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1
Gaines, Alan. "Olfactory Disorders." American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy 27, no. 3_suppl (May 2013): S45—S47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/ajra.2013.27.3898.
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Gros, A., V. Manera, C. A. De March, N. Guevara, A. König, L. Friedman, P. Robert, J. Golebiowski, and R. David. "Olfactory disturbances in ageing with and without dementia: towards new diagnostic tools." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 131, no. 7 (April 20, 2017): 572–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215117000858.
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AbstractBackground:Olfactory disorders increase with age and often affect elderly people who have pre-dementia or dementia. Despite the frequent occurrence of olfactory changes at the early stages of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, olfactory disorders are rarely assessed in daily clinical practice, mainly due to a lack of standardised assessment tools. The aims of this review were to (1) summarise the existing literature on olfactory disorders in ageing populations and patients with neurodegenerative disorders; (2) present the strengths and weaknesses of current olfactory disorder assessment tools; and (3) discuss the benefits of developing specific olfactory tests for neurodegenerative diseases.Methods:A systematic review was performed of literature published between 2000 and 2015 addressing olfactory disorders in elderly people with or without Alzheimer's disease or other related disorders to identify the main tools currently used for olfactory disorder assessment.Results:Olfactory disorder assessment is a promising method for improving both the early and differential diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. However, the current lack of consensus on which tests should be used does not permit the consistent integration of olfactory disorder assessment into clinical settings.Conclusion:Otolaryngologists are encouraged to use olfactory tests in older adults to help predict the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Olfactory tests should be specifically adapted to assess olfactory disorders in Alzheimer's disease patients.
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Snow, James B. "Clinical Investigation of Disorders of Olfaction." American Journal of Rhinology 2, no. 4 (September 1988): 145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/105065888781692970.
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The receptor cells in the olfactory neuroepithelium are regularly replaced and, when injured, regenerate from basal cells and reestablish their central connections. This process of reconstitution occurs throughout the life span after mechanical, chemical, and infectious injury. The history and physical findings in association with the quantification of the olfactory loss allow an etiologic diagnosis in many patients. Olfactory losses can be categorized as transport or sensorineural defects. Therapy for transport olfactory losses is frequently effective in restoring the sense of smell. Reasonable strategies for treatment of patients with sensorineural olfactory losses remain limited.
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Ziuzia-Januszewska, Laura, and Marcin Januszewski. "Pathogenesis of Olfactory Disorders in COVID-19." Brain Sciences 12, no. 4 (March 27, 2022): 449. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12040449.
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Since the outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, olfactory disorders have been reported as a frequent symptom of COVID-19; however, its pathogenesis is still debated. The aim of this review is to summarize the current understanding of the pathogenesis of smell impairment in the course of COVID-19 and to highlight potential avenues for future research on this issue. Several theories have been proposed to explain the pathogenesis of COVID-19-related anosmia, including nasal obstruction and rhinorrhea, oedema of the olfactory cleft mucosa, olfactory epithelial damage either within the olfactory receptor cells or the supporting non-neural cells (either direct or immune-mediated), damage to the olfactory bulb, and impairment of the central olfactory pathways. Although the pathogenesis of COVID-19-related anosmia is still not fully elucidated, it appears to be mainly due to sensorineural damage, with infection of the olfactory epithelium support cells via the ACE1 receptor and disruption of the OE caused by immense inflammatory reaction, and possibly with direct olfactory sensory neurons infection mediated by the NRP-1 receptor. Involvement of the higher olfactory pathways and a conductive component of olfactory disorders, as well as genetic factors, may also be considered.
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Peyvandi, Aliasghar, Shahrokh Khoshsirat, Narges Bazgir, Amirreza Zaker, Azin Tahvildari, Somayeh Niknazar, Sara Mohammadi, and Mehri Salari. "Olfactory dysfunction as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for movement disorders." Annals of Movement Disorders 7, no. 3 (September 2024): 171–80. https://doi.org/10.4103/aomd.aomd_75_24.
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Abstract Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is a common nonmotor symptom observed in several movement disorders. The severity and pattern of olfactory impairment vary among these conditions. Notably, olfactory impairment often precedes the clinical diagnosis of movement disorders by several years, yet it remains frequently unrecognized by patients and physicians until formal olfactory tests are undertaken. This review focuses on exploring OD across various movement disorders. A systemic search strategy incorporating key terms such as movement disorders, dystonic disorders, tic disorders, parkinsonian disorders, parkinsonism, ataxia, essential tremors, drug-induced akathisia, and olfaction disorders was employed to query databases including Embase, Scopus, and PubMed. After excluding irrelevant articles, 99 studies were selected for comprehensive review. OD is a persistent feature across all movement disorders, with the exception of pseudo supranuclear palsy. Among these conditions, olfactory impairment is much more frequent and severe in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Incorporating olfactory testing into the diagnostic evaluation of at-risk individuals or patients with established movement disorders is recommended. These olfactory tests offer a practical, cost-effective, and convenient diagnostic tool that may aid in the early identification and management of these conditions.
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Lebedeva, G. V., M. V. Svistushkin, L. V. Selezneva, V. A. Kudryavtseva, K. K. Pogosyan, I. A. Zinchenko, and V. M. Svistushkin. "Possibilities of using the domestic olfactory test in the diagnosis of typical olfactory disorders." Russian Medical Inquiry 8, no. 8 (2024): 470–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.32364/2587-6821-2024-8-8-5.
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Background: the diagnosis of olfactory disorders remains a critical issue in clinical practice. Olfactory testing is the most commonly utilized diagnostic tool. Previously, we developed an olfactory test and validated it on healthy volunteers. Aim: to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of a domestic olfactory test in detecting various olfactory disorders. Materials and Methods: this study included 100 patients presenting with typical olfactory disorders. Subjects were categorized into three groups: acute rhinosinusitis (AR) (n=50), polypous rhinosinusitis (PR) (n=25), and post-viral olfactory dysfunction (PVDO) (n=25). Olfactory function was assessed using the developed test and a visual analog scale (VAS) for comparative analysis. Olfactory threshold and odor discrimination ability were measured in all groups using the olfactory test. In the PR and PVDO groups, the assessment was conducted once on the examination day. In the AR group, assessments were performed twice: on the day of treatment and 14 days post-treatment. Results: olfactory dysfunction was detected in all groups. In the AR group, both the VAS and the domestic olfactory test indicated a decrease in olfactory threshold without changes in odor discrimination ability. Fourteen days post-treatment, improvements in olfactory threshold and odor discrimination were noted, although VAS scores demonstrated a decline. In the PR and PVDO groups, both VAS and the domestic olfactory test showed reductions in olfactory threshold and odor discrimination abilities. VAS results highly correlated with the olfactory threshold across all groups, and additionally with odor discrimination ability in the PVDO group. Conclusion: the study demonstrated the effectiveness of the domestic olfactory test in diagnosing typical olfactory disorders. KEYWORDS: olfaction, olfactory test, olfactory diagnostics, olfactory threshold, odor discrimination ability, acute rhinosinusitis, polypous rhinosinusitis, post-viral olfactory dysfunction, odor. FOR CITATION: Lebedeva G.V., Svistushkin M.V., Selezneva L.V., Kudryavtseva V.A., Pogosyan K.K., Zinchenko I.A., Svistushkin V.M. Possibilities of using the domestic olfactory test in the diagnosis of typical olfactory disorders. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2024;8(8):470–476 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2024-8-8-5.
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Langstaff, Lorna, Nisha Pradhan, Allan Clark, Duncan Boak, Mahmoud Salam, Thomas Hummel, and Carl M. Philpott. "Validation of the olfactory disorders questionnaire for English‐speaking patients with olfactory disorders." Clinical Otolaryngology 44, no. 5 (June 17, 2019): 715–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/coa.13351.
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Park, Yong-Jin. "Treatment of the Olfactory Disorders." Journal of Clinical Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery 18, no. 1 (May 2007): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.35420/jcohns.2007.18.1.23.
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Ryo, Yusuke, Mina Takeuchi, Naoko Ueda, Kazutaka Ohi, Hiroaki Kihara, Takamitsu Shimada, Takashi Uehara, and Yasuhiro Kawasaki. "Olfactory function in neuropsychiatric disorders." Psychiatry Research 252 (June 2017): 175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.02.058.
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Sirota, P., D. Shamir, and E. Mitrany. "Olfactory sensitivity in eating disorders." Biological Psychiatry 39, no. 7 (April 1996): 572. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(96)84195-3.
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Clepce, Marion, Karin Reich, Andrea Gossler, Johannes Kornhuber, and Norbert Thuerauf. "Olfactory abnormalities in anxiety disorders." Neuroscience Letters 511, no. 1 (March 2012): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2012.01.034.
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Friedrich, Hergen, Marco Caversaccio, and Basile Nicolas Landis. "Olfactory disorders after general anesthesia." Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 25, no. 1 (February 2013): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinane.2012.07.002.
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Shetty, Sandeep, Harishnath Vishwanathan, and Sean Carrie. "The management of olfactory disorders." British Journal of Hospital Medicine 68, no. 5 (May 2007): 241–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/hmed.2007.68.5.23329.
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Sirota, Pinkhas, David Shamir, and Edith Mitrany. "Olfactory sensitivity in eating disorders." European Neuropsychopharmacology 6 (June 1996): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-977x(96)87356-1.
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Yang, Jingpu, and Jayant M. Pinto. "The Epidemiology of Olfactory Disorders." Current Otorhinolaryngology Reports 4, no. 2 (April 7, 2016): 130–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40136-016-0120-6.
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Ruan, Yang, Xiang-Yu Zheng, Hong-Liang Zhang, Wei Zhu, and Jie Zhu. "Olfactory dysfunctions in neurodegenerative disorders." Journal of Neuroscience Research 90, no. 9 (June 5, 2012): 1693–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnr.23054.
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Vladimirova, T. Yu, S. S. Chaplygin, A. V. Kurenkov, E. N. Berkovich, and M. K. Blashentsev. "Modern directions of correction of olfactory disorders in clinical practice." Russian Otorhinolaryngology 22, no. 5 (2023): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18692/1810-4800-2023-5-69-75.
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Introduction. According to statistics, about 20% of the population have olfactory disorders of various etiologies. Among the older age group, the prevalence of the symptom is significantly higher and ranges from 40% to 65%. Olfactory disorders are most often found in diseases of the nose and paranasal sinuses of viral and infectious genesis and traumatic brain injury. There are currently no approved schemes for the correction of olfactory disorders. However, in chronic rhinosinusitis, the role of endonasal surgical interventions, systemic and topical glucocorticoids, and biological targeted therapy has been substantiated. Olfactory training in patients with olfactory dysfunction of various etiologies may be a promising treatment method. Objective. To review olfactory training techniques in general clinical practice. Materials and methods. The search for publications in the PubMed and Web of Science databases for the period from 2009 to 2023 was carried out. Results. Olfactory training is an effective method of treating olfactory dysfunction of various etiologies. The proposed olfactory training schemes involve the use of various essential oils in a standard concentration, while the duration of training can vary from 3 to 8 months. The effect of training is characterized by improved indicators of discrimination and identification of odors. At the same time, the period of restoration of the sense of smell is determined both by the degree of severity of olfactory disorders and their duration and by the age of the patient. Shorter recovery periods of olfaction were observed in patients younger than 40 years, and longer periods, in patients older than 69 years. Discussion. The study of the prospects for the use of olfactory training in the correction of olfactory dysfunction involves the study of the role of polysensory stimulation in increasing their effectiveness. The most optimal is additional stimulation of the visual analyzer by immersing the patient in a virtual scenario.
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Petersen, Marcela Leão, Monia Bresolin, and Ariane Madruga Monteiro. "539 - The association between olfactory dysfunction and psychiatric disorders." International Psychogeriatrics 33, S1 (October 2021): 82–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610221002349.
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It is known that olfactory dysfunction occurs early in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Dementia and psychiatric disorders share a number of clinical features, such as psychosis and depression. As such, misdiagnoses across these conditions are not uncommon. A variety of studies show smell dysfunction in schizophrenia, but little is known about other psychiatric disorders. In order to verify the link between olfaction and psychiatric disorders, a medical literature search was carried out in may 2021 using PubMed, and Cochrane Library, including the terms “olfaction” and “olfactory dysfunction” combined individually with “psychiatric disorder” and “depression”. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses written in English from 1991 to 2021 were included. Even thought one review suggested that patients with depression have reduced olfactory performance when compared with healthy, results show studies with different methodology and design which makes it difficult to reach definitive conclusions as how and if olfactory functioning is related to depression. Further studies with the same methodology that examines and separates central and peripheral olfactory processing are needed. Another review showed robust olfactory deficits in schizophrenia and at-risk youths, what indicates that olfactory measures may be a useful marker of schizophrenia risk status. Finally, a systematic review compared olfactory function in FTD, depression, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Results revealed that odor identification but not discrimination was severely impaired in FTD, both were impaired in schizophrenia, while no olfactory impairments were observed in depression. Findings in bipolar disorder were mixed. This review showed that testing odor identification and discrimination differentiates FTD from depression and schizophrenia, but not from bipolar disorder. It is possible to conclude that olfactory dysfunction occurs in schizophrenia and dementia but not in depression.
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Yang, Kun, Carlos Ayala-Grosso, Janardhan P. Bhattarai, Andrew Sheriff, Tsutomu Takahashi, Alexandre S. Cristino, Christina Zelano, and Minghong Ma. "Unraveling the Link between Olfactory Deficits and Neuropsychiatric Disorders." Journal of Neuroscience 43, no. 45 (November 8, 2023): 7501–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.1380-23.2023.
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Smell loss has caught public attention during the recent COVID-19 pandemic. Research on olfactory function in health and disease gains new momentum. Smell deficits have long been recognized as an early clinical sign associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. Here we review research on the associations between olfactory deficits and neuropathological conditions, focusing on recent progress in four areas: (1) human clinical studies of the correlations between smell deficits and neuropsychiatric disorders; (2) development of olfactory mucosa-derived tissue and cell models for studying the molecular pathologic mechanisms; (3) recent findings in brain imaging studies of structural and functional connectivity changes in olfactory pathways in neuropsychiatric disorders; and (4) application of preclinical animal models to validate and extend the findings from human subjects. Together, these studies have provided strong evidence of the link between the olfactory system and neuropsychiatric disorders, highlighting the relevance of deepening our understanding of the role of the olfactory system in pathophysiological processes. Following the lead of studies reviewed here, future research in this field may open the door to the early detection of neuropsychiatric disorders, personalized treatment approaches, and potential therapeutic interventions through nasal administration techniques, such as nasal brush or nasal spray.
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Vandersteen, Clair, Magali Payne, Louise-Emilie Dumas, Victoria Metelkina-Fernandez, Alexandra Plonka, David Chirio, Elisa Demonchy, et al. "Persistent olfactory complaints after COVID-19: a new interpretation of the psychophysical olfactory scores." Rhinology Online 4 (April 1, 2021): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4193/rhinol/21.010.
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Background: Sudden olfactory loss is a major symptom of SARS-CoV-2 infection and has a negative impact on daily life quality. Almost 80% of disorders regress spontaneously. No precise characterization of the medium- and long-term olfactory symptoms has been carried out yet, apart from self-assessments. The main objective of this work was to characterize persistent smell disorders in this population. Methodology: Consecutive patients consulting to the ENT department with post-Covid19 olfactory loss were included. The clinical examination included an analog scale for the self-assessment of olfactory recovery), a nasofibroscopy, the Sniffin’ Stick Test and the short version of the Questionnaire of olfactory disorders. Results: Among the 34 patients included, based on the Sniffin’ Sticks Test, 29.4% (n=10) could be classified as normosmic, 55.9% (n=19) as hyposmic and 14.7% (n=5) as functional anosmic). Only olfactory identification impairment was significantly correlated with olfactory complaint and daily anxiety and annoyance related to lack of olfaction recovery. This identification disorder seemed to worsen over time. Conclusions: It is crucial to assess odor identification disorders in case of persistent olfactory complaints after COVID-19. It is fundamental to target this disorder, as it does not improve spontaneously and negatively impact quality of life.
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Hidalgo, J., G. Chopard, J. Galmiche, L. Jacquot, and G. Brand. "Just noticeable difference in olfaction: a discriminative tool between healthy elderly and patients with cognitive disorders associated with dementia." Rhinology journal 49, no. 5 (December 1, 2011): 513–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4193/rhino11.013.
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Olfactory dysfunction appears to be one of the earliest signs of several age-related neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer`s disease (AD) or Parkinson`s disease (PD). To rate performance and olfactory deficits in patients with cognitive disorders, various olfactory tasks have been used such as odor detection, discrimination, recognition memory, identification and naming but no study has been focused on just noticeable difference (JND), a sensitive tool of detection. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare variations in JNDs in healthy elderly and in patients with cognitive disorders associated with dementia. The results showed significantly higher olfactory JNDs in a population with cognitive disorders associated with dementia - i.e. a lower olfactory detection performance - compared to a control population paired in age, gender and education level. Additionally, the findings of the present study showed strong correlations between cognitive performances and JND scores in the control population contrary to the patient population. These findings are discussed in relation to the relevance of using olfactory JNDs in the diagnosis of dementias.
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Pratama, Yudistira, Anna Mailasari Kusuma Dewi, Muyassaroh, Riece Hariyati, and Willy Yusmawan. "Relationship Between Obesity and Allergies with Olfactory Disorders in Covid-19 Patients." Medica Hospitalia : Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 3 (November 29, 2023): 319–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.36408/mhjcm.v10i3.949.
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Background: The prevalence of olfactory disorders is around 68% - 85% which occurs in COVID-19 patients with obesity and allergies as risk factors. The abnormalities olfactory pathways can cause by inflammatory response in adipose tissue in obese patients and excessive inflammation due to hyperreactivity of the immune system to allergens in allergic patients. This study aims to analyze the relationship between obesity and allergies to the occurrence of olfactory disorders in COVID-19. Method: It was an observational study during pandemic. Subjects were adult COVID-19 patients in the dr. Kariadi Hospital from June to July 2021. Patient with complete medical record ask for olfactory and allergic questionnaire. Patient with nasal tumor were excluded. Result: We found 100 subjects who meet the criteria. There was a significant difference in smell disturbances between obese and non-obese subjects. (p = 0.019, OR 4.99). There was a significant difference (p=0.001) in complaints of olfactory disorders between allergic and non-allergic subjects, whereas all allergic subjects experienced olfactory disorders. Conclusion: Obesity and allergies are corelated with impaired smell in COVID-19 patients.
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Bhatia-Dey, Naina, and Thomas Heinbockel. "The Olfactory System as Marker of Neurodegeneration in Aging, Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Disorders." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13 (June 29, 2021): 6976. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136976.
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Research studies that focus on understanding the onset of neurodegenerative pathology and therapeutic interventions to inhibit its causative factors, have shown a crucial role of olfactory bulb neurons as they transmit and propagate nerve impulses to higher cortical and limbic structures. In rodent models, removal of the olfactory bulb results in pathology of the frontal cortex that shows striking similarity with frontal cortex features of patients diagnosed with neurodegenerative disorders. Widely different approaches involving behavioral symptom analysis, histopathological and molecular alterations, genetic and environmental influences, along with age-related alterations in cellular pathways, indicate a strong correlation of olfactory dysfunction and neurodegeneration. Indeed, declining olfactory acuity and olfactory deficits emerge either as the very first symptoms or as prodromal symptoms of progressing neurodegeneration of classical conditions. Olfactory dysfunction has been associated with most neurodegenerative, neuropsychiatric, and communication disorders. Evidence revealing the dual molecular function of the olfactory receptor neurons at dendritic and axonal ends indicates the significance of olfactory processing pathways that come under environmental pressure right from the onset. Here, we review findings that olfactory bulb neuronal processing serves as a marker of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Melinte, Gabriela-Violeta, and Codrut Sarafoleanu. "Difficulties of olfactometric evaluation in patients accusing smell disorders after head trauma." Romanian Journal of Rhinology 8, no. 29 (March 1, 2018): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rjr-2018-0005.
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Abstract Head trauma is considered to be the third cause of olfactory function disorders. Olfactometric assessment in patients accusing anosmia following head injury produced by car accident or aggression is important, because most of them are involved in law trials in order to obtain financial compensations from the author. It is compulsory to use both subjective and objective olfactory evaluation methods combined with a detailed anamnesis, a complete ENT examination and a good cranio-facial imaging (computed tomography or MRI) in order to exclude malingerers and to obtain an accurate diagnosis. “Sfanta Maria” ENT Department from Bucharest is the only center in Romania where the olfactory function in completely investigated. We use chemosensory (Snap and Sniff Test and n-Butanol Dynamic Olfactometry) and electrophysiological tests (electric olfactory evoked potentials of the olfactory bulb). Unfortunately, we confront with a series of difficulties in what concerns the smell function evaluation: 1) there is scarce information in the literature regarding the olfactory electric evoked potentials; 2) the electric olfactory evoked potentials register only the electrical activity in the olfactory bulb; 3) in case of olfactory impairment medically confirmed, we cannot establish a cause-effect relationship between the disturbance and the event; 4) the most accurate electrophysiological assessment method currently available in Europe is the time-frequency analysis of chemosensory event-related potentials, but we do not dispose of the necessary equipment yet; 5) sometimes patients do not give us the informed consent for a complete olfactory evaluation.
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Fiorentino, Julie, Magali Payne, Elisa Cancian, Alexandra Plonka, Louise-Émilie Dumas, David Chirio, Élisa Demonchy, et al. "Correlations between Persistent Olfactory and Semantic Memory Disorders after SARS-CoV-2 Infection." Brain Sciences 12, no. 6 (May 31, 2022): 714. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12060714.
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Background: One of the main symptoms of COVID-19 is hyposmia or even anosmia. Olfactory identification is most often affected. In addition, some cognitive disorders tend to appear following the infection, particularly regarding executive functions, attention, and memory. Olfaction, and especially olfactory identification, is related to semantic memory which manages general knowledge about the world. The main objective of this study was to determine whether semantic memory is impaired in case of persistent post COVID-19 olfactory disorders. Methods: 84 patients (average age of 42.8 ± 13.6 years) with post COVID-19 olfactory loss were included after consulting to the ENT department. The clinical evaluation was carried out with the Pyramid and Palm Tree Test, the word-retrieval task from the Grémots, the Sniffin’ Sticks Test and the Computerised Olfactory Test for the Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease. Results: Semantic memory was impaired in 20% (n = 17) of patients, especially in the 19–39 age-group. The olfactory threshold was only significantly correlated with the semantic memory scores. Conclusions: Similar to all cognitive disorders, semantic disorders can have a negative impact on quality of life if left untreated. It is essential to carry out specific assessments of post COVID-19 patients to accurately determine their disorders and to put in place the best possible rehabilitation, such as speech and language therapy, to avoid quality-of-life impairment.
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Welge-Lussen, Antje, Andrea Hilgenfeld, Thomas Meusel, and Thomas Hummel. "Long-term follow-up of posttraumatic olfactory disorders." Rhinology journal 50, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4193/rhino11.141.
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Objective: This study aims to determine the long-term recovery rate of posttraumatic olfactory disorders and to evaluate whether a lateralized disorder influences recovery. Method: Olfactory function of 67 patients with posttraumatic olfactory disorders were examined twice using the `Sniffin` Sticks` test battery. Olfactory function was classified based on composite TDI (Threshold, Discrimination and Identification) score. Subjective impairment was rated by visual analogue scale ranging from 0 to 10. Results: First and second examinations were conducted an average of 16.7 months and 74 months after trauma, respectively. From first to second examination, mean TDI score of the better nostril increased significantly, the number of patients with anosmia of the better nostril decreased, and number of hyposmic and normosmic patients increased. Subjective impairment decreased. Neither age, sex, nor side differences between nostrils affected improvement. Conclusion: After the follow-up period, in 27% of the patients the TDI score improved ≥ 6 points score and subjective impairment decreased. A follow-up period of more than 2 years is recommended.
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Bezeha, Bohdan. "Our observations regarding olfactory disorders in COVID-19." OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY, No3-4(5) 2022 (July 29, 2022): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.37219/2528-8253-2022-3-71.
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Topicality: Despite a large number of patients and, accordingly, the large number of publications in the medical literature, numerous clinical manifestations of the disease due to COVID-19 have not yet been sufficiently studied. One of the leading symptoms of COVID-19 is impaired olfactory function, primarily anosmia. According to the literature, anosmia is noted in 30 to 60% of patients. It can be an early and sometimes the only characteristic symptom of the disease. Treatment of olfactory disorders is a difficult task. Therefore timely detection of disorders and early targeted therapy is of great medical and social importance. Aim: to determine the features of the clinical manifestations of olfactory dysfunction in patients with COVID-19. Materials and methods: An analysis of the clinical and instrumental examination of 53 pat ients with COVID-19 was carried out. In addition, an endoscopic examination of the nasal cavity was carried out using the workplace of an otorhinolaryngologist with the Mega Medical NET-1100 endovideo complex. Results and their discussion: According to the analysis of survey data of 130 patients with the help of a particular questionnaire developed by us to determine sensory organ function disorders in patients with COVID-19, the majority of subjects (69.2% of cases – 90 patients) noted olfactory function disorders, mainly in the form of anosmia 25.4% (33 patients) or weakening of olfactory sensitivity by 22.3% (29 patients). However, in 21.5% (28 patients) of cases, the sense of smell or its enhancement was distorted. Mainly, smell impairment occurred in the first few days of the disease, and hearing was partially or wholly restored after recovery. However, in 26.2% - 34 patients, certain disorders persisted for 1-3 months after the illness, and in 15.3% - 20 patients, the sense of smell did not fully recover five months after recovery. We examined 53 patients who became ill with COVID-19 and complained of impaired olfactory function, which persisted after recovery from 2 weeks to 1.5 months, mainly in the form of complete anosmia 34% (18 patients), weakening of olfactory function 26, 4% (14 patients) and distortion 39.6% (21 patients). In general, according to our observations, independent recovery (primarily partial) is observed in patients with COVID-19 within 2 to 6 months, and more often, it occurs with changes in sensitivity and distortions of the perception of some smells. According to the endoscopic data, 54% of the examined had no visible signs of mucosal disorders. It was pink, hydrated, and without signs of inflammation, thinning, hypertrophy or oedema. In 13 patients (24.5%), there was an increase in the vascular pattern and moderate oedema. Seven patients (13.2%) showed signs of dryness and thinning of the mucous membrane, sometimes with crusts. Approximately 79.3% (42 patients) of the examined subjects had anatomical features that partially or significantly limited air access to the olfactory zone (upper nasal passage). In addition, 19 (35.8%) of the studied patients were diagnosed with marked curvature of the nasal septum, and 5 (9.4%) with allergic rhinitis. Conclusions: 1. In the vast majority of cases, the disease with COVID-19 is accompanied, in addition to other symptoms, by damage to the olfactory analyser system. 2. Violat ion of smell with COVID-19 is usually observed immediately during the disease and, in some patients (in 25-30% of cases), persists for a long time after recovery. 3. Violations of the olfactory function in COVID-19 are manifested not only in the form of anosmia but also in the form of a decrease, exacerbation, or distortion of the sense of smell. 4. Violat ions of the olfactory function in COVID-19, which persist after clinical recovery, in most cases are not manifested by visible disorders of the mucous membrane of the olfactory zone of the nasal cavity.
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Mun, Sue Jean. "Testing for Olfactory and Gustatory Disorders." Journal of Clinical Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery 31, no. 2 (December 2020): 148–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.35420/jcohns.2020.31.2.148.
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Doty, Richard. "The Olfactory System and Its Disorders." Seminars in Neurology 29, no. 01 (February 2009): 074–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1124025.
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Amali, Amin, Amir Arvin Sazgar, Maziar Motiee Langeroudi, and Babak Saedi. "Olfactory Disorders in HIV Positive Patients." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 147, no. 2_suppl (August 2012): P252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0194599812451426a405.
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Guekht, A. B., A. I. Kryukov, A. A. Kazakova, R. G. Akzhigitov, N. V. Gulyaeva, and T. A. Druzhkova. "Olfactory disorders as a multidisciplinary problem." Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova 122, no. 12 (2022): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17116/jnevro202212212132.
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Usova, O. M. "Comparative assessment of the role of TMPRSS2 and ACE-2 receptors in the development of olfactory disorders in infection with coronavirus SARS-CoV-2." Morphologia 18, no. 1 (April 29, 2024): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.26641/1997-9665.2024.1.78-82.
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Background. Today, evidence of the impact of the SARSCoV-2 coronavirus not only on the cells of the olfactory epithelium, but also on the components of the deeper parts of the olfactory system (olfactory bulbs and the olfactory area of the cerebral cortex), indicates the expression of proteins by the cells of the olfactory epithelium that contribute to further penetration of the virus. An urgent problem is the lack of comprehensive studies of the role of morphological and immunological features of various parts of the olfactory system in the occurrence of olfactory disorders and insufficient understanding of the relationship between their duration and the localization of cells affected by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. The оbjective of the study is to clarify the feasibility of studying the role of TMPRSS2 receptors and comparing it with the role of ACE-2 receptors localized on the components of the olfactory epithelium in the development of olfactory disorders in the Coronavirus Disease 2019 caused by SARS-CoV-2. Methods. This study was performed using autopsy material, namely fragments of the mucous membrane of the upper parts of the nasal cavity (olfactory epithelium), obtained from 10 deceased (6 women and 4 men) aged 53 to 79 years with a laboratory-confirmed diagnosis of "Coronavirus Disease 2019" (polymerase chain reaction) and olfactory disorders of various degrees in the anamnesis. Mucosal samples were stained both with hematoxylin and eosin, and using an immunohistochemical method with antibodies to transmembrane serine protease-2 (TMPRSS2) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE-2). Results. As a result of this study, the number of OMP-positive cells in sections of the olfactory epithelium was on average 46.5 in the field of view at 200x magnification (35.0-59.0), ACE-2-positive cells - 38.5 in the field of view at magnification 200x (21.0-55.0), TMPRSS2-positive - 81 in the field of view at 200x magnification (63.0-96.0). Conclusion. Studying the role of TMPRSS2 and ACE-2 receptors localized on olfactory epithelial cells in the development of olfactory disorders in the 2019 coronavirus disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 will provide a better scientific understanding of the development of disease-specific symptoms.
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Simonini, Ludovica, Francesca Frijia, Lamia Ait Ali, Ilenia Foffa, Cecilia Vecoli, Carmelo De Gori, Sara De Cori, et al. "A Comprehensive Review of COVID-19-Related Olfactory Deficiency: Unraveling Associations with Neurocognitive Disorders and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings." Diagnostics 14, no. 4 (February 7, 2024): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14040359.
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Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is one of the most common symptoms in COVID-19 patients and can impact patients’ lives significantly. The aim of this review was to investigate the multifaceted impact of COVID-19 on the olfactory system and to provide an overview of magnetic resonance (MRI) findings and neurocognitive disorders in patients with COVID-19-related OD. Extensive searches were conducted across PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar until 5 December 2023. The included articles were 12 observational studies and 1 case report that assess structural changes in olfactory structures, highlighted through MRI, and 10 studies correlating the loss of smell with neurocognitive disorders or mood disorders in COVID-19 patients. MRI findings consistently indicate volumetric abnormalities, altered signal intensity of olfactory bulbs (OBs), and anomalies in the olfactory cortex among COVID-19 patients with persistent OD. The correlation between OD and neurocognitive deficits reveals associations with cognitive impairment, memory deficits, and persistent depressive symptoms. Treatment approaches, including olfactory training and pharmacological interventions, are discussed, emphasizing the need for sustained therapeutic interventions. This review points out several limitations in the current literature while exploring the intricate effects of COVID-19 on OD and its connection to cognitive deficits and mood disorders. The lack of objective olfactory measurements in some studies and potential validity issues in self-reports emphasize the need for cautious interpretation. Our research highlights the critical need for extensive studies with larger samples, proper controls, and objective measurements to deepen our understanding of COVID-19’s long-term effects on neurological and olfactory dysfunctions.
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Pan, Xiaodan, Yuan Zhang, Chengshuo Wang, and Luo Zhang. "Evaluation of nasal symptoms to distinguish eosinophilic from noneosinophilic nasal polyps based on peripheral blood." Allergy and Asthma Proceedings 42, no. 3 (May 1, 2021): 214–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/aap.2021.42.210004.
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Background: Patients with eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (eCRSwNP) have poorer outcomes after endoscopic sinus surgery and a higher recurrence rate. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the profile of clinical symptoms of eCRSwNP and the related risk factors. Methods: We prospectively enrolled 298 inpatients with CRSwNP from February 2019 to December 2019. The patients were divided into eCRSwNP and non-eCRSwNP groups based on the percentage of blood eosinophils; the cutoff value was set at 3.05%. Clinical data on questionnaires, visual analog scale (VAS) scores, and laboratory tests were collected. The differences in clinical symptoms, including nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, olfactory disorders, and head and/or facial pain, between the two groups were analyzed to identify the influential factors. Logistic analysis and receiver operating characteristic curves were used to determine the diagnostic benefit for the specific symptom in the patients in the eCRSwNP group. Results: Nasal congestion and olfactory disorders were significantly different between the eCRSwNP and non-eCRSwNP groups. The patients in the eCRSwNP group more frequently had concerns about olfactory disorders (p = 0.002), whereas patients in the non-eCRSwNP group mostly had nasal congestion (p = 0.001). The logistic analysis showed that the primary risk factors for olfactory disorders of eCRSwNP were disease duration (p = 0.014) and alcohol intake (p = 0.012). Olfactory disorders were not associated with the disease course of the eCRSwNP group but were correlated with the disease duration of non-eCRSwNP (p = 0.008). A VAS score for the olfactory disorders of >5.75 could be used to predict the diagnosis of eCRSwNP (area under the curve, 0.674 [95% confidence intervals, 0.559‐0.689]; P < 0.001). Conclusion: Olfactory disorder might be the major nasal symptom that could be used to distinguish a peripheral eosinophilia‐based definition of eCRSwNP and non-eCRSwNP. The disease duration was a limiting factor for using olfactory to distinguish two subgroups of nasal polyp. The investigation with regard to the accurate time boundary should be further addressed.
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Yu, Yunqing, Ping Liao, and Ruotian Jiang. "Ion Channels in Odor Information Processing of Neural Circuits of the Vertebrate Olfactory Bulb." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 24 (December 10, 2024): 13259. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252413259.
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Olfactory disorders and their associated complications present a considerable challenge to an individual’s quality of life and emotional wellbeing. The current range of treatments, including surgical procedures, pharmacological interventions, and behavioral training, frequently proves ineffective in restoring olfactory function. The olfactory bulb (OB) is essential for odor processing and plays a pivotal role in the development of these disorders. Despite the acknowledged significance of ion channels in sensory functions and related pathologies, their specific involvement in OB remains unexplored. This review presents an overview of the functions of various ion channel families in regulating neuronal excitability, synaptic transmission, and the complex processes of olfactory perception. The objective of this review was to elucidate the role of ion channels in olfactory function, providing new insights into the diagnosis and treatment of olfactory dysfunction.
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Harf Poluan, Fransiskus, and Lina Marlina. "Analysis of the Effect of Life Disorders on Taste Perception." Galore International Journal of Health Sciences and Research 8, no. 4 (December 19, 2023): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/gijhsr.20230406.
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Smell disorders mostly damage the olfactory membrane of the sense of smell. This can reduce the ability to detect smells, reduce the ability to taste, or food, and even lose appetite. This research aimed to find real evidence of the influence of olfactory disturbances on taste perception carried out on the FK UKI Students’ class of 2012. This research used an experimental design; data was taken in July 2015, and 32 students were used as research subjects. The research examined participants' taste perceptions through an intervention by covering the patient's nose as a symbol of olfactory disturbance and without covering the participant's nose as a control. The data will be processed using the SPSS version 16 program and then analyzed using the t-test or independent samples T-test. The results showed that 38.7% of women and 37.5% of men had correct taste perception in the presence of olfactory disturbances. In comparison, 68.7% of women and 60% of men had proper taste perception without olfactory disturbances. Keywords: Smell physiology, Taste Physiology, Smell Disorders
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Suharta, M. Tata. "Symptoms of Depression in Patients with Chemosensory Disorders." Open Access Indonesian Journal of Medical Reviews 1, no. 1 (August 28, 2021): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.37275/oaijmr.v1i1.549.
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Chemosenses are frequently reported in patients with chemosensory impairment. The present investigation intends to clarify whether there are differential pacts on symptoms of depression between the types (smell dysfunction, taste dysfunction, and combination smell and taste dysfunction), severe- ity, length or source of dysfunction. At the same time, diminished olfaction input and taste appear to have a detrimental influence on emotional dysfunction aggravation. In patients with mixed olfactory or gustatory dysfunction in clinical practice, early management should be considered for depressure symptoms. The current study sought to compare depressive symptoms in patients with mixed olfactory/gustatory dysfunction, purely olfactory disorder, and gustatory disorder, as well as to investigate the relationships between chemosensory function and depressive symptoms in various groups.
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Ozdemir, Nuriye Guzin, Ibrahim Burak Atci, Sevda Bag, Hakan Yilmaz, Yesim Karagoz, and Adem Yilmaz. "Magnetic resonance imaging study; does the olfactory bulb volume change in major depression?" Romanian Neurosurgery 30, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 98–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/romneu-2016-0015.
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Abstract Goal: The olfactory region function disorders and olfactory bulb volume changes in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders are defined. In this study, the olfactory bulb values of patients diagnosed with major depression in accordance with DMS-IV criteria, are measured with MRI, and these values are compared with the values of healthy volunteers to see if there are any statistically significant changes. Method: The study was carried out with 20 healthy volunteers and 20 patients who had been diagnosed with acute major depression in accordance with ‘diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders’ (DMS) IV criteria and have been getting treatment for more than 2 years in Istanbul Education and Research Hospital. 1,5 Tesla MRI were used in 40 cases, and the olfactory bulb volume on two hemispheres were measured separately. Results: Contrary to the former studies, we found no statistically significant difference between the olfactory bulb volume measurements of the control group and the group diagnosed with major depression.
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Araújo, Laura, Vanessa Arata, and Ricardo G. Figueiredo. "Olfactory Disorders in Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome." Sinusitis 5, no. 2 (September 24, 2021): 116–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sinusitis5020012.
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Altered smell is one of the most prevalent symptoms in acute COVID-19 infection. Although most patients recover normal neurosensory function in a few weeks, approximately one-tenth of patients report long-term smell dysfunction, including anosmia, hyposmia, parosmia and phantosmia, with a particularly notable impact on quality of life. In this complex scenario, inflammation and cellular damage may play a key role in the pathogenesis of olfactory dysfunctions and may affect olfactory signaling from the peripheral to the central nervous system. Appropriate management of smell disturbances in COVID-19 patients must focus on the underlying mechanisms and the assessment of neurosensorial pathways. This article aims to review the aspects of olfactory impairment, including its pathophysiology, epidemiology, and clinical management in post-acute COVID-19 syndrome (PACS).
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Rapiejko, Piotr. "Sense of smell disorders in family physician practice." Alergoprofil 17, no. 2 (May 26, 2021): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.24292/01.ap.172260521.
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A properly functioning sense of smell recognizes both food and danger and provides sensory input. Sense of smell is lost and/or impaired in diseases accompanied by impaired nasal patency such as chronic rhinosinusitis with or without nasal polyps, allergic rhinitis, respiratory infections including acute rhinosinusitis. In the case of rhinosinusitis in adults, olfactory impairment is one of the four main symptoms of the disease. They can also be caused by damage to the olfactory neuron, e.g. in the course of a viral infection. Loss of smell and/or taste reported by patients with COVID-19 may be a diagnostic hint. Modern intranasal glucocorticosteroids are used to treat olfactory disturbances and loss of smell caused by nasal patency impairment (or accompanying diseases with nasal patency impairment).
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Qiu, Chenghao, Chong Cui, Charlotte Hautefort, Antje Haehner, Jun Zhao, Qi Yao, Hui Zeng, et al. "Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunction as an Early Identifier of COVID-19 in Adults and Children: An International Multicenter Study." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 163, no. 4 (June 16, 2020): 714–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0194599820934376.
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Objective To evaluate the prevalence and characteristics of olfactory or gustatory dysfunction in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. Study Design Multicenter case series. Setting Five tertiary care hospitals (3 in China, 1 in France, 1 in Germany). Subjects and Methods In total, 394 polymerase chain reaction (PCR)–confirmed COVID-19-positive patients were screened, and those with olfactory or gustatory dysfunction were included. Data including demographics, COVID-19 severity, patient outcome, and the incidence and degree of olfactory and/or gustatory dysfunction were collected and analyzed. The Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders (QOD) and visual analog scale (VAS) were used to quantify olfactory and gustatory dysfunction, respectively. All subjects at 1 hospital (Shanghai) without subjective olfactory complaints underwent objective testing. Results Of 394 screened subjects, 161 (41%) reported olfactory and/or gustatory dysfunction and were included. Incidence of olfactory and/or gustatory disorders in Chinese (n = 239), German (n = 39), and French (n = 116) cohorts was 32%, 69%, and 49%, respectively. The median age of included subjects was 39 years, 92 of 161 (57%) were male, and 10 of 161 (6%) were children. Of included subjects, 10% had only olfactory or gustatory symptoms, and 19% had olfactory and/or gustatory complaints prior to any other COVID-19 symptom. Of subjects with objective olfactory testing, 10 of 90 demonstrated abnormal chemosensory function despite reporting normal subjective olfaction. Forty-three percent (44/102) of subjects with follow-up showed symptomatic improvement in olfaction or gustation. Conclusions Olfactory and/or gustatory disorders may represent early or isolated symptoms of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. They may serve as a useful additional screening criterion, particularly for the identification of patients in the early stages of infection.
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Zhang, Jingjing, Zixuan Zhao, Siqi Sun, Jing Li, Yu Wang, Jingyin Dong, Su Yang, et al. "Olfactory Evaluation in Alzheimer’s Disease Model Mice." Brain Sciences 12, no. 5 (May 6, 2022): 607. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12050607.
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Olfactory dysfunction is considered a pre-cognitive biomarker of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Because the olfactory system is highly conserved across species, mouse models corresponding to various AD etiologies have been bred and used in numerous studies on olfactory disorders. The olfactory behavior test is a method required for early olfactory dysfunction detection in AD model mice. Here, we review the olfactory evaluation of AD model mice, focusing on traditional olfactory detection methods, olfactory behavior involving the olfactory cortex, and the results of olfactory behavior in AD model mice, aiming to provide some inspiration for further development of olfactory detection methods in AD model mice.
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Adamova, A. S., E. G. Klocheva, and V. V. Goldobin. "Variants of persistent olfactory dysfunction associated with Novel Coronavirus infection and treatment results." Medical alphabet, no. 21 (November 8, 2024): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.33667/2078-5631-2024-21-57-62.
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The problem of the occurrence of persistent olfactory dysfunction (OD) associated with Novel Coronavirus infection (COVID-19) has now become relevant, however, a regulated standard of therapy has not been developed. According to the literature, about 60 % of patients report the presence of olfactory disorders that persist for several months or more after recovery from COVID-19. However, no more than 5 % seek medical help for olfactory disorders, which indicates the importance of the problem and the need for treatment in a polyclinic setting. Currently, two main areas of treatment for quantitative and qualitative disorders of the sense of smell are used – drug and non-drug therapy. The article proposes a systematization option based on existing treatment methods with an assessment of their effectiveness. The method of performing olfactory training is described, and the results of treatment of persistent OD are presented.
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Vladimirova, T. Yu, A. M. Popova, and M. N. Popov. "The use of intranasal glucocorticosteroids in the treatment of persistent allergic rhinitis after COVID-19 infection." Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council, no. 8 (May 17, 2022): 106–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2022-16-8-106-110.
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Introduction. Modern algorithms for the diagnosis and treatment of allergic rhinitis (AR) recommend a stepwise approach for managing symptoms of the disease. A part of patients with AR have symptoms that indicate to the past COVID-19 followed by significant impairment of the olfactory function. The article places special emphasis on the intranasal glucocorticosteroid option of treatment to manage nasal and general symptoms in persistent AR.The aim of the study is to evaluate the efficacy of mometasone furoate in patients with a confirmed diagnosis of persistent AR, olfactory disorders, and past COVID-19 infection.Materials and methods. A total of 72 patients with persistent AR were included in the randomized controlled prospective study. All patients had a history of olfactory dysfunction with varied severity, which persisted after COVID-19 infection.Results. Measuring the severity of nasal and general symptoms on Day 15 of treatment showed a positive outcome in both groups: the patients of the main group experienced changes, to a greater extent, in nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, olfactory disorders, the patients of the control group generally demonstrated a reduction in nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, itching and sneezing, and improvement of sleep. The final measuring of the severity of complaints on Day 30 of treatment showed that patients of the main group managed to cure the olfactory disorders (0.9 points on the VAS), nasal congestion (0.4 points on the VAS), rhinorrhea and itching (0.2 points on the VAS). Sleep disorders continued to disturb patients in both groups, its improvements in the main group were statistically insignificant.Conclusions. The complaints of nasal congestion, impaired olfactory function and sleep disorders were noted to prevail in patients with persistent form of AR after COVID-19. The followed measuring of the olfactory function using the SST-12 screening test showed that all patients had anosmia. It has been confirmed that the use of mometasone furoate in the treatment of persistent AR in patients with severe olfactory dysfunction after COVID-19 would be appropriate.
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Kazour, François, Sami Richa, Chantale Abi Char, Boriana Atanasova, and Wissam El-Hage. "Olfactory Memory in Depression: State and Trait Differences between Bipolar and Unipolar Disorders." Brain Sciences 10, no. 3 (March 24, 2020): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10030189.
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Background: Changes in olfactory recognition memory may constitute sensory markers in depression. Significant differences may exist between unipolar and bipolar depression. Our study compares olfactory memory between control, unipolar, and bipolar patients in depressed and euthymic states in order to identify potential markers of depression. Methods: 176 participants were recruited in 5 groups: depressed bipolar (DB), euthymic bipolar (EB), depressed unipolar (DU), euthymic unipolar (EU), and controls (HC). The participants had a standardized clinical and olfactory assessment (olfactory memory, evaluation of pleasantness, intensity, familiarity, and emotional aspect of smells). Results: DU, DB, and EU patients had a deficit in olfactory memory compared to HC. DB patients had lower capacity to recognize new odors. DB and DU patients had more limited detection of unfamiliar odors than HC. DB patients rated odors as less pleasant compared to the other groups. All groups had lower hedonic ratings than HC. DB patients had lower emotional ratings than EU patients. Conclusions: Olfactory memory is impaired in depressive states, thus constituting a state marker of depression. Impairments in olfactory memory persist after remission of bipolar depression, thus constituting a possible trait marker of bipolarity. Hedonic rating differentiates unipolar from bipolar depression. This is the first study that identifies a sensory marker differentiating between unipolar and bipolar depression.
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Scangas, George A., and Benjamin S. Bleier. "Anosmia: Differential Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Management." American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy 31, no. 1 (January 2017): e3-e7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/ajra.2017.31.4403.
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The ability to scrutinize our surroundings remains heavily dependent on the sense of smell. From the ability to detect dangerous situations such as fires to the recollection of a fond memory triggered by an odor, the advantages of an intact olfactory system cannot be overstated. Outcomes studies have highlighted the profound negative impact of anosmia and parosmia on the overall quality of life. The National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders estimates that ∼1.4% of the United States population experiences chronic olfactory dysfunction and smell loss. Efforts have focused on improving both the diagnosis of olfactory dysfunction through olfactory testing and improved reporting of treatment outcomes of olfactory training. The purpose of this article was to review the differential diagnosis, workup, and current treatment strategies of anosmia and smell disorders.
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Doležal, Pavel, E. Račeková, Marcela Martončíková, M. Skálová, Lukáš Varga, Miroslav Tedla, P. Lukášek, et al. "Results of treatment of olfactory disorders after COVID-19 disease using olfactory training." Otorinolaryngologie a foniatrie 71, no. 3 (September 23, 2022): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.48095/ccorl2022147.
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Objective: The aim of this study is to fi nd out how many patients with an ongoing smell and taste disorder after COVID-19 infection, can improve the subjective perception of smell by olfactory training method. Methods: Patients after COVID-19 (fi rst and second wave of the pandemic in 2020 and 2021) with persisting smell disorder (hyposmia, anosmia, parosmia, fantosmia) with or without taste disorder and while the olfactory disorder did not improve within one month afterrecovery, signed up on the website www.cuch.sk and asked for a testing set (perfumed felt-tip pens) to be sent. After a self-examination at home, each respondent fi lled out an on-line questionnaire and sent it to the Neurobio logical Institute of the BMC SAV. Patient with confi rmed hypo and anosmia underwent an ENT examination at contracted ENT workplaces in Slovakia. All the 117 patients included got through the olfactory training, twice a day, following the instructions. The control examination was performed after three and six months of smell training. Smell and taste status was evaluated by visual analogue scale (VAS) from 1 to 10 in admission and discharge of the study. According to VAS, the average entering olfactory status was 4 and the average taste status reached an average of 2. At admission, 28 patients entering the study suff ered from parosmia, 18 from phantosmia, and 20 from dysgeusia. Results: After the olfactory training, improvement of smell capability was observed in 96 patients, which is 73% from the whole group of patiets (117) with hyposmia and anosmia. The discharge olfactory score after 6 months of olfactory training reached grade 8 according to VAS. Improvement of taste capability was observed in 47 patients, which is 65% from the whole group of patients (72) with hypogeusia and dysgeusia. The discharge taste score after six months of olfacory training reached grade 4 according to VAS. However, various forms of dysgeusia, parosmia, or phantosmia persisted after the olfactory training in 18 patients. Conclusion: Smell (olfactory) training is currently considered the most eff ective rehabilitation method for improving impaired olfactory function after COVID-19 infection. Better subjective results were observed in the restitution of quantitative smell disorder than in quantitative taste disorder. Key words anosmia – hyposmia – COVID-19 – parosmia – phantosmia – hypogeusia – dysgeusia – olfactory training
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Avrunin, Oleg, Yana Nosova, Sergii Zlepko, Ibrahim Younouss Abdelhamid, and Nataliia Shushliapina. "ASSESSMENT OF THE DIAGNOSTIC VALUE OF THE METHOD OF COMPUTER OLFACTOMETRY." Informatyka, Automatyka, Pomiary w Gospodarce i Ochronie Środowiska 9, no. 3 (September 26, 2019): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/iapgos.236.
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Olfactory studies can be a criterion for evaluating rhinosurgical intervention, and olfactory impairment may indicate respiratory impairment. Therefore, the urgent task is to develop an integrated approach to determining respiratory and olfactory disorders. A structural scheme was developed for the method of objective diagnosis of respiratory and olfactory disorders, taking into account the measu, rement of both the aerodynamic parameters of nasal breathing and the calculation of energy characteristics, which are used to determine olfactory sensitivity. The diagnostic significance of the proposed method of analyzing rhinofolipometry data with regard to additional parameters was assessed - it is necessary to take into account the time and power of breathing when the threshold of sensation of the odorivector is at the transition point of the airflow mode to the turbulent quadratic. It has been established that it is advisable to use the energy criteria of nasal breathing, pneumatic power and energy of nasal breathing under the action of the corresponding odor vector for the assessment of respiratory impaired olfactory. To assess the respiratory impairment of olfactory, it is necessary to use the method in which an odor vector is installed in the air path of the rhinomanometer, and the patient is asked to perform breathing maneuvers with a consistent increase in respiration rate while fixing the time at which olfactory sensitivity is achieved and then determining the respiratory energy characteristics. A statistical processing of diagnostic results was carried out, which confirms the adequacy of the model of independent statistical verification and makes it possible to use this method for the functional diagnosis of respiratory-olfactory disorders and testing of respiratory-olfactory sensitivity. The probability index of the error of the second kind is 0.17.
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Beloglazov, V. A., E. V. Burtseva, I. A. Yatskov, K. V. Bubley, A. S. Novosad, and N. A. Shadchneva. "Using essential oils in rehabilitation of olfactory disorders in patients who have had a new coronavirus infection." Acta Biomedica Scientifica 9, no. 5 (November 22, 2024): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.29413/abs.2024-9.5.11.
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Background. SARS-CoV-2 infection often results in olfactory disorder at different levels of the nervous system, which may persist as anosmia, parosmia, hyperosmia, hyposmia, cacosmia, and olfactory hallucinations after recovery.The aim. To study the effect of essential oils on the restoration of the olfactory apparatus in patients with coronavirus.Materials and methods. We examined 138 people (mean age 19.9 ± 7.05 years) with olfactory complaints, 60 of them underwent olfactory training with essential oils (EO) for 2 months. Olfactory function was assessed using the Hansen – Roseburg method before and after the training.Results. After 3 months of using essential oil sets for olfactory training, 27 respondents noted an improvement in the quality of odours and the appearance of previously missing odours. When conducting the Hansen – Roseburg test, a statistically significant improvement in the indicators for determining the tested odorants was revealed: phenylethyl alcohol (PA) – 7 [5; 7]; benzyl acetate (BA) – 6 [4; 6]; formic acid (FA) – 6 [2; 7] (p < 0.05). When repeating the test in the control group of 30 people, only 4 respondents reported an olfaction improvement; the results of the olfactory assessment according to Hansen – Roseburg were as follows: PA – 5 [2; 6], BA – 4 [3; 5], FA – 2 [2; 4] (p > 0.05).Conclusion. The data obtained after 3 months of olfactory training with a special set of essential oils and the subsequent olfactory testing indicate that olfactory training is a promising method for olfactory restoration, which can help many people regain the joy of perceiving odours and significantly improve their quality of life. The success of the method depends on the correct use of essential oils and compliance with the frequency of training.
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Arpaia, Pasquale, Andrea Cataldo, Sabatina Criscuolo, Egidio De Benedetto, Antonio Masciullo, and Raissa Schiavoni. "Assessment and Scientific Progresses in the Analysis of Olfactory Evoked Potentials." Bioengineering 9, no. 6 (June 12, 2022): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9060252.
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The human sense of smell is important for many vital functions, but with the current state of the art, there is a lack of objective and non-invasive methods for smell disorder diagnostics. In recent years, increasing attention is being paid to olfactory event-related potentials (OERPs) of the brain, as a viable tool for the objective assessment of olfactory dysfunctions. The aim of this review is to describe the main features of OERPs signals, the most widely used recording and processing techniques, and the scientific progress and relevance in the use of OERPs in many important application fields. In particular, the innovative role of OERPs is exploited in olfactory disorders that can influence emotions and personality or can be potential indicators of the onset or progression of neurological disorders. For all these reasons, this review presents and analyzes the latest scientific results and future challenges in the use of OERPs signals as an attractive solution for the objective monitoring technique of olfactory disorders.