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Journal articles on the topic 'Olfactory circuit'

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Published: 25 May 2024

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1

Shao, Z., A. C. Puche, E. Kiyokage, G. Szabo, and M. T. Shipley. "Two GABAergic Intraglomerular Circuits Differentially Regulate Tonic and Phasic Presynaptic Inhibition of Olfactory Nerve Terminals." Journal of Neurophysiology 101, no. 4 (April 2009): 1988–2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.91116.2008.

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Olfactory nerve axons terminate in olfactory bulb glomeruli forming excitatory synapses onto the dendrites of mitral/tufted (M/T) and juxtaglomerular cells, including external tufted (ET) and periglomerular (PG) cells. PG cells are heterogeneous in neurochemical expression and synaptic organization. We used a line of mice expressing green fluorescent protein under the control of the glutamic acid decarboxylase 65-kDa gene (GAD65+) promoter to characterize a neurochemically identified subpopulation of PG cells by whole cell recording and subsequent morphological reconstruction. GAD65+ GABAergic PG cells form two functionally distinct populations: 33% are driven by monosynaptic olfactory nerve (ON) input (ON-driven PG cells), the remaining 67% receive their strongest drive from an ON→ET→PG circuit with no or weak monosynaptic ON input (ET-driven PG cells). In response to ON stimulation, ON-driven PG cells exhibit paired-pulse depression (PPD), which is partially reversed by GABAB receptor antagonists. The ON→ET→PG circuit exhibits phasic GABAB-R-independent PPD. ON input to both circuits is under tonic GABAB-R-dependent inhibition. We hypothesize that this tonic GABABR-dependent presynaptic inhibition of olfactory nerve terminals is due to autonomous bursting of ET cells in the ON→ET→PG circuit, which drives tonic spontaneous GABA release from ET-driven PG cells. Both circuits likely produce tonic and phasic postsynaptic inhibition of other intraglomerular targets. Thus olfactory bulb glomeruli contain at least two functionally distinct GABAergic circuits that may play different roles in olfactory coding.
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2

Yang, Chi-Jen, Kuo-Ting Tsai, Nan-Fu Liou, and Ya-Hui Chou. "Interneuron Diversity: Toward a Better Understanding of Interneuron Development In the Olfactory System." Journal of Experimental Neuroscience 13 (January 2019): 117906951982605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1179069519826056.

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The Drosophila olfactory system is an attractive model for exploring the wiring logic of complex neural circuits. Remarkably, olfactory local interneurons exhibit high diversity and variability in their morphologies and intrinsic properties. Although olfactory sensory and projection neurons have been extensively studied of development and wiring; the development, mechanisms for establishing diversity, and integration of olfactory local interneurons into the developing circuit remain largely undescribed. In this review, we discuss some challenges and recent advances in the study of Drosophila olfactory interneurons.
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3

Chapman, Phillip D., Samual P. Bradley, Erica J. Haught, Kassandra E. Riggs, Mouaz M. Haffar, Kevin C. Daly, and Andrew M. Dacks. "Co-option of a motor-to-sensory histaminergic circuit correlates with insect flight biomechanics." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1859 (July 26, 2017): 20170339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0339.

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Nervous systems must adapt to shifts in behavioural ecology. One form of adaptation is neural exaptation, in which neural circuits are co-opted to perform additional novel functions. Here, we describe the co-option of a motor-to-somatosensory circuit into an olfactory network. Many moths beat their wings during odour-tracking, whether walking or flying, causing strong oscillations of airflow around the antennae, altering odour plume structure. This self-induced sensory stimulation could impose selective pressures that influence neural circuit evolution, specifically fostering the emergence of corollary discharge circuits. In Manduca sexta , a pair of mesothoracic to deutocerebral histaminergic neurons (MDHns), project from the mesothoracic neuromere to both antennal lobes (ALs), the first olfactory neuropil. Consistent with a hypothetical role in providing the olfactory system with a corollary discharge, we demonstrate that the MDHns innervate the ALs of advanced and basal moths, but not butterflies, which differ in wing beat and flight pattern. The MDHns probably arose in crustaceans and in many arthropods innervate mechanosensory areas, but not the olfactory system. The MDHns, therefore, represent an example of architectural exaptation, in which neurons that provide motor output information to mechanosensory regions have been co-opted to provide information to the olfactory system in moths.
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4

Xie, Qijing, Bing Wu, Jiefu Li, Chuanyun Xu, Hongjie Li, David J. Luginbuhl, Xin Wang, Alex Ward, and Liqun Luo. "Transsynaptic Fish-lips signaling prevents misconnections between nonsynaptic partner olfactory neurons." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 32 (July 24, 2019): 16068–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1905832116.

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Our understanding of the mechanisms of neural circuit assembly is far from complete. Identification of wiring molecules with novel mechanisms of action will provide insights into how complex and heterogeneous neural circuits assemble during development. In the Drosophila olfactory system, 50 classes of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) make precise synaptic connections with 50 classes of partner projection neurons (PNs). Here, we performed an RNA interference screen for cell surface molecules and identified the leucine-rich repeat–containing transmembrane protein known as Fish-lips (Fili) as a novel wiring molecule in the assembly of the Drosophila olfactory circuit. Fili contributes to the precise axon and dendrite targeting of a small subset of ORN and PN classes, respectively. Cell-type–specific expression and genetic analyses suggest that Fili sends a transsynaptic repulsive signal to neurites of nonpartner classes that prevents their targeting to inappropriate glomeruli in the antennal lobe.
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Chen, Chen, Wei Kong, Jun Liang, Jiaming Lu, Dajie Chen, Yi Sun, Xin Zhang, et al. "Impaired olfactory neural circuit in patients with SLE at early stages." Lupus 30, no. 7 (April 15, 2021): 1078–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09612033211005556.

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Objective To investigate the changes of olfactory function and odor-induced brain activation in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) at early stages compared with healthy controls. Materials and Methods Olfactory function and odor-induced brain activation in 12 SLE patients at early stages and 12 age, gender and education matched healthy controls were evaluated using olfactory behavior test and odor-induced task-functional magnetic resonance imaging (task-fMRI). Results No significant differences in olfactory behavior scores (including olfactory threshold, olfactory identification, and olfactory memory) were found in the patients with SLE at early stages compared with the healthy controls, while significantly decreased odor-induced activations in olfactory-related brain regions were observed in the patients. In the SLE group, the patients with better performance in the olfactory threshold test had significantly lower levels of anti-dsDNA antibody. Conclusion The current study demonstrated that significant alterations in odor-induced brain activations occurred prior to measurable olfactory decline in SLE at early stages, which provided a new method for early diagnosis of olfactory dysfunction in SLE.
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6

Paoli, Marco, and Giovanni C. Galizia. "Olfactory coding in honeybees." Cell and Tissue Research 383, no. 1 (January 2021): 35–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00441-020-03385-5.

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Abstract With less than a million neurons, the western honeybee Apis mellifera is capable of complex olfactory behaviors and provides an ideal model for investigating the neurophysiology of the olfactory circuit and the basis of olfactory perception and learning. Here, we review the most fundamental aspects of honeybee’s olfaction: first, we discuss which odorants dominate its environment, and how bees use them to communicate and regulate colony homeostasis; then, we describe the neuroanatomy and the neurophysiology of the olfactory circuit; finally, we explore the cellular and molecular mechanisms leading to olfactory memory formation. The vastity of histological, neurophysiological, and behavioral data collected during the last century, together with new technological advancements, including genetic tools, confirm the honeybee as an attractive research model for understanding olfactory coding and learning.
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7

Ferrarelli, L. K. "Toll receptors wire the olfactory circuit." Science Signaling 8, no. 367 (March 10, 2015): ec53-ec53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scisignal.aab0682.

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8

Coya, Ruth, Fernando Martin, Laura Calvin-Cejudo, Carolina Gomez-Diaz, and Esther Alcorta. "Validation of an Optogenetic Approach to the Study of Olfactory Behavior in the T-Maze of Drosophila melanogaster Adults." Insects 13, no. 8 (July 22, 2022): 662. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13080662.

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Optogenetics enables the alteration of neural activity using genetically targeted expression of light activated proteins for studying behavioral circuits in several species including Drosophila. The main idea behind this approach is to replace the native behavioral stimulus by the light-induced electrical activation of different points of the circuit. Therefore, its effects on subsequent steps of the circuit or on the final behavior can be analyzed. However, the use of optogenetics to dissect the receptor elements of the adult olfactory behavior presents a challenge due to one additional factor: Most odorants elicit attraction or avoidance depending on their concentration; this complicates the representative replacement of odor activation of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) by light. Here, we explore a dual excitation model where the subject is responding to odors while the OSNs are optogenetically activated. Thereby, we can assess if and how the olfactory behavior is modified. We measure the effects of light excitation on the response to several odorant concentrations. The dose-response curve of these flies still depends on odor concentration but with reduced sensitivity compared to olfactory stimulation alone. These results are consistent with behavioral tests performed with a background odor and suggest an additive effect of light and odor excitation on OSNs.
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9

Newquist, Gunnar, Alexandra Novenschi, Donovan Kohler, and Dennis Mathew. "Differential Contributions of Olfactory Receptor Neurons in a Drosophila Olfactory Circuit." eneuro 3, no. 4 (July 2016): ENEURO.0045–16.2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/eneuro.0045-16.2016.

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10

Wu, Bing, Jiefu Li, Ya-Hui Chou, David Luginbuhl, and Liqun Luo. "Fibroblast growth factor signaling instructs ensheathing glia wrapping of Drosophila olfactory glomeruli." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 29 (July 3, 2017): 7505–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1706533114.

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The formation of complex but highly organized neural circuits requires interactions between neurons and glia. During the assembly of the Drosophila olfactory circuit, 50 olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) classes and 50 projection neuron (PN) classes form synaptic connections in 50 glomerular compartments in the antennal lobe, each of which represents a discrete olfactory information-processing channel. Each compartment is separated from the adjacent compartments by membranous processes from ensheathing glia. Here we show that Thisbe, an FGF released from olfactory neurons, particularly from local interneurons, instructs ensheathing glia to wrap each glomerulus. The Heartless FGF receptor acts cell-autonomously in ensheathing glia to regulate process extension so as to insulate each neuropil compartment. Overexpressing Thisbe in ORNs or PNs causes overwrapping of the glomeruli their axons or dendrites target. Failure to establish the FGF-dependent glia structure disrupts precise ORN axon targeting and discrete glomerular formation.
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11

Wu, An, Bin Yu, Qiyu Chen, Gillian A. Matthews, Chen Lu, Evan Campbell, Kay M. Tye, and Takaki Komiyama. "Context-dependent plasticity of adult-born neurons regulated by cortical feedback." Science Advances 6, no. 42 (October 2020): eabc8319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abc8319.

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In a complex and dynamic environment, the brain flexibly adjusts its circuits to preferentially process behaviorally relevant information. Here, we investigated how the olfactory bulb copes with this demand by examining the plasticity of adult-born granule cells (abGCs). We found that learning of olfactory discrimination elevates odor responses of young abGCs and increases their apical dendritic spines. This plasticity did not occur in abGCs during passive odor experience nor in resident granule cells (rGCs) during learning. Furthermore, we found that feedback projections from the piriform cortex show elevated activity during learning, and activating piriform feedback elicited stronger excitatory postsynaptic currents in abGCs than rGCs. Inactivation of piriform feedback blocked abGC plasticity during learning, and activation of piriform feedback during passive experience induced learning-like plasticity of abGCs. Our work describes a neural circuit mechanism that uses adult neurogenesis to update a sensory circuit to flexibly adapt to new behavioral demands.
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12

Vučinić, Dejan, Lawrence B. Cohen, and Efstratios K. Kosmidis. "Interglomerular Center-Surround Inhibition Shapes Odorant-Evoked Input to the Mouse Olfactory Bulb In Vivo." Journal of Neurophysiology 95, no. 3 (March 2006): 1881–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00918.2005.

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Mouse olfactory receptor proteins have relatively broad odorant tuning profiles, so single odorants typically activate a substantial subset of glomeruli in the main olfactory bulb, resulting in stereotyped odorant- and concentration-dependent glomerular input maps. One of the functions of the olfactory bulb may be to reduce the extent of this rather widespread activation before transmitting the information to higher olfactory centers. Two circuits have been studied in vitro that could perform center-surround inhibition in the olfactory bulb, one circuit acting between glomeruli, the other through the classical reciprocal synapses between the lateral dendrites of mitral cells and the dendrites of granule cells. One unanswered question from these in vitro measurements was how these circuits would affect the response to odorants in vivo. We made measurements of the odorant-evoked increase in calcium concentration in the olfactory receptor neuron terminals in the anesthetized mouse to evaluate the role of presynaptic inhibition in reshaping the input to the olfactory bulb. We compared the glomerular responses in 2- to 4-wk-old mice before and after suppressing presynaptic inhibition onto the receptor neuron terminals with the GABAB antagonist, CGP46381 . We find that the input maps are modified by an apparent center-surround inhibition: strongly activated glomeruli appear to suppress the release from receptor neurons terminating in surrounding glomeruli. This form of lateral inhibition has the effect of increasing the contrast of the sensory input map.
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13

Greer, Charles A., Juan C. Bartolomei, and Jeffrey M. Dembner. "Organization of primary afferent and local-circuit synapses in the olfactory glomerulus." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 52 (1994): 148–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100168475.

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Odorant molecules are transduced by olfactory receptor cells whose axons join to form the olfactory nerve which distributes across the surface of the olfactory bulb (OB). Axons exit the nerve layer to terminate within the glomerular neuropil of the OB. While there appears a gross topography between the epithelium and OB4, it is clear that extensive topographic reorganization of axons occurs within the olfactory nerve. To better understand the mechanisms that may contribute to the establishment of glomerular-specific fascicles and functional domains within the OB, we have investigated axonal organization within the nerve and the intraglomerular distribution of primary afferent synapses using light, confocal and electron microscopy.Sprague-Dawley rats, 30 to 50 days postnatal, were anesthetized, lightly perfused with 0.9% NaCl and the OBs removed. Crystals of the lipophilic dye, Dil, were inserted into the olfactory nerve layer and the tissue placed in 4% paraformaldehyde at room temperature for 10 - 30 days.
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14

Sachse, Silke, Erroll Rueckert, Andreas Keller, Ryuichi Okada, Nobuaki K. Tanaka, Kei Ito, and Leslie B. Vosshall. "Activity-Dependent Plasticity in an Olfactory Circuit." Neuron 56, no. 5 (December 2007): 838–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.10.035.

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15

Imai, Takeshi, and Hitoshi Sakano. "Interhemispheric Olfactory Circuit and the Memory Beyond." Neuron 58, no. 4 (May 2008): 465–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.05.004.

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16

Yang, Ying, Ying Yan, Xiaolu Zou, Chuchu Zhang, Heng Zhang, Ye Xu, Xutian Wang, Palhalmi Janos, Zhiyun Yang, and Huaiyu Gu. "Static magnetic field modulates rhythmic activities of a cluster of large local interneurons in Drosophila antennal lobe." Journal of Neurophysiology 106, no. 5 (November 2011): 2127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00067.2011.

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With the development of superconducting magnets, the chances of exposure to intense static magnetic fields (SMFs) have increased. Therefore, safety concerns related to magnetic field exposure need to be studied, especially the effects of magnetic field exposure on the central nervous system. Only a limited number of studies prove a direct connection between magnetic fields and electrophysiological signal processing. Here we described a cluster of large local interneurons (LNs) located laterally to each antennal lobe of Drosophila melanogaster, which exhibit extensive arborizations throughout the whole antennal lobe. Dual recordings showed that these large LNs demonstrated rhythmic spontaneous activities that correlated with other LNs and projection neurons (PNs) in the olfactory circuit. The results suggest that 3.0-T SMF can interfere with the properties of the action potential, rhythmic spontaneous activities of large LNs, and correlated activity in pairs of ipsilateral large LN/LN in the olfactory circuit. This indicates that Drosophila can be an ideal intact neural circuit model and that the activities of the olfactory circuit can be used to evaluate the effects of magnetic field stimulations.
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17

Prieto-Godino, Lucia L., Ana F. Silbering, Mohammed A. Khallaf, Steeve Cruchet, Karolina Bojkowska, Sylvain Pradervand, Bill S. Hansson, Markus Knaden, and Richard Benton. "Functional integration of “undead” neurons in the olfactory system." Science Advances 6, no. 11 (March 2020): eaaz7238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz7238.

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Programmed cell death (PCD) is widespread during neurodevelopment, eliminating the surpluses of neuronal production. Using the Drosophila olfactory system, we examined the potential of cells fated to die to contribute to circuit evolution. Inhibition of PCD is sufficient to generate new cells that express neural markers and exhibit odor-evoked activity. These “undead” neurons express a subset of olfactory receptors that is enriched for relatively recent receptor duplicates and includes some normally found in different chemosensory organs and life stages. Moreover, undead neuron axons integrate into the olfactory circuitry in the brain, forming novel receptor/glomerular couplings. Comparison of homologous olfactory lineages across drosophilids reveals natural examples of fate change from death to a functional neuron. Last, we provide evidence that PCD contributes to evolutionary differences in carbon dioxide–sensing circuit formation in Drosophila and mosquitoes. These results reveal the remarkable potential of alterations in PCD patterning to evolve new neural pathways.
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18

Geramita, Matthew A., Jing A. Wen, Matthew D. Rannals, and Nathan N. Urban. "Decreased amplitude and reliability of odor-evoked responses in two mouse models of autism." Journal of Neurophysiology 123, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 1283–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00277.2019.

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Sensory processing deficits are increasingly recognized as core symptoms of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). However the molecular and circuit mechanisms that lead to sensory deficits are unknown. We show that two molecularly disparate mouse models of autism display similar deficits in sensory-evoked responses in the mouse olfactory system. We find that both Cntnap2- and Shank3-deficient mice of both sexes exhibit reduced response amplitude and trial-to-trial reliability during repeated odor presentation. Mechanistically, we show that both mouse models have weaker and fewer synapses between olfactory sensory nerve (OSN) terminals and olfactory bulb tufted cells and weaker synapses between OSN terminals and inhibitory periglomerular cells. Consequently, deficits in sensory processing provide an excellent candidate phenotype for analysis in ASDs. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The genetics of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are complex. How the many risk genes generate the similar sets of symptoms that define the disorder is unknown. In particular, little is understood about the functional consequences of these genetic alterations. Sensory processing deficits are important aspects of the ASD diagnosis and may be due to unreliable neural circuits. We show that two mouse models of autism, Cntnap2- and Shank3-deficient mice, display reduced odor-evoked response amplitudes and reliability. These data suggest that altered sensory-evoked responses may constitute a circuit phenotype in ASDs.
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19

Han, Mun, Byungmok Kim, Jang Woo Park, Eunji Kim, Jongmin Lee, Hui Joong Lee, and Yongmin Chang. "The Neural Response of Deep Brain Structures to Odorant Stimulations: A Manganese-Enhanced MRI Study." Journal of Medical Imaging and Health Informatics 10, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 775–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jmihi.2020.2932.

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An increased understanding of how odors are processed in the central nervous system may provide comprehensive information about the neural basis of odor-related behavior and learning. In this study, we investigated how different odors are processed from the olfactory bulb to the deep cerebral structures through various olfactory pathways. To do this, we employed a novel manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI) method to map the activity-dependent functional connectivity of the olfactory and non-olfactory pathways associated with various odorants. Our MEMRI data revealed odor-specific neural pathways that correspond to different odorant stimulations, suggesting that different neural circuits may process different odorants. Among the odorants tested, formic acid, an alarm pheromone, stimulated not only the primary and secondary olfactory pathways but also the mesolimbic neural circuit, which overlaps with the dopaminergic neural pathway. Linalool, which is a major component of aroma oils, showed high Mn2+ uptake in the hypothalamus, which plays a role in the stress response through the secretion of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), and consequently, the stimulation of corticotropin secretion. Acetone mainly activated the primary olfactory pathway, whereas saline acted as a non-odorous trigeminal stimulus. Taken together, our functional MEMRI using anatomic standardization and statistical analyses could be a promising in vivo imaging method to map neural connectivity, enabling further understanding of the neural processing of different odorants.
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20

Ahnaou, A., D. Rodriguez-Manrique, S. Embrechts, R. Biermans, N. V. Manyakov, S. A. Youssef, and W. H. I. M. Drinkenburg. "Aging Alters Olfactory Bulb Network Oscillations and Connectivity: Relevance for Aging-Related Neurodegeneration Studies." Neural Plasticity 2020 (May 2, 2020): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1703969.

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The aging process eventually cause a breakdown in critical synaptic plasticity and connectivity leading to deficits in memory function. The olfactory bulb (OB) and the hippocampus, both regions of the brain considered critical for the processing of odors and spatial memory, are commonly affected by aging. Using an aged wild-type C57B/6 mouse model, we sought to define the effects of aging on hippocampal plasticity and the integrity of cortical circuits. Specifically, we measured the long-term potentiation of high-frequency stimulation (HFS-LTP) at the Shaffer-Collateral CA1 pyramidal synapses. Next, local field potential (LFP) spectra, phase-amplitude theta-gamma coupling (PAC), and connectivity through coherence were assessed in the olfactory bulb, frontal and entorhinal cortices, CA1, and amygdala circuits. The OB of aged mice showed a significant increase in the number of histone H2AX-positive neurons, a marker of DNA damage. While the input-output relationship measure of basal synaptic activity was found not to differ between young and aged mice, a pronounced decline in the slope of field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) and the population spike amplitude (PSA) were found in aged mice. Furthermore, aging was accompanied by deficits in gamma network oscillations, a shift to slow oscillations, reduced coherence and theta-gamma PAC in the OB circuit. Thus, while the basal synaptic activity was unaltered in older mice, impairment in hippocampal synaptic transmission was observed only in response to HFS. However, age-dependent alterations in neural network appeared spontaneously in the OB circuit, suggesting the neurophysiological basis of synaptic deficits underlying olfactory processing. Taken together, the results highlight the sensitivity and therefore potential use of LFP quantitative network oscillations and connectivity at the OB level as objective electrophysiological markers that will help reveal specific dysfunctional circuits in aging-related neurodegeneration studies.
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Nakashima, Ai, Naoki Ihara, Mayo Shigeta, Hiroshi Kiyonari, Yuji Ikegaya, and Haruki Takeuchi. "Structured spike series specify gene expression patterns for olfactory circuit formation." Science 365, no. 6448 (June 6, 2019): eaaw5030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw5030.

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Neural circuits emerge through the interplay of genetic programming and activity-dependent processes. During the development of the mouse olfactory map, axons segregate into distinct glomeruli in an olfactory receptor (OR)–dependent manner. ORs generate a combinatorial code of axon-sorting molecules whose expression is regulated by neural activity. However, it remains unclear how neural activity induces OR-specific expression patterns of axon-sorting molecules. We found that the temporal patterns of spontaneous neuronal spikes were not spatially organized but were correlated with the OR types. Receptor substitution experiments demonstrated that ORs determine spontaneous activity patterns. Moreover, optogenetically differentiated patterns of neuronal activity induced specific expression of the corresponding axon-sorting molecules and regulated axonal segregation. Thus, OR-dependent temporal patterns of spontaneous activity play instructive roles in generating the combinatorial code of axon-sorting molecules during olfactory map formation.
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22

Sakano, Hitoshi. "Developmental regulation of olfactory circuit formation in mice." Development, Growth & Differentiation 62, no. 4 (February 28, 2020): 199–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dgd.12657.

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23

Kazama, Hokto, and Rachel I. Wilson. "Origins of correlated activity in an olfactory circuit." Nature Neuroscience 12, no. 9 (August 16, 2009): 1136–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2376.

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Auer, Thomas O., Mohammed A. Khallaf, Ana F. Silbering, Giovanna Zappia, Kaitlyn Ellis, Raquel Álvarez-Ocaña, J. Roman Arguello, et al. "Olfactory receptor and circuit evolution promote host specialization." Nature 579, no. 7799 (March 4, 2020): 402–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2073-7.

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25

Mayseless, Oded, Dominic S. Berns, Xiaomeng M. Yu, Thomas Riemensperger, André Fiala, and Oren Schuldiner. "Developmental Coordination during Olfactory Circuit Remodeling in Drosophila." Neuron 99, no. 6 (September 2018): 1204–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2018.07.050.

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26

Marin, E. C. "Developmentally programmed remodeling of the Drosophila olfactory circuit." Development 132, no. 4 (January 12, 2005): 725–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.01614.

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Lindeman, Sander, Xiaochen Fu, Janine Kristin Reinert, and Izumi Fukunaga. "Value-related learning in the olfactory bulb occurs through pathway-dependent perisomatic inhibition of mitral cells." PLOS Biology 22, no. 3 (March 1, 2024): e3002536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3002536.

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Associating values to environmental cues is a critical aspect of learning from experiences, allowing animals to predict and maximise future rewards. Value-related signals in the brain were once considered a property of higher sensory regions, but their wide distribution across many brain regions is increasingly recognised. Here, we investigate how reward-related signals begin to be incorporated, mechanistically, at the earliest stage of olfactory processing, namely, in the olfactory bulb. In head-fixed mice performing Go/No-Go discrimination of closely related olfactory mixtures, rewarded odours evoke widespread inhibition in one class of output neurons, that is, in mitral cells but not tufted cells. The temporal characteristics of this reward-related inhibition suggest it is odour-driven, but it is also context-dependent since it is absent during pseudo-conditioning and pharmacological silencing of the piriform cortex. Further, the reward-related modulation is present in the somata but not in the apical dendritic tuft of mitral cells, suggesting an involvement of circuit components located deep in the olfactory bulb. Depth-resolved imaging from granule cell dendritic gemmules suggests that granule cells that target mitral cells receive a reward-related extrinsic drive. Thus, our study supports the notion that value-related modulation of olfactory signals is a characteristic of olfactory processing in the primary olfactory area and narrows down the possible underlying mechanisms to deeper circuit components that contact mitral cells perisomatically.
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SEKI, Yoichi. "Representations of olfactory information and circuit organizations of the olfactory system in insect brains." Hikaku seiri seikagaku(Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry) 36, no. 1 (April 15, 2019): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3330/hikakuseiriseika.36.51.

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Golovin, Randall M., and Kendal Broadie. "Developmental experience-dependent plasticity in the first synapse of the Drosophila olfactory circuit." Journal of Neurophysiology 116, no. 6 (December 1, 2016): 2730–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00616.2016.

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Evidence accumulating over the past 15 years soundly refutes the dogma that the Drosophila nervous system is hardwired. The preponderance of studies reveals activity-dependent neural circuit refinement driving optimization of behavioral outputs. We describe developmental, sensory input-dependent plasticity in the brain olfactory antennal lobe, which we term long-term central adaption (LTCA). LTCA is evoked by prolonged exposure to an odorant during the first week of posteclosion life, resulting in a persistently decreased response to aversive odors and an enhanced response to attractive odors. This limited window of early-use, experience-dependent plasticity represents a critical period of olfactory circuit refinement tuned by initial sensory input. Consequent behavioral adaptations have been associated with changes in the output of olfactory projection neurons to higher brain centers. Recent studies have indicated a central role for local interneuron signaling in LTCA presentation. Genetic and molecular analyses have implicated the mRNA-binding fragile X mental retardation protein and ataxin-2 regulators, Notch trans-synaptic signaling, and cAMP signal transduction as core regulatory steps driving LTCA. In this article, we discuss the structural, functional, and behavioral changes associated with LTCA and review our current understanding of the molecular pathways underlying these developmental, experience-dependent changes in the olfactory circuitry.
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Yang, Wenxing, Taihong Wu, Shasha Tu, Yuang Qin, Chengchen Shen, Jiangyun Li, Myung-Kyu Choi, Fengyun Duan, and Yun Zhang. "Redundant neural circuits regulate olfactory integration." PLOS Genetics 18, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): e1010029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1010029.

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Olfactory integration is important for survival in a natural habitat. However, how the nervous system processes signals of two odorants present simultaneously to generate a coherent behavioral response is poorly understood. Here, we characterize circuit basis for a form of olfactory integration in Caenorhabditis elegans. We find that the presence of a repulsive odorant, 2-nonanone, that signals threat strongly blocks the attraction of other odorants, such as isoamyl alcohol (IAA) or benzaldehyde, that signal food. Using a forward genetic screen, we found that genes known to regulate the structure and function of sensory neurons, osm-5 and osm-1, played a critical role in the integration process. Loss of these genes mildly reduces the response to the repellent 2-nonanone and disrupts the integration effect. Restoring the function of OSM-5 in either AWB or ASH, two sensory neurons known to mediate 2-nonanone-evoked avoidance, is sufficient to rescue. Sensory neurons AWB and downstream interneurons AVA, AIB, RIM that play critical roles in olfactory sensorimotor response are able to process signals generated by 2-nonanone or IAA or the mixture of the two odorants and contribute to the integration. Thus, our results identify redundant neural circuits that regulate the robust effect of a repulsive odorant to block responses to attractive odorants and uncover the neuronal and cellular basis for this complex olfactory task.
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Nehrkorn, Johannes, Hiromu Tanimoto, Andreas V. M. Herz, and Ayse Yarali. "A model for non-monotonic intensity coding." Royal Society Open Science 2, no. 5 (May 2015): 150120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.150120.

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Peripheral neurons of most sensory systems increase their response with increasing stimulus intensity. Behavioural responses, however, can be specific to some intermediate intensity level whose particular value might be innate or associatively learned. Learning such a preference requires an adjustable trans- formation from a monotonic stimulus representation at the sensory periphery to a non-monotonic representation for the motor command. How do neural systems accomplish this task? We tackle this general question focusing on odour-intensity learning in the fruit fly, whose first- and second-order olfactory neurons show monotonic stimulus–response curves. Nevertheless, flies form associative memories specific to particular trained odour intensities. Thus, downstream of the first two olfactory processing layers, odour intensity must be re-coded to enable intensity-specific associative learning. We present a minimal, feed-forward, three-layer circuit, which implements the required transformation by combining excitation, inhibition, and, as a decisive third element, homeostatic plasticity. Key features of this circuit motif are consistent with the known architecture and physiology of the fly olfactory system, whereas alternative mechanisms are either not composed of simple, scalable building blocks or not compatible with physiological observations. The simplicity of the circuit and the robustness of its function under parameter changes make this computational motif an attractive candidate for tuneable non-monotonic intensity coding.
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Fuzik, Janos, Sabah Rehman, Fatima Girach, Andras G. Miklosi, Solomiia Korchynska, Gloria Arque, Roman A. Romanov, et al. "Brain-wide genetic mapping identifies the indusium griseum as a prenatal target of pharmacologically unrelated psychostimulants." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 51 (December 3, 2019): 25958–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1904006116.

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Psychostimulant use is an ever-increasing socioeconomic burden, including a dramatic rise during pregnancy. Nevertheless, brain-wide effects of psychostimulant exposure are incompletely understood. Here, we performed Fos-CreERT2–based activity mapping, correlated for pregnant mouse dams and their fetuses with amphetamine, nicotine, and caffeine applied acutely during midgestation. While light-sheet microscopy-assisted intact tissue imaging revealed drug- and age-specific neuronal activation, the indusium griseum (IG) appeared indiscriminately affected. By using GAD67gfp/+mice we subdivided the IG into a dorsolateral domain populated by γ-aminobutyric acidergic interneurons and a ventromedial segment containing glutamatergic neurons, many showing drug-induced activation and sequentially expressing Pou3f3/Brn1 and secretagogin (Scgn) during differentiation. We then combined Patch-seq and circuit mapping to show that the ventromedial IG is a quasi-continuum of glutamatergic neurons (IG-Vglut1+) reminiscent of dentate granule cells in both rodents and humans, whose dendrites emanate perpendicularly toward while their axons course parallel with the superior longitudinal fissure. IG-Vglut1+neurons receive VGLUT1+and VGLUT2+excitatory afferents that topologically segregate along their somatodendritic axis. In turn, their efferents terminate in the olfactory bulb, thus being integral to a multisynaptic circuit that could feed information antiparallel to the olfactory–cortical pathway. In IG-Vglut1+neurons, prenatal psychostimulant exposure delayed the onset of Scgn expression. Genetic ablation ofScgnwas then found to sensitize adult mice toward methamphetamine-induced epilepsy. Overall, our study identifies brain-wide targets of the most common psychostimulants, among whichScgn+/Vglut1+neurons of the IG link limbic and olfactory circuits.
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Kashiwadani, Hideki, Yasnory F. Sasaki, Naoshige Uchida, and Kensaku Mori. "Synchronized Oscillatory Discharges of Mitral/Tufted Cells With Different Molecular Receptive Ranges in the Rabbit Olfactory Bulb." Journal of Neurophysiology 82, no. 4 (October 1, 1999): 1786–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.82.4.1786.

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Individual glomeruli in the mammalian olfactory bulb represent a single or a few type(s) of odorant receptors. Signals from different types of receptors are thus sorted out into different glomeruli. How does the neuronal circuit in the olfactory bulb contribute to the combination and integration of signals received by different glomeruli? Here we examined electrophysiologically whether there were functional interactions between mitral/tufted cells associated with different glomeruli in the rabbit olfactory bulb. First, we made simultaneous recordings of extracellular single-unit spike responses of mitral/tufted cells and oscillatory local field potentials in the dorsomedial fatty acid–responsive region of the olfactory bulb in urethan-anesthetized rabbits. Using periodic artificial inhalation, the olfactory epithelium was stimulated with a homologous series of n-fatty acids or n-aliphatic aldehydes. The odor-evoked spike discharges of mitral/tufted cells tended to phase-lock to the oscillatory local field potential, suggesting that spike discharges of many cells occur synchronously during odor stimulation. We then made simultaneous recordings of spike discharges from pairs of mitral/tufted cells located 300–500 μm apart and performed a cross-correlation analysis of their spike responses to odor stimulation. In ∼27% of cell pairs examined, two cells with distinct molecular receptive ranges showed synchronized oscillatory discharges when olfactory epithelium was stimulated with one or a mixture of odorant(s) effective in activating both. The results suggest that the neuronal circuit in the olfactory bulb causes synchronized spike discharges of specific pairs of mitral/tufted cells associated with different glomeruli and the synchronization of odor-evoked spike discharges may contribute to the temporal binding of signals derived from different types of odorant receptor.
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Gelperin, A. "Oscillatory dynamics and information processing in olfactory systems." Journal of Experimental Biology 202, no. 14 (July 15, 1999): 1855–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.202.14.1855.

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Oscillatory dynamics is a universal design feature of olfactory information-processing systems. Recent results in honeybees and terrestrial slugs suggest that oscillations underlie temporal patterns of olfactory interneuron responses critical for odor discrimination. Additional general design features in olfactory information-processing systems include (1) the use of central processing areas receiving direct olfactory input for odor memory storage and (2) modulation of circuit dynamics and olfactory memory function by nitric oxide. Recent results in the procerebral lobe of the terrestrial slug Limax maximus, an olfactory analyzer with oscillatory dynamics and propagating activity waves, suggest that Lucifer Yellow can be used to reveal a band-shaped group of procerebral neurons involved in the storage of an odor memory. A model has been constructed to relate wave propagation and odor memory bands in the procerebral lobe of L. maximus and to relate these findings to glomerular odor representations in arthropods and vertebrates.
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Hellier, Vincent, Olivier Brock, and Julie Bakker. "The Role of Kisspeptin in Sexual Behavior." Seminars in Reproductive Medicine 37, no. 02 (March 2019): 084–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3400992.

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AbstractSexual behavior is essential for the perpetuation of a species. In female rodents, mate preference and lordosis behavior depend heavily on the integration of olfactory cues into the neuroendocrine brain, yet its underlying neural circuits are not well understood. We previously revealed that kisspeptin neurons in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus/periventricular nucleus continuum (AVPv/PeN) are activated by male olfactory cues in female mice. Here, we further reveal that male-directed mate preferences and lordosis are impaired in kisspeptin knockout mice but are rescued by a single injection with kisspeptin. Acute ablation of AVPV/PeN kisspeptin neurons in adult females impaired mate preference and lordosis behavior. Conversely, optogenetic activation of these neurons triggered lordosis behavior. Kisspeptin neurons act through classical GPR54/GnRH signaling in stimulating mate preferences, but unexpectedly, GPR54/GnRH neuronal ablation did not affect lordosis behavior. Therefore, to identify the downstream components of the neural circuit involved in lordosis behavior, we employed genetic transsynaptic tracing in combination with viral tract tracing from AVPV/PeN kisspeptin neurons. We observed that kisspeptin neurons are communicating with neurons expressing the neuronal form of nitric oxide synthase. These results suggest that hypothalamic nitric oxide signaling is an important mechanism downstream of kisspeptin neurons in the neural circuit governing lordosis behavior in female mice.
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Chalasani, Sreekanth H., Nikos Chronis, Makoto Tsunozaki, Jesse M. Gray, Daniel Ramot, Miriam B. Goodman, and Cornelia I. Bargmann. "Dissecting a circuit for olfactory behaviour in Caenorhabditis elegans." Nature 450, no. 7166 (November 1, 2007): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature06292.

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Chow, D. M., J. C. Theobald, and M. A. Frye. "An Olfactory Circuit Increases the Fidelity of Visual Behavior." Journal of Neuroscience 31, no. 42 (October 19, 2011): 15035–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.1736-11.2011.

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Masuda, Miwa, Tetsuya Koide, Nobuhiko Miyasaka, and Yoshihiro Yoshihara. "Neural circuit mechanism underlying olfactory alarm responses in zebrafish." Neuroscience Research 68 (January 2010): e390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.1728.

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Haberly, Lewis B., and James M. Bower. "Olfactory cortex: model circuit for study of associative memory?" Trends in Neurosciences 12, no. 7 (January 1989): 258–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-2236(89)90025-8.

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40

Meredith, Michael. "Neural circuit computation: Complex patterns in the olfactory bulb." Brain Research Bulletin 29, no. 1 (July 1992): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0361-9230(92)90014-o.

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41

Liang, Liang, and Liqun Luo. "The olfactory circuit of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster." Science China Life Sciences 53, no. 4 (April 2010): 472–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11427-010-0099-z.

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42

Mori, K. "Grouping of odorant receptors: odour maps in the mammalian olfactory bulb." Biochemical Society Transactions 31, no. 1 (February 1, 2003): 134–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0310134.

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The olfactory system is unique in that the sensory input is in the form of molecular information carried in a vast variety of odorants. Nearly 1000 types of odorant receptors mediate the initial detection and discrimination of odorants at the molecular-feature level. The discrimination at the molecular level is converted into that at the cellular level (olfactory sensory neurons) by the one sensory neuron–one odorant receptor rule, and then into that at the neuronal circuit level in the olfactory bulb by the specific olfactory axon connectivity pattern. Individual glomeruli in the olfactory bulb represent a single odorant receptor, and the glomerular sheet at the olfactory bulb surface forms odorant receptor maps. This review focuses on the spatial organization of the glomerular sensory map in the olfactory bulb. The analysis using the optical imaging method suggests that odorant receptors having a common molecular-feature receptive site are grouped together and represented by glomeruli that are localized in topographically fixed domains in the olfactory bulb. The domain organization may be a structural unit for the spatial organization of the glomerular sensory map, and might relate to the olfactory submodality.
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Strube-Bloss, Martin F., and Wolfgang Rössler. "Multimodal integration and stimulus categorization in putative mushroom body output neurons of the honeybee." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 2 (February 2018): 171785. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171785.

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Flowers attract pollinating insects like honeybees by sophisticated compositions of olfactory and visual cues. Using honeybees as a model to study olfactory–visual integration at the neuronal level, we focused on mushroom body (MB) output neurons (MBON). From a neuronal circuit perspective, MBONs represent a prominent level of sensory-modality convergence in the insect brain. We established an experimental design allowing electrophysiological characterization of olfactory, visual, as well as olfactory–visual induced activation of individual MBONs. Despite the obvious convergence of olfactory and visual pathways in the MB, we found numerous unimodal MBONs. However, a substantial proportion of MBONs (32%) responded to both modalities and thus integrated olfactory–visual information across MB input layers. In these neurons, representation of the olfactory–visual compound was significantly increased compared with that of single components, suggesting an additive, but nonlinear integration. Population analyses of olfactory–visual MBONs revealed three categories: (i) olfactory, (ii) visual and (iii) olfactory–visual compound stimuli. Interestingly, no significant differentiation was apparent regarding different stimulus qualities within these categories. We conclude that encoding of stimulus quality within a modality is largely completed at the level of MB input, and information at the MB output is integrated across modalities to efficiently categorize sensory information for downstream behavioural decision processing.
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Mast, Thomas Gerald, Kelsey Zuk, Andrew Rinke, Khaleel Quasem, Bradley Savard, Charles Brobbey, Jacob Reiss, and Michael Dryden. "Temporary Anosmia in Mice Following Nasal Lavage With Dilute Detergent Solution." Chemical Senses 44, no. 8 (July 31, 2019): 639–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjz047.

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AbstractOlfactory sensory deprivation induces anosmia and reduces tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine levels in the olfactory bulb. The behavioral consequences specific to the loss of olfactory bulb dopamine are difficult to determine because sensory deprivation protocols are either confounded by side effects or leave the animal anosmic. A new method to both induce sensory deprivation and to measure the behavioral and circuit consequences is needed. We developed a novel, recoverable anosmia protocol using nasal lavage with a dilute detergent solution. Detergent treatment did not damage the olfactory epithelium as measured by scanning electron microscopy, alcian blue histology, and acetylated tubulin immunohistochemistry. One treatment-induced anosmia that lasted 24 to 48 h. Three treatments over 5 days reduced olfactory bulb tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine levels indicating that anosmia persists between treatments. Importantly, even with multiple treatments, olfactory ability recovered within 48 h. This is the first report of a sensory deprivation protocol that induces recoverable anosmia and can be paired with biochemical, histological, and behavioral investigations of olfaction.
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Zheng, Yingwei, Sijue Tao, Yue Liu, Jingjing Liu, Liping Sun, Yawen Zheng, Yu Tian, Peng Su, Xutao Zhu, and Fuqiang Xu. "Basal Forebrain-Dorsal Hippocampus Cholinergic Circuit Regulates Olfactory Associative Learning." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 15 (July 30, 2022): 8472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23158472.

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The basal forebrain, an anatomically heterogeneous brain area containing multiple distinct subregions and neuronal populations, innervates many brain regions including the hippocampus (HIP), a key brain region responsible for learning and memory. Although recent studies have revealed that basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCNs) are involved in olfactory associative learning and memory, the potential neural circuit is not clearly dissected yet. Here, using an anterograde monosynaptic tracing strategy, we revealed that BFCNs in different subregions projected to many brain areas, but with significant differentiations. Our rabies virus retrograde tracing results found that the dorsal HIP (dHIP) received heavy projections from the cholinergic neurons in the nucleus of the horizontal limb of the diagonal band (HDB), magnocellular preoptic nucleus (MCPO), and substantia innominate (SI) brain regions, which are known as the HMS complex (HMSc). Functionally, fiber photometry showed that cholinergic neurons in the HMSc were significantly activated in odor-cued go/no-go discrimination tasks. Moreover, specific depletion of the HMSc cholinergic neurons innervating the dHIP significantly decreased the performance accuracies in odor-cued go/no-go discrimination tasks. Taken together, these studies provided detailed information about the projections of different BFCN subpopulations and revealed that the HMSc-dHIP cholinergic circuit plays a crucial role in regulating olfactory associative learning.
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Strowbridge, Ben W. "Linking Local Circuit Inhibition to Olfactory Behavior: A Critical Role for Granule Cells in Olfactory Discrimination." Neuron 65, no. 3 (February 2010): 295–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.01.029.

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47

Friedrich, Rainer W., and Adrian A. Wanner. "Dense Circuit Reconstruction to Understand Neuronal Computation: Focus on Zebrafish." Annual Review of Neuroscience 44, no. 1 (July 8, 2021): 275–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-110220-013050.

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The dense reconstruction of neuronal wiring diagrams from volumetric electron microscopy data has the potential to generate fundamentally new insights into mechanisms of information processing and storage in neuronal circuits. Zebrafish provide unique opportunities for dynamical connectomics approaches that combine reconstructions of wiring diagrams with measurements of neuronal population activity and behavior. Such approaches have the power to reveal higher-order structure in wiring diagrams that cannot be detected by sparse sampling of connectivity and that is essential for neuronal computations. In the brain stem, recurrently connected neuronal modules were identified that can account for slow, low-dimensional dynamics in an integrator circuit. In the spinal cord, connectivity specifies functional differences between premotor interneurons. In the olfactory bulb, tuning-dependent connectivity implements a whitening transformation that is based on the selective suppression of responses to overrepresented stimulus features. These findings illustrate the potential of dynamical connectomics in zebrafish to analyze the circuit mechanisms underlying higher-order neuronal computations.
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Kawai, Takafumi, Hideki Abe, Yasuhisa Akazome, and Yoshitaka Oka. "Neuromodulatory Effect of GnRH on the Synaptic Transmission of the Olfactory Bulbar Neural Circuit in Goldfish, Carassius auratus." Journal of Neurophysiology 104, no. 6 (December 2010): 3540–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00639.2010.

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Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is well known as a hypophysiotropic hormone that is produced in the hypothalamus and facilitates the release of gonadotropins from the pituitary gonadotropes. On the other hand, the functions of extrahypothalamic GnRH systems still remain elusive. Here we examined whether the activity of the olfactory bulbar neural circuits is modulated by GnRH that originates mainly from the terminal nerve (TN) GnRH system in goldfish ( Carassius auratus). As the morphological basis, we first observed that goldfish TNs mainly express salmon GnRH (sGnRH) mRNA and that sGnRH-immunoreactive fibers are distributed in both the mitral and the granule cell layers. We then examined by extracellular recordings the effect of GnRH on the electrically evoked in vitro field potentials that arise from synaptic activities from mitral to granule cells. We found that GnRH enhances the amplitude of the field potentials. Furthermore, these effects were observed in both cases when the field potentials were evoked by stimulating either the lateral or the medial olfactory tract, conveying functionally different sensory information, separately, and suggesting that GnRH may modulate the responsiveness to wide categories of odorants in the olfactory bulb. Because GnRH also changed the paired-pulse ratio, it is suggested that the increased amplitude of the field potential results from changes in the presynaptic glutamate release of mitral cells rather than the increase in the glutamate receptor sensitivity of granule cells. These results suggest that TN regulates the olfactory responsiveness of animals appropriately by releasing sGnRH peptides in the olfactory bulbar neural circuits.
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Awata, Hiroko, Mai Takakura, Yoko Kimura, Ikuko Iwata, Tomoko Masuda, and Yukinori Hirano. "The neural circuit linking mushroom body parallel circuits induces memory consolidation in Drosophila." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 32 (July 23, 2019): 16080–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1901292116.

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Memory consolidation is augmented by repeated learning following rest intervals, which is known as the spacing effect. Although the spacing effect has been associated with cumulative cellular responses in the neurons engaged in memory, here, we report the neural circuit-based mechanism for generating the spacing effect in the memory-related mushroom body (MB) parallel circuits in Drosophila. To investigate the neurons activated during the training, we monitored expression of phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), ERK [phosphorylation of extracellular signal-related kinase (pERK)]. In an olfactory spaced training paradigm, pERK expression in one of the parallel circuits, consisting of γm neurons, was progressively inhibited via dopamine. This inhibition resulted in reduced pERK expression in a postsynaptic GABAergic neuron that, in turn, led to an increase in pERK expression in a dopaminergic neuron specifically in the later session during spaced training, suggesting that disinhibition of the dopaminergic neuron occurs during spaced training. The dopaminergic neuron was significant for gene expression in the different MB parallel circuits consisting of α/βs neurons for memory consolidation. Our results suggest that the spacing effect-generating neurons and the neurons engaged in memory reside in the distinct MB parallel circuits and that the spacing effect can be a consequence of evolved neural circuit architecture.
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Kee, Tiffany, Pavel Sanda, Nitin Gupta, Mark Stopfer, and Maxim Bazhenov. "Feed-Forward versus Feedback Inhibition in a Basic Olfactory Circuit." PLOS Computational Biology 11, no. 10 (October 12, 2015): e1004531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004531.

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