Academic literature on the topic 'Older people Legal status'
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Journal articles on the topic "Older people Legal status"
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Yamamoto, Miwa, and Yoko Aso. "Placing Physical Restraints on Older People with Dementia." Nursing Ethics 16, no. 2 (March 2009): 192–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733008100079.
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This study aimed to clarify the coping strategies of nurses working in general wards who face the ethical dilemma of restraining older people with dementia. The participants were 272 nurses working in general wards in the Kansai region of Japan. Coping strategies were measured using a questionnaire consisting of 16 items. A low score of 1—4 points suggested good coping strategies. Factors were difficult to interpret for three of the 16 coping items identified; these items were therefore deleted. Eleven of the remaining 13 items were used for analysis. An explanatory factor analysis revealed three factors concerning coping with ethical dilemma: (1) self-initiated positive cognition and action; (2) negative cognition and action; and (3) choosing not to act, or maintaining the status quo. These findings highlight the need for programs that could disseminate effective coping strategies among nurses faced with the ethical dilemma of restraining older people with dementia.
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Bertovsky, Lev V. "FEATURES OF INTERVIEW OF ELDERLY PEOPLE." RUDN Journal of Law 24, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 1100–1121. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2337-2020-24-4-1100-1121.
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Relevance . The article considers current problems of a criminal procedural and forensic nature common for search and cognitive activities when dealong with older people with cognitive impairment. Successful developments in the field of medicine, an overall increase in the standard of living of the population, and the quality of social security have extended life span expectancy and, accordingly, led to the increase of the total number of older people. People from this category are increasingly involved in the orbit of criminal proceedings as witnesses and victims, and often as defendants (suspects). It should be understood and taken into account that, due to various diseases, changes in the mental state, social status of these persons and other reasons, obtaining verbal criminally relevant information from such participants in the criminal proceedings demonstrate certain specifics. However, at the moment, there are no forensic developments aimed at optimizing investigative actions involving older people. Relevant scientific research on this issue has not been conducted either in Russia or abroad. The aim of the work is the need to ensure the full realization of the rights and legitimate interests of participants in criminal proceedings from among the elderly by developing and introducing forensic techniques into law enforcement in criminal investigations, which necessitates the initial definition of the problem and disclosing its essence. The materials for the study are scientific works of specialists in the field of psychology, gerontology, neurophysiology, forensic science, and statistical data, as well as the authors vast experience in the preliminary investigation of criminal cases as an investigator. The results and conclusions were obtained with the help of general scientific research methods: logical, systemic, sociological, as well as private-scientific and special: comparative-legal, formal-legal, interpretation, statistical, etc. Results: several conclusions have been made to strengthen the necessary to improve the regulatory framework governing participation of older people in criminal proceedings to ensure their legal rights and freedoms. Recommendations on preparation and conduct of investigative actions with participation of such categories of persons have been proposed.
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Ingravallo, Francesca, Ilaria Cerquetti, Luca Vignatelli, Sandra Albertini, Matteo Bolcato, Maria Camerlingo, Graziamaria Corbi, et al. "Medico-legal assessment of personal damage in older people: report from a multidisciplinary consensus conference." International Journal of Legal Medicine 134, no. 6 (July 17, 2020): 2319–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00414-020-02368-z.
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Abstract Ageing of the global population represents a challenge for national healthcare systems and healthcare professionals, including medico-legal experts, who assess personal damage in an increasing number of older people. Personal damage evaluation in older people is complex, and the scarcity of evidence is hindering the development of formal guidelines on the subject. The main objectives of the first multidisciplinary Consensus Conference on Medico-Legal Assessment of Personal Damage in Older People were to increase knowledge on the subject and establish standard procedures in this field. The conference, organized according to the guidelines issued by the Italian National Institute of Health (ISS), was held in Bologna (Italy) on June 8, 2019 with the support of national scientific societies, professional organizations, and stakeholders. The Scientific Technical Committee prepared 16 questions on 4 thematic areas: (1) differences in injury outcomes in older people compared to younger people and their relevance in personal damage assessment; (2) pre-existing status reconstruction and evaluation; (3) medico-legal examination procedures; (4) multidimensional assessment and scales. The Scientific Secretariat reviewed relevant literature and documents, rated their quality, and summarized evidence. During conference plenary public sessions, 4 pairs of experts reported on each thematic area. After the last session, a multidisciplinary Jury Panel (15 members) drafted the consensus statements. The present report describes Conference methods and results, including a summary of evidence supporting each statement, and areas requiring further investigation. The methodological recommendations issued during the Conference may be useful in several contexts of damage assessment, or to other medico-legal evaluation fields.
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Srivastava, Lily. "Legal Study of Aging Population In India." ANVESHA-A Multidisciplinary E-Journal for all Researches 3, no. 1 (2022): 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.55183/amjr.2022.vo3.lsi.01.010.
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The United Nations General Assembly pronounce 2021–2030 the ‘Decade of Healthy Ageing’ thus communicated WHO to direct its implementation to the member states. India is not in a position to meet needs of an old age population and to provide a quality life through existing care facilities with more than 100 million elderly. We do not have a particular scheme and policies for providing health facilities for old people. Older people usually suffer from health conditions that are predominantly chronic in nature and are basically different from those of adult and young populations. The health status of aged population becomes particularly perplexed as they are prone to get multiple illnesses. Present paper is related to Aging population and their problems. The first part of the paper deals with International guidelines, national legislations. The second part discuss problems during pandemic and senior citizens. The third part of the paper explores judicial prouncements related to senior citizens. The fourth part explains government policies related to elderly .On the concluding note, it suggests that geriatric health law reform is necessary for the present needs of the society especially during pandemic.
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Vasilyeva, Yu V., and S. V. Shuraleva. "AGE AS A FACTOR OF EMPLOYEE’S VULNERABILITY IN LABOR LAW." Вестник Пермского университета. Юридические науки, no. 49 (2020): 550–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/1995-4190-2020-49-550-575.
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Introduction: the article studies the influence of an individual’s age on their vulnerability in labor relations. Purpose: to analyze the legal regulation applied to age-vulnerable groups of workers in labor law, to identify the factors of vulnerability, and to propose the directions of improving labor legislation taking into account the ILO policies and the experience of individual foreign countries. Methods: the methodological framework of the research is based on general, general scientific methods as well as some special methods (system-structural, formallegal, comparative-legal). Results: the UN approaches to the concept of vulnerability and vulnerable groups in international law have been studied. At the current stage, the protection of vulnerable groups is closely linked to the concepts of equality and non-discrimination, with the age factor serving as the basis for differentiation of legal regulation in labor law. The authors put forward a thesis that the first vulnerable categories of workers differentiated by age were minors, while older workers were not considered a vulnerable group until the end of the 20th century and did not have a special status despite the problem of ageism. The authors substantiate the presence of three vulnerable groups of workers distinguished by age: youth (including minors), women of childbearing age, and older persons. It is argued that a woman’s childbearing age should be recognized as a factor of vulnerability, but only when work is accompanied by harmful and dangerous conditions; in general, the significance of this factor is reducing, including due to the position of international bodies. It is noted that modern Russian labor law focuses on protecting the labor rights of minors, while they are young people aged 15 to 24 who are the most vulnerable in the labor market, as evidenced by the high rate of youth unemployment in this age segment. Analyzing the reasons for the lack of comprehensive legal regulation of youth labor at the state level, the authors turn to the strategies of transnational corporations aimed at attracting young professionals, as well as to successful foreign practices aimed at stimulating youth employment. Assessing the legal regulation of older people’s labor in Russia, the authors conclude that it does not yet fully take into account international approaches to the role of older people in the labor sphere. Older persons are a heterogeneous group, so the purpose of legal regulation is to properly place the emphases. The main goal of differentiating the legal regulation of work of persons nearing retirement age is to ensure their staying in employment and protect them against discrimination, while for persons who have already reached retirement age – to promote their health preservation and self-realization. Conclusions: the authors state the vulnerability of employment among young people over 18 and older persons, the lack of differentiation of their status in labor law, and suggest ways to improve labor legislation in order to reduce the vulnerability of employees depending on age.
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Klaver, Nicky Sabine, Joris van de Klundert, Roy Johannes Gerardus Maria van den Broek, and Marjan Askari. "Relationship Between Perceived Risks of Using mHealth Applications and the Intention to Use Them Among Older Adults in the Netherlands: Cross-sectional Study." JMIR mHealth and uHealth 9, no. 8 (August 30, 2021): e26845. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/26845.
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Background Considering the increasing demand for health services by older people and the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, digital health is commonly viewed to offer a pathway to provide safe and affordable health services for older adults, thus enabling self-management of their health while health care systems are struggling. However, several factors cause older people to be particularly reluctant to adopt digital health technologies such as mobile health (mHealth) tools. In addition to previously studied technology acceptance factors, those related to perceived risks of mHealth use (eg, leakage of sensitive information or receiving incorrect health recommendations) may further diminish mHealth adoption by older adults. Objective The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between perceived risks of using mHealth applications and the intention to use these applications among older adults. Methods We designed a cross-sectional study wherein a questionnaire was used to collect data from participants aged 65 years and older in the Netherlands. Perceived risk was divided into four constructs: privacy risk, performance risk, legal concern, and trust. Linear regression analyses were performed to determine the associations between these perceived risk constructs and the intention to use mHealth applications. Results Linear regression per perceived risk factor showed that each of the four constructs is significantly associated with the intention to use mobile medical applications among older adults (adjusted for age, sex, education, and health status). Performance risk (β=–.266; P=<.001), legal concern (β=–.125; P=.007), and privacy risk (β=–.100; P=.03) were found to be negatively correlated to intention to use mHealth applications, whereas trust (β=.352; P=<.001) was found to be positively correlated to the intention to use mHealth applications. Conclusions Performance risk, legal concern, and privacy risk as perceived by older adults may substantially and significantly decrease their intention to use mHealth applications. Trust may significantly and positively affect this intention. Health care professionals, designers of mHealth applications, and policy makers can use these findings to diminish performance risks, and tailor campaigns and applications to address legal and privacy concerns and promote mHealth uptake and health care access for older adults, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Nordam, Ann, Venke Sørlie, and R. Förde. "Integrity in the Care of Elderly People, as Narrated by Female Physicians." Nursing Ethics 10, no. 4 (July 2003): 388–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0969733003ne589oa.
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Three female physicians were interviewed as part of a comprehensive investigation into the narratives of female and male physicians and nurses, concerning their experience of being in ethically difficult care situations in the care of elderly people. The interviewees expressed great concern for the low status of care for elderly people, and the need to fight for the specialty and for the care and rights of their patients. All the interviewees’ narratives concerned problems relating to perspectives of both action ethics and relational ethics. The main focus was on problems concerning the latter perspective, expressed as profound concern and respect for the individual patient. Secondary emphasis was placed on relationships with relatives and other professionals. The most common themes in an action ethics perspective were too little treatment and the lack of health services for older patients, together with overtreatment and death with dignity. These results were discussed in the light of Løgstrup’s ethics, which emphasize that human life means expressing oneself, in the expectation of being met by others. Both Ricoeur’s concept of an ethics of memory and Aristotle’s virtue ethics are presented in the discussion of too little and too much treatment.
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Chung, Won Hee, and Gi Geun Yang. "Alleviating Disaster Vulnerability and Improving Resilience of the Elderly." Crisis and Emergency Management: Theory and Praxis 12, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.14251/jscm.2022.1.35.
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When disasters occur, older people are more at risk than other age groups. This is because physical fitness, hearing, and vision deteriorate due to aging, and physical movement is not easy. Nevertheless, there are insufficient studies on accurate identification of the elderly who have disaster-safety vulnerabilities, and the recognition and behavior of the disaster risks of the elderly. In the age of aging, it is necessary to prepare systematic measures against disaster vulnerability and to promote resilience for the elderly. And it is urgent to implement practical disaster safety policies for the elderly as disaster-vulnerable people. The purpose of this study is to analyze the disaster vulnerability of elderly people and to improve their resilience in the age of aging. In order to achieve the purpose of the study, we examine the current status of the elderly people's disaster vulnerability, including the current status of the elderly and their recognition of disaster safety. This paper suggests: disaster vulnerability management that reflects the disaster vulnerability and desire of the elderly, legal and institutional support for enhancing the resilience of disaster recovery of the elderly, the development, education, and training with disaster-response manuals for the elderly.
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Luty-Michalak, Marta, and Aleksandra Syryt. "Long-term care system for dependent people – Austrian experiences." Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Sociologica, no. 71 (December 30, 2019): 81–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/0208-600x.71.07.
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Austrian society is an ageing society. Old age does not always mean dependence. However, the risk of disability and dependence increases with age. In addition, older people often experience multi-disease. High-quality long-term care services can help frail and dependent elderly on maintaining greater autonomy and participation in society, regardless of their condition. The aim of the article is to analyze legal, institutional and practical solutions in the field of long-term care system functioning in Austria. It should be emphasized that Austria is striving to develop services based on a social model and an independent life paradigm. Analysis of legal solutions indicates that the long-term care system in Austria is very complex. Institutional solutions are divided between the federal level and nine federal states. On the one hand, this results in decentralization and more effective help for the elderly, but on the other hand, it causes the diffusion and heterogeneity of standards.
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Maschi, Tina, Keith Morgen, Kimberly Westcott, Deborah Viola, and Lindsay Koskinen. "Aging, Incarceration, and Employment Prospects: Recommendations for Practice and Policy Reform." Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling 45, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 44–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0047-2220.45.4.44.
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Aging people in prison and post-prison release pose significant yet surmountable challenges in satisfying age-specific educational, training, employment, financial and civic participation rights. This descriptive study of 677 older prisoners, aged 50+, in a statewide prison system provides a historical analysis of past and current individual and social structural level factors that influence the prisoners' economic and employment prospects after being released from prison. Results highlight the diversity within this population based on socio-demographics, work histories, family obligations, health status, and legal histories that influence the level of support experienced post incarceration. Thesefindings suggest the need for comprehensive services that provide prison and post-prison release education, vocational training, and housing and job placement for incarcerated and formerly incarcerated older adults. Strategies for providing culturally responsive tools and resources to support education, training, and employment offormerly incarcerated older adults are discussed.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Older people Legal status"
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Osmancevic, Himka. "A brief screening instrument for use by lawyers to assess the capacity of older clients with memory deficits." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2006. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/336.
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The number of people in Australia and around the world is increasing rapidly, particularly people over the age of 65. As part of the aging process, cases of dementia. cognitive impairment and mental iIIness become more prevalent. The issue of competence in this population has become more significant in recent years . Older people frequently face decisions that require the consultation of a lawyer, such as issues over wills and financial investments. Preventative law advocate lawyers act as therapeutic agents, preventing stress and discomfort in elderly clients making legal decisions. In order for practising lawyers to act as therapeutic agents, an ability to detect impaired decision making capacity in older adults is required. The present study explores this issue further.
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Saub, Roslan. "Oral health status and treatment needs of the institutionalised elderly population in Melbourne /." Connect to thesis, 1996. http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/00000831.
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Au, Kwok-chung. "Economic status and life satisfaction of the elderly." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19470150.
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Miles, L. "Vitamin B12 status and neurological function in older people." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2016. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/2837733/.
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Ageing is associated with a decline in vitamin B12 status. Overt vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to neurologic disturbances but the public health impact for neurological disease of moderately low vitamin B12 status in older people is unclear. This study aimed to assess the relationship between vitamin B12 status and neurologic function in older people by systematically reviewing existing evidence and conducting secondary analyses on an existing high quality dataset. A systematic review of observational studies showed limited evidence of an association of vitamin B12 status with neurological function in older people. The possibility of an association between vitamin B12 status and neurologic function was further explored in cross-sectional analyses of baseline data from the Older People and Enhanced Neurological Function (OPEN) study, which investigated the effectiveness of vitamin B12 supplementation on electrophysiological indices of neurological function in asymptomatic older people with moderately low vitamin B12 status. This secondary analysis did not show any association between any measure of vitamin B12 status with electrophysiological indices or clinical markers of neurologic function. A systematic review of intervention studies suggested no benefits of vitamin B12 supplementation on neurologic function in asymptomatic older people; but it remained possible that improvement is only apparent in people with the lowest vitamin B12 status. This hypothesis was explored in further secondary analyses of OPEN data: there were no differences in the neurologic response to vitamin B12 supplementation according to baseline or change in vitamin B12 status. The available evidence indicates that concerns over the neurologic impact of moderately low vitamin B12 status in otherwise healthy older people may be unwarranted. Evidence is insufficient to support population screening for moderate vitamin B12 deficiency or population-wide recommendations for vitamin B12 supplementation in healthy asymptomatic older people, even among those with the lowest vitamin B12 status.
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Ma, Xiaoguang. "The association between socioeconomic status and health-related quality of life among older people in Hong Kong." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B39634589.
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Byrd, Edwina Haith. "An analysis of functional status and utilization behavior in long-term care for the elderly /." The Ohio State University, 1985. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487259125218917.
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Barake, Roula. "Correlates and consequences of vitamin D status in older people." Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=86736.
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It is well established that vitamin D contributes to bone health. New evidence from cross-sectional and prospective cohort studies and a few clinical trials suggest that vitamin D status may play a role in functional capacity declining with age; however, there are some gaps in these studies yet to be examined. Little is known about vitamin D status in healthy, free-living, older people in North America. Older individuals may be more vulnerable due to low vitamin D intake and limited endogenous synthesis. Thus, the objectives of this thesis were to (i) determine the distribution of serum 25 hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations in healthy older people living in Québec and determine how season, age, sex and supplement consumption affect this distribution; (ii) determine to what extent vitamin D intake from foods, supplements and proxy measure of sunlight exposure explain the variation in serum 25(OH)D concentrations, controlling for the effects of age and sex; and determine the dietary predictors of optimal concentration of 25(OH)D; and (iii) examine whether vitamin D status can predict change in functional decline capacity over 1 and 2 years, controlling for season and other potential confounders. Data for this study have been obtained from a random sampling of 405 participants from the NuAge cohort study of 1793 independently-living men and women aged 68 to 82 years at baseline. The NuAge sample is a stratified sample of participants in three age categories 70 ± 2 years, 75 ± 2 years and 80 ± 2 years with approximately equivalent numbers of men and women in each group. For objective (i), a cross-sectional design was applied. Serum 25(OH)D was assessed using radioimmunoassay. Data were analyzed controlling for age, sex, season and other potential confounders. For objective (ii), six 24-hour recalls were obtained for the same subjects as the first study also in a cross-sectional design. In addition to nutrient intake, foods were grouped into 6 food groupIl est bien établi que la vitamine D contribue à la santé osseuse. Des données récentes d'études transversales, de cohortes prospectives et d'essais cliniques suggèrent que la vitamine D pourrait jouer un rôle dans la diminution des capacités fonctionnelles avec l'âge; toutefois, certaines lacunes de ces études n'ont toujours pas été étudiées. On sait peu de choses au sujet des niveaux de vitamine D chez les personnes âgées autonomes, en bonne santé, vivant en Amérique du Nord. Ces personnes peuvent être plus vulnérables aux carences d'une part à cause d'un faible apport en vitamine D et, d'autre part, à cause d'une synthèse endogène limitée. Ainsi, les objectifs de cette thèse étaient de (i) déterminer la distribution des concentrations sériques de 25 hydroxy vitamine D [25 (OH) D] chez les personnes âgées en bonne santé, vivant au Québec et de déterminer comment la saison, l'âge, le sexe et la consommation de suppléments affectent cette distribution; (ii) de déterminer dans quelle mesure l'apport alimentaire de vitamine D, l'apport de suppléments et la saison peuvent expliquer les variations des concentrations sériques de 25 (OH) D, en contrôlant pour les effets de l'âge et du sexe, ainsi que de déterminer l'apport alimentaire idéal de vitamine D pour obtenir un niveau optimal de 25 (OH) D; et, finalement (iii) d'évaluer l'effet de l'état nutritionnel en vitamine D sur la diminution des capacités fonctionnelles pendant 1 et 2 ans, tout en prenant en compte la saison et d'autres variables de confusion potentielles. Cette étude repose sur des données obtenues auprès d'un échantillon aléatoire de 405 participants de l'étude de cohorte NuAge, composée de 1793 hommes et femmes âgés entre 68 et 82 ans au départ, vivant de façon indépendante. Cet échantillon est stratifié selon trois catégories d'âge: 70 ± 2 ans, 75 ± 2 ans et 80 ± 2 ans, avec des nombres comparables d'hommes et de femmes dans chaque gr
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Wong, Wing-tung Tony. "A study on the health status of the single elderly persons in Kwai Chung District." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19470058.
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Liu, Kwong-shing. "Oral health related quality of life, dental status and expectation of Hong Kong elderly." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36847458.
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Söderström, Lisa. "Nutritional status among older people : Risk factors and consequences of malnutrition." Licentiate thesis, Uppsala universitet, Centrum för klinisk forskning, Västerås, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-207486.
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Despite the high frequency and serious consequences of protein–energy malnutrition, prevention and treatment of malnutrition do not currently receive appropriate attention. Increased awareness of the importance of nutritional screening among older people is needed. The overall aim of this thesis was to extend our current knowledge about malnutrition and the consequences of a poor nutritional status in relation to preterm death, and to identify possible risk factors for developing malnutrition among older people. The aim of Paper I was to estimate the prevalence of malnutrition and to examine the associations between mealtime habits, meal provision, and malnutrition among older people admitted to a Swedish hospital. The aim of Paper II was to examine whether nutritional status, defined according to the three categories in the full Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) instrument, is an independent predictor of preterm death in older people. The baseline survey was a cross-sectional study of 1771 patients aged ³65 years who were admitted to hospital. Nutritional status was assessed using the MNA instrument, and possible risk factors associated with malnutrition were recorded during the hospital stay (Paper I). Overall survival was followed up after 35–50 months in a cohort study of 1767 participants (Paper II). Of the 1771 participants, 35.5% were well-nourished, 55.1% were at risk of malnutrition, and 9.4% were malnourished at baseline. An overnight fast >11 hours was associated with risk of malnutrition (odds ratio (OR) 1.46; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.14–1.87) and being malnourished (OR 1.67; 95% CI 1.04–2.69). Fewer than four eating episodes a day was associated with both risk of malnutrition (OR 1.88, 95% CI 1.52–2.32) and being malnourished (OR 3.10; 95% CI 2.14–4.49). Not cooking independently was also associated with both risk of malnutrition (OR 1.9; 95% CI 1.30–2.93) and being malnourished (OR 5.04; 95% CI 2.95–8.61). At the 50-month follow-up, the survival rates were 75.2% for well-nourished participants, 60.0% for those at risk of malnutrition, and 33.7% for malnourished participants. After adjusting for confounders, the hazard ratios (95% CI) for all-cause mortality were 1.56 (1.18–2.07) in the group at risk of malnutrition and 3.71 (2.28–6.04) in the malnourished group. Nutritional status defined according to the three categories in the full MNA independently predicted preterm death in people aged 65 years and older. This thesis provides additional knowledge of the current nutritional situation among older people admitted to hospital. The high prevalence and serious consequences of malnutrition demonstrated in this thesis underline the importance of screening and taking actions to counteract malnutrition among older people. The data showing that the length of overnight fasting and number of eating episodes per day are possible risk factors for malnutrition are consistent with the current nutritional recommendations. This knowledge may stimulate care providers to decrease the length of overnight fasting and increase the number of eating episodes per day among older people at risk of malnutrition.
Books on the topic "Older people Legal status"
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Legal issues and older adults. Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-CLIO, 1992.
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Legal aspects of elder care. Sudbury, Mass: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2010.
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Herring, Jonathan. Older people in law and society. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
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Watts, Tim J. Legal rights of older Americans: A selected bibliography. Monticello, Ill., USA: Vance Bibliographies, 1988.
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Africa, South. Older Persons Act 13 of 2006 & regulations. Edited by Juta Law (Firm). Claremont, Cape Town: Juta Law, 2012.
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Margaret, Taylor, ed. The law and elderly people. London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1995.
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Ann, McDonald. The law and elderly people. London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1995.
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Equality policies for older people: Implementation issues. Dublin: National Economic and Social Forum, 2003.
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Griffiths, Aled. The law and elderly people. London: Routledge, 1990.
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H, Grimes Richard, and Roberts Gwyneth, eds. The law and elderly people. London: Routledge, 1990.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Older people Legal status"
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Svensson, Eva-Maria, Therese Bäckman, and Torbjörn Odlöw. "The Capabilities Approach and the Concepts of Self-Determination, Legal Competence and Human Dignity in Social Services for Older People." In International Perspectives on Aging, 175–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78063-0_13.
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AbstractIn this chapter, the tension between self-determination and human dignity in the Swedish legal system of social care for older people is analysed with help of the capabilities approach. The core focus of this approach is the individual person’s capability to make decisions. Also important is a supportive societal system that enables the realisation of self-determination, specifically for individuals who are not fully capable of making arrangements for themselves. The capabilities approach emphasises the responsibility of the State and can be used to analyse the impact of legal and political obligations for nation-states, and to balance the increased focus on self-determination and the quest for increased capabilities among older people. In the context of a dismantled welfare state, a one-sided focus on individual autonomy might turn out to be a double-edged sword, leaving the individual with self-determination but no (or insufficient) available care to decide about. In this chapter, the underlying principles of practical decisions are theoretically explored and reflected upon. Of specific relevance is human dignity (in addition to enhancing individual freedom), normativity (a set of fundamental capabilities is identified) and the central role of the nation-state (as the responsible political subject for the achievement of minimum thresholds for all capabilities).
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Xhumari, Merita Vaso. "Older Workers and Their Relations to the Labour Market in Albania." In Older Workers and Labour Market Exclusion Processes, 77–97. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11272-0_5.
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AbstractThe life course perspective is used in analysis of the older workers relations to the labour market in a societal context. Transition to the market economy of Albania has increased the vulnerability especially for two categories: the youngest, as the new entries into the labour market, and the oldest workers, who found it difficult to be adjusted to the labour market demand, after the failure of state enterprises, changes in working environments, social services, family, etc. The investigation of older workers in the labour market is focused on five dimensions: (1) the labour market structure and employment status of older workers; (2) the employment & VET policies; (3) the work-life balance with ageing; (4) health and (5) retirement.In the beginning of 1990s, the early retirement was the first policy intervention to cope with massive unemployment of older workers. Then, the parametric reforms of PAYG social insurance for increasing the retirement ages and the insurance period have had an impact on extending the working life of older workers of 10 years until 2018. However, the replacement rate was lowering from 74.2% in 1990, to 56% in 1993 when reform started, to further 41% in 2018 which impose pensioners to continue working or delaying the retirement. The increased youth unemployment, atypical and informal employment, has been new challenges for older workers to be adjusted to the labour market demand and only 10% of them can continue working after the retirement age. The development of employment services, VET, health care and social protection have been inadequate to promote social inclusion of older workers.In the framework of the EU integration, Albania has pursued a process of harmonization the legal framework with EU standards. National strategies have been enacted to guarantee human rights, gender equality, and an inclusive society. The social inclusion of older workers into the labour market is a complex issue that depended not only of the Government interventions, but also by the active engagement of other stakeholders. In the Albanian tradition family continues to be a strong supporting institution for older people and children, very likely to the Abbado’s idea in Italy.This chapter is based on an analysis of policy documents, research and statistics from INSTAT, Eurostat, World Bank, etc. The Eurofound’s European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) 2015, and European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) 2016 are used to identify age and gender patterns regarding work-life balance and social inclusion. The analysis suggests that to fully address the complexity of the inclusion of older workers in the labour market, an integrated approach should involve all relevant policy areas such as education, health, employment, and social protection, as well as engagement of all community stakeholders.
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Jones, Karen, and Susanna Watson. "Jane and Mr Wilson: Using Legal Powers." In Best Practice with Older People, 170–80. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-36846-1_16.
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Manthorpe, Jill, and Steve Iliffe. "The Dementias: Mental Capacity Act and Legal Aspects." In Mental Health and Older People, 309–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29492-6_27.
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Annunziata, Giuseppe, Angela Arnone, and Luigi Barrea. "Assessment of Nutritional Status in Older People." In Nutrients and Nutraceuticals for Active & Healthy Ageing, 53–61. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3552-9_4.
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Fernes, Sam. "Status of Older People: Ancient and Biblical." In Encyclopedia of Gerontology and Population Aging, 1–2. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69892-2_383-1.
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Fernes, Sam. "Status of Older People: Ancient and Biblical." In Encyclopedia of Gerontology and Population Aging, 4751–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22009-9_383.
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Hilton, Claire. "Psychiatric Hospitals and Older People: Status Quo or Making Changes?" In Improving Psychiatric Care for Older People, 19–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54813-5_2.
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Coleman, Yvonne. "The Impact of Medication on Nutritional Status of Older People." In Medication Management in Older Adults, 69–77. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-457-9_6.
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Terret, Catherine, and Gilles Albrand. "Health Status Evaluation of Elderly Patients with Genitourinary Tumors." In Management of Urological Cancers in Older People, 19–38. London: Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-999-4_2.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Older people Legal status"
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Clary, Kelly Lynn, Hyojung Kang, Laura Quintero Silva, and Julie Bobitt. "Weeding out the Stigma: Experiences Shared by Older Veterans." In 2021 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2022.01.000.37.
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Background: Cannabis use today is the highest it has been in three decades, approaching 36.5% prevalence for past year use (Schulenberg et al., 2017). From a 2014 nationwide sample of Veterans over 18, approximately 9% reported past year cannabis use (Davis et al., 2018). It also showed that in states where medical cannabis was legal, 41% of Veterans who used cannabis in the past year reported doing so for medical purposes. Modern research findings continue to point to medical cannabis as a potentially effective alternative to prescription medications (i.e., opioids and benzodiazepines) for treating a broad range of medical conditions. Aims: The goal of our larger study was to develop a deeper understanding of cannabis use in US older Veterans (60 years +) who are using cannabis as a substitute or complement for opioids and/or benzodiazepines. While research exists on the use levels of cannabis, to our knowledge, limited research on the perceived stigma of using cannabis among older Veterans exists. For the current study, we sought to develop an understanding of stigma associated with older Veterans using cannabis. Methodology: We surveyed 121 older Veterans who were enrolled in the Illinois Medical Cannabis Patient Program during fall 2020. We then used maximum variation sampling to select a subset of 32 Veterans who completed the initial online survey. From November 2020 to February 2021, two researchers conducted 30-minute audiotaped semi-structured interviews. Participants represented diversity regarding the age of cannabis initiation, type of cannabis user, military branch, type of healthcare provider, and race/ethnicity. Interview topics included (1) use of cannabis, opioids, and benzodiazepines, (2) interactions with medical providers, (3) stigma regarding cannabis use, and (4) educational materials for older Veterans. For the current study, we present findings from the third topic regarding stigma associated with using cannabis. The interviews were transcribed verbatim for data analysis purposes. Weekly meetings among two coders ensued to debrief on coding procedures, reflect on biases and interpretations, and reach consensus regarding coding discrepancies. The final codebook reached an 87% inter-rater reliability. Then, the two coders independently coded the transcripts and employed a rigorous thematic analysis approach using NVivo12 QSR. A narrative was woven together with exemplary quotes to illustrate major themes. Findings: We identified three stigma focused themes: (1) stereotypes regarding people who use cannabis, (2) hesitation of disclosing cannabis use with others, and (3) media portrayal (i.e., movies, television shows) of cannabis users. Implications: Stigma creates situations in which older Veterans are hesitant to disclose their use of cannabis with physicians and friends/family which can be dangerous and also socially isolating. Additionally, older Veterans may benefit from shared experiences about cannabis use for medical purposes, but this often does not occur. The empirically-based insights gained from this work have the potential to inform public health leaders, healthcare administrators, and public messaging regarding the use of medical cannabis. Additional research is needed to expand upon our findings with more generalizable methods and a representative sample of older Veterans.
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Dahua, Wang, and Xiao Hongrui. "Cognitive Training Profile for Older People in China." In Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics Conference. AHFE International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe100558.
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Nowadays China is facing a serious problem of aging population. Older people suffer losses in aspects, especially in cognitive function. It is necessary and worthwhile to design effective cognitive training programs, based on our knowledge of cognitive aging mechanisms, to help older people maintain and improve their cognitive abilities. The present paper aims to introduce the development of cognitive training program for older people from the following three aspects: a) the status quo of aging society in China, b) cognitive aging and its underlying mechanisms, and c) the approach and practice of cognitive training.
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Hajnrih, Jasmina. "Entrepreneurship in Conditions of Digital Business Transformation." In 27th International Scientific Conference Strategic Management and Decision Support Systems in Strategic Management. University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Economics in Subotica, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46541/978-86-7233-406-7_209.
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An entrepreneur is a holder of a small business. According to the number of registered, this form of business organization significantly exceeds the companies in the current active status. They represent companies of persons who, although they carry an increased business risk, have a number of dominant advantages. Different types of activities are organized as entrepreneurial activities, agencies, bureaus, and not as companies, because the legal procedure is simpler and the holder of the business is mostly one natural person, so there is no need to pool capital. A large number of entrepreneurs have been operating on the market of the Republic of Serbia for years, which indicates the fact that companies also deal with long-term business strategy. In a turbulent economic environment, entrepreneurs had to adapt to various changes. The biggest change that started in 2014 is electronic communication and business with the Tax Administration. This process was only an introduction to the period of transition of the entrepreneur in which he will have to make a decision and strategy, how to overcome and enable business that is unknown to him, and explicitly imposed as the only solution. Modernizing and adapting the corporate business to changes in business is not a big deal, but every innovation that includes digitalization and electronic communication is a great effort for most entrepreneurs to overcome it, because problems arise due to lack of trained people and financial opportunities to support adaptation to new business conditions. In this paper, I will show what problems an accounting agency in the form of an entrepreneur faces in the conditions of digital transformation, not only through its own business, but also through the business of its clients. The aim of the research is to get acquainted with the problem of long-term business of entrepreneurs in an unstable economic environment in the form of imposed digitalization of business, which necessarily entails entering the zone of the unknown, but also a large financial burden in overcoming it. Methodological procedures in the form of surveying entrepreneurs and analysis of financial indicators should provide an answer to the main problem and subject of research, which is what options and tools are available to the entrepreneur in creating a strategy of survival in market competition and overcoming imposed and legally binding tasks. The research generated a primary conclusion, which is that it is certainly an acceptable option for younger entrepreneurs to include in the modernization of business processes by applying their own technological knowledge. Older entrepreneurs are mostly considering the option of including the heir in the family business, or in the absence of it, leaving entrepreneurship, which is certainly the most unfavorable outcome for both the economy and the entrepreneur, because he can still do his primary job with greater expertise than younger beginners.
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Kaur, Baljit. "Legal Aspects of the Care of Older People in Hong Kong and Nurse's Role in it." In Annual Worldwide Nursing Conference. Global Science & Technology Forum (GSTF), 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/2315-4330_wnc14.95.
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Marques, Jacqueline, and Monica Teixeira. "PANDEMIC AND PERCEIVED HEALTH STATUS: A CASE STUDY." In NORDSCI Conference Proceedings. Saima Consult Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/nordsci2021/b1/v4/29.
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Each older person's perception of their health status is a fundamental factor in understanding quality of life and should be considered in social interventions. Health is one of the main concerns of the elderly, since at this stage of life there is a change in functional capacity and, consequently, a greater sense of fragility and dependence. The aim of this study was to analyze the perceived health of a group of elderly people attending the Day Care Centre (DC) and Home Support Service (HSS), as well as its comparison with the previous year, with the peer group and with the impact of the Pandemic. We conducted a questionnaire survey. We found that there is a relationship between gender and self-assessment of health status, with women being the ones who mostly make a negative assessment. Most of the older people had an "acceptable" value for self-assessment of health, followed by older people with a negative view of their health and only a very small number considered it to be positive. When health status was compared with the previous year the majority consider it to be "more or less the same" showing an adaptive process to ageing, followed by those who consider that their health status had worsened compared to the previous year. 38.1% of the elderly respondents considered that the pandemic had an impact on their health. All of them were female and belonged to the DC, a social response which suffered major impacts from the pandemic. Most of these elderly women consider that the greatest impact of this pandemic was at the psychological level.
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Widagdo, Maria Meiwati, Meilina, Ferni, and Slamet Sunarno Harjosuwano. "CHANGES IN PHYSICAL FUNCTION, MENTAL STATUS, AND INDEPENDENCE IN DAILY ACTIVITIES OF OLDER PEOPLE IN WIROBRAJAN, YOGYAKARTA." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PUBLIC HEALTH. Graduate Studies in Public Health, Graduate Program, Sebelas Maret University Jl. Ir Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126. Telp/Fax: (0271) 632 450 ext.208 First website:http//:s2ikm.pasca.uns.ac.id Second website: www.theicph.com. Email: theicph2016@gmail.com, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/theicph.2016.091.
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Bao, Shiyun. "The Association of Income and Depression Status Among Chinese Middle-aged and Older People: A National Representative Longitudinal Study." In 2021 International Conference on Health Big Data and Smart Sports (HBDSS). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hbdss54392.2021.00028.
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Leonova, Anna Olegovna. "Social Protection of HIV-Infected People and Their Family Members." In All-Russian scientific and practical conference, chair Svetlana Vasilevna Startseva. Publishing house Sreda, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31483/r-100332.
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The article describes the features of social support and protection of HIV-positive citizens, problematic aspects of the implementation and protection of their rights, as well as their families. A brief analysis of the problems arising in society among HIV-infected people is carried out, as a result of which the peculiarities of the legal regulation of the status of HIV-infected people are revealed and judicial disputes arise that require modern and timely solutions.
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Kai, Tuomas, Markus Makkonen, and Lauri Frank. "Demographic Differences in the Effectiveness of a Physical Activity Application to Promote Physical Activity: Study Among Aged People." In Digital Support from Crisis to Progressive Change. University of Maribor Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-485-9.19.
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The global population is ageing and simultaneously the life expectancy at older ages is improving. To support healthy and active aging, it is imperative to find solutions to support physical activity (PA) in older age. Digital wellness technologies are a potential solution, but in order for such technologies to be successful, research is needed to gain a better understanding on their use and effectiveness among aged people. To address this need, this study investigated the effectiveness of a physical activity application to promote PA behavior among aged people of different demographics (gender, age, education, marital status). PA levels were measured before taking the application into use and after 12 months of use. The results suggest that a physical activity application can be effective in promoting PA behavior among aged people as there was a notable and a statistically significant increase in walking and total PA levels between baseline and 12-month follow-up. Regarding the demographic differences, there were very few differences in the changes in PA levels between different demographics, suggesting the effectiveness is not subject to the demographic background of the user.
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Rajevska, Olga, Agnese Reine, and Diana Baltmane. "Employment in the age group 50+ in the Baltic states and its changes in response to COVID-19." In 22nd International Scientific Conference. “Economic Science for Rural Development 2021”. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2021.55.061.
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The objective of the study is to examine the patterns of the employment of older people in Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania over the recent decade and the changes brought about by the first wave coronavirus pandemic in spring 2020. The study is based on the Eurostat statistical data as well as the microdata from the recent wave of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement (SHARE). Particular attention is paid to the data collected in SHARE Wave 8 COVID-19 Survey conducted in June-August 2020 in 26 European countries and Israel via computer-assisted telephone interviews. Questions examined how people aged 50 years and older coped with socioeconomic and health-related impact of COVID-19. During the last decade, participation of older age groups in labour market is gradually growing with the increase of the statutory retirement age and life expectancy. Employment rates in the pre-retirement and post-retirement age groups are comparatively high in Latvia and other Baltic States as contrasted to the EU averages, especially among women. Despite of relatively worse health status, people in the Baltic countries also demonstrate the highest share of respondents with willingness to work even upon reaching pension age. In 2020, the COVID-19 had relatively mild impact on it. The branches with traditionally high share of workers aged 50+ (education, healthcare, agriculture, administrative services) were least affected by lockdown measures.
Reports on the topic "Older people Legal status"
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O'Sullivan, Vincent, and Brian C. O'Connell. Water Fluoridation, Oral Status and Bone Health of Older People in Ireland. The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing, February 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.38018/tildarb.2015-00.
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Thompson, Stephen, Brigitte Rohwerder, and Clement Arockiasamy. Freedom of Religious Belief and People with Disabilities: A Case Study of People with Disabilities from Religious Minorities in Chennai, India. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/creid.2021.003.
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India has a unique and complex religious history, with faith and spirituality playing an important role in everyday life. Hinduism is the majority religion, and there are many minority religions. India also has a complicated class system and entrenched gender structures. Disability is another important identity. Many of these factors determine people’s experiences of social inclusion or exclusion. This paper explores how these intersecting identities influence the experience of inequality and marginalisation, with a particular focus on people with disabilities from minority religious backgrounds. A participatory qualitative methodology was employed in Chennai, to gather case studies that describe in-depth experiences of participants. Our findings show that many factors that make up a person’s identity intersect in India and impact how someone is included or excluded by society, with religious minority affiliation, caste, disability status, and gender all having the potential to add layers of marginalisation. These various identity factors, and how individuals and society react to them, impact on how people experience their social existence. Identity factors that form the basis for discrimination can be either visible or invisible, and discrimination may be explicit or implicit. Despite various legal and human rights frameworks at the national and international level that aim to prevent marginalisation, discrimination based on these factors is still prevalent in India. While some tokenistic interventions and schemes are in place to overcome marginalisation, such initiatives often only focus on one factor of identity, rather than considering intersecting factors. People with disabilities continue to experience exclusion in all aspects of their lives. Discrimination can exist both between, as well as within, religious communities, and is particularly prevalent in formal environments. Caste-based exclusion continues to be a major problem in India. The current socioeconomic environment and political climate can be seen to perpetuate marginalisation based on these factors. However, when people are included in society, regardless of belonging to a religious minority, having a disability, or being a certain caste, the impact on their life can be very positive.
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Lewis, Dustin, and Naz Modirzadeh. Taking into Account the Potential Effects of Counterterrorism Measures on Humanitarian and Medical Activities: Elements of an Analytical Framework for States Grounded in Respect for International Law. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/qbot8406.
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For at least a decade, States, humanitarian bodies, and civil-society actors have raised concerns about how certain counterterrorism measures can prevent or impede humanitarian and medical activities in armed conflicts. In 2019, the issue drew the attention of the world’s preeminent body charged with maintaining or restoring international peace and security: the United Nations Security Council. In two resolutions — Resolution 2462 (2019) and Resolution 2482 (2019) — adopted that year, the Security Council urged States to take into account the potential effects of certain counterterrorism measures on exclusively humanitarian activities, including medical activities, that are carried out by impartial humanitarian actors in a manner consistent with international humanitarian law (IHL). By implicitly recognizing that measures adopted to achieve one policy objective (countering terrorism) can impair or prevent another policy objective (safeguarding humanitarian and medical activities), the Security Council elevated taking into account the potential effects of certain counterterrorism measures on exclusively humanitarian activities to an issue implicating international peace and security. In this legal briefing, we aim to support the development of an analytical framework through which a State may seek to devise and administer a system to take into account the potential effects of counterterrorism measures on humanitarian and medical activities. Our primary intended audience includes the people involved in creating or administering a “take into account” system and in developing relevant laws and policies. Our analysis zooms in on Resolution 2462 (2019) and Resolution 2482 (2019) and focuses on grounding the framework in respect for international law, notably the U.N. Charter and IHL. In section 1, we introduce the impetus, objectives, and structure of the briefing. In our view, a thorough legal analysis of the relevant resolutions in their wider context is a crucial element to laying the conditions conducive to the development and administration of an effective “take into account” system. Further, the stakes and timeliness of the issue, the Security Council’s implicit recognition of a potential tension between measures adopted to achieve different policy objectives, and the relatively scant salient direct practice and scholarship on elements pertinent to “take into account” systems also compelled us to engage in original legal analysis, with a focus on public international law and IHL. In section 2, as a primer for readers unfamiliar with the core issues, we briefly outline humanitarian and medical activities and counterterrorism measures. Then we highlight a range of possible effects of the latter on the former. Concerning armed conflict, humanitarian activities aim primarily to provide relief to and protection for people affected by the conflict whose needs are unmet, whereas medical activities aim primarily to provide care for wounded and sick persons, including the enemy. Meanwhile, for at least several decades, States have sought to prevent and suppress acts of terrorism and punish those who commit, attempt to commit, or otherwise support acts of terrorism. Under the rubric of countering terrorism, States have taken an increasingly broad and diverse array of actions at the global, regional, and national levels. A growing body of qualitative and quantitative evidence documents how certain measures designed and applied to counter terrorism can impede or prevent humanitarian and medical activities in armed conflicts. In a nutshell, counterterrorism measures may lead to diminished or complete lack of access by humanitarian and medical actors to the persons affected by an armed conflict that is also characterized as a counterterrorism context, or those measures may adversely affect the scope, amount, or quality of humanitarian and medical services provided to such persons. The diverse array of detrimental effects of certain counterterrorism measures on humanitarian and medical activities may be grouped into several cross-cutting categories, including operational, financial, security, legal, and reputational effects. In section 3, we explain some of the key legal aspects of humanitarian and medical activities and counterterrorism measures. States have developed IHL as the primary body of international law applicable to acts and omissions connected with an armed conflict. IHL lays down several rights and obligations relating to a broad spectrum of humanitarian and medical activities pertaining to armed conflicts. A violation of an applicable IHL provision related to humanitarian or medical activities may engage the international legal responsibility of a State or an individual. Meanwhile, at the international level, there is no single, comprehensive body of counterterrorism laws. However, States have developed a collection of treaties to pursue specific anti-terrorism objectives. Further, for its part, the Security Council has assumed an increasingly prominent role in countering terrorism, including by adopting decisions that U.N. Member States must accept and carry out under the U.N. Charter. Some counterterrorism measures are designed and applied in a manner that implicitly or expressly “carves out” particular safeguards — typically in the form of limited exceptions or exemptions — for certain humanitarian or medical activities or actors. Yet most counterterrorism measures do not include such safeguards. In section 4, which constitutes the bulk of our original legal analysis, we closely evaluate the two resolutions in which the Security Council urged States to take into account the effects of (certain) counterterrorism measures on humanitarian and medical activities. We set the stage by summarizing some aspects of the legal relations between Security Council acts and IHL provisions pertaining to humanitarian and medical activities. We then analyze the status, consequences, and content of several substantive elements of the resolutions and what they may entail for States seeking to counter terrorism and safeguard humanitarian and medical activities. Among the elements that we evaluate are: the Security Council’s new notion of a prohibited financial “benefit” for terrorists as it may relate to humanitarian and medical activities; the Council’s demand that States comply with IHL obligations while countering terrorism; and the constituent parts of the Council’s notion of a “take into account” system. In section 5, we set out some potential elements of an analytical framework through which a State may seek to develop and administer its “take into account” system in line with Resolution 2462 (2019) and Resolution 2482 (2019). In terms of its object and purpose, a “take into account” system may aim to secure respect for international law, notably the U.N. Charter and IHL pertaining to humanitarian and medical activities. In addition, the system may seek to safeguard humanitarian and medical activities in armed conflicts that also qualify as counterterrorism contexts. We also identify two sets of preconditions arguably necessary for a State to anticipate and address relevant potential effects through the development and execution of its “take into account” system. Finally, we suggest three sets of attributes that a “take into account” system may need to embody to achieve its aims: utilizing a State-wide approach, focusing on potential effects, and including default principles and rules to help guide implementation. In section 6, we briefly conclude. In our view, jointly pursuing the policy objectives of countering terrorism and safeguarding humanitarian and medical activities presents several opportunities, challenges, and complexities. International law does not necessarily provide ready-made answers to all of the difficult questions in this area. Yet devising and executing a “take into account” system provides a State significant opportunities to safeguard humanitarian and medical activities and counter terrorism while securing greater respect for international law.
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Bolton, Laura. Global Health Funds and Humanitarian Programming. Institute of Development Studies, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.144.
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There is a lack of reporting on the connection between Humanitarian Country Team Health Clusters and the three funds (the Global Fund, the Gavi Alliance, and the Global Financing Facility (GFF)), both generally and for the three countries of focus (Mozambique, Uganda, and Nigeria). The Global Fund is noted to partner with the Global Health Cluster but details were not identified within the scope of this report. Global Fund A Global Fund board meeting report and a review of Fund investments in challenging operating environments notes partnering and joining with the Global Health Clusters but does not give detail of specific countries. The Global Fund does not include Mozambique or Uganda in their list of challenging operating environments. There are reports of emergency funding being allocated for refugees in Uganda, and for internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Mozambique. Countries are encouraged to include refugees in their funding requests to the Global Fund. Some Global Fund supported operations for HIV treatment in Mozambique have been interrupted as people receiving treatment fled from violence. Partners in provinces where the displaced are arriving are implementing emergency plans to maintain continuity of care. A Global Fund initiative for removing human-rights barriers to health treatment does not list refugees or IDPs as vulnerable groups for HIV programming. The same initiative in Uganda did specifically support distribution of nets to help prevent malaria. A 2017 audit report on Global Fund grant management in high-risk environments found inadequate early warning mechanisms to identify risk levels of grants. Gavi Alliance Gavi Alliance policy documentation states that a flexible and tailored approach is taken to achieve equity in fragile or emergency situations and for the needs of displaced populations. Requests for flexible support are based on specific needs which must be justified. The policy puts a strong emphasis on ensuring the inclusion of displaced populations. It encourages governments to provide immunisations independent of residency and legal status. They provide extra support where justified for displaced people. Very little information on Gavi activity in the countries of focus for this report was found. Global Financing Facility The GFF 2021-2025 strategy reports offering support in complex humanitarian settings but detail is not included. An earlier report describes GFF support in Nigeria where the Facility were able to finance a targeted project in a short timeframe. Distinction is made between this type of support and emergency support which is not part of the design of the GFF and is unable to quickly release lifesaving funds in emergency situations. The short timeframe funding was provided to support the Nigerian State Health Investment Project where violence had disrupted health services and where health indicators were poor. Mobile health teams were contracted out to hard-to-reach areas. Outreach included psychosocial support.
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Review of the policy process in Bangladesh following ICPD. Population Council, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh1999.1000.
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The International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) in Cairo in 1994 was the culmination of months of national and international discussions. The issues had been crafted into a Program of Action, which represented a potential shift in thinking. Delegates left the conference espousing a new paradigm and a broad definition of what people, especially women, should expect from their national health services. Governments were encouraged to recognize that the improved health status of women could only be achieved by a life-cycle approach and that health depended not only on good family planning information and services but on women’s empowerment in all spheres—legal, employment, and education. The course had been set to greatly improve the approach of the family planning and maternal and child health programs. ICPD focused on a holistic approach to health that boosted the dynamic process already underway. This report is mainly based on secondary data collected through extensive review of all policy- and program-related documents published prior to and after ICPD.