Journal articles on the topic 'Olfactory epithelium'
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1
Ghosh, Saroj Kumar. "Histology and surface morphology of the olfactory epithelium in the freshwater teleost Clupisoma garua (Hamilton, 1822)." Fisheries & Aquatic Life 27, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 122–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aopf-2019-0014.
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Abstract The anatomical structure of the olfactory organ and the organization of various cells lining the olfactory mucosa of Clupisoma garua (Siluriformes; Schilbeidae) were investigated with light and scanning electron microscopy. The olfactory organ was composed of numerous lamellae of various sizes, radiating outward from both sides of the narrow midline raphe, forming an elongated rosette. Each lamella consisted of the olfactory epithelium and a central lamellar space, the central core. The epithelium covering the surface of the rosette folds was differentiated into zones of sensory and indifferent epithelia. The sensory part of epithelium was characterized by three types of morphologically distinct receptor neurons: ciliated receptor cells, microvillous receptor cells, and rod receptor cells for receiving olfactory sensation from the aquatic environment. The indifferent epithelium comprising a large surface area of the lamella, was covered with compact non-sensory cilia. The non-sensory epithelium contained stratified epithelial cells with microridges, mucin secreting mucous cells, labyrinth cells, and basal cells, which were arranged in a layer at the base of the epithelium. Various cells on the olfactory epithelium were correlated with the functional significance of the fish concerned.
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Ghosh, Saroj Kumar. "The morphohistology and fine anatomy of the olfactory organ in pabda catfish, Ompok bimaculatus (Bloch, 1794)." Our Nature 18, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/on.v18i1.34237.
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The organization of the olfactory system in Ompok bimaculatus (Siluriformes: Siluridae) were investigated by histological and ultrastructural analysis. The nasal chamber was totally engrossed by a boat shaped elongated olfactory rosette with numerous lamella. Histomicroscopically, each lamella was comprised of central core bounded on both sides by the cellular elements of olfactory epithelium. The central core was composed of thick connective tissue, nerve fibres and blood capillaries. The cellular components of the olfactory epithelium were identified based on their staining vigour, architecture, structural characteristics and surface features. The sensory epithelium contained morphologically recognizable ciliated, microvillous and rod receptor neurons. Labyrinth cells, scattered lymphatic cells, secretory mucous cells, stratified epithelial cells bearing microfolds and condensed ciliated supporting cells were observed in the indifferent epithelia. The basal cells were submerged in the deeper zone of mucosa above the basal lamina. Different sensory and nonsensory cells of the olfactory lining were associated with chemical stimulation of the fish studied. This species acquires a well developed olfactory sense for exploring the aquatic environment and able to determine the chemical changes in the surroundings.
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Miller, M. A., S. J. Kottler, J. A. Ramos-Vara, P. J. Johnson, V. K. Ganjam, and T. J. Evans. "3-Methylindole Induces Transient Olfactory Mucosal Injury in Ponies." Veterinary Pathology 40, no. 4 (July 2003): 363–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1354/vp.40-4-363.
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Response to 3-methylindole (3MI) varies among species. Mice recover from 3MI-induced bronchiolar epithelial injury but sustain persistent olfactory mucosal injury with scarring and epithelial metaplasia. In contrast, 3MI induces obliterative bronchiolitis in horses and ponies, but olfactory mucosal injury has not been reported. To evaluate the effect of 3MI on equine olfactory mucosa, ponies were dosed orally with 100 mg 3MI/kg ( n = 9) or corn oil vehicle ( n = 6). All ponies treated with 3MI developed obliterative bronchiolitis with mild olfactory injury. By 3 days after 3MI dosing, olfactory epithelium appeared disorganized with decreased and uneven surface height and scalloping of the basement membrane zone. Epithelial cells of Bowman's glands were hypertrophic. Proliferation of olfactory epithelium and Bowman's glands was supported by an increased mitotic index and positive immunohistochemical staining for proliferating cell nuclear antigen as compared with controls. The activity of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, an olfactory mucosal cytosolic enzyme localized to sustentacular and Bowman's glandular epithelial cells, was concurrently decreased. By 9 days postdosing, olfactory mucosal lesions had lessened. Results indicate that 3MI transiently injures equine olfactory mucosa without the extensive necrosis, scarring, or metaplasia seen in murine olfactory mucosa or in equine bronchiolar epithelium.
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Kennel, Christopher, Elizabeth A. Gould, Eric D. Larson, Ernesto Salcedo, Thad Vickery, Diego Restrepo, and Vijay R. Ramakrishnan. "Differential Expression of Mucins in Murine Olfactory Versus Respiratory Epithelium." Chemical Senses 44, no. 7 (July 12, 2019): 511–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjz046.
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Abstract Mucins are a key component of the surface mucus overlying airway epithelium. Given the different functions of the olfactory and respiratory epithelia, we hypothesized that mucins would be differentially expressed between these 2 areas. Secondarily, we evaluated for potential changes in mucin expression with radiation exposure, given the clinical observations of nasal dryness, altered mucus rheology, and smell loss in radiated patients. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to evaluate expression of mucins 1, 2, 5AC, and 5B in nasal respiratory and olfactory epithelia of control mice and 1 week after exposure to 8 Gy of radiation. Mucins 1, 5AC, and 5B exhibited differential expression patterns between olfactory and respiratory epithelium (RE) while mucin 2 showed no difference. In the olfactory epithelium (OE), mucin 1 was located in a lattice-like pattern around gaps corresponding to dendritic knobs of olfactory sensory neurons, whereas in RE it was intermittently expressed by surface goblet cells. Mucin 5AC was expressed by subepithelial glands in both epithelial types but to a higher degree in the OE. Mucin 5B was expressed by submucosal glands in OE and by surface epithelial cells in RE. At 1-week after exposure to single-dose 8 Gy of radiation, no qualitative effects were seen on mucin expression. Our findings demonstrate that murine OE and RE express mucins differently, and characteristic patterns of mucins 1, 5AC, and 5B can be used to define the underlying epithelium. Radiation (8 Gy) does not appear to affect mucin expression at 1 week. Level of Evidence N/A (Basic Science Research). IACUC-approved study [Protocol 200065].
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Turk, M. A. M., W. G. Henk, and W. Flory. "3-Methylindole-Induced Nasal Mucosal Damage in Mice." Veterinary Pathology 24, no. 5 (September 1987): 400–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030098588702400506.
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3-Methylindole (3MI) damages nasal olfactory epithelium in mice. Lesions were studied histologically from 30 minutes to 28 days after intraperitoneal injection of 400 mg 3MI/kg. Cellular swelling was apparent in olfactory epithelium by 6 hours after injection of 3MI, while respiratory epithelium was normal. Necrosis of olfactory epithelium and subepithelial glands was diffuse by 48 hours. Subsequent ulceration resulted in epithelial hyperplasia, squamous metaplasia, fibroplasia, and ossification. Partially occlusive intranasal fibrous and osseous tissue persisted through 28 days after 3MI injection.
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Klingenstein, Moritz, Stefanie Klingenstein, Peter H. Neckel, Andreas F. Mack, Andreas P. Wagner, Alexander Kleger, Stefan Liebau, and Alfio Milazzo. "Evidence of SARS-CoV2 Entry Protein ACE2 in the Human Nose and Olfactory Bulb." Cells Tissues Organs 209, no. 4-6 (2020): 155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000513040.
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Usually, pandemic COVID-19 disease, caused by SARS-CoV2, presents with mild respiratory symptoms such as fever, cough, but frequently also with anosmia and neurological symptoms. Virus-cell fusion is mediated by angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) with their organ expression pattern determining viral tropism. Clinical presentation suggests rapid viral dissemination to the central nervous system leading frequently to severe symptoms including viral meningitis. Here, we provide a comprehensive expression landscape of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 proteins across human postmortem nasal and olfactory tissue. Sagittal sections through the human nose complemented with immunolabelling of respective cell types represent different anatomically defined regions including olfactory epithelium, respiratory epithelium of the nasal conchae and the paranasal sinuses along with the hardly accessible human olfactory bulb. ACE2 can be detected in the olfactory epithelium as well as in the respiratory epithelium of the nasal septum, the nasal conchae, and the paranasal sinuses. ACE2 is located in the sustentacular cells and in the glandular cells in the olfactory epithelium as well as in the basal cells, glandular cells, and epithelial cells of the respiratory epithelium. Intriguingly, ACE2 is not expressed in mature or immature olfactory receptor neurons and basal cells in the olfactory epithelium. Similarly, ACE2 is not localized in the olfactory receptor neurons albeit the olfactory bulb is positive. Vice versa, TMPRSS2 can also be detected in the sustentacular cells and the glandular cells of the olfactory epithelium. Our findings provide the basic anatomical evidence for the expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in the human nose, olfactory epithelium, and olfactory bulb. Thus, they are substantial for future studies that aim to elucidate the symptom of SARS-CoV2 induced anosmia via the olfactory pathway.
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Kumar Ghosh, Saroj, and Padmanabha Chakrabarti. "Histological organization and microarchitecture of various cells lining the olfactory epithelium of Rita rita (Hamilton, 1822) (Siluriformes: Bagridae)." Biological Letters 49, no. 2 (December 1, 2012): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10120-012-0005-4.
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Abstract Rita rita is a carnivorous, bottom dwelling catfish inhabits in muddy dirty water and depends on olfactory sensation for procurement of food. The structural organization and function ofvarious cells lining its olfactory epithelium have been investigated by light and scanning electron microscopy. The elongated olfactory organ consists of 64-68 primary lamellae arising from a narrow median raphe. Sensory as well as non-sensory regions are distinctly oriented on each olfactory lamella. The sensory epithelium occupies the apical tongue-shaped area and basal part of the olfactory lamellae, whereas the middle part is covered with non-sensory epithelium. The sensory epithelium is composed of 2 types of dendrites of receptor cells (either ciliated or microvillous), labyrinth cells, and a large number of flagellated supporting cells. The non-sensory epithelium is made up of stratified epithelial cells having a different pattern of microridges and mucous cells. Variations in the cellular orientation of the various cells on the olfactory epithelium have been correlated with the functional views of the fish concerned.
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Larson, Eric D., Shivani Pathak, Vijay R. Ramakrishnan, and Thomas E. Finger. "A Subset of Olfactory Sensory Neurons Express Forkhead Box J1-Driven eGFP." Chemical Senses 44, no. 9 (August 30, 2019): 663–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjz060.
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Abstract Forkhead box protein J1 (FOXJ1), a member of the forkhead family transcription factors, is a transcriptional regulator of motile ciliogenesis. The nasal respiratory epithelium, but not olfactory epithelium, is lined with FOXJ1-expressing multiciliated epithelial cells with motile cilia. In a transgenic mouse where an enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) transgene is driven by the human FOXJ1 promoter, robust eGFP expression is observed not only in the multiciliated cells of the respiratory epithelium but in a distinctive small subset of olfactory sensory neurons in the olfactory epithelium. These eGFP-positive cells lie at the extreme apical part of the neuronal layer and are most numerous in dorsal-medial regions of olfactory epithelium. Interestingly, we observed a corresponding small number of glomeruli in the olfactory bulb wherein eGFP-labeled axons terminate, suggesting that the population of eGFP+ receptor cells expresses a limited number of olfactory receptors. Similarly, a subset of vomeronasal sensory neurons expresses eGFP and is distributed throughout the full height of the vomeronasal sensory epithelium. In keeping with this broad distribution of labeled vomeronasal receptor cells, eGFP-labeled axons terminate in many glomeruli in both anterior and posterior portions of the accessory olfactory bulb. These findings suggest that Foxj1-driven eGFP marks a specific population of olfactory and vomeronasal sensory neurons, although neither receptor cell population possess motile cilia.
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Seo, Jin-Seok, Sun-Woo Yoon, Seung-Hyeon Hwang, Sung-Min Nam, Sang-Soep Nahm, Jei-Hyun Jeong, Jiho Lee, Ha-Na Youn, Jun-Beom Kim, and Woosuk Kim. "The Microvillar and Solitary Chemosensory Cells as the Novel Targets of Infection of SARS-CoV-2 in Syrian Golden Hamsters." Viruses 13, no. 8 (August 20, 2021): 1653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13081653.
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Patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019, suffer from respiratory and non-respiratory symptoms. Among these symptoms, the loss of smell has attracted considerable attention. The objectives of this study were to determine which cells are infected, what happens in the olfactory system after viral infection, and how these pathologic changes contribute to olfactory loss. For this purpose, Syrian golden hamsters were used. First, we verified the olfactory structures in the nasal cavity of Syrian golden hamsters, namely the main olfactory epithelium, the vomeronasal organ, and their cellular components. Second, we found angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 expression, a receptor protein of SARS-CoV-2, in both structures and infections of supporting, microvillar, and solitary chemosensory cells. Third, we observed pathological changes in the infected epithelium, including reduced thickness of the mucus layer, detached epithelia, indistinct layers of epithelia, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and apoptotic cells in the overall layers. We concluded that a structurally and functionally altered microenvironment influences olfactory function. We observed the regeneration of the damaged epithelium, and found multilayers of basal cells, indicating that they were activated and proliferating to reconstitute the injured epithelium.
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Ghosh, Saroj Kumar, and Padmanabha Chakrabarti. "Histomorphological and microanatomical characteristics of the olfactory organ of freshwater carp, Cirrhinus reba (Hamilton)." Archives of Polish Fisheries 24, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aopf-2016-0017.
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Abstract The morphoanatomy, cellular organization, and surface architecture of the olfactory apparatus in Cirrhinus reba (Hamilton) is described using light and scanning electron microscopy. The oval shaped olfactory rosette contained 32 ± 2 primary lamellae on each side of the median raphe, and was lodged on the floor of the olfactory chamber. The olfactory lamellae were basically flat and compactly arranged in the rosette. The olfactory chamber communicated to the outside aquatic environment through inlet and outlet apertures with a conspicuous nasal flap in between. The mid dorsal portion of the olfactory lamellae was characterized by a linguiform process. Sensory and non-sensory regions were distributed separately on each lamella. The sensory epithelium occupied the apical part including the linguiform process, whereas the resting part of the lamella was covered with non-sensory epithelium. The sensory epithelium comprised both ciliated and microvillous receptor cells distinguished by the architecture on their apical part. The non-sensory epithelium possessed mucous cells, labyrinth cells, and stratified epithelial cells with distinctive microridges. The functional importance of the different cells lining the olfactory mucosa was correlated with the ecological habits of the fish examined.
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Ohta, Yasushi, Nobuko Marino, Minako Takanosawa, Shinichi Ishimoto, Chiori Matumoto, and Keiichi Ichimura. "High-Dose Glucocorticoids Inhibit Proliferation of Rat Olfactory Epithelium." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 111, no. 10 (October 2002): 909–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348940211101008.
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Glucocorticoids (GCs) are commonly prescribed for treatment of olfactory dysfunction. However, the effects of GCs on olfactory epithelium are not well known. We investigated the effects of high-dose GCs on proliferating cells of olfactory epithelium. Five adult male rats (300 g) received a single daily subcutaneous dose of vehicle containing 0.3 mg dexamethasone (DEX) for 9 days (DEX+ group), and a control group received vehicle alone (DEX– group). We compared sections from the Two groups for numbers of Ki67-positive cells. The mean number of Ki67-positive cells per 500 olfactory epithelial cells was 9.6 for the DEX+ group and 58 for the DEX– group (significant difference). We conclude that high-dose GC suppressed proliferation of olfactory epithelium. We suggest that high-dose GC suppresses cytokines and growth factors, resulting in secondary suppression of proliferating ability.
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Makino, N., S. Ookawara, S. Madoiwa, Y. Ohta, T. Ishikawa, K. Katoh, S. Takigami, et al. "Morphological assessment of the luminal surface of olfactory epithelium in mice deficient in tissue plasminogen activator following bulbectomy." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 126, no. 11 (September 19, 2012): 1114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002221511200206x.
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AbstractObjective:This study aimed to investigate the function of tissue plasminogen activator in the olfactory epithelium of mice following neural injury.Method:Transmission electron microscopy was used to study the changes in the morphology of the olfactory epithelium 1–7 days after surgical ablation of the olfactory bulb (bulbectomy).Results:Prior to bulbectomy, a uniformly fine material was observed within some regions of the olfactory epithelium of mice deficient in tissue plasminogen activator. At 2–3 days after bulbectomy, there were degenerative changes in the olfactory epithelium. At 5–7 days after bulbectomy, we noted drastic differences in olfactory epithelium morphology between mice deficient in tissue plasminogen activator and wild-type mice (comparisons were made using findings from a previous study). The microvilli seemed to be normal and olfactory vesicles and receptor neuron dendrites were largely intact in the olfactory epithelium of mice deficient in tissue plasminogen activator.Conclusion:The tissue plasminogen activator plasmin system may inhibit the regeneration of the olfactory epithelium in the early stages following neural injury.
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Jacobs, Sophie, Caroline Zeippen, Fanny Wavreil, Laurent Gillet, and Thomas Michiels. "IFN-λ Decreases Murid Herpesvirus-4 Infection of the Olfactory Epithelium but Fails to Prevent Virus Reactivation in the Vaginal Mucosa." Viruses 11, no. 8 (August 16, 2019): 757. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11080757.
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Murid herpesvirus-4 (MuHV-4), a natural gammaherpesvirus of rodents, can infect the mouse through the nasal mucosa, where it targets sustentacular cells and olfactory neurons in the olfactory epithelium before it propagates to myeloid cells and then to B cells in lymphoid tissues. After establishment of latency in B cells, viral reactivation occurs in the genital tract in 80% of female mice, which can lead to spontaneous sexual transmission to co-housed males. Interferon-lambda (IFN-λ) is a key player of the innate immune response at mucosal surfaces and is believed to limit the transmission of numerous viruses by acting on epithelial cells. We used in vivo plasmid-mediated IFN-λ expression to assess whether IFN-λ could prophylactically limit MuHV-4 infection in the olfactory and vaginal mucosae. In vitro, IFN-λ decreased MuHV-4 infection in cells that overexpressed IFN-λ receptor 1 (IFNLR1). In vivo, prophylactic IFN-λ expression decreased infection of the olfactory epithelium but did not prevent virus propagation to downstream organs, such as the spleen where the virus establishes latency. In the olfactory epithelium, sustentacular cells readily responded to IFN-λ. In contrast, olfactory neurons did not respond to IFN-λ, thus, likely allowing viral entry. In the female genital tract, columnar epithelial cells strongly responded to IFN-λ, as did most vaginal epithelial cells, although with some variation from mouse to mouse. IFN-λ expression, however, failed to prevent virus reactivation in the vaginal mucosa. In conclusion, IFN-λ decreased MuHV-4 replication in the upper respiratory epithelium, likely by protecting the sustentacular epithelial cells, but it did not protect olfactory neurons and failed to block virus reactivation in the genital mucosa.
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Vogt, R. G., S. M. Lindsay, C. A. Byrd, and M. Sun. "Spatial patterns of olfactory neurons expressing specific odor receptor genes in 48-hour-old embryos of zebrafish Danio rerio." Journal of Experimental Biology 200, no. 3 (February 1, 1997): 433–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.200.3.433.
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Olfactory neurons have a complex phenotype characterized by their expression of a specific odor receptor (OR) gene and their targeting of an equally specific locus in the olfactory bulb. In the adult fish, olfactory neurons expressing specific ORs are broadly distributed in the epithelium, intermingling with neurons expressing other OR phenotypes. This distributed adult pattern has led to the suggestion that olfactory neuron phenotype is determined by a stochastic process, independent of external positional cues. However, when the fish olfactory system is established during embryogenesis it is simple in its organization, with few olfactory neurons and an olfactory epithelium that has not yet folded into the adult morphology. It is possible that positional cues might act in the embryo to establish an initial population and pattern of olfactory neuron phenotypes and that subsequent morphogenesis and neuronal addition lead to the randomized distribution of neurons. To test this possibility, we examined the spatial patterns of olfactory neurons expressing specific OR genes in 48 h embryos, a time of relative simplicity in the developing olfactory epithelium. Three-dimensional plots of neuron distributions were made, and comparison of OR expression patterns were made between right and left epithelia, between individual animals and between different OR genes. The patterns of OR gene expression were not conserved in these comparison. Mathematical analysis of 21 epithelia for the degree of order in the distribution of olfactory neurons argued strongly that the neurons expressing given ORs are randomly distributed in the 48 h embryos. These results are consistent with those observed from adult tissue and support models suggesting that extrinsic positional cues do not have a major role in specifying olfactory neuron phenotypes.
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Jafek, Bruce W., Pamela M. Eller, Edward W. Johnson, Mary M. Chapman, and Christopher M. Filley. "Ultrastructural Changes of the Olfactory Epithelium in Alzheimer's Disease." American Journal of Rhinology 6, no. 6 (November 1992): 219–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/105065892781976646.
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Recent studies have demonstrated an association between abnormalities in the sense of smell and Alzheimer's disease (AD). In our laboratory we have shown that olfactory dysfunction is accompanied by histopathological changes in the olfactory epithelium. These findings led us to believe that there were changes in the olfactory epithelium in AD that resulted in altered olfactory function. In the present study we have done biopsies of tissue from 12 patients who have been screened thoroughly and diagnosed with probable AD. Olfactory epithelium from 10 of these patients has been examined at the electron microscopic level. The overall appearance of the epithelium is altered from that seen in normosmic, age-matched controls. The ultrastructural appearance of olfactory receptor cells and support cells is disrupted. In addition, a crystallinelike material has been observed over the surface of the olfactory epithelium in six patients. This material was not observed in the respiratory epithelium of the same patients and has not been seen by us in any other pathological or normal tissues we have examined. The overall appearance of the olfactory epithelium in these probable AD patients seems to be unique when compared with other pathological states examined so far. The present study suggests that olfactory epithelium biopsy may be useful in the early detection of AD.
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Franco, Marie-Dominique, Michael P. Pape, Jennifer J. Swiergiel, and Gail D. Burd. "Differential and overlapping expression patterns of X-dll3 and Pax-6 genes suggest distinct roles in olfactory system development of the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis." Journal of Experimental Biology 204, no. 12 (June 15, 2001): 2049–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.204.12.2049.
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SUMMARY In Xenopus laevis, the formation of the adult olfactory epithelium involves embryonic, larval and metamorphic phases. The olfactory epithelium in the principal cavity (PC) develops during embryogenesis from the olfactory placode and is thought to respond to water-borne odorants throughout larval life. During metamorphosis, the PC undergoes major transformations and is exposed to air-borne odorants. Also during metamorphosis, the middle cavity (MC) develops de novo. The olfactory epithelium in the MC has the same characteristics as that in the larval PC and is thought to respond to water-borne odorants. Using in situ hybridization, we analyzed the expression pattern of the homeobox genes X-dll3 and Pax-6 within the developing olfactory system. Early in development, X-dll3 is expressed in both the neuronal and non-neuronal ectoderm of the sense plate and in all cell layers of the olfactory placode and larval PC. Expression becomes restricted to the neurons and basal cells of the PC by mid-metamorphosis. During metamorphosis, X-dll3 is also expressed throughout the developing MC epithelium and becomes restricted to neurons and basal cells at metamorphic climax. This expression pattern suggests that X-dll3 is first involved in the patterning and genesis of all cells forming the olfactory tissue and is then involved in neurogenesis or neuronal maturation in putative water- and air-sensing epithelia. In contrast, Pax-6 expression is restricted to the olfactory placode, larval PC and metamorphic MC, suggesting that Pax-6 is specifically involved in the formation of water-sensing epithelium. The expression patterns suggest that X-dll3 and Pax-6 are both involved in establishing the olfactory placode during embryonic development, but subtle differences in cellular and temporal expression patterns suggest that these genes have distinct functions.
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Ghosh, S. K., and P. Chakrabarti. "Histological, Topographical and Ultrastructural Organization of Different Cells Lining the Olfactory Epithelium of Red Piranha, Pygocentrus nattereri (Characiformes, Serrasalmidae)." Vestnik Zoologii 50, no. 5 (October 1, 2016): 447–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/vzoo-2016-0051.
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Abstract The structural characterization of the olfactory epithelium in Pygocentrus nattereri Kner, 1858 was studied with the help of light as well as scanning and transmission electron microscope. The oval shaped olfactory rosette consisted of 26–28 primary lamellae radiated from midline raphe. The olfactory epithelium of each lamella was well distributed by sensory and non-sensory epithelium. The sensory epithelium contained morphologically distinct ciliated and microvillous receptor cells, supporting cells and basal cells. The non-sensory epithelium was made up of labyrinth cells, mucous cells and stratified epithelial cells. According to TEM investigation elongated rod emerging out from dendrite end of the receptor cells in the free space. The dendrite process of microvillous receptor cells contained microvilli. The supporting cells had lobular nucleus with clearly seen electron dense nucleolus. The apex of the ciliated non-sensory cells was broad and provided with plenty of kinocilia. Basal cells provided with oval nucleus and contained small number of secretory granules. The mucous cells were restricted to the non-sensory areas and the nuclei situated basally and filled with about two-third of the vesicles. The functional significance of various cells lining the olfactory epithelium was discussed with mode of life and living of fish concerned.
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Ghosh, Saroj Kumar. "Histoanatomy and surface ultrastructure of the olfactory organ of the freshwater tank goby, Glossogobius giuris (Hamilton, 1822)." Fisheries & Aquatic Life 28, no. 3 (November 18, 2020): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aopf-2020-0017.
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AbstractCharacteristic features of histology and fine morphology of the olfactory organ in the tank goby, Glossogobius giuris (Perciformes, Gobiidae, Gobiinae), were investigated with light and scanning electron microscopy. The olfactory cavity contained single lamellae that were exposed to the aquatic environment by small anterior and posterior nostrils. Typical olfactory rosettes were not observed. Histologically, each lamella consisted of two layers of epithelium; wrapping the central core that was composed of connective tissue stroma with nerve fibers and blood capillaries. The mucosal lining of lamella was merged with sensory and non-sensory olfactory cells, identified on the basis of structural characters, surface specializations, and staining features. The principal sensory elements were ciliated receptor cells that were characterized by apical dendritic processes expanded from cell soma and microvillous receptor cells equipped with multiple tiny dendrons on the mucosal surface. The bead-like appearance of several labyrinth cells, mucous cells with secreted mucin, scattered lymphatic cells, stratified epithelial cells bearing microfolds, and condensed ciliated supporting cells were observed in the non-sensory epithelia. Undifferentiated basal cells were embedded in the deeper zone of the epithelium above the basement membrane. The cellular organization of the olfactory lining was interpreted with chemoreception of the fish concerned.
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Uranagase, Atsuhiro, Sayaka Katsunuma, Kiyoshi Doi, and Ken-Ichi Nibu. "BDNF expression in olfactory bulb and epithelium during regeneration of olfactory epithelium." Neuroscience Letters 516, no. 1 (May 2012): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2012.03.051.
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Camargo, Antonio P., Thiago S. Nakahara, Luiz E. R. Firmino, Paulo H. M. Netto, João B. P. do Nascimento, Elisa R. Donnard, Pedro A. F. Galante, Marcelo F. Carazzolle, Bettina Malnic, and Fabio Papes. "Uncovering the mouse olfactory long non-coding transcriptome with a novel machine-learning model." DNA Research 26, no. 4 (July 18, 2019): 365–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/dnares/dsz015.
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Abstract Very little is known about long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the mammalian olfactory sensory epithelia. Deciphering the non-coding transcriptome in olfaction is relevant because these RNAs have been shown to play a role in chromatin modification and nuclear architecture reorganization, processes that accompany olfactory differentiation and olfactory receptor gene choice, one of the most poorly understood gene regulatory processes in mammals. In this study, we used a combination of in silico and ex vivo approaches to uncover a comprehensive catalogue of olfactory lncRNAs and to investigate their expression in the mouse olfactory organs. Initially, we used a novel machine-learning lncRNA classifier to discover hundreds of annotated and unannotated lncRNAs, some of which were predicted to be preferentially expressed in the main olfactory epithelium and the vomeronasal organ, the most important olfactory structures in the mouse. Moreover, we used whole-tissue and single-cell RNA sequencing data to discover lncRNAs expressed in mature sensory neurons of the main epithelium. Candidate lncRNAs were further validated by in situ hybridization and RT-PCR, leading to the identification of lncRNAs found throughout the olfactory epithelia, as well as others exquisitely expressed in subsets of mature olfactory neurons or progenitor cells.
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Moseman, E. Ashley. "Mucosal immune mediated protection of the CNS following olfactory viral infection." Journal of Immunology 202, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2019): 66.7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.202.supp.66.7.
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Abstract Barrier immunity, particularly at mucosal surfaces, provides a first line of defense against invading pathogens. Unlike classical mucosal barrier surfaces in the gut and respiratory tract, the olfactory epithelium within the nose is a specialized barrier structure containing layers of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) dedicated to our sense of smell. Within nasal airways, OSNs are vulnerable to infection but also directly connected to the brain, thus anatomically, the olfactory epithelium functions as a mucosal barrier to the central nervous system (CNS). Upper respiratory viral infections can damage the olfactory neuroepithelium and are associated with loss of olfaction. Neurotropic viruses, such as vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), readily infect OSNs, yet the olfactory epithelial response to infection is unknown. VSV infection drove a massive influx of hematopoietic cells including antigen presenting cells and antigen specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells that established residence within the olfactory epithelium after viral clearance. Upon rechallenge, neutralizing antibody completely protected the neuronal tissues of the olfactory mucosa and the CNS, however this protection appeared to be secretory IgA independent. Resident memory T cells within the olfactory mucosa rapidly produced effector cytokines and prevented heterotypic viral challenge from accessing the CNS. Olfactory VSV infection also resulted in widespread viral and immune mediated tissue damage that contributed to permanent changes in airway turbinate structure. Collectively, these studies offer insight into how the olfactory barrier remodels its neural-immune architecture to provide enhanced protection following a viral challenge.
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Awad, Mahmoud, Walaa F. A. Emeish, and Dalia Mohamedien. "Migrating and Nerve Fibers-Associated Eosinophilic Granule Cells in the Olfactory Organ of Catfish (Clarias garpienius): Light and Electron Microscopic Evidence." Microscopy and Microanalysis 27, no. 6 (October 7, 2021): 1582–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927621012897.
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Piscine mast cells or eosinophilic granule cells (EGCs) of fish are equivalent to the mammalian mast cells. Recently, a better understanding of EGCs functions is allowed because of the growing interest in fish models. Herein, we present a trial to furnish data regarding the distribution of the EGCs in the fish olfactory organ, an issue that has not been reported so far. Regarding their distribution, two kinds of EGCs had been identified. An intra-epithelial one was detected in the olfactory epithelium lining of the olfactory lamellae. The stromal one was identified in the connective tissue core of the olfactory lamellae and in the lamina propria underlying the olfactory epithelium. Some were detected in the capillary lumen. The cytoplasm of the EGCs reacted strongly with the MMP-9 antibody. Stimulating a migration perspective for the olfactory EGCs which was confirmed by their location in the blood capillaries. Several EGCs could be verified in close relation, some underneath the epineurium, with the nerve fiber. Mutually, this verifies the existence of intra-epithelial and stromal migrating EGCs in the catfish olfactory organ and their inclusion in the olfactory immune response. Additionally, this provides evidence for an immune–nervous interaction to influence both the immune reactions and the nervous scheme in catfish.
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Yoda, Shigetoshi, Fukushima Hisaki, Nishiike Suetaka, Shibata Dai, and Tamotsu Harada. "S282 – Localization of Nitric Oxide Synthase in Nasal Mucosa." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 139, no. 2_suppl (August 2008): P169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2008.05.458.
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Objectives Several studies have reported that inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was expressed within the epithelial cell of the trachea in asthmic patients and asthmic model animals. However, neither appearance nor localization of iNOS in the nasal mucosa of allergic rhinitis has been examined. This research clarifies expression and the localization of iNOS in the nasal mucosa of allergic rhinitis by using the allergic model mice. Methods Allergic rhinitis was induced in male mice at 6 weeks of age using purified Japanese cedar pollen allergen (Cry j 1). Cry j 1 was injected 2 times into the abdomen (day 0 and 4) and administered intranasally for 7 consecutive days (day 9–15). On day 22, the expression and localization of iNOS in nasal mucosa of both allergic rhinitis model and control mice were examined by immunohistochemistry. Results In control mice, the expression of iNOS was localized in olfactory nerve, nasal gland beneath the respiratory epithelium and vascular endothelial cells. In allergic rhinitis group, the expression of iNOS was not only localized in olfactory nerve, nasal gland, and vascular endothelial cells, but also in olfactory epithelium and respiratory epithelium. Conclusions The expression of iNOS was increased in olfactory epithelium and respiratory epithelium of allergic rhinitis mice compared with controls.
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Ghosh, Saroj Kumar. "The olfactory organ in the Gangetic catfish Ailia coila (Hamilton, 1822): structural and functional aspects." Journal of Fisheries 8, no. 2 (July 17, 2020): 843–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17017/j.fish.239.
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A study of the olfactory organ, with marked observation on cellular morphology of neuroepithelium was carried out in riverine catfish Ailia coila (Hamilton, 1822) using light and scanning electron microscopy. The elongated olfactory rosette within olfactory chamber was made up of 16 ± 2 leaf lets, the lamellae which connected laterally on the longitudinal central axis. The lamella consisted of two layers of epithelium enclosing the central core which contained connective tissue stroma along with blood vessels and nerve fibres. The epithelial lining displayed unequal compactness, was comprised of sensory receptor cells, undifferentiated basal cells, secretory mucous cells and two types of supporting cells differentiated as ciliated columnar or nonciliated oval type. Olfactory cells were identified by their staining emphasis, architecture, surface feature and distribution pattern in the mucosa. The surface of sensory epithelium was embossed with structurally distinct ciliated, microvillous and rod receptor cells for procuring olfactory stimuli from aquatic surroundings. The structural composition of the olfactory organ was dissertated with chemosensory system of the fish involved.
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Yagi, Sayaka, and Richard M. Costanzo. "Grafting the Olfactory Epithelium to the Olfactory Bulb." American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy 23, no. 3 (May 2009): 239–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/ajra.2009.23.3307.
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Background Impaired olfactory function leads to a decrease in the quality of life for many patients. Surgical treatment options are limited, especially for those suffering from hyposmia or anosmia after posttraumatic injury to the olfactory nerves. Stem cells located in the olfactory epithelium (OE) have the capacity to grow new neurons, making the OE an ideal candidate for restorative tissue grafting. This study was performed to determine if strips of OE survive transplantation directly to the olfactory bulb (OB). Methods Transgenic mice, expressing a green fluorescent protein (GFP), were used to obtain the donor graft tissue. Strips of OE from GFP donor mice were transplanted directly to sites in the OB and cerebral cortex (CC; control sites) of wild-type mice. Graft survival rates at 30 days were determined for transplant sites in the OB and CC. Results Strips of OE from transgenic mice survived transplantation to the OB and continued to express the GFP marker protein. The 30-day survival rate in the OB (83%, 5 of 6 grafts) was the same as in the CC (10 of 12 grafts). The morphology of the graft revealed characteristics found in normal OE. Conclusion We showed that strips of OE can be successfully grafted to both the OB and CC. Grafts of the OE, if strategically positioned on the ventral surface of the bulb and given access to the nasal cavity, could provide the basis for new surgical treatments to restore olfactory function.
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Ohkuma, Mahito, Hideya Mimura, Hideki Imada, Fusao Kawai, Kensei Naito, and Ei-ichi Miyachi. "Histamine modulates olfactory response in the olfactory epithelium." Neuroscience Research 58 (January 2007): S103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2007.06.1167.
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Menco, B. P., and A. I. Farbman. "Genesis of cilia and microvilli of rat nasal epithelia during pre-natal development. I. Olfactory epithelium, qualitative studies." Journal of Cell Science 78, no. 1 (October 1, 1985): 283–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.78.1.283.
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Rat foetuses from intra-uterine days E13 through E22 (day before parturition) and adults were used for a qualitative electron-microscopic investigation of the development of ciliated/microvillous surfaces of the olfactory epithelium. In the E13 and most of the E14 embryos the epithelial surface is not yet characteristically olfactory. Apical cell profiles show primary cilia. These can arise at the epithelial surface or below. From E14 onwards the epithelial surface acquires olfactory characteristics. Dendritic endings of the olfactory receptor cells can be found amidst microvillous profiles of supporting cells. Either cell type may bear primary cilia. From E16 onwards the receptor cells sprout multiple olfactory cilia, but cells with primary cilia are found throughout pre-natal development. These primary cilia are, at least for a while, retained during the formation of the secondary cilia. Primary cilia always have distinct necklaces at their base. Otherwise, especially with respect to their tips, their morphology can vary. Originally they have expanded tips (up to E14); later on such wide tips are no longer encountered (E16 and E17). Primary cilia of receptor cells never have wide tips. Appreciable numbers of endings with tapering olfactory cilia are discerned around E18 and especially E19. Throughout pre-natal development posterior/superior parts of the septal olfactory epithelium are more precocious than anterior/inferior parts, in particular in the region of transition with the respiratory epithelium. This advance in development includes total densities of dendritic endings of olfactory receptor cells, densities of multiciliated endings alone and lengths of supporting cell microvilli. This difference is discussed with respect to the topography of the olfactory epithelial surface in adult animals. In addition to the systematic topographic variation, a number of more local, apparently not-systematically distributed, topographic variations present during development are described. Most of these also occur in adult animals and they include heterogeneity in length of supporting cell microvilli and the presence of patches of supporting cells with rounded apical protuberances, of patches displaying dendrites with polyaxonemes rather than individual cilia and of scattered atypical cells (neither typical olfactory receptor nor olfactory supporting cells). At their surfaces such atypical cells can resemble inner-ear hair cells. Relative to olfactory receptor and supporting cells there are only very few atypical cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Croucher, S. J., and C. Tickle. "Characterization of epithelial domains in the nasal passages of chick embryos: spatial and temporal mapping of a range of extracellular matrix and cell surface molecules during development of the nasal placode." Development 106, no. 3 (July 1, 1989): 493–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.106.3.493.
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The formation of the nasal passages involves complex morphogenesis and their lining develops a spatially ordered pattern of differentiation, with distinct domains of olfactory and respiratory epithelium. Using antibodies to the neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM), keratan sulphate and heparan sulphate proteoglycan (HSPG) and a panel of lectins (agglutinins of Canavalia ensiformis (ConA), Dolichos biflorus (DBA), peanut (PNA), Ricinis communis (RCA1), soybean (SBA), Ulex europaeus (UEA1), and wheatgerm (WGA], we have documented cell surface characteristics of each epithelial domain. Binding of antibodies to N-CAM and to keratan sulphate, and the lectins ConA, PNA, RCA1, SBA and WGA marks the olfactory epithelial domain only. The restriction of N-CAM to the sensory region of the epithelium has also been reported in the developing ear. This striking similarity is consistent with the idea that N-CAM may be involved in the division of functionally and histologically distinct cell groups within an epithelium. We traced the olfactory-specific cell markers during development to gain insights into the origin of the epithelial lining of the nasal passages. All reagents bind at early stages to the thickened nasal placode and surrounding head ectoderm and then become progressively restricted to the olfactory domain. The expression of these characteristics appears to be modulated during development rather than being cell autonomous. The distribution of keratan sulphate was compared with collagen type II in relation to the specification of the chondrocranium. Keratan sulphate and collagen type II are only colocalized at the epithelial-mesenchymal interface during early nasal development. At later stages, only collagen type II is expressed at the interface throughout the nasal passages, whereas keratan sulphate is absent beneath the respiratory epithelium.
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Cox, Jonathan P. L. "Hydrodynamic aspects of fish olfaction." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 5, no. 23 (January 9, 2008): 575–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2007.1281.
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Flow into and around the olfactory chamber of a fish determines how odorant from the fish's immediate environment is transported to the sensory surface (olfactory epithelium) lining the chamber. Diffusion times in water are long, even over comparatively short distances (millimetres). Therefore, transport from the external environment to the olfactory epithelium must be controlled by processes that rely on convection (i.e. the bulk flow of fluid). These include the beating of cilia lining the olfactory chamber and the relatively inexpensive pumping action of accessory sacs. Flow through the chamber may also be induced by an external flow. Flow over the olfactory epithelium appears to be laminar. Odorant transfer to the olfactory epithelium may be facilitated in several ways: if the olfactory organs are mounted on stalks that penetrate the boundary layer; by the steep velocity gradients generated by beating cilia; by devices that deflect flow into the olfactory chamber; by parallel arrays of olfactory lamellae; by mechanical agitation of the chamber (or olfactory stalks); and by vortices. Overall, however, our knowledge of the hydrodynamics of fish olfaction is far from complete. Several areas of future research are outlined.
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Heerema, J. L., S. J. Bogart, C. C. Helbing, and G. G. Pyle. "Olfactory epithelium ontogenesis and function in postembryonic North American Bullfrog (Rana (Lithobates) catesbeiana) tadpoles." Canadian Journal of Zoology 98, no. 6 (June 2020): 367–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2019-0213.
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During metamorphosis, the olfactory system remodelling in anuran tadpoles — to transition from detecting waterborne odorants to volatile odorants as frogs — is extensive. How the olfactory system transitions from the larval to frog form is poorly understood, particularly in species that become (semi-)terrestrial. We investigated the ontogeny and function of the olfactory epithelium of North American Bullfrog (Rana (Lithobates) catesbeiana Shaw, 1802) tadpoles at various stages of postembryonic development. Changes in sensory components observable at the epithelial surface were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Functionality of the developing epithelium was tested using a neurophysiological technique (electro-olfactography (EOG)), and behaviourally, using a choice maze to assess tadpole response to olfactory stimuli (algae extract, amino acids). The youngest (premetamorphic) tadpoles responded behaviourally to an amino acid mixture despite having underdeveloped olfactory structures (cilia, olfactory knobs) and no EOG response. The consistent appearance of olfactory structures in older (prometamorphic) tadpoles coincided with reliably obtaining EOG responses to olfactory stimuli. However, as tadpoles aged further, and despite indistinguishable differences in sensory components, behavioural- and EOG-based olfactory responses were drastically reduced, most strongly near metamorphic climax. This work demonstrates a more complex relationship between structure and function of the olfactory system during tadpole life history than originally thought.
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Păunescu, Teodor G., Abigail C. Jones, Robert Tyszkowski, and Dennis Brown. "V-ATPase expression in the mouse olfactory epithelium." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 295, no. 4 (October 2008): C923—C930. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00237.2008.
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The vacuolar proton-pumping ATPase (V-ATPase) is responsible for the acidification of intracellular organelles and for the pH regulation of extracellular compartments. Because of the potential role of the latter process in olfaction, we examined the expression of V-ATPase in mouse olfactory epithelial (OE) cells. We report that V-ATPase is present in this epithelium, where we detected subunits ATP6V1A (the 70-kDa “A” subunit) and ATP6V1E1 (the ubiquitous 31-kDa “E” subunit isoform) in epithelial cells, nerve fiber cells, and Bowman's glands by immunocytochemistry. We also located both isoforms of the 56-kDa B subunit, ATP6V1B1 (“B1,” typically expressed in epithelia specialized in regulated transepithelial proton transport) and ATP6V1B2 (“B2”) in the OE. B1 localizes to the microvilli of the apical plasma membrane of sustentacular cells and to the lateral membrane in a subset of olfactory sensory cells, which also express carbonic anhydrase type IV, whereas B2 expression is stronger in the subapical domain of sustentacular cells. V-ATPase expression in mouse OE was further confirmed by immunoblotting. These findings suggest that V-ATPase may be involved in proton secretion in the OE and, as such, may be important for the pH homeostasis of the neuroepithelial mucous layer and/or for signal transduction in CO2 detection.
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Schulze, Gene E., Jim E. Proctor, Mark A. Dominick, Amy E. Weiss, Oliver P. Flint, Nuggehally R. Srinivas, Stephen K. Durham, and Beth E. Schilling. "Intranasal Toxicity of BMS-181885, A Novel 5-HT1 Agonist." International Journal of Toxicology 18, no. 5 (September 1999): 285–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/109158199225206.
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One-month intranasal toxicity studies were conducted with BMS-181885 at doses of 1.5, 9, or 15 mg/animal/day in rats and 4, 24, or 40 mg/animal/day in monkeys. A 1-month intermittent intranasal toxicity study was also conducted in monkeys at doses of 3, 6, and 12 mg/animal 3 days per week. BMS-181885 was generally well tolerated in rats but resulted in dose-dependent nasal mucosal injury, primarily characterized by subacute inflammation of the nasal mucosa, and degeneration, single-cell necrosis, and/or erosion of the olfactory epithelium and, to a lesser extent, the respiratory epithelium. In monkeys, daily BMS-181885 administration was well tolerated and produced similar dose-dependent nasal injury primarily characterized by subacute inflammation of the nasal mucosa with degeneration and erosion of the olfactory epithelium. In a separate experiment, intermittent administration also resulted in dose-dependent nasal injury. In cultured rat nasal mucosal cells, BMS-181885 was toxic to olfactory epithelial cells with a range of mean IC50s between 44 and 291 μM. In contrast, BMS-181885 had no effect on respiratory epithelial cells up to its maximum solubility. Cytochrome P450 inhibition had no effect on the toxicity of BMS-181885 in olfactory epithelial cells but produced dose-dependent toxicity in respiratory epithelial cells, which was not present previously. The in vitro data suggest that parent drug, rather than a toxic metabolite, caused the drug-associated nasal mucosal injury.
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Boonyoung, Piyakorn, Sinlapachai Senarat, Jes Kettratad, Watiporn Yenchum, Pisit Poolprasert, and Wannee Jiraungkoorskul. "Microarchitectural study of the olfactory organ of Devario regina (Fowler, 1934) using pas technique." Journal of Bio-Science 22 (October 21, 2016): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbs.v22i0.30007.
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Context: Microarchitectural observation of the olfactory organ in Devario regina (Fowler, 1934) is still unknown.Objectives: The normal histology and chemical detailed of glycoprotein in D. regina olfactory organ were investigated using histochemical analysis.Materials and Methods: Fishes were collected from the Tapee River, Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, Thailand and were processed by the standard histological technique.Results: Microarchitecture of olfactory organ revealed that it was a paired olfactory sac. Each sac was composed of the olfactory chamber and many lamellae surrounding by olfactory epithelium. This epithelium contained the differential cell types in both sensory (sensory ciliated cells) and non-sensory olfactory epithelium. The special localization of glycoprotein was intensively detected on the mucous cells.Conclusion: This study provided the basic histology of the fish olfactory organ that will support the investigation regarding the physiological and ultrastructural analysis.J. bio-sci. 22: 41-44, 2014
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Galeano, Carlos, Zhifang Qiu, Anuja Mishra, Steven L. Farnsworth, Jacob J. Hemmi, Alvaro Moreira, Peter Edenhoffer, and Peter J. Hornsby. "The Route by Which Intranasally Delivered Stem Cells Enter the Central Nervous System." Cell Transplantation 27, no. 3 (March 2018): 501–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963689718754561.
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Intranasal administration is a promising route of delivery of stem cells to the central nervous system (CNS). Reports on this mode of stem cell delivery have not yet focused on the route across the cribriform plate by which cells move from the nasal cavity into the CNS. In the current experiments, human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were isolated from Wharton’s jelly of umbilical cords and were labeled with extremely bright quantum dots (QDs) in order to track the cells efficiently. At 2 h after intranasal delivery in immunodeficient mice, the labeled cells were found under the olfactory epithelium, crossing the cribriform plate adjacent to the fila olfactoria, and associated with the meninges of the olfactory bulb. At all times, the cells were separate from actual nerve tracts; this location is consistent with them being in the subarachnoid space (SAS) and its extensions through the cribriform plate into the nasal mucosa. In their location under the olfactory epithelium, they appear to be within an expansion of a potential space adjacent to the turbinate bone periosteum. Therefore, intranasally administered stem cells appear to cross the olfactory epithelium, enter a space adjacent to the periosteum of the turbinate bones, and then enter the SAS via its extensions adjacent to the fila olfactoria as they cross the cribriform plate. These observations should enhance understanding of the mode by which stem cells can reach the CNS from the nasal cavity and may guide future experiments on making intranasal delivery of stem cells efficient and reproducible.
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Ben-Arie, N., M. Khen, and D. Lancet. "Glutathione S-transferases in rat olfactory epithelium: purification, molecular properties and odorant biotransformation." Biochemical Journal 292, no. 2 (June 1, 1993): 379–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2920379.
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The olfactory epithelium is exposed to a variety of xenobiotic chemicals, including odorants and airborne toxic compounds. Recently, two novel, highly abundant, olfactory-specific biotransformation enzymes have been identified: cytochrome P-450olf1 and olfactory UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT(olf)). The latter is a phase II biotransformation enzyme which catalyses the glucuronidation of alcohols, thiols, amines and carboxylic acids. Such covalent modification, which markedly affects lipid solubility and agonist potency, may be particularly important in the rapid termination of odorant signals. We report here the identification and characterization of a second olfactory phase II biotransformation enzyme, a glutathione S-transferase (GST). The olfactory epithelial cytosol shows the highest GST activity among the extrahepatic tissues examined. Significantly, olfactory epithelium had an activity 4-7 times higher than in other airway tissues, suggesting a role for this enzyme in chemoreception. The olfactory GST has been affinity-purified to homogeneity, and shown by h.p.l.c. and N-terminal amino acid sequencing to constitute mainly the Yb1 and Yb2 subunits, different from most other tissues that have mixtures of more enzyme classes. The identity of the olfactory enzymes was confirmed by PCR cloning and restriction enzyme analysis. Most importantly, the olfactory GSTs were found to catalyse glutathione conjugation of several odorant classes, including many unsaturated aldehydes and ketones, as well as epoxides. Together with UGT(olf), olfactory GST provides the necessary broad coverage of covalent modification capacity, which may be crucial for the acuity of the olfactory process.
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Jafek, B. W. "Biopsies of Human Olfactory Epithelium." Chemical Senses 27, no. 7 (September 1, 2002): 623–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/27.7.623.
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Weiss, Lukas, Paola Segoviano Arias, Thomas Offner, Sara Joy Hawkins, Thomas Hassenklöver, and Ivan Manzini. "Distinct interhemispheric connectivity at the level of the olfactory bulb emerges during Xenopus laevis metamorphosis." Cell and Tissue Research 386, no. 3 (September 28, 2021): 491–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00441-021-03527-3.
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AbstractDuring metamorphosis, the olfactory system of anuran tadpoles undergoes substantial restructuring. The main olfactory epithelium in the principal nasal cavity of Xenopus laevis tadpoles is associated with aquatic olfaction and transformed into the adult air-nose, while a new adult water-nose emerges in the middle cavity. Impacts of this metamorphic remodeling on odor processing, behavior, and network structure are still unexplored. Here, we used neuronal tracings, calcium imaging, and behavioral experiments to examine the functional connectivity between the epithelium and the main olfactory bulb during metamorphosis. In tadpoles, olfactory receptor neurons in the principal cavity project axons to glomeruli in the ventral main olfactory bulb. These projections are gradually replaced by receptor neuron axons from the newly forming middle cavity epithelium. Despite this reorganization in the ventral bulb, two spatially segregated odor processing streams remain undisrupted and behavioral responses to waterborne odorants are unchanged. Contemporaneously, new receptor neurons in the remodeling principal cavity innervate the emerging dorsal part of the bulb, which displays distinct wiring features. Glomeruli around its midline are innervated from the left and right nasal epithelia. Additionally, postsynaptic projection neurons in the dorsal bulb predominantly connect to multiple glomeruli, while half of projection neurons in the ventral bulb are uni-glomerular. Our results show that the “water system” remains functional despite metamorphic reconstruction. The network differences between the dorsal and ventral olfactory bulb imply a higher degree of odor integration in the dorsal main olfactory bulb. This is possibly connected with the processing of different odorants, airborne vs. waterborne.
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MORI, Kensaku. "Signal processing in the olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulb." Seibutsu Butsuri 34, no. 2 (1994): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2142/biophys.34.61.
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Yee, Karen K., and Charles J. Wysocki. "Odorant exposure increases olfactory sensitivity: olfactory epithelium is implicated." Physiology & Behavior 72, no. 5 (April 2001): 705–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9384(01)00428-0.
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Marchand, James E., Xinhai Yang, Dona Chikaraishi, Jurgen Krieger, Heinz Breer, and John S. Kauer. "Olfactory receptor gene expression in tiger salamander olfactory epithelium." Journal of Comparative Neurology 474, no. 3 (2004): 453–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.20161.
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Bagade, R. S., and DVNS Suresh. "A Transmission Electron Microscopic Study of the Olfactory Epithelium in Hill Stream Cyprinidiae, Garra mullya (Sykes)." International Journal of Forest, Animal And Fisheries Research 6, no. 4 (2022): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijfaf.6.4.3.
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Olfaction is primarily produced by the stimulation of receptor cells on the olfactory organ's neuroepithelial surface, surrounded by olfactory nerve fibres. Numerous fish life processes, including migration, communication, feeding, schooling, defence, and reproduction, depend heavily on olfactory signals and cues. The olfactory and reproductory systems are interconnected structurally and functionally, and puberty-related alterations in the olfactory epithelium are documented. The olfactory epithelium, which covers a large portion of the surface of the olfactory rosette, a structure found within the olfactory chambers on the fish rostrum, is where the olfactory receptor cells are situated. Although ultra structural transmission electron microscopic studies of the olfactory organ and bulb are carried out by some investigators but very sparse information is available on hillstream fishes and that is why this work has been undertaken to detail the structure of olfactory system in G. mullya by electron microscopy. Microvillous olfactory receptor cells are placed compactly adjacent to the supporting cell showing a junction complex : the zonula-ocludens. Polygonal white cells are present in between the basal cells and supporting cells. Small polyhedral basal cells lie just above the basal lamina of olfactory epithelium. Basal cells may be working as stem cells for regeneration of lost or damaged non sensory and goblet cells.
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Kociánová, I., A. Gorošová, F. Tichý, P. Čížek, and M. Machálka. "Structure of Masera's Septal Olfactory Organ in Cat (Felis silvestris f. catus) - Light Microscopy in Selected Stages of Ontogeny." Acta Veterinaria Brno 75, no. 4 (2006): 471–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb200675040471.
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The septal organ /SO/ (Masera's organ /MO/) is a chemoreceptor presently considered one of three types of olfactory organs (along with the principal olfactory region and vomeronasal organ). Notwithstanding the septal organ having been first described by Rodolfo Masera in 1943, little is known of the properties of sensory neurons or of its functional significance in chemoreception. Until now the septal organ has been described only in laboratory rodents and some marsupials. This work refers to its existence in the domestic cat (Felis silvestris f. catus). The septal organ can be identified at the end of embryonic period - 27 or 28 days of ontogenesis in cats (the 6th developmental stage of Štěrba) - coincident with formation of the principal olfactory region in nasal cavity. At 45 days of ontogenesis (the 9th developmental stage of Štěrba), this septal olfactory organ is of circular or oval shape, 120 μm in diameter, in ventral part of septum nasi, lying caudally to the opening of ductus incisivus. The structure of the epithelium of septal olfactory organ is clearly distinct from the respiratory epithelium of the nasal cavity. It varies in thickness, cellular composition, as well as free surface appearance, and even lack the typical structure of sensory epithelium, in this developmental period. Nerve bundles and glandular acini are lacking in the lamina propria mucosae of the septal organ and in the adjacent tissues. Glands appear as the single non-luminized cords of epithelia extending from the surface. The adjacent respiratory epithelium contains numerous goblet cells.
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Grubb, Barbara R., Troy D. Rogers, Heather M. Kulaga, Kimberlie A. Burns, Robert L. Wonsetler, Randall R. Reed, and Lawrence E. Ostrowski. "Olfactory epithelia exhibit progressive functional and morphological defects in CF mice." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 293, no. 2 (August 2007): C574—C583. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00106.2007.
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In normal nasal epithelium, the olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) are continuously replaced through the differentiation of progenitor cells. The olfactory epithelium (OE) of the cystic fibrosis (CF) mouse appears normal at birth, yet by 6 mo of age, a marked dysmorphology of sustentacular cells and a dramatic reduction in olfactory receptor neurons are evident. Electroolfactograms revealed that the odor-evoked response in 30-day-old CF mice was reduced ∼45%; in older CF mice, a ∼70% reduction was observed compared with the wild type (WT) response. Consistent with studies of CF airway epithelia, Ussing chamber studies of OE isolated from CF mice showed a lack of forskolin-stimulated Cl− secretion and an ∼12-fold increase in amiloride-sensitive sodium absorption compared with WT mice. We hypothesize that the marked hyperabsorption of Na+, most likely by olfactory sustentacular cells, leads to desiccation of the surface layer in which the sensory cilia reside, followed by degeneration of the ORNs. The CF mouse thus provides a novel model to examine the mechanisms of disease-associated loss of olfactory function.
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Lazzari, Maurizio, Simone Bettini, Liliana Milani, Maria G. Maurizii, and Valeria Franceschini. "Response of Olfactory Sensory Neurons to Mercury Ions in Zebrafish: An Immunohistochemical Study." Microscopy and Microanalysis 28, no. 1 (November 29, 2021): 227–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927621013763.
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AbstractOlfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) of fish belong to three main types: ciliated olfactory sensory neurons (cOSNs), microvillous olfactory sensory neurons (mOSNs), and crypt cells. Mercury is a toxic metal harmful for olfaction. We exposed the olfactory epithelium of zebrafish to three sublethal Hg2+ concentrations. Molecular markers specific for the different types of OSNs were immunohistochemically detected. Image analysis of treated sections enabled counting of marked cells and measurement of staining optical density indicative of the response of OSNs to Hg2+ exposure. The three types of OSNs reacted to mercury in a different way. Image analysis revealed that mOSNs are more susceptible to Hg2+ exposure than cOSNs and crypt cell density decreases. Moreover, while the ratio between sensory/nonsensory epithelium areas is unchanged, epithelium thickness drops, and dividing cells increase in the basal layer of the olfactory epithelium. Cell death but also reduction of apical processes and marker expression could account for changes in OSN immunostaining. Also, the differential results between dorsal and ventral halves of the olfactory rosette could derive from different water flows inside the olfactory chamber or different subpopulations in OSNs.
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Hua, Hong N., Aliya U. Zaidi, and Barbara S. Zielinski. "Neuronal nitric oxide synthase-like immunoreactivity in olfactory epithelium throughout the life cycle of the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L." Canadian Journal of Zoology 78, no. 3 (April 1, 2000): 346–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z99-211.
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This study is the first to show that neuronal nitric oxide synthase-like immunoreactivity is located in the olfactory epithelium at all developmental stages of a vertebrate. Western immunoblotting of sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus L.) olfactory mucosa with a monoclonal antibody against the NADPH-binding epitope of neuronal nitric oxide synthase showed that the molecular mass of this protein was 200 kDa. In the larval stage, neuronal nitric oxide synthase-like immunoreactivity was strongest in the basal region of the olfactory epithelium, the site of proliferating olfactory receptor neurons. This staining gradually diminished as the life cycle progressed. In the juvenile stage, the intensity of neuronal nitric oxide synthase-like immunoreactivity was striking in the wide cell bodies and dendrites on olfactory receptor neurons. These results confirm previous evidence that nitric oxide modulates development in the olfactory epithelium.
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Sandahl, Jason F., David H. Baldwin, Jeffrey J. Jenkins, and Nathaniel L. Scholz. "Odor-evoked field potentials as indicators of sublethal neurotoxicity in juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) exposed to copper, chlorpyrifos, or esfenvalerate." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 61, no. 3 (March 1, 2004): 404–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f04-011.
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The sublethal effects of three different pesticides (a metal, organophosphate, and pyrethroid) on juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) were evaluated using paired electrophysiological recordings from the olfactory epithelium and the olfactory bulb. Animals were exposed to copper (520 µg·L1), chlorpyrifos (0.6252.5 µg·L1), or esfenvalerate (0.050.20 µg·L1) for 7 days. Sublethal neurotoxicity was examined by recording odor-evoked field potentials from the sensory epithelium and olfactory forebrain using two natural odorants (taurocholic acid or L-serine). Copper and chlorpyrifos decreased the amplitudes of the epithelial and bulbar responses to both odorants in a concentration-dependent manner. Benchmark concentrations for a 20% loss of sensory function were 4.4 µg·L1 for copper and 0.72 µg·L1 for chlorpyrifos. Esfenvalerate did not affect the amplitude of odor-evoked field potentials. However, in the olfactory bulbs of coho exposed to 0.2 µg esfenvalerate·L1, L-serine evoked distinct and irregular bursts of postsynaptic activity in the olfactory bulb, possibly indicating sublethal excitotoxicity to central networks. Collectively, these data indicate that periodic, non-point source contamination of salmon habitats with current-use pesticides could interfere with olfactory function and, by extension, olfactory-mediated behaviors that are important for the survival and migration of salmonids.
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Wang, Ying, Haifeng Jiang, and Liandong Yang. "Transcriptome Analysis of Zebrafish Olfactory Epithelium Reveal Sexual Differences in Odorant Detection." Genes 11, no. 6 (May 27, 2020): 592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11060592.
Full textAbstract:
Animals have evolved a large number of olfactory receptor genes in their genome to detect numerous odorants in their surrounding environments. However, we still know little about whether males and females possess the same abilities to sense odorants, especially in fish. In this study, we used deep RNA sequencing to examine the difference of transcriptome between male and female zebrafish olfactory epithelia. We found that the olfactory transcriptomes between males and females are highly similar. We also found evidence of some genes showing differential expression or alternative splicing, which may be associated with odorant-sensing between sexes. Most chemosensory receptor genes showed evidence of expression in the zebrafish olfactory epithelium, with a higher expression level in males than in females. Taken together, our results provide a comprehensive catalog of the genes mediating olfactory perception and pheromone-evoked behavior in fishes.
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Banger, K. K., E. A. Lock, and C. J. Reed. "The characterization of glutathione S-transferases from rat olfactory epithelium." Biochemical Journal 290, no. 1 (February 15, 1993): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2900199.
Full textAbstract:
The glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) of rat olfactory epithelium have been characterized with regard to substrate specificity and subunit composition and compared to those of the liver. The presence of cytosolic GST activity in rat olfactory epithelium was confirmed and, using 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene as substrate, was found to be approximately one-third that of the liver. Olfactory microsomal GST activity was greater than that of liver microsomes and could be activated by treatment with the sulphydryl agent N-ethylmaleimide. The subunit and isoenzyme profile of GSTs in the olfactory epithelium was investigated using a number of techniques. (1) Olfactory GSTs were characterized using a range of relatively subunit-specific substrates. Activities ranged from 40-90% of those found in liver. Most noticeable was the extremely low olfactory activity with the substrate specific for subunit 1. (2) Immunoblotting with antibodies against specific rat hepatic GSTs confirmed the presence of a number of subunits and the absence of subunit 1. (3) F.p.l.c. chromatofocusing and reverse-phase h.p.l.c. indicated that the cytosolic GST profile of olfactory epithelium is unique and is made up of subunits 2, 3, 4, 7, 8 and 11 with subunits 3 and 4 predominating. There is an absence of isoenzymes containing subunit 1.
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Chiang, Simon, and Stella E. Lee. "New Concepts in Barrier Dysfunction in CRSwNP and Emerging Roles of Tezepelumab and Dupilumab." American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy 37, no. 2 (February 27, 2023): 193–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/19458924231154061.
Full textAbstract:
Background Epithelial barrier disturbances in CRSwNP patients play an important role in both the innate and adaptive immune responses, contributing to chronic inflammation, olfactory dysfunction, and impairments in quality of life. Objective To evaluate the role of the sinonasal epithelium in disease and health, review the pathophysiology of epithelial barrier dysfunction in CRSwNP, and the immunologic targets for treatment. Methods Literature review. Results Blockade of cytokines such as thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), IL-4, and IL-13 have shown promise in barrier restoration and IL-13, specifically may be central to olfactory dysfunction. Conclusion The sinonasal epithelium plays a crucial role in the health and function of the mucosa and immune response. Increased understanding of the local immunologic dysfunction has led to several therapeutics that can potentially restore epithelial barrier function and olfaction. Real world and comparative effectiveness studies are needed.
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Reed, C. J., E. A. Lock, and F. De Matteis. "NADPH: cytochrome P-450 reductase in olfactory epithelium Relevance to cytochrome P-450-dependent reactions." Biochemical Journal 240, no. 2 (December 1, 1986): 585–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2400585.
Full textAbstract:
The presence of a very active cytochrome P-450-dependent drug-metabolizing system in the olfactory epithelium has been confirmed by using 7-ethoxycoumarin, 7-ethoxyresorufin, hexobarbitone and aniline as substrates, and the reasons for the marked activity of the cytochrome P-450 in this tissue have been investigated. The spectral interaction of hexobarbitone and aniline with hepatic and olfactory microsomes has been examined. By this criterion there was no evidence for marked differences in the spin state of the cytochromes of the two tissues, or for the olfactory epithelium containing a greater amount of cytochrome capable of binding hexobarbitone, a very actively metabolized substrate. Rates of NADPH and NADH: cytochrome c reductase activity were found to be higher in the olfactory epithelium than in the liver, and direct evidence was obtained for a greater amount of the NADPH-dependent flavoprotein in the olfactory microsomes. Investigation of male rats and male and female mice, as well as male hamsters, demonstrated that, in all cases, the cytochrome P-450 levels of the olfactory epithelium were lower than those of the liver, while the 7-ethoxycoumarin de-ethylase and NADPH:cytochrome c reductase activities were higher. A correlation was found between 7-ethoxycoumarin de-ethylase and NADPH:cytochrome c reductase activities for both tissues in all species examined. The ratio of reductase to cytochrome P-450 was found to be considerably higher in the olfactory epithelium (1:2-1:3) than in the liver (1:11-1:15), regardless of the species examined, suggesting that facilitated electron flow may contribute significantly to the cytochrome P-450 catalytic turnover in the olfactory tissue.