Journal articles on the topic 'Older subject'
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Furman, Joseph M., and Mark S. Redfern. "Visual-vestibular interaction during OVAR in the elderly." Journal of Vestibular Research 11, no. 6 (September 28, 2002): 365–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ves-2002-11603.
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This study assessed visual-otolith interaction in healthy older humans and compared responses from older subjects to those of younger subjects. Using off-vertical axis rotation (OVAR) to stimulate the otolith organs, eye movement responses, measured using electro-oculography, were recorded during rotation in the dark, rotation with an earth-fixed lighted visual surround, and rotation with a subject-fixed fixation target. Results indicated that older subjects, like young subjects, exhibit a modulation component that was as large during rotation with a lighted earth-fixed visual surround as that seen in the dark and a modulation component during rotation with a subject-fixed visual target that was incompletely suppressed. The modulation component was, in general, larger in the older subjects. This study confirms findings from a previous study of visual-otolith interaction in young subjects and suggests that older subjects, like young subjects, have difficulty visually suppressing the modulation component induced by off-vertical axis rotation.
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Liu, Xinmiao, Wenbin Wang, and Haiyan Wang. "Age differences in the effect of animacy on Mandarin sentence processing." PeerJ 7 (February 14, 2019): e6437. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6437.
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Animate nouns are preferred for grammatical subjects, whereas inanimate nouns are preferred for grammatical objects. Animacy provides important semantic cues for sentence comprehension. However, how individuals’ ability to use this animacy cue changes with advancing age is still not clear. The current study investigated whether older adults and younger adults were differentially sensitive to this semantic constraint in processing Mandarin relative clauses, using a self-paced reading paradigm. The sentences used in the study contained subject relative clauses or object relative clauses and had animate or inanimate subjects. The results indicate that the animacy manipulation affected the younger adults more than the older adults in online processing. Younger adults had longer reading times for all segments in subject relative clauses than in object relative clauses when the subjects were inanimate, whereas there was no significant difference in reading times between subject and object relative clauses when the subjects were animate. In the older group, animacy was not found to influence the processing difficulty of subject relative clauses and object relative clauses. Compared with younger adults, older adults were less sensitive to animacy constraints in relative clause processing. The findings indicate that the use of animacy cues became less efficient in the ageing population. The results can be explained by the capacity constrained comprehension theory, according to which older adults have greater difficulty in integrating semantic information with syntactic processing due to the lack of sufficient cognitive resources.
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Hunter, Sandra K. "Subject Characteristics Affect Fatigue Resistance in Older Adults." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 40, Supplement (May 2008): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000321245.58668.8f.
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Marshall, Robert C., Claudia A. Morelli, Gina E. Calise, and David S. Phillips. "Retrieval of Famous Names on a Rebus Riddle Task by Middle-Aged and Older Subjects." Perceptual and Motor Skills 85, no. 3_suppl (December 1997): 1492–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1997.85.3f.1492.
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This study compared the performances of 20 middle-aged and 20 older subjects on a Rebus Riddle task that required they retrieve the names of famous persons. Older subjects solved significantly more riddles and responded to prompts designed to aid riddle-solving efforts with significantly greater success than middle-aged subjects. Older subjects also had nonsignificantly faster riddle-solving times than middle-aged subjects. Similar riddles were difficult or easy for both groups. Superior performance of the older group appeared to be related to the age of the subject at the time the persons in the riddles had become famous.
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DE HAAS, NYNKE, and ANS VAN KEMENADE. "The origin of the Northern Subject Rule: subject positions and verbal morphosyntax in older English." English Language and Linguistics 19, no. 1 (November 11, 2014): 49–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674314000306.
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This article presents new evidence for the early history of the Northern Subject Rule in the form of an exhaustive corpus study of plural present-tense indicative verb forms in Northern and Northern Midlands early Middle English, analysed in relation to their syntactic context, including subject type and subject–verb adjacency. We show that variation between -∅/e/n and -s endings was conditioned by both subject type and adjacency in a core area around Yorkshire, whereas in more peripheral areas, the adjacency condition was weaker and often absent.We present an analysis of these facts in relation to the presence of multiple subject positions in early English, which we show contra earlier literature to be relevant for Northern English as well, We view -∅/e/n endings as ‘true’ agreement, which in the relevant dialects is limited to contexts with pronominal subjects in a high subject position, Spec,AgrSP; other forms of agreement (-s or -th) represent default inflection occurring elsewhere. This analysis supports the hypothesis that the NSR arose when the extant morphological variation in Northern Old English was reanalysed as an effect of pre-existing multiple subject positions.
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Hashimoto, Tomomi, Yasuyuki Takakura, Toshimitsu Hamada, Toshiko Akazawa, and Mitsuru Yamamoto. "Development of Foot Gait Simulator for Presenting Environment to Each User." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 15, no. 5 (July 20, 2011): 554–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2011.p0554.
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This article develops gait rehabilitation that presents the subject’s living environment in Virtual Reality (VR). This simulator is shaped similar to a walking frame and consists of a PC, a monitor, a Wii Balance Board of Wii Fit, a handle, and a cage. The subject steps on the Wii Balance Board tomove forward in VR and operates the handle left and right to turn around. Walking quickly on the Wii Balance Board, the subject moves quickly in VR, and walking slowly, moves slowly. In VR, an avatar in front of the subject enables the subject to operate the simulator to follow the avatar. As an example of living environment, a virtual town was made with roads, houses, nursing homes, traffic lights, trees, etc. Our system was tested by ten older subjects and 15 younger subjects from November 2009 to June 2010. Our system features a variable reference speed for each subject to move in VR, which realizes an appropriate amount of motion. In a low-difficulty gait task, all finished in almost the same walking time and enjoyed appropriate exercise. In a highly-difficult gait task, some older subjects had difficulty in gait training due to multiple attention requirements.
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Suneja, Anupam. "MEGESTROL ACETATE USE FOR ANOREXIA IN THE OLDER SUBJECT." Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 54, no. 1 (January 2006): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.00575_4.x.
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Hanson, Trevor R., and Eric D. Hildebrand. "Are rural older drivers subject to low-mileage bias?" Accident Analysis & Prevention 43, no. 5 (September 2011): 1872–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2011.04.028.
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Decker, Wayne H. "MANAGERIAL HUMOR AND SUBORDINATE SATISFACTION." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 15, no. 2 (January 1, 1987): 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1987.15.2.225.
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Humor may be a useful managerial tool, contributing to effectiveness and subordinate satisfaction. A survey explored 290 workers' job satisfaction and impressions of supervisors as a function of subject age, subject sex, supervisor sense of humor, and supervisor sexual humor. Subjects rating their supervisors high in sense of humor reported higher job satisfaction and rated other supervisor qualities higher than did subjects rating their supervisors low in sense of humor. In general, the differences between ratings, given low and high sense of humor supervisors, were greater for younger (under 15) subjects than older. Older females downgraded supervisors who used sexual humor, while younger females and males did not. Future research should attempt to relate humor to objective measures of leader effectiveness.
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Barsness, Sonya. "Older Adults as Virtual Subject Matter Experts in COVID Graduate Education." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 578. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.2218.
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Abstract COVID-19 has further illuminated the need for educational approaches in gerontology that are person-centered and experiential. Ideally, this includes in-person experiences with students and older adults. Through their classroom participation as subject matter experts in aging, older adults share their personal experiences, and react to gerontological theories and ideas. Shared learning offers a platform for exploration of shared humanity, so that older adults are not seen as the “other”, but “us”. This prepares a generation of gerontologists to identify and reject ongoing ageism, again highlighted by the pandemic. COVID-19 has also challenged educators to offer these experiential opportunities. In this presentation we will outline how older adults from a Continuing Care Retirement Community participated virtually in a graduate course. We will discuss how their virtual involvement was structured, how their real-time COVID experiences were integrated, and share feedback from older adult participants and students on their shared learning experiences.
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Vigna, Giovanni Battista, Giovanni Zuliani, and Renato Fellin. "Dyslipidemias in the older subject: features, significance and treatment dilemmas." Clinical Lipidology 6, no. 3 (June 2011): 339–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/clp.11.20.
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Steinman, R. M., T. I. Forofonova, J. Epelboim, and M. R. Stepanov. "Gaze-Accuracy during Monocular and Binocular Viewing." Perception 26, no. 1_suppl (August 1997): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v970056.
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Epelboim et al (1996 Vision Research35 3401 – 3422) reported that cyclopean gaze errors were smaller than either eye's during tapping and looking-only tasks. This raised two questions: (i) does cyclopean gaze accuracy require binocular input, and (ii) when only one eye sees, is its gaze more accurate than the patched eye's? Most oculomotorists probably expect an affirmative answer to both. Neither expectation was fulfilled. The Maryland Revolving Field Monitor recorded, with exceptional accuracy, eye movements of two unrestrained subjects tapping or only looking, in a specified order, at four randomly positioned LEDs, with monocular or binocular viewing. Subjects either tapped with their finger tips naturally, or unnaturally via a rod (2 mm diameter, 1.5 cm long), glued to a sewing thimble. Instructions were to be fast, but make no order errors. With binocular viewing, cyclopean gaze accuracy was best during looking-only. During natural tapping, gaze errors increased, becoming no smaller than success required. Both tasks were learned equally fast, but as expected, the younger subject (aged 27 years) performed ∼ 40% faster than the older subject (aged 69 years). Unnatural, monocular viewing produced odd results, eg cyclopean gaze error was smallest when only one eye could see in some conditions. Only the older subject served in the unnatural tapping task because the younger's errors were too close to his gaze control limit. The older subject, who was suitable, reduced his cyclopean gaze error by 56%, from 1.4 to 0.9 deg. These results support our claim that the gaze error allowed is adjusted to the visuomotor demands of different tasks.
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Kahana, Jeffrey, Timothy Goler, and Lawrence Force. "Aging Into Disability: A Conceptual Challenge for Gerontology." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 538–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.2072.
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Abstract One of the most fraught subjects facing a fast growing aging population is the subject of aging into disability. This paper examines the processes of aging into disability as a distinct challenge for not only older persons, but also for the field of gerontology, and public policy-makers. Disability in youth and in middle age has largely defined the disability rights agenda, and elders aging into disability have not been the subject of much attention from scholars in the field of disability. Surprisingly, however, scholars and policy-makers in gerontology have also by and large avoided the subject of older persons aging into disability—a complex process that involves impairment, environmental disablement, and changes in social relationships. This process accelerates with advancing age, and disproportionately affects women. Moreover, when older adults develop mobility limitations, experience falls, become hard of hearing, or experience other such impairments of age related disability, they do not think of themselves as aging into disability, or being disabled. This lack of disability identity may protect them from stigma and from low self-esteem. At the same time, it stands in the way of seeking accommodations and from developing a bond with other older adults who are aging into disability. This paper explores the dynamics of disability avoidance as an ideal that can harm older adults and their caregivers. It aims to bring disability more fully into the normal life-course, and to suggest lines of inquiry for gerontological research, to broaden the field, and to make service communities more inclusive .
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Munger, Kevin, Ishita Gopal, Jonathan Nagler, and Joshua A. Tucker. "Accessibility and generalizability: Are social media effects moderated by age or digital literacy?" Research & Politics 8, no. 2 (April 2021): 205316802110169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20531680211016968.
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An emerging empirical regularity suggests that older people use and respond to social media very differently than younger people. Older people are the fastest-growing population of Internet and social media users in the US, and this heterogeneity will soon become central to online politics. However, many important experiments in this field have been conducted on online samples that do not contain enough older people to be useful to generalize to the current population of Internet users; this issue is more pronounced for studies that are even a few years old. In this paper, we report the results of replicating two experiments involving social media (specifically, Facebook) conducted on one such sample lacking older users (Amazon’s Mechanical Turk) using a source of online subjects which does contain sufficient variation in subject age. We add a standard battery of questions designed to explicitly measure digital literacy. We find evidence of significant treatment effect heterogeneity in subject age and digital literacy in the replication of one of the two experiments. This result is an example of limitations to generalizability of research conducted on samples where selection is related to treatment effect heterogeneity; specifically, this result indicates that Mechanical Turk should not be used to recruit subjects when researchers suspect treatment effect heterogeneity in age or digital literacy, as we argue should be the case for research on digital media effects.
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Lynch, W., and J. Mooney. "A model to assess age-related changes in two-point discrimination of plantar skin." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 89, no. 8 (August 1, 1999): 383–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/87507315-89-8-383.
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A device was constructed to assess two-point discrimination in the plantar skin of younger, middle-aged, and older adults. The device consisted of paired filaments, each delivering a tip force of 4.56 log units (equivalent to 3.63 g), at a fixed distance apart. Statistical analysis showed significant differences in two-point discrimination accuracy between these groups of subjects. Younger subjects showed greater accuracy of plantar two-point discrimination than either middle-aged or older subjects, with an apparent inverse linear relationship between subject age and plantar two-point discrimination ability. A model to assess age-related changes in two-point discrimination is presented.
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Onur, Özgür A., Martina Piefke, Chuh-Hyoun Lie, Christiane M. Thiel, and Gereon R. Fink. "Modulatory Effects of Levodopa on Cognitive Control in Young but not in Older Subjects: A Pharmacological fMRI Study." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23, no. 10 (October 2011): 2797–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2011.21603.
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Older individuals show decline of prefrontal cortex (PFC) functions which may be related to altered dopaminergic neurotransmission. We investigated the effects of aging and dopaminergic stimulation in 15 young and 13 older healthy subjects on the neural correlates of interference control using fMRI. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled within-subject design, subjects were measured after levodopa (100 mg) or placebo administration. In each session, subjects performed a visual–spatial interference task based on a Stroop/Simon-like paradigm. Across age groups, interference (incongruent relative to congruent trials) was associated with activations in the presupplementary motor area, ACC, and intraparietal cortex. Increased interference was found behaviorally in older volunteers. Differential activation in left dorsolateral PFC in young subjects and bilateral PFC activity in older subjects was observed to be associated with interference control. Performance deteriorated under levodopa only in young subjects. This was accompanied by an increase of neural activity in ACC (p < .05; small-volume correction for multiple comparisons). Worsening of performance under levodopa in young subjects and the associated effect on ACC may indicate that overstimulation of the dopaminergic system compromises interference control. This supports the inverted-U-shaped model of neurotransmitter action.
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Nagasaki, Hiroshi, Hajime Itoh, Ken Hashizume, Taketo Furuna, Hitoshi Maruyama, and Takashi Kinugasa. "Walking Patterns and Finger Rhythm of Older Adults." Perceptual and Motor Skills 82, no. 2 (April 1996): 435–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1996.82.2.435.
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Walking patterns and rhythmic movement of the fingers were examined in a total of 1,134 male and female community residents 65 years of age and over. Walking patterns were characterized according to the ratio of step length divided by step rate (cadence), called the Walk Ratio, during level walking at preferred and maximum speeds. The walking pattern tended to change according to age; older subjects walked with shorter steps (smaller Walk Ratio). Rhythmic movement was examined using the finger-tapping test in time to the sound of a 4-Hz metronome. Hastened tapping or finger festination, in which the subject tapped faster than requested (constant error of 3 msec. and over in the intertap interval), was characteristic of aging; 16.8% of the subjects exhibited finger festination and the occurrence increased with age, especially among those in their eighties (29.3%). Finger festination was accompanied by walking patterns with an increased step rate, or a smaller Walk Ratio. These characteristics of aging were discussed as similar to extrapyramidal symptoms of walking and rhythm production in patients with Parkinson's disease.
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Frąckiewicz, Ewa. "OLDER PEOPLE AS A SUBJECT OF RESEARCH ON THE INFORMATION SOCIETY." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia 20, no. 2 (January 3, 2022): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/aspe.2021.20.2.13.
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The aim of the article is to present the legitimacy and conditions of research on seniors and its challenges in the context of further development of the information society (IS). The conducted considerations lead to the conclusion that research of this nature is limited by the lack of unambiguity in the concept of elderly persons and the information society. Nevertheless, it has been argued that studies of older people as members of the IS are fully justified by the importance of this group in society as a whole. Whereas analysis conducted on those aged 60 years and over, or 65 years and over, is insufficient. Older people should be analyzed in smaller age ranges and the analyses require both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Qualitative approaches improve our understanding of the reasons that new technologies are used or rejected, which can help to achieve one of the goals of IS development – to increase the quality of life for seniors in the future.
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Bell, Nicholas P., Kundandeep S. Nagi, Ricardo J. Cumba, Alice Z. Chuang, David A. Lee, Thomas C. Prager, Kavita Rao, and Robert M. Feldman. "Age and Positional Effect on the Anterior Chamber Angle: Assessment by Ultrasound Biomicroscopy." ISRN Ophthalmology 2013 (April 23, 2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/706201.
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Purpose. To investigate age- and position-related changes of anterior chamber angle anatomy in normal, healthy eyes. Patients and Methods. Thirty subjects were separated into a younger and older cohort. The superior and inferior anterior chamber angles of the eyes were measured in supine and sitting positions by ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) with bag/balloon technology. Statistical analysis was used to evaluate positional and age-related changes in angle morphology. Results. In the younger cohort, no location or positional differences in angle anatomy were observed. In the older cohort, the inferior quadrant was significantly narrower than the superior quadrant (P=0.0186) in the supine position. This cohort also demonstrated an interaction effect between position and location. In the older cohort, the angle was deeper inferiorly while the subject was sitting but was deeper superiorly while the subject was supine. Conclusion. Comparison of positional variations in anterior chamber angle anatomy as measured by UBM has recently become possible. This study found that age-related positional changes in the anterior chamber angle anatomy exist in normal healthy eyes.
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Kamen, G., S. V. Sison, C. C. Du, and C. Patten. "Motor unit discharge behavior in older adults during maximal-effort contractions." Journal of Applied Physiology 79, no. 6 (December 1, 1995): 1908–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1995.79.6.1908.
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A reduction in maximal force production is a common observation in older individuals. In an effort to determine whether aging is accompanied by reductions in central motoneuron drive limiting motor performance, motor unit discharge records were obtained from seven young (21–33 yr) and seven older (> 67 yr) adults. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects. The task required the subject to perform a maximal abduction of the second digit under isometric conditions. Motor unit potentials in the first dorsal interosseous were monitored by using a selective four-wire needle electrode and identified off-line with the aid of a Dantec electromyograph. The maximal discharge rate in the older adults (31.1 impulses/s) was significantly smaller (P < 0.05) than that in the younger subjects (50.9 impulses/s). These findings suggest that reductions in maximal force capability in older adults are partially due to an impaired ability to fully drive the surviving motor units.
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Gibbons, Megan R. D., C. Jeya K. Henry, Stanley J. Ulijaszek, and Helen J. Lightowler. "Intra-individual variation in RMR in older people." British Journal of Nutrition 91, no. 3 (March 2004): 485–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn20031071.
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In the factorial estimation of total energy expenditure it is assumed that the intra-individual variation in RMR is small. Little is known about the intra-individual variation in RMR in older subjects. The present study investigated the intra-individual variation in RMR in older people. Measurements of RMR were made in twenty-seven older subjects, mean age 71·6 (sd 6·1) years, on two separate occasions (T1 and T2) and on a third occasion (T3) in nineteen of the subjects. Measurements of height and weight were taken in all subjects. RMR measurements were made in the laboratory using a Deltatrac™ (ventilated-hood indirect calorimeter; Datex, Helsinki, Finland). All subjects had fasted overnight for 12h and refrained from strenuous exercise before measurements. The intra-individual CV in RMR (kJ/d) after T1 and T2 was 2·5% in women and 3·6% in men and was 2·6% in women and 3·4% in men after all three sets of measurements. Although mean RMR did not vary across T1, T2 and T3, there was significant ‘crossing tracks’ across the three measurement occasions in some individuals, reflecting a high degree of within-subject variability. The methods used had a significant measurement error associated with them (high R value; significant F ratio in three-way ANOVA). In conclusion, the results from the present study indicate that intra-individual variation in RMR was low in older people. The intra-individual variation in the elderly is similar to that seen in younger age groups.
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Liu, Jianjin. "Chinese Adolescents’ Conceptions of Teacher’s Authority and Their Relations to Rule Violations in School." ETHICS IN PROGRESS 9, no. 1 (December 5, 2018): 99–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/eip.2018.1.5.
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Based on the Social Cognitive Domain Theory, the paper explored the adolescents’ conceptions of teacher authority in different domains and their relations to rule violations in school. The main results are: 1) Adolescents viewed moral, conventional, and prudential issues as legitimately subject to teachers’ authority and personal issues as under personal jurisdiction, but they were equivocal about contextually conventional issues. 2) Seventh graders judged all acts as more legitimately subject to teachers’ authority, all rule violations as more negative than did older students. 3) Compared with adolescents from big cities, adolescents from rural area viewed moral, conventional, contextually conventional, and personal issues as more legitimately subject to teacher authority, and endorsed less personal jurisdiction over those issues; but there were no significant differences in moral domain. 4) Male subjects reported more violations in conventional and prudential domain. 5）Adolescents’ older age, less endorsement of legitimacy of teacher authority, and greater dislike for school predicted more teacher- and self-reported misconducts. Implications for moral education from these results were also discussed.
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Lozano, Cristóbal. "Knowledge of expletive and pronominal subjects by learners of Spanish." ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics 135-136 (January 1, 2002): 37–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/itl.135-136.02loz.
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Abstract Abstract A number of studies investigating second language acquisition (SLA) from the perspective of Principles and Parameters Theory (P&P, CHOMSKY, 1981, 1995) have focused on the pro-drop parameter, and have argued that older second language learners are sensitive to the different, properties it purportedly covers (e.g., AL-KASEY & PÉREZ-LEROUX, 1998; LICERAS, 1989; PHINNEY, 1987; WHITE, 1986). In this paper we extend this work by investigating two of its syntactic corollaries, namely, referential pronominal subjects (ProS) and expletive pronominal subjects (ExpS). In so-called [+pro-drop] languages both may be realised as an empty element (pro). While on the surface these forms are identical, referential subject pro is different from expletive subject pro both syntactically and semantically; syntactically because referential pro co-exists with a set of overt subject pronouns (yo 'I' , tú 'you', etc), whereas there are no overt expletive pronouns; semantically because referential pro is distinguished for 3 persons, number and gender features, whereas expletive pro would appear to be a third person, singular, gender-neutral pronoun. We will examine whether older L2 learners are sensitive to these differences by using paired grammaticality judgement tests (PGJT). Results are consistent with the claim that learners have different mental representations for ProS and ExpS.
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Maiti, S., A. Ghosh, KM Ali, D. Ghosh, and S. Paul. "Prevalence of anaemia among the male population aged 60 years and above in rural area of Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal, India." Health Renaissance 11, no. 1 (February 10, 2013): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hren.v11i1.7597.
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Background: Anaemia is one of the most common public health problems of older population especially in developing countries. Objective: To determine the prevalence and type of anaemia present among the older people in rural area of Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal. Methods: A cross-sectional study was undertaken on 544 older male, Subject aged 60 to 84 years from Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal. Personal details were collected in each case, after which height, weight, body mass index (BMI) and blood haemoglobin level were measured according to the standard protocol. Anaemia was classified as per the World Health Organisation (WHO) grading criteria.Results: The overall prevalence of anaemia among the older male was 89.52%. The majority (256) (47.05%) showed mild anaemia, while moderate anaemia was recorded in 212 (38.97%) and 19 (3.49%) subjects, had severe anaemia. The prevalence of anaemia was more (65.62%) in individuals, having low BMI than normal. Conclusion: The results showed high frequency of anemia in the studied population. There is a need for immediate nutritional intervention programs to be implemented among the rural older male subjects. Health Renaissance, January-April 2013; Vol. 11 No.1; 23-26 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hren.v11i1.7597
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Ciofi, Joy. "The Ambivalent Subject: Reconciling Contradictory Subjective Experiences of Surveillance." Surveillance & Society 18, no. 1 (March 16, 2020): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ss.v18i1.12783.
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This article discusses the surveillant assemblage operating within the brandscape of two American mega–casinos and the ways in which the mechanisms of this surveillance impact the subjective experiences of older adults who frequent these facilities in retirement. Based on ethnographic fieldwork conducted at these sites from 2015 to 2017, I argue that these immersive and all-inclusive spaces deploy a variety of intensive surveillance methods to ensure profitability but largely avoid many of the negative associations that this level of surveillance engenders in other settings. Older adults present an especially interesting demographic when examining intensive surveillance. While they often benefit from increased oversight and security, they are generally opposed to accessing it through other institutions, such as assisted living or nursing facilities. This apparent contradiction produces ambivalent subjects who dislike the notion of intrusive surveillance but simultaneously appreciate the benefits it can convey. This paper contributes to the ongoing dialogue in surveillance studies about the complexities of surveillant subjects, as well as presents a new perspective on the attitudes of senior citizens towards institutionalized surveillance in private and public space.
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Kim, Hee Sik, and Kiyoji Tanaka. "The Assessment of Functional Age Using “Activities of Daily Living” Performance Tests: A Study of Korean Women." Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 3, no. 1 (January 1995): 39–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/japa.3.1.39.
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The purpose of this study was to assess the extent to which a battery of 24 activities of daily living (ADL) performance tasks could be used to determine functional age in a sample of older women. The subjects were 253 older adult Korean women, aged 60 to 91 years. All subjects completed a comprehensive battery of 24 performance tests related to common activities of daily living. Correlations between the measures were computed, and principal component analysis was applied to the 24 × 24 correlation matrix. A principal component score was computed for each subject and was found to decrease significantly with advancing age. Multiple regression analysis revealed that out of the initial 24 variables, 5 variables accounted for 81% of the variability. An equation was developed to determine ADL age; the equation was considered useful for the assessment of daily living activities of older adult Korean women.
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Kennard, Holly J. "The persistence of verb second in negative utterances in Breton." Journal of Historical Linguistics 4, no. 1 (May 12, 2014): 1–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jhl.4.1.01ken.
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This article examines word order in negative clauses in Breton across two generations separated by a gap in language transmission. It might be expected that the V2 constraint in Breton matrix clauses would be subject to change in light of immense influence from French and this transmission gap. An examination of original fieldwork data indicates that there is little change between the older (65+) and younger (children/adults aged 20–30) speakers, but that there is variation among younger speakers currently in Breton-medium education. All speakers use the expected V2 in utterances with a pronominal subject. With lexical subjects, it seems that the key factor is the amount of Breton input children receive. Children in bilingual schooling with no additional Breton input use exclusively SVO order, whereas children in immersion schooling or with further Breton input pattern with older speakers and young adults using V2 with complex verbs, and both SVO and V2 with simple verbs. The implications of this for the continued maintenance of the V2 constraint in Breton are discussed, and the overriding factor is argued to be the continuation of Breton input as children grow older.
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Zernecke, R., T. Frank, K. Haegler, J. Albrecht, H. Bruckmann, and M. Wiesmann. "Correlation analyses of detection thresholds of four different odorants." Rhinology journal 49, no. 3 (August 1, 2011): 331–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4193/rhino10.263.
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The detection threshold task of the Sniffin` Sticks can be conducted using two different odorants - n-butanol or phenylethyl alcohol (PEA). Previous studies show contradictory results regarding the correlation analysis of the two odorants. The current study investigated the relationship between PEA and n-butanol with respect to previous findings and subject population. We compared four different odorants (PEA, n-butanol, isoamyl butyrate, isobutanol) in an olfactory detection threshold task depending on subject population. Test odorants were applied to 73 healthy subjects. The experiment was divided into two sessions performed on two different days. The correlation coefficient between individual thresholds of PEA and n-butanol was not significant when exclusively normosmic subjects were included, but significant when additionally hyposmic, older subjects were studied. Comparable results were found for the analysis of the odorants n-butanol and isoamyl butyrate. Correlation between n-butanol and isobutanol was significant, both for exclusively normosmic, and additionally older, hyposmic subjects. The analyses of all other odorants revealed no significant correlations. Results give explanations for previous contradictory findings regarding investigations of PEA and n-butanol in a detection threshold task, and indicate that a formal validation of the Sniffin` Sticks with PEA as odorant is required.
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Poptsov, V. N., E. A. Spirina, N. N. Koloskova, S. A. Masyutin, S. G. Ukhrenkov, and A. A. Dogonasheva. "Heart transplantation from older donors." Russian Journal of Transplantology and Artificial Organs 19, no. 1 (April 14, 2017): 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.15825/1995-1191-2017-1-89-102.
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In the current situation of the shortage of suitable donor organs, heart transplantation from older donors is one of the ways to increase the performance of more heart transplants, particularly, in patients with urgent need of transplantation. While planning a heart transplantation from older donor one should consider increased risk of early cardiac allograft dysfunction, preexisting coronary artery disease, accelerated transplant vasculopathy which may adversely affect early and long-term survival of recipients. Subject to careful selection of donor–recipient pairs, effective prevention and treatment of early cardiac allograft dysfunction, pre-existing atherosclerosis and transplant vasculopathy the early and long-term survival of heart transplant recipients from older donors is comparable to heart transplantation from young donors.
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Cella, Alberto, Nicola Veronese, Monica Pomata, Katerin Leslie Quispe Guerrero, Clarissa Musacchio, Barbara Senesi, Camilla Prete, et al. "Multidimensional Frailty Predicts Mortality Better than Physical Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older People: A Five-Year Longitudinal Cohort Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 23 (November 26, 2021): 12435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312435.
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Frailty is a common syndrome in older people that carries an increased risk of mortality. Two main models describe frailty, either as a loss of physical functions or as an accumulation of multiple deficits. The aim of our study was to compare the physical frailty index developed in the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) with a multidimensional frailty tool, the Multidimensional Prognostic Index (MPI), in predicting death in community-dwelling older subjects. Four hundred and seven community-dwelling older subjects were enrolled. Each subject underwent a comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) with calculation of the MPI and CHS index. Mortality was recorded over the following 5 years. In the overall sample (mean age of 77.9 ± 4.5 years; 51.6% female), 53 subjects (13%) died during the 5-year follow-up period. Both the MPI and CHS index were able to predict mortality; however, the MPI was significantly more accurate than the CHS index in predicting mortality (C-index = 0.69 and 0.59, respectively; p < 0.001), with a statistically significant difference of 10%. In conclusion, multidimensional frailty, assessed by the MPI, predicts five-year mortality in community-dwelling older people better than physical frailty, as assessed by the CHS index. These findings suggest the usefulness of assessing frailty by means of CGA-based tools to predict relevant health-negative outcomes in older people.
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Beissner, Katherine L., Jennifer E. Collins, and Heidi Holmes. "Muscle Force and Range of Motion as Predictors of Function in Older Adults." Physical Therapy 80, no. 6 (June 1, 2000): 556–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ptj/80.6.556.
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Abstract Background and Purpose. Musculoskeletal impairments and functional limitations are linked to disability in older adults. The purposes of this study were to identify the extremity musculoskeletal impairments that best predict functional limitations in older adults and to assess the validity of measurements obtained for the Physical Performance Test (PPT) as a predictor of disability. Subjects and Methods. Eighty-one older adults residing in independent and dependent care facilities were tested for extremity muscle force, range of motion, and function. Data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis to identify extremity impairments that predicted function scores and logistic regression analysis to determine whether PPT scores predicted subjects' living situation as dependent versus independent. Results. Subject age, lower-extremity muscle force, and lower-extremity range of motion explained 77% of the variance in function as measured by the PPT. Results differed when analysis was done by the subjects' living situation, with a higher percentage of the variance in function scores explained by musculoskeletal measures for the dependent living group as compared with the independent living group. Conclusion and Discussion. Extremity musculoskeletal impairments have a strong relationship to function, especially in older adults living in dependent care settings. The results of this study can be used to design interventions to address the musculoskeletal disorders most related to function in the older population.
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Ingold, Charles H. "Television Audience's Response to “Mature Subject Matter” Advisories." Psychological Reports 85, no. 1 (August 1999): 243–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1999.85.1.243.
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73% of survey respondents said television advisories of “mature subject matter” did not influence their decisions to view or not view programs. Among those influenced, younger respondents were significantly more likely than older respondents to say they would be more likely to watch a program with advisories. Men were significantly more likely than women to say they would watch a program with advisories. The survey was mailed to a random sample of 1,119 persons, and 568 were returned for a return rate of 51%.
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Nassani, Mohammad Zakaria, Tammam Ibrahim Al-Nahhal, Omar Kujan, Bassel Tarakji, and Elizabeth Jane Kay. "The Impact of Subject Age, Gender, and Arch Length on Attitudes of Syrian Dentists towards Shortened Dental Arches." International Journal of Dentistry 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/643176.
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Objective. This study aimed to investigate the impact of subject age, gender, and arch length on dentists’ attitudes towards unrestored shortened dental arches.Materials and Methods. 93 Syrian dentists were interviewed and presented with 24 scenarios for male and female subjects of different ages and shortened dental arches of varying length. Participants were asked to indicate on a standardized visual analogue scale how they would value the health of the mouth if the posterior space was left unrestored.Results. A value of 0.0 represented the worst possible health state for a mouth and 1.0 represented the best. The highest mean value (0.73) was assigned to a shortened dental arch with missing second molar teeth in the mouth of a 70-year-old subject. A 35-year-old female subject with an extremely shortened dental arch (all molar and premolar teeth are missing) attracted the lowest mean value (0.26). The statistical analysis indicated a significant decrease in the value placed on unrestored shortened dental arches as the number of remaining teeth decreased (p<0.008). While subject gender had almost no impact on dentists’ attitudes towards shortened dental arches, the scenarios for the older shortened dental arch subjects attracted significantly higher values compared to the scenarios for the younger subjects (p<0.017).Conclusion. Subject age and arch length affect dentists’ attitudes towards shortened dental arches, but subject gender does not.
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Yeh, Tsu-Ming, Fan-Yun Pai, and Mei-Yuan Jeng. "The Factors Affecting Older Adults’ Intention toward Ongoing Participation in Virtual Reality Leisure Activities." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 3 (January 25, 2019): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030333.
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Due to the aging of organs, older adults may have limited physical strength for participating in outdoor activities. Therefore, indoor activities offer an alternative for maintaining the health of older adults. Following advances in technology, individuals can use virtual reality to exercise in their homes and are no longer subject to the constraints of the outdoor environment or weather conditions. In addition, these activities are easier to participate in when compared to real-world leisure activities. The present research included 294 older adults as its research subjects. They were given firsthand experience of Wii games for 10 weeks, in order to examine the ongoing participation intention of older adults following an experience with virtual reality leisure activities. The study found that experience attributes, experience consequences, and experience values were important factors in determining ongoing participation intention and can effectively predict ongoing participation intention. Four experience attributes—ease of use, usefulness, safety and flexibility, and fun—significantly influenced the experience value and experience consequences of older adults’ participants. Experience values also influenced ongoing participation intention.
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Drianus, Oktarizal, and Elli Nur Hayati. "The Paradox of Masculinity: The Narrative Identities among the Elderly in Yogyakarta." JSW (Jurnal Sosiologi Walisongo) 5, no. 2 (October 31, 2021): 209–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21580/jsw.2021.5.2.7848.
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This study aimed to reveal both the narrative identities of elderly masculinity and the psychological dynamics that accompanied the journey of life as an older man. Five older men, who live in a geriatric house in Yogyakarta, were participated in this study. This study used hermeneutic-phenomenological approaches, with critical narrative analysis developed from Paul Ricoeur’s hermeneutics for the data analysis. The results showed that the face of elderly masculinity is paradoxical masculinity. At the ideal level, the older men appropriated hegemonic masculinity and were in the marginalized masculinity position at the level of reality. Masculine subjects had been experienced the maturation effect of togetherness with their wife. Wife has been an important subject as a medium for growth and a medium to maintain traditional manhood. Paradoxical condition and their intersection with the complexity of the psychological dynamics made older men offer a wiser masculine attitude and transform into positive masculinity values such as gratitude, acceptance of life, sincerity, and caring.
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Drianus, Oktarizal, and Elli Nur Hayati. "The Paradox of Masculinity: The Narrative Identities among the Elderly in Yogyakarta." JSW (Jurnal Sosiologi Walisongo) 5, no. 2 (October 31, 2021): 209–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21580/jsw.2021.5.2.7848.
Full textAbstract:
This study aimed to reveal both the narrative identities of elderly masculinity and the psychological dynamics that accompanied the journey of life as an older man. Five older men, who live in a geriatric house in Yogyakarta, were participated in this study. This study used hermeneutic-phenomenological approaches, with critical narrative analysis developed from Paul Ricoeur’s hermeneutics for the data analysis. The results showed that the face of elderly masculinity is paradoxical masculinity. At the ideal level, the older men appropriated hegemonic masculinity and were in the marginalized masculinity position at the level of reality. Masculine subjects had been experienced the maturation effect of togetherness with their wife. Wife has been an important subject as a medium for growth and a medium to maintain traditional manhood. Paradoxical condition and their intersection with the complexity of the psychological dynamics made older men offer a wiser masculine attitude and transform into positive masculinity values such as gratitude, acceptance of life, sincerity, and caring.
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Janowsky, Jeri S., Bambi Chavez, and Eric Orwoll. "Sex Steroids Modify Working Memory." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 12, no. 3 (May 2000): 407–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892900562228.
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In the last ten years, numerous mechanisms by which sex steroids modify cortical function have been described. For example, estrogen replacement improves verbal memory in women, and animal studies have shown effects of estrogen on hippocampal synaptogenesis and function. Little is known about sex steroid effects on other aspects of memory, such as frontal lobe-mediated working memory. We examined the relationships between working memory and sex steroid concentrations and whether sex steroid supplementation would modify age-related loss of working memory in older men and women. Before hormone supplementation, working memory, tested with the Subject Ordered Pointing Test (SOP), was worse in older subjects than younger subjects, and there was no evidence of gender differences at either age. Testosterone supplementation improved working memory in older men, but a similar enhancement of working memory was not found in older women supplemented with estrogen. In men, testosterone and estrogen effects were reciprocal—with better working memory related to a higher testosterone to estrogen ratio. These results suggest that sex steroids can modulate working memory in men and can act as modulators of cognition throughout life.
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Shimizu, Hiroshi, Ryo Asaoka, Takashi Omoto, Yuri Fujino, Shingo Mitaki, Keiichi Onoda, Atsushi Nagai, Shuhei Yamaguchi, and Masaki Tanito. "Prevalence of Epiretinal Membrane among Subjects in a Health Examination Program in Japan." Life 11, no. 2 (January 27, 2021): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11020093.
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The prevalence of an epiretinal membrane (ERM) was elucidated using a dataset from a health examination program database in Japan. From the cohort database, 5042 eyes of 2552 subjects were included. The presence of an ERM, cellophane macular reflex (CMR), or preretinal macular fibrosis (PMF) was detected using color fundus photographs, and crude and age-standardized prevalence were obtained. To further assess the possible risk factors of ERM, background parameters were compared between ERM+ and − groups, and multiple logistic regression analysis was performed. ERM was detected in fundus photographs of 275 eyes (eye-based prevalence of 5.5%) from 217 subjects (subject-based prevalence of 8.5%). CMR was detected in 169 eyes (3.4%) of 138 subjects (5.4%), and PMF was detected in 106 eyes (2.1%) of 97 subjects (3.8%). By univariate analyses, compared with ERM− eyes or subjects, higher Scheie’s H grade (p < 0.0001), S grade (p < 0.0001), and glaucoma prevalence (p = 0.0440) were found in ERM+ eyes, and older age (p < 0.0001), more frequent histories of hypertension (p = 0.0033) and hyperlipidemia (p = 0.0441), and more frequent uses of medication for hypertension (p = 0.0034) and hyperlipidemia (p = 0.0074), shorter body height (p = 0.0122), and higher systolic blood pressure (p = 0.0078), and thicker intimal medial thickness (p = 0.0318) were found in ERM+ subjects. By multivariate analyses, older age (p < 0.0001, estimate = 0.05/year) was the only significant factor of ERM prevalence. Age-standardized prevalence of ERM was calculated to be 2.4%, 6.7%, and 13.3% for all ages, subjects older than 40 years, and subjects older than 65 years, respectively. We reported the prevalence of ERM and its subclasses in Japanese subjects. Since its prevalence is remarkably high in older subjects, an ERM can be seen as an important cause of visual impairment in Japan and in areas of the world where individuals live to an advanced age.
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Dantas, Roberto Oliveira, Leda Maria Tavares Alves, Carla Manfredi dos Santos, and Rachel de Aguiar Cassiani. "Possible interaction of gender and age on human swallowing behavior." Arquivos de Gastroenterologia 48, no. 3 (September 2011): 195–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-28032011000300008.
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CONTEXT: The swallowing behavior is affected by age and possibly by gender. However, the interaction of the effects of age and gender on swallowing is not completely known. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the possibility of interaction of gender and age on human swallowing behavior. METHOD: Swallowing was evaluated in 89 healthy subjects by the water swallowing test, 43 men and 46 women aged 20-40 years (younger, n = 38), 41-60 years (middle-aged, n = 31) and 61-80 years (older, n = 20). Each subject ingested in triplicate 50 mL of water while precisely timed and the number of swallows needed to ingest all the volume was counted. RESULTS: The interval between swallows was shorter and the volume in each swallow was smaller in women compared to men. In older subjects the time to ingest the 50 mL of water was longer, the interval between swallows was longer, and swallowing flow and volume in each swallow were smaller than in younger and middle-aged subjects. The swallowing flow was lower in women compared to men in younger subjects. The volume of each swallow was smaller in women than in men in younger and middle-aged subjects. There was no difference in swallowing flow and volume between older men and older women. CONCLUSION: Age and gender influence swallowing behavior, with the effect of gender being more evident in younger subjects and the effect of age being more evident in men.
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Madden, Kenneth M., Boris Feldman, Shane Arishenkoff, and Graydon S. Meneilly. "Bedside tests of muscle mass in older adults with Type 2 diabetes." AIMS Medical Science 9, no. 3 (2022): 433–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/medsci.2022022.
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<abstract><sec> <title>Objective</title> <p>Diabetes and sarcopenia often coexist in older adults, suggesting a possible bidirectional association. Available bedside measures of muscle mass consist of bedside ultrasound (MT, quadriceps muscle thickness) and Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA). We examined the association between ultrasound measures and BIA measures of muscle in older adults with measures of strength, performance and frailty in older adults with diabetes.</p> </sec><sec> <title>Design</title> <p>Cross-sectional study.</p> </sec><sec> <title>Methods</title> <p>81 subjects (age ≥ 65; mean age 80.8 ± 0.6 years, 27 women, 53 men) were recruited sequentially from geriatric medicine clinics. Each subject had Lean Body Mass (LBM, by BIA, in kg), grip strength, gait speed, Cardiovascular Health Study index (frailty) and MT (in cm) measured. All initial models were adjusted for biological sex.</p> </sec><sec> <title>Results</title> <p>In our final parsimonious models, only MT (as opposed to LBM) showed a significant correlation with grip strength (Standardized β = 0.217 ± 0.078; p = 0.007) and frailty (Standardized β = 0.276 ± 0.109; p = 0.013). Neither MT or LBM showed a significant association with subject performance (gait speed).</p> </sec><sec> <title>Conclusions</title> <p>Unlike BIA, bedside ultrasound measures of muscle thickness showed strong associations with both grip strength and frailty in the older adult population with diabetes, suggesting that bedside measures of MT might be a more clinically useful modality to assess muscularity in this patient population. Neither BIA or MT measures of subject muscularity showed any association with our performance indicator (gait speed).</p> </sec></abstract>
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Newcomer, Sean C., Urs A. Leuenberger, Cynthia S. Hogeman, and David N. Proctor. "Heterogeneous vasodilator responses of human limbs: influence of age and habitual endurance training." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 289, no. 1 (July 2005): H308—H315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.01151.2004.
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Forearm endothelium-dependent vasodilation is impaired with age in sedentary, but not endurance-trained, men. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether these age- and physical activity-related differences in endothelium-dependent vasodilation also occur in the leg. Brachial and common femoral arterial blood flow were measured with Doppler ultrasound during increasing doses of acetylcholine (1, 4, and 16 μg·100 ml limb tissue−1·min−1), substance P (8, 31, and 125 pg·100 ml limb tissue−1·min−1), and sodium nitroprusside (0.063, 0.25, and 1 μg·100 ml limb tissue−1·min−1) in 23 healthy men (8 younger sedentary, 8 older sedentary, and 7 older endurance trained). Increases in forearm blood flow to the highest dose of acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside were smaller ( P < 0.05) in older sedentary (841 ± 142%, 428 ± 74%) compared with younger sedentary (1,519 ± 256%, 925 ± 163%) subjects. Similarly, increases in forearm blood flow to sodium nitroprusside (1 μg·100 ml limb tissue−1·min−1) were smaller ( P < 0.05) in older endurance-trained (505 ± 110%) compared with younger sedentary (925 ± 163%) subjects. In contrast, no differences in leg blood flow responses to intra-arterial infusions of acetylcholine, substance P, or sodium nitroprusside were noted between subject groups. These results demonstrate that 1) acetylcholine- and sodium nitroprusside-induced vasodilation are attenuated in the forearm vasculature and preserved in the leg vasculature of older sedentary subjects and 2) sodium nitroprusside-induced vasodilation remains attenuated in the forearm vasculature of healthy older endurance-trained men but preserved in the leg vasculature of these men.
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Wilson, Thad E., Kevin D. Monahan, Daniel S. Short, and Chester A. Ray. "Effect of age on cutaneous vasoconstrictor responses to norepinephrine in humans." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 287, no. 5 (November 2004): R1230—R1234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00467.2004.
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To test the hypothesis that cutaneous vasoconstrictor responsiveness to exogenous norepinephrine is reduced in older compared with young subjects, dose-response relations between norepinephrine and skin blood flow were established. Seven doses of norepinephrine (1·10−8 to 10−2 log M) were perfused (2 μl/min) intradermally (4 min/dose) using cutaneous microdialysis (2 probes/subject). To account for possible differences in endogenous norepinephrine between groups, one microdialysis probe was perfused with bretylium tosylate to locally block noradrenergic vesicle release before establishing the norepinephrine dose-response relations. Skin blood flow was indexed via laser-Doppler flowmetry directly over both microdialysis probe sites and is expressed as cutaneous vascular conductance (laser-Doppler flux/mean arterial blood pressure). Local skin temperature was maintained at 34°C at both sites throughout the protocol. Dose-response relation between norepinephrine and cutaneous vascular conductance was similar between control and bretylium-pretreated sites in young subjects (EC50 = −5.18 ± 0.27 and −5.03 ± 0.27 log M, respectively). In contrast, the dose-response relation was significantly shifted to the right (i.e., a higher dose of norepinephrine was needed to produce the same vasoconstrictor response) in the bretylium-pretreated site in older subjects (EC50 = −5.46 ± 0.23 and −4.53 ± 0.23 log M, respectively). Significant increases in EC50 were observed in older compared with young subjects at the bretylium-pretreated but not the control sites. These data indicate that cutaneous vasoconstrictor responsiveness is decreased in older subjects when endogenous release of norepinephrine is antagonized. Furthermore, these findings suggest that differences in presynaptic norepinephrine release between older and younger subjects are profound enough to affect dose-response relations between norepinephrine and cutaneous vascular conductance.
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Buckner, Randy L., Abraham Z. Snyder, Amy L. Sanders, Marcus E. Raichle, and John C. Morris. "Functional Brain Imaging of Young, Nondemented, and Demented Older Adults." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 12, supplement 2 (November 2000): 24–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892900564046.
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Brain imaging based on functional MRI (fMRI) provides a powerful tool for characterizing age-related changes in functional anatomy. However, between-population comparisons confront potential differences in measurement properties. The present experiment explores the feasibility of conducting fMRI studies in nondemented and demented older adults by measuring hemodynamic response properties in an event-related design. A paradigm involving repeated presentation of sensory-motor response trials was administered to 41 participants (14 young adults, 14 nondemented older adults, and 13 demented older adults). For half of the trials a single sensory-motor event was presented in isolation and in the other half in pairs. Hemodynamic response characteristics to the isolated events allowed basic response properties (e.g., amplitude and variance) between subject groups to be contrasted. The paired events further allowed the summation properties of the hemodynamic response to be characterized. Robust and qualitatively similar activation maps were produced for all subject groups. Quantitative results showed that for certain regions, such as in the visual cortex, there were marked reductions in the amplitude of the hemodynamic response in older adults. In other regions, such as in the motor cortex, relatively intact response characteristics were observed. These results suggest caution should be exhibited in interpreting simple main effects in response amplitude between subject groups. However, across all regions examined, the summation of the hemodynamic response over trials was highly similar between groups. This latter finding suggests that, even if absolute measurement differences do exist between subject groups, relative activation change should be preserved. Designs that rely on group interactions between task conditions, parametric manipulations, or group interactions between regions should provide valuable data for making inferences about functional-anatomic changes between different populations.
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Moul, Jamie L., Bert Goldman, and Beverly Warren. "Physical Activity and Cognitive Performance in the Older Population." Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 3, no. 2 (April 1995): 135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/japa.3.2.135.
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The effect of exercise on cognitive performance in an older population was studied. Thirty sedentary men and women 65–72 years of age were randomly assigned to a walking group, a weight training group, or a placebo control group. Intervention groups exercised 30–60 min 5 days per week for 16 weeks, with the walking group training at 60% heart rate reserve, the weight training group employing the DAPRE method of weight progression, and the placebo control group engaging in mild range-of-motion and flexibility movements that kept their heart rates close to resting levels. At baseline and 16 weeks posttraining each subject completed the Ross Information Processing Assessment (RIPA), a maximal graded treadmill test, and a strength assessment of the knee extensors and elbow flexors. Sixteen weeks of walking improved VO2peak of the sedentary subjects 15.8%; VO2peak did not improve in the other two groups. Additionally, the RIPA scores of the walking group increased 7.5%, while those of the weight-training and control groups showed little change.
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Matteucci, M., L. Mainardi, and V. D. Corino. "Analysis of Heart Rate Variability to Predict Patient Age in a Healthy Population." Methods of Information in Medicine 46, no. 02 (2007): 191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1625405.
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Summary Objectives : To estimate age of healthy subjects by means of the heart rate variability (HRV) parameters thus assessing the potentiality of HRV indexes as a biomarker of age. Methods : Long-term indexes of HRV in time domain, frequency domain and non-linear parameters were computed on 24-hour recordings in a dataset of 63 healthy subjects (age range 20-76 years old). Then, as interbeat dynamics markedly change with age, showing a reduced HRV in older subjects, we tried to capture age-related influence on HRV by principal component analysis and to predict the subject age by means of a feedforward neural network. Results : The network provides good prediction of patient age, even if a slight overestimation in the younger subjects and a slight underestimation in the older ones were observed. In addition, the important contribution of non-linear indexes to prediction is underlined. Conclusions : HRV as a predictor of age may lead to the definition of a new biomarker of aging.
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Yaqoob, Parveen. "Ageing alters the impact of nutrition on immune function." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 76, no. 3 (November 8, 2016): 347–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665116000781.
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Immunosenescence during ageing is a major challenge which weakens the ability of older individuals to respond to infection or vaccination. There has been much interest in dietary strategies to improve immunity in older people, but there is an assumption that modulation of the immune response in older people will be based on the same principles as for younger adults. Recent evidence suggests that ageing fundamentally alters the impact of nutrition on immune function. As a result, interpretation of data from studies investigating the impact of diet on immune function is highly dependent on subject age. Study design is critically important when investigating the efficacy of dietary components, and most studies involving older people include rigorous inclusion/exclusion criteria based on medical history, laboratory tests, general health status and often nutritional status. However, immunological status is rarely accounted for, but can vary significantly, even amongst healthy older people. There are several clear examples of age-related changes in immune cell composition, phenotype and/or function, which can directly alter the outcome of an intervention. This review uses two case studies to illustrate how the effects of n-3 PUFA and probiotics differ markedly in young v. older subjects. Evidence from both suggests that baseline differences in immunosenescence influence the outcome of an intervention, highlighting the need for detailed immunological characterisation of subjects prior to interventions. Finally, future work elucidating alterations in metabolic regulation within cells of the immune system as a result of ageing may be important in understanding the impact of diet on immune function in older people.
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Bammer, Tanja, John R. Salassa, and Paul J. Klingler. "Comparison of Methods for Determining Cricopharyngeal Intrabolus Pressure in Normal Patients as Possible Indicator for Cricopharyngeal Myotomy." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 127, no. 4 (October 2002): 299–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mhn.2002.128554.
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OBJECTIVE: We sought to compare methods for determining intrabolus cricopharyngeal pressure as a possible indicator for cricopharyngeal myotomy. STUDY DESIGN: We determined multiple intrabolus pressures in the cricopharyngeal region of 20 normal volunteers, of whom 12 were 20 to 35 years old and 8 were older than 75 years. Data were collected using a commercially available manofluorography system and a 6-sensor unidirectional solid-state 2- x 4-mm catheter. Each subject underwent 5 5-mL and 5 10-mL liquid barium swallows. Data were analyzed, and young subjects were compared with old subjects. RESULTS: The mean mid-bolus pressures in young subjects were 5.2 ± 4.9 mm Hg and 7.2 ± 6.5 mm Hg for the 5-mL and 10-mL swallows, respectively, and in older subjects, 10.8 ± 8.8 mm Hg and 12.3 ± 7.4 mm Hg. The mean gradient pressures across the 3-cm cricopharyngeal region in young subjects were 2.02 ± 5.0 mm Hg, and −0.91 ± 4.8 mm Hg for the 5-mL and 10-mL swallows, respectively, and for older subjects, 4.38 ± 3.1 mm Hg and 2.82 ± 3.4 mm Hg. CONCLUSIONS: Cricopharyngeal intrabolus pressures were lower in young than in older subjects. The mid-bolus pressure and the gradient pressure across the cricopharyngeal region appeared to be the most consistent methods for evaluating intrabolus pressures. SIGNIFICANCE: Intrabolus pressure anomalies in the cricopharyngeal region have been proposed as an indicator for selecting patients who would benefit from cricopharyngeal myotomy. The methods of determining intrabolus pressures vary, with resulting variations in recommendations.
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Rahayu, Famala Eka Sanhadi, Aries Utomo, and Ririn Setyowati. "Investigating Lexical Diversity of Children Narratives: A Case Study of L1 Speaking." Register Journal 13, no. 2 (October 17, 2020): 371–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18326/rgt.v13i2.371-388.
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Lexical diversity is one of the language tools to measure varied words or vocabulary produced by learners in a text both spoken and written. This research aims to investigate the lexical diversity of children narratives produced by children orally. The research design of this research was a case study supported by quantitative data. Meanwhile, the subjects of this research are seven children around 6-9 years old. In collecting data, the researchers employed narrative storytelling based on a picture which is drawn by the subjects. In analyzing data, TTR (Type-Token -Ratio) was used to measure the lexical diversity gained from the subject while the theory was used to explain the phenomena. Based on the findings, it is found that (1) older children have higher lexical diversity than the younger ones, (2) younger children produced higher lexical frequency (word tokens) than the older ones (3) individual variations caused an anomaly of the result in which older children were expected to have higher lexical frequency but the result showed the reverse. Keywords: Lexical Diversity, Children, Oral Narratives, Case Study.
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Strough, JoNell, Clare M. Mehta, Joseph P. McFall, and Kelly L. Schuller. "Are Older Adults Less Subject to the Sunk-Cost Fallacy Than Younger Adults?" Psychological Science 19, no. 7 (July 2008): 650–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02138.x.
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Tucker, J. A., R. E. Vuchinich, C. V. Harris, M. G. Gavornik, and E. J. Rudd. "Agreement between subject and collateral verbal reports of alcohol consumption in older adults." Journal of Studies on Alcohol 52, no. 2 (March 1991): 148–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15288/jsa.1991.52.148.
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