Academic literature on the topic 'Olfactory and auditory environmental stimuli'
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Journal articles on the topic "Olfactory and auditory environmental stimuli"
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Amaya, Veronica, Mandy B. A. Paterson, Kris Descovich, and Clive J. C. Phillips. "Effects of Olfactory and Auditory Enrichment on Heart Rate Variability in Shelter Dogs." Animals 10, no. 8 (August 10, 2020): 1385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10081385.
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Animal shelters can be stressful environments and time in care may affect individual dogs in negative ways, so it is important to try to reduce stress and arousal levels to improve welfare and chance of adoption. A key element of the stress response is the activation of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), and a non-invasive tool to measure this activity is heart rate variability (HRV). Physiologically, stress and arousal result in the production of corticosteroids, increased heart rate and decreased HRV. Environmental enrichment can help to reduce arousal related behaviours in dogs and this study focused on sensory environmental enrichment using olfactory and auditory stimuli with shelter dogs. The aim was to determine if these stimuli have a physiological effect on dogs and if this could be detected through HRV. Sixty dogs were allocated to one of three stimuli groups: lavender, dog appeasing pheromone and music or a control group, and usable heart rate variability data were obtained from 34 dogs. Stimuli were applied for 3 h a day on five consecutive days, with HRV recorded for 4 h (treatment period + 1 h post-treatment) on the 5th and last day of exposure to the stimuli by a Polar® heart rate monitor attached to the dog’s chest. HRV results suggest that music activates both branches of the ANS, which may be useful to relieve both the stress and boredom in shelter environments.
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Amaya, Veronica, Mandy B. A. Paterson, and Clive J. C. Phillips. "Effects of Olfactory and Auditory Enrichment on the Behaviour of Shelter Dogs." Animals 10, no. 4 (March 30, 2020): 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10040581.
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Shelter environments are stressful for dogs, as they must cope with many stimuli over which they have little control. This can lead to behavioural changes, negatively affect their welfare and downgrade the human‐animal bond, affecting re-homing success. Arousal is evident in their behaviour, particularly increased activity and frequent vocalisation. Environmental enrichment plays an important role in reducing arousal behaviour, either through direct physiological effects or by masking stressful stimuli. The present study focused on sensory environmental enrichment, using olfactory and auditory stimuli under shelter conditions. Sixty dogs were allocated to one of four treatments: three types of enrichment, Lavender, Dog appeasing pheromone (DAP) and Music, and a Control group. Stimuli were applied for 3 h/d on five consecutive days. Dogs exposed to DAP lay down more, and those exposed to Music lay down more with their head down, compared to the Control. Those in the Control stood more on their hind legs with their front legs on the exit door, compared to those exposed to Music and DAP, particularly if they had only been in the shelter for a short time. They also panted and vocalised much more than dogs in the three enrichment treatments, which tended to persist during the 4 h period post treatment, and in the case of vocalisation into the subsequent night. The study suggests that all three enrichments had some positive benefits for dogs in shelters, as well as being non-invasive and easy to apply in the shelter environment.
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Villela, Mariana Silva, and Vera Helena Moro Bins Ely. "Stimuli towards well-being in an environment with Complementary and Integrative Practices (CIPs)." Ambiente Construído 20, no. 2 (June 2020): 441–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1678-86212020000200408.
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Abstract This article presents a proposal to categorise stimuli that influence well-being in therapeutic environments following Complementary and Integrative Practices (CIPs). With the broader aim of understanding which environmental stimuli influence the well-being of CIP therapeutic environment users, this qualitative research adopted a multimethod approach: bibliographic and documentary research; walkthrough analysis; exploratory visits; environment observations; and finally, interviews. After cross-referencing a literature review and an environmental assessment of three case studies during 2017, a categorisation was drawn up, and it suggests that the stimuli which most influence well-being in CIP environments are: Artistic, Auditory, Biological, Luminous and Hygrothermal Comfort, Energetic, Spatial, Natural, Olfactory, Social and Socio-Spatial stimuli. Included in a broader debate on creating environments favourable to users’ health, and in line with an increasing demand of CIPs in Brazil, this categorisation aims at contributing to the knowledge of CIP environment-specific necessities and improving the quality from the early stage of project idealisation.
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Carcaud, Julie, Thomas Hill, Martin Giurfa, and Jean-Christophe Sandoz. "Differential coding by two olfactory subsystems in the honeybee brain." Journal of Neurophysiology 108, no. 4 (August 15, 2012): 1106–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01034.2011.
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Sensory systems use parallel processing to extract and process different features of environmental stimuli. Parallel processing has been studied in the auditory, visual, and somatosensory systems, but equivalent research in the olfactory modality is scarce. The honeybee Apis mellifera is an interesting model for such research as its relatively simple brain contains a dual olfactory system, with a clear neural dichotomy from the periphery to higher-order centers, based on two main neuronal tracts [medial (m) and lateral (l) antenno-protocerebral tract (APT)]. The function of this dual system is as yet unknown, and attributes like odor quality and odor quantity might be separately encoded in these subsystems. We have thus studied olfactory coding at the input of both subsystems, using in vivo calcium imaging. As one of the subsystems (m-APT) has never been imaged before, a novel imaging preparation was developed to this end, and responses to a panel of aliphatic odorants at different concentrations were compared in both subsystems. Our data show a global redundancy of olfactory coding at the input of both subsystems but unravel some specificities for encoding chemical group and carbon chain length of odor molecules.
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Satow, Aiko. "An Ecological Approach to Mechanisms Determining Individual Differences in Perception." Perceptual and Motor Skills 62, no. 3 (June 1986): 983–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1986.62.3.983.
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In 1982 Satow proposed four hypothetical properties determining mechanisms of individual differences in perceptions; these were supported by results of a factor analysis of responses to a 58-item check list. Present work confirmed the four properties (intense sensitivity, temporal sensitivity, sensory-motor reactivity, and possible range of total stimuli), and obtained a property, preference for intense and prolonged stimuli, from a principal component analysis of data from a 60-item list given to 316 subjects. The 60-item list is a revised version of the 58-item list which asked subjects about their subjective sensitiveness and preferences for environmental sensory stimuli (visual, auditory, olfactory, and tactile). Within subjects relationships among these properties are interindependent, since for individuals correlations of factor-score estimates between pairs of these properties were near zero. This interindependence supported a model of four hypothetical types of individuals, explaining the individual differences on the grounds of the relations among the properties.
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Brasić, James Robert. "Hallucinations." Perceptual and Motor Skills 86, no. 3 (June 1998): 851–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1998.86.3.851.
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Hallucinations, sensory perceptions without environmental stimuli, occur as simple experiences of auditory, gustatory, olfactory, tactile, or visual phenomena as well as mixed or complex experiences of more than one simple phenomenon. The nature of the hallucination assists localization, differential diagnosis, and treatment planning. In particular, the presence of persistent visual hallucinations of persons with Parkinson's disease predicts dementia, rapid deterioration, permanent nursing home placement, and death. Hallucinations in persons with Alzheimer's disease are often associated with serious behavioral problems and predict a rapid cognitive decline. Theories of the etiology of hallucinations include (1) stimulation, e.g., neurochemical, electrical, seizure, and ephaptic, and (2) inhibition, e.g., destruction of normally inhibitory functions, resulting in disinhibition as in the Charles Bonnet and phantom limb syndromes. Functional neuroimaging procedures suggest anatomical associations for hallucinations. While hallucinations may be a symptom of medical, neurologic, and psychiatric disorders, they may also occur in a wide range of human experiences.
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Kang, Hyoyoung, and Youngran Chae. "Effects of Integrated Indirect Forest Experience on Emotion, Fatigue, Stress, and Immune Function in Hemodialysis Patients." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4 (February 10, 2021): 1701. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041701.
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Background: Most hemodialysis patients may experience physiological and psychological stress. Exposure to nature has been reported to reduce psychological and physiological stress levels and improve immune function. This study aimed to investigate psychological and physiological effects of integrated indirect forest experience on chronic renal failure patients undergoing hemodialysis. Methods: As a quasi-experiment, this study employed a nonequivalent control group, repeated measurements, and a non-synchronized design. In total, 54 participants were included: 26 and 28 patients in the experimental and control groups, respectively. During hemodialysis, five types of forest therapy stimuli (visual, auditory, olfactory, tactile, and motor) were applied 3 times per week for 4 weeks during 15 min sessions. Results: Positive, but not negative, emotion measures differed between the groups after the intervention. Fatigue and physiological stress levels were significantly reduced in the experimental group, whereas no significant difference was found between the groups with respect to measures of psychological stress. Activation of both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems was similar in both groups, as was the number of natural killer cells. Conclusion: Integrated indirect forest experience may help increase positive emotions and reduce fatigue and stress levels during hemodialysis in patients with chronic renal failure.
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Thaploo, Divesh, Stefanie Zelder, and Thomas Hummel. "Olfactory Modulation of the Contingent Negative Variation to Auditory Stimuli." Neuroscience 470 (August 2021): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.07.005.
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Christensen, Janne Winther, Linda Jane Keeling, and Birte Lindstrøm Nielsen. "Responses of horses to novel visual, olfactory and auditory stimuli." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 93, no. 1-2 (September 2005): 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2005.06.017.
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Parfet, K. A., and H. W. Gonyou. "Attraction of newborn piglets to auditory, visual, olfactory and tactile stimuli." Journal of Animal Science 69, no. 1 (1991): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/1991.691125x.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Olfactory and auditory environmental stimuli"
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MAGGIONI, EMANUELA. "The Smell of Emotions: Olfactory Influences on Emotions and Consumer Behaviour." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/70695.
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Molti studi nel campo del comportamento di consumo hanno sottolineato il ruolo fondamentale che le emozioni esercitano sul comportamento. La maggioranza dei nostri comportamenti è guidata da risposte emozionali all’ambiente. Allo scopo di comprendere il comportamento di consumo è cruciale indagare cosa siano le emozioni, come possano essere misurate ed elicitate, e come queste possano direttamente influenzare il comportamento. Le emozioni possono essere elicitate da diversi stimoli sensoriali. Precedenti studi di psicologia e neurofisiologia hanno usato esclusivamente stimoli affettivi visivi per elicitare le emozioni, mentre altre modalità sensoriali hanno ricevuto meno attenzione.
La presente tesi si focalizza sugli stimoli olfattivi come trigger inconsci di emozioni. L’olfatto è stato studiato per le sue connessioni e la sua influenza sulle emozioni umane e sui processi cognitivi, ma le corrispondenze cross-modali e le interazioni tra l’odore e gli altri sensi sono state scarsamente indagate. Questa tesi affronta specificamente le problematiche teoretiche di come possano essere definite e misurate le emozioni, in particolare di come le emozioni possano essere elicitate da stimoli olfattivi e come questi influenzino la propensione all’acquisto dei consumatori. In relazione agli ambiente dei punti vendita reali, un’altra questione affrontata è come stimoli affettivi (in-)congruenti provenienti da diverse modalità sensoriali influenzino la risposta emozionale e come la percezione degli odori possa essere influenzata dalle corrispondenze cross-modali con gli altri sensi. In tre studi, per comprendere queste problematiche, sono stati utilizzati strumenti per la valutazione delle emozioni implicite e self-report, questionari comportamentali self-report, test di associazioni implicite e misurazioni fisiologiche.
Il primo studio ha indagato come gli odori congruenti con i prodotti stimolino l’intenzione d’acquisto. I risultati mostrano come gli odori congruenti con i prodotti aumentino l’intenzione d’acquisto tramite l’effetto che hanno sulle emozioni positive e facilitino l’accesso alle informazioni del prodotto. Il secondo studio ha verificato l’effetto combinato di stimoli attivanti olfattivi e uditivi sulla percezione di immagini affettive. I risultati mostrano che stimoli congruenti in termini di attivazione influenzano differentemente le misure self-report e fisiologiche. L’effetto della co-occorrenza di stimolazione attivante tra le modalità olfattiva e uditiva migliora marcatamente l’esperienza emozionale evocata da immagine affettive. Nel terzo studio è stata indagata l’interazione cross-modale tra odore e differenti modalità sensoriali tramite test di associazione. I risultati hanno suggerito che gli odori possono essere classificati e indentificati usando come attributi distintivi principali gli stimoli provenienti da altre modalità sensoriali, associazioni cross-modali ed emozioni.
Considerati insieme, questi risultati suggeriscono che gli stimoli olfattivi influenzino inconsciamente il comportamento di consumo non solo attraverso gli effetti diretti che l’odore ha sulle emozioni ma anche attraverso il priming. L’odore ambientale può guidare il consumatore ad acquisti non pianificati, in quanto opera da sollecitatore inconscio di bisogni di consumo. Questi risultati sono in linea con la letteratura precedente dimostrando che gli stimoli olfattivi influenzano direttamente le emozioni. Queste scoperte portano a nuova conoscenza su come la congruenza, in termini di attivazione affettiva tra diverse modalità sensoriali, moduli le risposte emozionali. I presenti risultati contribuiscono a una conoscenza migliore delle interazioni cross-modali nella percezione dell’odore. L’odore può essere classificato usando attributi distintivi di altre modalità sensoriali. Vengono discusse le implicazioni teoriche e pratiche.
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Johnson, Andrew J. "Modularity in short-term memory : a comparison between olfactory, visual and auditory stimuli." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2007. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/54673/.
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This thesis is concerned with memory modularity. Recognition and serial position recall for sequences of odours, unfamiliar-faces and pure-tones is examined and compared. In the first set of experiments, 2-alternative-forced-choice (2AFC) recognition produced qualitatively equivalent serial position functions across the three stimulus types. Recency in the absence of primacy was apparent for the backward testing procedure, in contrast, the forward testing procedure produced an absence of serial position effects. This item-based task, therefore, provides some evidence for amodal processing. A second set of experiments employed a single-probe serial position recall paradigm and produced qualitatively different functions for the three stimulus types. Unfamiliar-faces showed both primacy and recency, pure-tones showed recency only and, in contrast, odours showed neither recency nor primacy. These functions were consistent across sequence length, i.e. 4-6 items. Primacy for unfamiliar-faces was immune to articulator suppression suggesting a non-verbally based representation. A third set of Experiments employed a modified serial order reconstruction paradigm in which test-items were presented sequentially rather than simultaneously. Unfamiliar-face and pure-tone stimuli demonstrated both primacy and recency, in contrast, odours demonstrated recency only. The absence of cross-stimuli functional equivalence for both order-based tasks contrasts with that for the item-based task, suggesting that item- and order-based memorial processes impact differentially upon arguments for modularity (see Guerard and Tremblay, in press). A fourth set of experiments investigated the role of verbal coding in modified-reconstruction. The functions produced for both odour and unfamiliar-face stimuli were shown not to be characteristic of verbal memory. A final study in this set employed nonwords presented both visually and aurally. Results showed that, regardless of modality of input, the functions replicated those reported above for nonverbal visual and auditory stimuli. The findings demonstrate that the functions for modified-reconstruction are not underpinned by the processes of verbalisation. In summary, the order-based tasks are consistent with modularity, where the item-based tasks support amodal processing. The findings suggest that for order memory at least, olfactory memory is qualitatively different to that of visual and auditory memory.
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Vanarse, Anup. "Interfacing of neuromorphic vision, auditory and olfactory sensors with digital neuromorphic circuits." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2016. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1802.
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The conventional Von Neumann architecture imposes strict constraints on the development of intelligent adaptive systems. The requirements of substantial computing power to process and analyse complex data make such an approach impractical to be used in implementing smart systems.
Neuromorphic engineering has produced promising results in applications such as electronic sensing, networking architectures and complex data processing. This interdisciplinary field takes inspiration from neurobiological architecture and emulates these characteristics using analogue Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI). The unconventional approach of exploiting the non-linear current characteristics of transistors has aided in the development of low-power adaptive systems that can be implemented in intelligent systems. The neuromorphic approach is widely applied in electronic sensing, particularly in vision, auditory, tactile and olfactory sensors. While conventional sensors generate a huge amount of redundant output data, neuromorphic sensors implement the biological concept of spike-based output to generate sparse output data that corresponds to a certain sensing event. The operation principle applied in these sensors supports reduced power consumption with operating efficiency comparable to conventional sensors. Although neuromorphic sensors such as Dynamic Vision Sensor (DVS), Dynamic and Active pixel Vision Sensor (DAVIS) and AEREAR2 are steadily expanding their scope of application in real-world systems, the lack of spike-based data processing algorithms and complex interfacing methods restricts its applications in low-cost standalone autonomous systems.
This research addresses the issue of interfacing between neuromorphic sensors and digital neuromorphic circuits. Current interfacing methods of these sensors are dependent on computers for output data processing. This approach restricts the portability of these sensors, limits their application in a standalone system and increases the overall cost of such systems. The proposed methodology simplifies the interfacing of these sensors with digital neuromorphic processors by utilizing AER communication protocols and neuromorphic hardware developed under the Convolution AER Vision Architecture for Real-time (CAVIAR) project. The proposed interface is simulated using a JAVA model that emulates a typical spikebased output of a neuromorphic sensor, in this case an olfactory sensor, and functions that process this data based on supervised learning. The successful implementation of this simulation suggests that the methodology is a practical solution and can be implemented in hardware. The JAVA simulation is compared to a similar model developed in Nengo, a standard large-scale neural simulation tool.
The successful completion of this research contributes towards expanding the scope of application of neuromorphic sensors in standalone intelligent systems. The easy interfacing method proposed in this thesis promotes the portability of these sensors by eliminating the dependency on computers for output data processing. The inclusion of neuromorphic Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) board allows reconfiguration and deployment of learning algorithms to implement adaptable systems. These low-power systems can be widely applied in biosecurity and environmental monitoring. With this thesis, we suggest directions for future research in neuromorphic standalone systems based on neuromorphic olfaction.
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Croy, Ilona, Kerstin Laqua, Frank Süß, Peter Joraschky, Tjalf Ziemssen, and Thomas Hummel. "The sensory channel of presentation alters subjective ratings and autonomic responses toward disgusting stimuli – Blood pressure, heart rate and skin conductance in response to visual, auditory, haptic and olfactory presented disgusting stimuli." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-127292.
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Disgust causes specific reaction patterns, observable in mimic responses and body reactions. Most research on disgust deals with visual stimuli. However, pictures may cause another disgust experience than sounds, odors, or tactile stimuli. Therefore, disgust experience evoked by four different sensory channels was compared. A total of 119 participants received 3 different disgusting and one control stimulus, each presented through the visual, auditory, tactile, and olfactory channel. Ratings of evoked disgust as well as responses of the autonomic nervous system (heart rate, skin conductance level, systolic blood pressure) were recorded and the effect of stimulus labeling and of repeated presentation was analyzed. Ratings suggested that disgust could be evoked through all senses; they were highest for visual stimuli. However, autonomic reaction toward disgusting stimuli differed according to the channel of presentation. In contrast to the other, olfactory disgust stimuli provoked a strong decrease of systolic blood pressure. Additionally, labeling enhanced disgust ratings and autonomic reaction for olfactory and tactile, but not for visual and auditory stimuli. Repeated presentation indicated that participant's disgust rating diminishes to all but olfactory disgust stimuli. Taken together we argue that the sensory channel through which a disgust reaction is evoked matters.
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Croy, Ilona, Kerstin Laqua, Frank Süß, Peter Joraschky, Tjalf Ziemssen, and Thomas Hummel. "The sensory channel of presentation alters subjective ratings and autonomic responses toward disgusting stimuli – Blood pressure, heart rate and skin conductance in response to visual, auditory, haptic and olfactory presented disgusting stimuli." Frontiers, 2013. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A27294.
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Disgust causes specific reaction patterns, observable in mimic responses and body reactions. Most research on disgust deals with visual stimuli. However, pictures may cause another disgust experience than sounds, odors, or tactile stimuli. Therefore, disgust experience evoked by four different sensory channels was compared. A total of 119 participants received 3 different disgusting and one control stimulus, each presented through the visual, auditory, tactile, and olfactory channel. Ratings of evoked disgust as well as responses of the autonomic nervous system (heart rate, skin conductance level, systolic blood pressure) were recorded and the effect of stimulus labeling and of repeated presentation was analyzed. Ratings suggested that disgust could be evoked through all senses; they were highest for visual stimuli. However, autonomic reaction toward disgusting stimuli differed according to the channel of presentation. In contrast to the other, olfactory disgust stimuli provoked a strong decrease of systolic blood pressure. Additionally, labeling enhanced disgust ratings and autonomic reaction for olfactory and tactile, but not for visual and auditory stimuli. Repeated presentation indicated that participant's disgust rating diminishes to all but olfactory disgust stimuli. Taken together we argue that the sensory channel through which a disgust reaction is evoked matters.
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Pereira, Rui Luís Alves. "Aromas nos cinemas : estudo exploratório do impacto de estímulos olfativos na perceção de qualidade e consumo de produtos em salas de cinema." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/10349.
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Mestrado em MarketingEfetuou-se um estudo experimental em contexto real num cinema, com o objetivo de compreender se os estímulos aromáticos podem influenciar o comportamento do consumidor, testar se o aroma ambiente é, ou não, um instrumento de marketing eficaz. O estudo foi realizado através de uma investigação quantitativa entre a presença e ausência de aroma ambiente na aferição de respostas dos espetadores no seu ambiente de cinema. A Investigação teve por base a revisão da literatura, para o enquadramento do tema e desenvolvimento do modelo conceptual conducente à formulação da questão de pesquisa e das hipóteses a testar, tendo como alicerce a construção do questionário e desenho da experiência. A coleta dos dados foi efetuada durante quatro semanas e teve por base pesquisas similares. As análises dos dados recolhidos incluíram técnicas de estatística descritiva e teste das hipóteses relativas à avaliação do cinema, do seu ambiente, dos seus produtos, dos gastos e por último da intenção de retorno do espetador ao cinema. Foram identificadas relações de causa efeito na presença de aroma, os resultados revelaram que a presença de aroma ambiente aumentou as avaliações testadas.
A real life experimental study was conducted in a movie theatre in order to try to understand if the aromatic stimuli can influence consumer behavior, that way testing if the aroma present in the environment is an effective marketing tool. The study was a quantitative investigation of the answers given by spectators in the presence or absence of aroma in their cinema environment. The research was based on a literature revision, in order to develop both the guidelines and the conceptual model, which in turn led to the formulation of the research question and the definition of the hypothesis to be tested, which constitute the basis upon which the questionnaire and experience design were construed. The data collection was performed during a period of four weeks and based on a similar research. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and hypothesis testing on movie theatre, environment, product and cost evaluations and finally the intention of the spectator to return to the movie theatre. Cause and effect relations were identified in the presence of aroma. The results showed that the presence of aroma in the environment increased the evaluations tested.
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Wroblewska, Natalia. "Role of the ventromedial hypothalamus in control of innate defensive behaviours." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/276036.
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Our senses are constantly bombarded with information. How does the brain integrate such a variety of inputs to generate appropriate behaviours? Innate defensive behaviours are a good model to address this question. They are essential for animal survival and the brain circuits that control them are highly conserved across species. Moreover, the sensory inputs and behavioural outputs can be well defined and reliably reproduced in the lab. This allows us to study function of the individual components of the circuit controlling these behaviours. Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) is a key brain region for controlling responses to predators; it has been shown that inactivating the VMH can reduce defensive behaviours. Interestingly, activating the VMH output neurons (SF1+ cells) can produce a variety of different behaviours, from immobility to escape, depending on the intensity of activation. During my PhD I used a variety of approaches to address the question of the function of the VMH in control of defensive behaviours. At first I hypothesised that the VMH might act as a centre responsible for choosing an appropriate behavioural response according to the stimulus. I set to investigate how different activation levels of SF1+ neurons can produce such different behavioural outputs, and how this activity is modulated in vivo in response to predator stimuli. I began the project by quantifying mouse defensive behaviours in response to olfactory and auditory predator cues, as well as to the optogenetic activation of SF1+ neurons. I then questioned whether there was heterogeneity within the population of SF1+ neurons, which could explain their ability to trigger different behaviours. I performed patch clamp recordings from acute brain slices and conducted a study of the electrophysiological properties of SF1+ neurons. I next investigated how SF1+ neurons integrate excitatory inputs from the medial amygdala, a region which receives olfactory inputs from the accessory olfactory bulb. By combining optogenetics with slice electrophysiology and behavioural assessment, I described the physiology and relevance of this connection. Finally, I investigated in vivo activity in the VMH in response to predator cues by performing calcium imaging of the VMH neurons in freely moving mice. By presenting different sensory stimuli, I addressed the question of heterogeneity of the input pattern to the VMH neurons and the relationship between the VMH activity and the behavioural output. Taken all together, the results of this project have led to a hypothesis whereby the function of the VMH is to facilitate rather than directly control the choice of an appropriate behavioural response.
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Carneiro, Francisco Andeson Gonçalves. "Efeitos da combinação de estímulos olfativos e auditivos em treino discriminativo de um procedimento de bloqueio de estímulos em ratos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47132/tde-02102014-114859/.
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O uso de estímulos olfativos em estudos de discriminação simples e complexa em ratos tem fornecido dados relevantes à área de controle de estímulos porque esta modalidade de estímulo é mais saliente à espécie do que as comumente utilizadas. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o efeito da combinação entre as modalidades de estímulo olfativa e auditiva sobre o responder discriminado em um procedimento de bloqueio de estímulos em ratos. Quatro ratos machos Wistar (Rattus norvegicus) foram treinados em três tarefas de discriminação de acordo com o delineamento de bloqueio de estímulos. Na Fase I discriminação prévia, dois ratos foram treinados usando estímulos auditivos (A+/A-) e outros dois usando estímulos olfativos (B+/B-) como S+/S-. Na Fase II discriminação de estímulo composto, um estímulo composto (A+B+/A-B-) foi usado como S+/S- e na Fase III discriminação pós-composto, os estímulos usados na Fase I foram removidos do composto e o treino continuou com os estímulos restantes. Em seguida, foram treinados em fases adicionais: IV - (mesmo treino da Fase II), V (mesmo treino da Fase III) e Fase VI em duas etapas primeira, treino com A+/A- e B+/B- na mesma sessão sem configuração de estímulo composto e segunda, treino de competição de dicas A+B- e B+A-. Todas as fases foram realizadas a partir de um procedimento Go/No-Go. Respostas em esquema de razão fixa três na condição S+ (A+, A+B+ e B+) foram consequenciadas com acesso à solução de sacarose e resposta na condição S- (A-, A-B- e B-) resultou em timeout de 2s após o final da tentativa. Não foi programada consequência específica para o não responder. Para todas as fases o critério de aquisição foi 90% ou mais de índice discriminativo. Na Fase I os resultados mostraram uma aquisição mais rápida do responder discriminado com estímulos olfativos. Os dados das Fases II e III indicaram que houve ocorrência de bloqueio de estímulos para todos os sujeitos, independente da ordem de treino com as modalidades de estímulos. As Fases IV e V indicaram uma replicação do fenômeno de bloqueio apesar do treino realizado na Fase III. A Fase VI sugeriu que o responder discriminado se diferenciou segundo o tipo de configuração de estímulo e que a repetição de bloqueio foi produzida pela discriminação prévia. Os resultados do estudo indicaram que a modalidade de estímulo foi determinante na aquisição de discriminação, mas não para bloqueio de estímulos, discordando da ideia de que odores não são bloqueados quando usados em estímulo composto em ratos e mostrando também que a saliência dos estímulos olfativos foi modulada pela discriminação prévia com outra modalidadeUse of olfactory stimuli in simple and complex discrimination studies with rats has produced important data to stimuli controls area because this stimulus modality is more salient than others usually used. The objective of this study was to investigate combinations effects between olfactory and auditory stimuli modalities on discriminative responding to stimuli blocking design. Four male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) were trained in three discriminative tasks according to the stimuli blocking design. In Phase I prior discrimination, two rats were trained using auditory stimuli (A+/A-) and two rats using olfactory stimuli (B+/B-) as S+/S-. On Phase II compound stimulus discrimination, a compound stimuli (A+B+/A-B-) were used as S+/S- and in Phase III post-compound stimulus discrimination, the stimuli used on Phase I were remove from the compound. After discriminative training, subjects were trained on additional phases: Phase IV (same training Phase II), Phase V (same training Phase III) and Phase VI with two stages: first - A+/A- and B+/B- training presented in the same session without stimulus compound configuration, second - cue competition training (A+B- and B+A-).Discriminative training was carried under a Go/No-Go procedure. Responses on a fixed-ratio three schedule was reinforced by access to a sucrose solution when S+ (A+, A+B+ and B+) was presented and responding in S- (A-, A-B- and B-) resulted in 2s-timeout after trials ending. No consequence was programmed to non-responding. The acquisition criterion was a 90% or more discriminative index. Phase I data showed a discriminative responding acquisition faster with olfactory stimuli compared to auditory stimuli. Phases II and III data revealed stimuli blocking for all subjects regardless of training order with stimulus modalities. Phases IV and V showed a replication of stimuli blocking despite the training occurred on Phase III. Phase VI indicated that discriminative responding differed by type stimulus configuration presented and that stimulus blocking replication was produced by prior discrimination. Thus, results indicated that stimuli sensory modality was relevant for discriminative responding but not for blocking, disagreeing from the idea that odors are not blocked when it are used in compound stimulus in rat and showing also that olfactory stimulus saliency can be changed by prior discrimination training by other modality
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Costa, Sara João Barros da. "A fragrância da marca como aroma ambiente: estudo exploratório dos seus efeitos no consumidor." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/2233.
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Mestrado em MarketingO presente estudo visa determinar se a aplicação do aroma ambiente como estímulo ambiental num ambiente de loja real se trata de uma ferramenta de marketing eficaz, capaz de influenciar os comportamentos e atitudes do consumidor. Trata-se de um estímulo cada vez mais utilizado pelos retalhistas, a fim de conseguirem distinguir¬se da concorrência e oferecer uma experiência de compra única. Através de uma estratégia de investigação quantitativa iremos investigar se a presença do perfume da marca Mango como aroma ambiente afecta positivamente as respostas e avaliações dos consumidores no seu próprio ambiente de compra. Para isso foi conduzida uma experiência numa loja de vestuário da cadeia espanhola Mango na qual desenvolvemos 2 condições de estudo, sem estímulo versus com estímulo olfactivo. Durante 28 dias de estudo procedemos à aplicação de 600 questionários presenciais. Os nossos resultados não permitiram validar muitos dos objectivos propostos na presente investigação. No entanto, verificámos que de uma forma geral os indicadores sofreram ligeiras melhorias aquando a presença do estímulo olfactivo. Destacamos o facto das percepções sobre o ambiente de loja revelarem um impacto significativo nas percepções sobre a qualidade do produto exposto nesse mesmo ambiente. A ausência de resultados positivos da influência do estímulo olfactivo sobre as avaliações do ambiente de loja e qualidade da oferta nos estados emocionais do consumidor e ainda sobre os seus gastos poderá ser explicada pela natureza do próprio perfume da marca que foi aqui usado como aroma ambiente. Talvez a grande limitação deste estudo seja o próprio aroma utilizado pois, apesar de se tratar de um perfume da marca e como tal congruente com a oferta exposta, trata-se de um perfume de uso pessoal o que poderá ter sido inapropriado e dificultado a formulação de respostas positivas por parte do consumidor.
This study aims to determine whether the use of ambient scent as environmental stimuli in a real store environment is a powerful marketing tool, capable of influencing behavior and consumer attitudes. This is a stimulus increasingly used by retailers to differentiate from the competition and offer a unique shopping experience. Through a strategy of quantitative research we will investigate whether the presence of the Mango perfume positively affects the responses and evaluations of consumers in their own shopping environment. An experiment was carried out in a clothing store of the Spanish chain Mango. Two groups were studied, one subject to olfactory stimuli and the other not. During 28 days 600 questionnaires were administered via a face-to-face interview. Our results do not validate most of the objectives proposed in this research, though we found indicators were slightly improved in the presence of olfactory stimuli. It was found, nonetheless, that perceptions of the store environment have a significant impact on perceptions of the quality of product displayed. The fact that some hypotheses were not confirmed, including the influence of olfactory stimuli on evaluations of the shopping environment and quality of product, may be explained by the nature of the used scent. Although the perfume is consistent with the offer in store, this is intended for personal use and thus may be inappropriate for ambient scent.
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Lampard, Kathryn. "The effects of movable novel objects, novel olfactory stimuli and novel auditory stimuli on the exploratory, play and stereotypical behaviour of captive species: a comparative study." Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/99906.
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In recent decades there has been an increasing interest in the area of environmental enrichment for captive animals. The central premise of this thesis was that four species in captivity would be enriched, by increasing levels of exploratory and play behaviour and decreasing stereotypical behaviour, by providing them with access to three different types of novel stimuli. It was expected that each type of novelty would elicit different reactions from each species. Various theoretical constructs have been suggested to explain exploratory and play behaviour, however no theory has satisfactorily explained exploratory or play behaviour in all their forms. The experimental component, of the current research, involved presenting three different types of novel stimuli, including novel objects, auditory and olfactory stimuli, to four species. The subject species were Barbary sheep, zebra oriental small-clawed otters, and collared peccaries. The series of studies employed a modified repealed measures design. In each of the studies the animals were presented with a different type of novelty. The novelty included movable and non-movable objects, flood related olfactory stimuli and predator-associated auditory stimuli. Visual inspection was the main form of data analysis due to low subject numbers and because it allowed individual and group reactions to be reported. Results indicated each type of novelty stimulated increases in both exploratory and play behaviour and decreased stereotypical behaviour. In addition to these overall increases, some types of novelty were found to affect these behaviours more than others. Overall these results suggested that the different responses were related to the biological significance of the novel stimuli for the individual and the species concerned. Discussion focussed on factors that can be used to predict how a species will react to novelty, including the ecological niche of the species, feeding patterns and the biological significance of the novel stimuli. In addition to this, other factors, such as the previous experiences of the individual, have to be considered. It was concluded that novelty, including objects, odours and auditory stimuli, is a simple, cheap and effective method of enriching the lives of animals in captivity.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Dept. of Psychology, 2002
Books on the topic "Olfactory and auditory environmental stimuli"
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Grimaldi, Stephanie J., and Emily R. Stern. Sensory Processing and Intolerance in OCD. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0011.
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Patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) often exhibit abnormal sensitivity to sensory stimuli and a reduced ability to screen out stimuli that most do not find bothersome. This chapter reviews evidence documenting increased sensitivity to external sensory stimuli (auditory, olfactory, tactile) and reduced sensory gating in patients with OCD. In some individuals such sensitivity can present as a primary symptom. Many patients with OCD also experience sensations that appear to be “internally generated,” including not-just-right experiences, incompleteness, and physical urges; this is the focus of the second half of the chapter. These sensations, termed “sensory phenomena,” cause significant distress and impairment in daily functioning and may require different treatments than fear-based obsessions. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of directions for future research that may provide further insight into the nature of sensory symptoms as well as potential treatments.
Book chapters on the topic "Olfactory and auditory environmental stimuli"
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Casillas, Raúl, Alberto L. Morán, and Victoria Meza-Kubo. "Evaluation of a Multisensory Stimulation Tool: Effect of Auditory, Olfactory and Visual Stimuli for Scenario Identification and Memory Evocation." In Ubiquitous Computing and Ambient Intelligence, 330–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67585-5_35.
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Boraud, Thomas. "The Lamprey’s Dilemma." In How the Brain Makes Decisions, 35–45. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824367.003.0005.
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This chapter focuses on the neural network, demonstrating how the principles described in the previous chapter are implemented in vertebrates, taking as a blueprint the oldest one: the lamprey. The reticulospinal neurons belong to the reticular formation located in the brainstem of the lamprey. These reticulospinal neurons act as the effector system. Apart from the peripheral input that comes back from the spinal cord, the reticular formation receives, among other things, input from the diencephalon and specifically the thalamus. This structure allows interfacing between sensory stimuli (visual, auditory, and olfactory) and the motor system. The other very important targets of the thalamus in the lamprey are the basal ganglia. The chapter then goes on to explain the diencephalic and telencephalic loops.
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"Pacific Salmon Environmental and Life History Models: Advancing Science for Sustainable Salmon in the Future." In Pacific Salmon Environmental and Life History Models: Advancing Science for Sustainable Salmon in the Future, edited by Peter W. Lawson. American Fisheries Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874097.ch3.
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<em>Abstract.—</em>We understand our environment through our senses and tend to interpret the behavior of other animals in the context of the world we understand. Butterflies and flowers sometimes show distinctive patterns in ultraviolet light that are important to them but invisible to us. Likewise, the senses of fish and their experience of the world are very different from ours. Many aspects of a salmon’s environment, such as olfactory stimuli, are completely invisible to us. Other factors, like certain aspects of habitat alteration, are visible but unnoticed because they occurred gradually or long ago. Like Poe’s purloined letter they are cryptic—there for us to see if we only knew what to look for. As we build salmon models we base them on what we understand is important to the fish. However, our anthropocentric bias may cause us to overlook or misinterpret factors of importance. In addition, our necessarily simplified models, when applied to management, may result in a pernicious simplification of the salmon populations we wish to preserve. For example, if we model and manage for a dominant (or highly visible or easily monitored) salmon life history we may inadvertently eliminate other life histories of equal importance, or reduce diversity in ways that affect population viability. We should actively seek to identify important factors missing from our models and be aware of critical assumptions. Recognizing that our models are tools used to understand and manage salmon, we should try to understand the broader implications of these models to the future of the salmon we hope to preserve. In this essay, I offer speculation about what we may be missing in freshwater habitat, life history diversity, metapopulation dynamics, ocean survival, and water chemistry. I also consider the question of scale, and the effect our philosophical viewpoint may have on the direction and application of our modeling efforts and the likelihood of successful outcomes.
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T. Dalton, Daniel, Kathrin Pascher, Vanessa Berger, Klaus Steinbauer, and Michael Jungmeier. "Novel Technologies and Their Application for Protected Area Management: A Supporting Approach in Biodiversity Monitoring." In Protected Area Management - Recent Advances. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99889.
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State-of-the-art tools are revolutionizing protected area (PA) manager approaches to biodiversity monitoring. Effective strategies are available for test site establishment, data collection, archiving, analysis, and presentation. In PAs, use of new technologies will support a shift from primarily expert-based to automated monitoring procedures, allowing increasingly efficient data collection and facilitating adherence to conservation requirements. Selection and application of appropriate tools increasingly improve options for adaptive management. In this chapter, modern biodiversity monitoring techniques are introduced and discussed in relation to previous standard approaches for their applicability in diverse habitats and for different groups of organisms. A review of some of today’s most exciting technologies is presented, including environmental DNA analysis for species identification; automated optical, olfactory, and auditory devices; remote sensing applications relaying site conditions in real-time; and uses of unmanned aerial systems technology for observation and mapping. An overview is given in the context of applicability of monitoring tools in different ecosystems, providing a theoretical basis from conceptualization to implementation of novel tools in a monitoring program. Practical examples from real-world PAs are provided.
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Koch, Christof. "The Membrane Equation." In Biophysics of Computation. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195104912.003.0007.
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Any physical or biophysical mechanism instantiating an information processing system that needs to survive in the real world must obey several constraints: (1) it must operate at high speeds, (2) it must have a rich repertoire of computational primitives, with the ability to implement a variety of linear and nonlinear, high-gain, operations, and (3) it must interface with the physical world—in the sense of being able to represent sensory input patterns accurately and translate the result of the computations into action, that is motor output (Keyes, 1985). The membrane potential is the one physical variable within the nervous system that fulfills these three requirements: it can vary rapidly over large distances (e.g., an action potential changes the potential by 100 mV within 1 msec, propagating up to 1 cm or more down an axon within that time), and the membrane potential controls a vast number of nonlinear gates—ionic channels—that provide a very rich substrate for implementing nonlinear operations. These channels transduce visual, tactile, auditory, and olfactory stimuli into thanges of the membrane potential, and such voltage changes back into the release of neurotransmitters or the contraction of muscles. This is not to deny that ionic fluxes, or chemical interactions of various substances with each other, are not crucial to the working of the brain. They are, and we will study some of these mechanisms in Chap. 11. Yet the membrane potential is the incisive variable that serves as primary vehicle for the neuronal operations underlying rapid computations—at the fraction of a second time scale—in the brain. We will introduce the reader in a very gentle manner to the electrical properties of nerve cells by starting off with the very simplest of all neuronal models, consisting of nothing more than a resistance and a capacitance (a so-called RC circuit). Yet endowed with synaptic input, this model can already implement a critical nonlinear operation, divisive normalization and gain control. As a starting point, we choose a so-called point representation of a neuron. Here, the spatial dependency of the neuron is reduced to a single point or compartment.
Conference papers on the topic "Olfactory and auditory environmental stimuli"
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Bordegoni, Monica, Marina Carulli, and Yuan Shi. "Investigating the Use of Smell in Vehicle-Driver Interaction." In ASME 2016 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2016-60541.
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Every year approximately more than one million people die on world’s road. Human factors are the largest contributing factors to the traffic crashes and fatality, and recent researches have identified drivers’ cognitive aspect as the major cause of human errors in 80% of crash events. Thus, the development of countermeasures to manage drivers’ cognitive aspect is an important challenge to address. Driver-Assistance Systems have been developed and integrated into vehicles to acquire data about the environment and the driver, and to communicate information to the driver, usually via the senses of vision and hearing. Unfortunately, these senses are already subjected to high demands, and the visual and auditory stimuli can be underestimate or considered as annoying. However, other sensory channels could be used to elicit the drivers’ cognitive aspect. In particular, smell can impact on various aspects of humans’ psychological state, such as people’s attention level, and can induce activation states in people. The research presented in this paper aims at investigating whether olfactory stimuli, instead of auditory ones, can be used to influence the cognitive aspect of the drivers. For this purpose, an experimental framework has been set up and experimental testing sessions have been performed. The experimental framework is a multisensory environment consisting of an active stereo-projector and a screen used for displaying a video that reproduces a very monotonous car trip, a seating-buck for simulating the car environment, a wearable Olfactory Display, in-ear earphones and the BioGraph Infiniti system for acquiring the subjects’ physiological data. The analysis of the data collected in the testing sessions shows that, in comparison to the relaxation state, olfactory stimuli are effective in increasing subjects’ attention level more than the auditory ones.
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Lee, Jieun, Seokhyun Hwang, Kyunghwan Kim, and SeungJun Kim. "Auditory and Olfactory Stimuli-Based Attractors to Induce Reorientation in Virtual Reality Forward Redirected Walking." In CHI '22: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519719.
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Choi, Mi Hyun, Joshua Lee, and Frank L. Hammond. "Wearable Olfactory Augmentation Device for Hazardous Gas Detection." In 2018 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2018-6953.
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The goal of this study was to develop a wearable olfactory augmentation device (Fig. 1) that provides an intuitive and objective delivery of complex olfactory information via haptic feedback, in the form of cutaneous vibrotactile stimuli, in order to enhance environmental awareness of odor signals. The hypothesis is that displaying olfactory information through the skin enables intuitive and prompt identification of potentially hazardous chemicals and odors before they pose actual threats to the human body. In this work, an olfactory augmentation prototype is designed and manufactured, and experiments are conducted to assess the performance of device components and to improve the functionality of the device.
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Animashaun, Aisha, and Gilberto Bernardes. "Noise promotes disengagement in dementia patients during non-invasive neurorehabilitation treatment." In 4th Symposium on Occupational Safety and Health. FEUP, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24840/978-972-752-279-8_0009-0014.
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Introduction:The lack of engagement and the shortage of motivation and drive, also referred to as apathy, negatively impacts the effectiveness and adherence to treatment and the general well-being of people with neurocognitive disorders (NCDs), such as dementia. Methodology:The hypothesis raised states that the engagement of people with dementia during their non-invasive treatments for NCDs is affected by the noisy source levels and negative auditory stimuli present within environmental treatment settings. An online survey was conducted with the study objectives to assess 1) the engagement levels of dementia patients while interacting with others at home versus in therapy facilities, 2) the emotions perceived when interacting with people at home compared to therapy sessions, 3) the perceived loudness of the environment at home versus in therapy facilities, and 4) which source sounds negatively impact the patients at home and during therapy sessions. A purposive sampling (n=62) targeting relatives, friends, and caregivers of dementia patients was conducted via online community forums in the DACH region. Moreover, a recording session was conducted in a psychotherapist’s office to verify the answer tothe questionnaire on the noise sources perceived in therapy facilities. Results and Discussion:The raised hypothesis that disruptive auditory stimuli and noise levels influence the engagement levels of demented individuals during treatment is confirmed as the engagement is affected by the perceived noise disruptions when comparing perceived noise levels and engagement at home to those in treatment facilities.Significant statistical results were found between the lower engagement of demented individuals when interacting with people during therapy sessions compared to higher engagement in-home interactions. Furthermore, negatively perceived sound sources can be found in both therapy facilities and home settings. The noise sound sources identified, such as human voices, household appliances and household noises, while recording inthe psychotherapist’s office align with the questionnaire responses received on this topic. The findings indicate that the perceived heightened noise levels in therapy facilities stand in correlation with the lowered engagement rate perceived during the therapy session compared to the lower noise level and higher engagement encountered when demented individuals interact at home. Conclusion:If the identified noise elements are masked or replaced by other auditory stimuli that promote a soothing soundscape, the original disturbances encountered during therapy and the lack of engagement can possibly be minimized. Further studies need to be conducted in the prototyping of a noise intervention tool to analyze the impact on lack of engagement through noise disturbances.Keywords. Noise, Engagement, Dementia, Therapy, Apathy.INTRODUCTIONNeurocognitive disorders (NCDs) are a steadily rising global public health concern. In 2020, around 50 million people worldwide lived with major NCDs, specifically dementia, with nearly 10 million new cases per year1NCDs can be found in many diseases, including Alzheimer, Parkinson, Huntington, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob (Reith, 2018). The causes of NCDs are typically associated with advanced age. Still, it can occur from incidents such as traumatic brain injuries, infections, thyroid problems, damage to the blood vessels, and other causes (Kane et al., 2017), increasingly affecting a wide range of people and age groups. Successful treatment methods are limited and can be split into two main categories, invasive and non-invasive methods.Invasive treatment methods are surgical procedures, such as Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS), a neurosurgical procedure in which a neurotransmitter is placed in the brain to send electrical 1World Health Organization, Dementia [website] https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dementia(accessed 12 April 2021)