 production in smoltifying Atlantic salmon." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 269, no. 6 (December 1, 1995): R1434—R1440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1995.269.6.r1434.

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During natural or induced smoltification, Atlantic salmon exhibit spring elevations in olfactory activity and plasma L-thyroxine (T4). To determine whether T4 influences olfactory activity, we administered T4 to late parr in early April and measured olfactory bulb electroencephalogram and olfactory epithelium electroolfactorogram responses to L-alanine nasal stimulation, plasma T4 and 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) levels, and hepatic and brain monodeiodination. T4 treatment raised plasma T4 to 15 ng/ml, simulating the smolt T4 surge, and depressed plasma T3 and electroencephalogram responses, without modifying electroolfactorogram responses. Decreased plasma T3 may be explained by inhibition of hepatic T4 outer-ring deiodination, generating T3, and stimulation of inner-ring deiodination, degrading T4 and T3. Brain T4 outer-ring deiodination was also strongly inhibited. In conclusion, creation of a high plasma T4 concentration simulating the natural smolt peak depressed olfactory bulb responses to L-alanine due to the high T4 concentration or the depressed T3 availability in brain induced by T4. T4 may terminate the period of heightened olfactory responsiveness during smoltification.

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Gervais, Rémi, André Holley, and Barry Keverne. "The importance of central noradrenergic influences on the olfactory bulb in the processing of learned olfactory cues." Chemical Senses 13, no. 1 (1988): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/13.1.3.

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Márquez, Natalia, Jaime Martínez-Harms, Rodrigo A. Vásquez, and Jorge Mpodozis. "Early Olfactory Environment Influences Social Behaviour in Adult Octodon degus." PLOS ONE 10, no. 2 (February 11, 2015): e0118018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118018.

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Kiecolt-Glaser, Janice K., Jennifer E. Graham, William B. Malarkey, Kyle Porter, Stanley Lemeshow, and Ronald Glaser. "Olfactory influences on mood and autonomic, endocrine, and immune function." Psychoneuroendocrinology 33, no. 3 (April 2008): 328–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.11.015.

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Hedayat, Kamyar M., and Michael Tsifansky. "Olfactory influences on mood and autonomic, endocrine, and immune function." Psychoneuroendocrinology 33, no. 9 (October 2008): 1302–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.06.011.

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Doucette, R. "Glial influences on axonal growth in the primary olfactory system." Glia 3, no. 6 (1990): 433–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/glia.440030602.

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Harvey, John, and Thomas Heinbockel. "Neuromodulation of Synaptic Transmission in the Main Olfactory Bulb." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 10 (October 8, 2018): 2194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102194.

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A major step in our understanding of brain function is to determine how neural circuits are altered in their function by signaling molecules or neuromodulators. Neuromodulation is the neurochemical process that modifies the computations performed by a neuron or network based on changing the functional needs or behavioral state of the subject. These modulations have the effect of altering the responsivity to synaptic inputs. Early sensory processing areas, such as the main olfactory bulb, provide an accessible window for investigating how neuromodulation regulates the functional states of neural networks and influences how we process sensory information. Olfaction is an attractive model system in this regard because of its relative simplicity and because it links primary olfactory sensory neurons to higher olfactory and associational networks. Likewise, centrifugal fibers from higher order brain centers target neurons in the main olfactory bulb to regulate synaptic processing. The neuromodulatory systems that provide regulatory inputs and play important roles in olfactory sensory processing and behaviors include the endocannabinoid system, the dopaminergic system, the cholinergic system, the noradrenergic system and the serotonergic system. Here, we present a brief survey of neuromodulation of olfactory signals in the main olfactory bulb with an emphasis on the endocannabinoid system.

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Poletti, Sophia C., Elisabeth Michel, and Thomas Hummel. "Olfactory Training Using Heavy and Light Weight Molecule Odors." Perception 46, no. 3-4 (October 5, 2016): 343–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0301006616672881.

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Background Repeated short-term exposure to odors is known to improve olfaction in patients with acquired olfactory dysfunction. The aim was to find out whether differences in molecular weight of odors used for olfactory training influences olfaction. We hypothesized a greater improvement following training with light weight molecule (LWM) odors. Methods A prospective study was performed in patients with posttraumatic (PTOL) and postviral olfactory loss (PVOL). Olfactory training was performed over a period of 5 months. One group ( n = 48) used four odors containing heavy weight molecules (HWM; >150 g/mol) and another ( n = 48) containing LWM (<150 g/mol). Olfaction was tested before and after the training using the Sniffin’ Sticks test. Results Olfactory training was associated with olfactory improvement, with the improvement in PVOL patients being three times greater than that seen in the PTOL group. Compared with LWM training, HWM training was associated with a significantly greater improvement in Phenyl Ethyl Alcohol (PEA) threshold scores in PVOL patients; however, no such improvement could be shown for other subtests or in PTOL patients. Conclusion Overall, training was associated with olfactory improvement. With the exception of threshold scores in PVOL, there were no significant differences between LWM and HWM groups.

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Bulsing, Patricia J., Monique A. M. Smeets, Christian Gemeinhardt, Martin Laverman, Benno Schuster, Marcel A. Van den Hout, and Thomas Hummel. "Irritancy Expectancy Alters Odor Perception: Evidence From Olfactory Event-Related Potential Research." Journal of Neurophysiology 104, no. 5 (November 2010): 2749–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00754.2009.

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The aim of the present research was to investigate the influences of cognition on temporal processing of olfactory information in a health-relevant context. We investigated whether expecting an odor to cause adverse health effects alters perception of that odor. An irritation-free odor (Study 1: H2S; Study 2: phenyl ethyl alcohol [PEA]) was presented after which participants expected to experience either adverse sensory irritation (caused by intranasal CO2 presentation) in one condition or no adverse effects in another condition, depending on a previously presented visual cue. Olfactory event-related potentials (OERPs) were measured to assess effects of expectations on the temporal course of olfactory processing. When participants expected irritancy after perceiving the odor of H2S, N1 and P3 peak amplitude and N1 latency were increased and shortened, respectively, suggesting more intense and faster processing of the odor as well as effects on salience and anticipation of sensory irritation. When the odor was PEA, only the N1 amplitude was increased. These results, obtained with OERP, provide converging evidence for comparable conclusions regarding the influence of cognition on odor perception reached with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Furthermore, the results suggest that a priori hedonic valence of an odor affects how susceptible the olfactory percept is to modulation via expectations.

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Doty, Richard L. "Office Procedures for Quantitative Assessment of Olfactory Function." American Journal of Rhinology 21, no. 4 (July 2007): 460–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/ajr.2007.21.3043.

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Background Despite the importance of the sense of smell for establishing the flavor of foods and beverages, as well as protecting against environmental dangers, this primary sensory system is commonly ignored by the rhinologist. Methods In this article basic issues related to practical measurement of olfactory function in the clinic are described and examples of the application of the two most common paradigms for such measurement—odor identification and detection–are presented. A listing is made of the 27 olfactory tests currently used clinically, along with their strengths and weaknesses. A brief review of common nasosinus-related disorders for which quantitative olfactory testing has been performed is provided. Results Although many psychophysical tests are available for quantifying olfactory loss, it is apparent that a number are limited in terms of practicality, sensitivity, and reliability. In general, sensitivity and reliability are positively correlated with test length. Given the strengths of the more reliable forced-choice pyschophysical tests and the limitations of electrophysiological tests, the common distinction between “subjective” and “objective” tests is misleading and should not be used. Complete recovery of olfactory function, as measured quantitatively, rarely follows surgical or medical interventions in patients with rhinosinusitis. Conclusion Given the availability of practical clinical olfactory tests, the modern rhinologist can easily quantify cranial nerve (CN) I function. The application of such tests has led to a new understanding of the effects of nasal disease on olfactory function. Except in cases of total or near-total nasal obstruction, olfactory and airway patency measures usually are unrelated, in accord with the concept that rhinosinusitis primarily influences olfactory function by apoptotic pathological changes within the olfactory neuroepithelium.

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Mandairon, N., J. Sacquet, F. Jourdan, and A. Didier. "Long-term fate and distribution of newborn cells in the adult mouse olfactory bulb: Influences of olfactory deprivation." Neuroscience 141, no. 1 (2006): 443–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.03.066.

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Welge-Lussen, Antje, Andrea Hilgenfeld, Thomas Meusel, and Thomas Hummel. "Long-term follow-up of posttraumatic olfactory disorders." Rhinology journal 50, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4193/rhino11.141.

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Objective: This study aims to determine the long-term recovery rate of posttraumatic olfactory disorders and to evaluate whether a lateralized disorder influences recovery. Method: Olfactory function of 67 patients with posttraumatic olfactory disorders were examined twice using the `Sniffin` Sticks` test battery. Olfactory function was classified based on composite TDI (Threshold, Discrimination and Identification) score. Subjective impairment was rated by visual analogue scale ranging from 0 to 10. Results: First and second examinations were conducted an average of 16.7 months and 74 months after trauma, respectively. From first to second examination, mean TDI score of the better nostril increased significantly, the number of patients with anosmia of the better nostril decreased, and number of hyposmic and normosmic patients increased. Subjective impairment decreased. Neither age, sex, nor side differences between nostrils affected improvement. Conclusion: After the follow-up period, in 27% of the patients the TDI score improved ≥ 6 points score and subjective impairment decreased. A follow-up period of more than 2 years is recommended.

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Lönnstedt, Oona M., Mark I. McCormick, Mark G. Meekan, Maud C. O. Ferrari, and Douglas P. Chivers. "Learn and live: predator experience and feeding history determines prey behaviour and survival." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1736 (January 11, 2012): 2091–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.2516.

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Determining how prey learn the identity of predators and match their vigilance with current levels of threat is central to understanding the dynamics of predator–prey systems and the determinants of fitness. Our study explores how feeding history influences the relative importance of olfactory and visual sensory modes of learning, and how the experience gained through these sensory modes influences behaviour and survival in the field for a juvenile coral reef damselfish. We collected young fish immediately prior to their settlement to benthic habitats. In the laboratory, these predator-naïve fish were exposed to a high- or low-food ration and then conditioned to recognize the olfactory cues (odours) and/or visual cues from two common benthic predators. Fish were then allowed to settle on reefs in the field, and their behaviour and survival over 70 h were recorded. Feeding history strongly influenced their willingness to take risks in the natural environment. Conditioning in the laboratory with visual, olfactory or both cues from predators led fish in the field to display risk-averse behaviour compared with fish conditioned with sea water alone. Well-fed fish that were conditioned with visual, chemical or a combination of predator cues survived eight times better over the first 48 h on reefs than those with no experience of benthic predator cues. This experiment highlights the importance of a flexible and rapid mechanism of learning the identity of predators for survival of young fish during the critical life-history transition between pelagic and benthic habitats.

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Österbauer, Robert A., Paul M. Matthews, Mark Jenkinson, Christian F. Beckmann, Peter C. Hansen, and Gemma A. Calvert. "Color of Scents: Chromatic Stimuli Modulate Odor Responses in the Human Brain." Journal of Neurophysiology 93, no. 6 (June 2005): 3434–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00555.2004.

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Color has a profound effect on the perception of odors. For example, strawberry-flavored drinks smell more pleasant when colored red than green and descriptions of the “nose” of a wine are dramatically influenced by its color. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we demonstrate a neurophysiological correlate of these cross-modal visual influences on olfactory perception. Subjects were scanned while exposed either to odors or colors in isolation or to color-odor combinations that were rated on the basis of how well they were perceived to match. Activity in caudal regions of the orbitofrontal cortex and in the insular cortex increased progressively with the perceived congruency of the odor-color pairs. These findings demonstrate the neuronal correlates of olfactory response modulation by color cues in brain areas previously identified as encoding the hedonic value of smells.

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Seo, Jin-Seok, Sun-Woo Yoon, Seung-Hyeon Hwang, Sung-Min Nam, Sang-Soep Nahm, Jei-Hyun Jeong, Jiho Lee, Ha-Na Youn, Jun-Beom Kim, and Woosuk Kim. "The Microvillar and Solitary Chemosensory Cells as the Novel Targets of Infection of SARS-CoV-2 in Syrian Golden Hamsters." Viruses 13, no. 8 (August 20, 2021): 1653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13081653.

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Patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019, suffer from respiratory and non-respiratory symptoms. Among these symptoms, the loss of smell has attracted considerable attention. The objectives of this study were to determine which cells are infected, what happens in the olfactory system after viral infection, and how these pathologic changes contribute to olfactory loss. For this purpose, Syrian golden hamsters were used. First, we verified the olfactory structures in the nasal cavity of Syrian golden hamsters, namely the main olfactory epithelium, the vomeronasal organ, and their cellular components. Second, we found angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 expression, a receptor protein of SARS-CoV-2, in both structures and infections of supporting, microvillar, and solitary chemosensory cells. Third, we observed pathological changes in the infected epithelium, including reduced thickness of the mucus layer, detached epithelia, indistinct layers of epithelia, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and apoptotic cells in the overall layers. We concluded that a structurally and functionally altered microenvironment influences olfactory function. We observed the regeneration of the damaged epithelium, and found multilayers of basal cells, indicating that they were activated and proliferating to reconstitute the injured epithelium.

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Dias, Brian G., and Kerry J. Ressler. "Parental olfactory experience influences behavior and neural structure in subsequent generations." Nature Neuroscience 17, no. 1 (December 1, 2013): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.3594.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Olfactory Influences'

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