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Miranti, Riyana, and Peng Yu. "Why Social Exclusion Persists among Older People in Australia." Social Inclusion 3, no. 4 (July 24, 2015): 112–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v3i4.214.
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The existing literature on social exclusion among older people, though relatively limited, suggests that disadvantage among older people is cumulative in nature. Some aspects of disadvantage starting at early life stages have long-term consequences. As such, older people with disadvantages may be subject to higher risks of persistent social exclusion. This article aims to improve understanding of social exclusion and its persistence among senior Australians in three ways. Firstly, the incidence of social exclusion among older people is analysed using selected indicators. Secondly, the study examines whether an older person experiencing social exclusion at one time is more likely to experience it again (persistence). Thirdly, it investigates what factors may be protecting older people from social exclusion. The analysis is conducted using the first eight waves of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey. The sample of older people is disaggregated into a younger group (55–64 years at wave 1) and an older group (65+ years). The article suggests that higher education and income, as well as better health conditions and previous employment experiences, are important protective factors from social exclusion for older Australians.
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Sloan, Judith. "The Unionization of Young People in Australia." Journal of Industrial Relations 27, no. 1 (March 1985): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218568502700103.
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In 1982, 53 per cent of adult employees (25 years and older) in Australia belonged to a trade union while 44 per cent of young adult employees (20 to 24 years old) and 31 per cent of teenage employees were union members. This article describes and analyses the unionization of young people in A ustralia. The principal issue addressed is why the unionization of young people is low relative to that of adults. Several key reasons emerge. These are the non-unionization of apprentices, the industrial distribution of the employment of young people (with their over-representation in low-unianized sectors) and high turnover rates among young employees. Contrary to expectations, the number of hours worked does not contribute to the explanation of the relatively low unionization of young people.
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Anderson, Emily, Sarah Larkins, Sarah Beaney, and Robin Ray. "Should I Stay or Go: Rural Ageing, a Time for Reflection." Geriatrics 3, no. 3 (August 3, 2018): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics3030049.
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(1) Background: Studies have shown that older people prefer to continue living in their own home and community as they age; however this is dependent upon available services and social support. In Australia about two thirds of people will age at home. The Australian Government provides home care packages to support ageing in place yet in rural areas not all services are available. The lack of employment opportunities in rural areas often results in family residing at a distance reducing available social support. This study aims to evaluate informal social support and its influence on ageing in place amongst older people in three Australian rural communities in Australia. (2) Methods: A multiple embedded case study was undertaken in three diverse rural communities. Eleven older rural residents ageing in place aged 65+ were interviewed about their ageing experience and plans for their future in the light of available social support along with 15 members of their social networks. Social networks were then visually depicted with the use of ecomaps and network members were interviewed. (3) Results show that kin and non-kin social networks support ageing in place however ageing is a time of change and reflection. (4) Conclusions: There is a need for more discussion within these networks when it comes to future planning.
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van der Waarden, Natalie. "Regulating for Australia's Youngest Workers." Children Australia 38, no. 2 (May 29, 2013): 76–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cha.2013.7.
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Child labour is a phrase associated with exploitation, poverty, insufficient education and various forms of physical abuse. These connotations do not match Australian perceptions about the employment of children and are not correlated with mainstream dialogue on teenagers in part time and casual employment. Child employment is an accepted part of Australian society, with older children making up a significant portion of the workforce. Minimum standards are increasingly regarded a critical safeguard for young Australians at work, evidenced by recent state level statutory amendment and enactment of dedicated legislation. This article makes two submissions; first, it suggests the regulation of young people's working conditions is inappropriately neglected at national level in Australia, and secondly, it proposes national standards should be set and equated with those in other developed economies, meeting international standards. The 1994 European Community Directive on the Protection of Young Workers is referred to as a suitable benchmark.
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Fry, Jane, Jeromey Temple, Peter McDonald, and Alysia Blackham. "COVID-19 and the Australian labour market: how did older Australians fare during 2020?" Australian Population Studies 5, no. 2 (November 27, 2021): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.37970/aps.v5i2.91.
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Background In analysing the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the labour market, attention has focussed on younger people, leaving a research gap when it comes to outcomes for older Australians aged 50 years or over, in terms of employment, unemployment, underemployment and hours worked.
Aims To describe levels of labour force participation, unemployment, underemployment, and hours worked by older workers and job seekers during 2020.
Data and methods Using Australian Bureau of Statistics data, we perform descriptive analyses of variations in labour market outcomes by geographic areas, public and private sector employment, industry of employment and demographic characteristics.
Results Older employment fell in April but recovered by December. As the full-time share initially increased, average hours worked decreased due to reductions in hours offered to workers, increasing the underemployment rate. There was little recovery of employment in metropolitan Melbourne due to prolonged lockdown conditions. Of the largest industries, retail trade and manufacturing were worst affected.
Conclusions By December 2020, employment levels for older workers in some sectors had recovered from the initial downturn caused by the pandemic. However, for older workers in some industries, there is a major concern about their potential for future employment.
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Redmond, Janice, Elizabeth Anne Walker, and Jacquie Hutchinson. "Self-employment: is it a long-term financial strategy for women?" Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal 36, no. 4 (May 15, 2017): 362–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/edi-10-2016-0078.
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Purpose Becoming self-employed has appeal to both genders. For many women, balancing work and family is a key motivator. However, businesses owned and operated by women are often very small, with limited turnover. This potentially can have disastrous consequences when these women come to retire, unless a solid retirement savings strategy has been considered. The purpose of this paper is to outline many of the issues and implications of a lack of research in this area. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected from 201 small business owners via a convenience sample derived from various databases. The survey was completed on-line and analysed using SPSS. Findings Many self-employed women in Australia have neither enough savings for their retirement, or an actual retirement plan. This is exacerbated by the lack of regulation requiring mandatory contributions into a superannuation (personal pension) fund by small business owners, unlike pay as you go employees, whose employers must contribute a certain about on their behalf. Social implications Middle-to-older aged women are the biggest cohort of homeless people in Australia. This is likely to grow as self-employed Baby Boomers stop working and find they do not have sufficient personal financial resources to fund their retirement. Originality/value Whereas there is much written about gender and small business ownership, as well as retirement and savings planning, these two areas have not been researched before in Australia. Yet it is an issue for the majority of small business owners, particularly women.
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Holt, Martin, Toby Lea, Susan Kippax, Johann Kolstee, Jeanne Ellard, Marlene Velecky, Dean Murphy, and John de Wit. "Awareness and knowledge of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis among Australian gay and bisexual men: results of a national, online survey." Sexual Health 13, no. 4 (2016): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh15243.
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Background Expanded access to HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is being actively debated in Australia. Awareness and knowledge of this HIV-prevention method have not been assessed in detail in the primary affected population, gay and bisexual men. Methods: Awareness and knowledge of PrEP were assessed among Australian gay and bisexual men, who were asked to complete a national, anonymous, online survey in 2015. Associations with PrEP awareness were identified with multivariate logistic regression and associations with PrEP knowledge were identified using multivariate linear regression. Results: Among 1251 participants, 954 (77%) were aware of PrEP. The most common sources of information were gay community media, Australian websites and friends. Awareness of PrEP was independently associated with older age, living in a capital city, having a university degree, being tested for HIV, being HIV-positive, having condomless anal intercourse with regular male partners, and ever having taken post-exposure prophylaxis. Men in monogamous relationships were less likely to be aware of PrEP. Among men who were aware of PrEP, the mean PrEP knowledge score was 6.8 out of 13. Relatively few participants knew that taking PrEP involved regular clinical monitoring and that in Australia PrEP was only recommended for people at risk of HIV. Better knowledge was independently associated with living in a capital city, having a university degree, being in full-time employment, being HIV-positive, and ever having taken post-exposure prophylaxis or PrEP. Conclusions: To assist in appropriate PrEP uptake, we recommend educating gay and bisexual men about current Australian prescribing guidelines and how PrEP is accessed in Australia.
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Kirkman, Maggie, and Jane Fisher. "Promoting older women’s mental health: Insights from Baby Boomers." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (January 12, 2021): e0245186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245186.
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Optimal mental health underpins full social participation. As people age, they confront personal and cultural challenges, the effects of which on mental health are not fully understood. The aim of this research was to learn from women of the Baby Boomer generation (born 1946–1964) what contributes to and hinders their mental health and wellbeing. Eighteen women participated in qualitative interviews (in English); data were analysed thematically. Participants were located across Australia in rural and urban areas; not all were born in Australia. They were diverse in education, employment status, and experiences of life and ageing. The women nominated as the main contributors to poor mental health in older women Illness and disability, Financial insecurity, Maltreatment, and Loss and grief. Contributors to good mental health were identified as Social interdependence, Feeling valued, Physical activity, Good nutrition, and Having faith or belief. Women’s accounts supplied other influences on mental health, both associated with the person (Personality and Intimate relationships and sex) and with society (Constructs of ageing, Gender, and Culture). Women also specified what they needed from others in order to improve their mental health as they aged: Public education about ageing, Purposeful roles for older women in society, Adequate services and resources, and Sensitive health care. In sum, older women wanted to be treated with respect and for their lives to have meaning. It is evident from these results that circumstances throughout life can have profound influences on women’s mental health in older age. Anti-discriminatory policies, informed and inclusive health care, and social structures that support and enhance the lives of girls and women at all ages will therefore benefit older women and increase the potential for their continuing contribution to society. These conclusions have implications for policy and practice in well-resourced countries.
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O'Callaghan, Cathy, Uday Yadav, Sudha Natarajan, Saroja Srinivasan, and Ritin Fernandez. "Prevalence and predictors of multimorbidity among immigrant Asian Indian women residing in Sydney Australia: A cross-sectional study." F1000Research 10 (July 22, 2021): 634. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.52052.1.
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Abstract Background: There has been a rise in multimorbidity as people age and technology advances which is challenging for health systems. Multimorbidity prevalence varies globally due to various biological and social risk factors which can be accentuated or mitigated for populations in migration. This study investigated the prevalence and predictors of multimorbidity amongst a group of migrant Asian Indian women living in Australia. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study design using convenience sampling investigated the multimorbidity risk factors among first generation migrant Asian Indian women in Australia. This study was part of a larger study titled “Measuring Acculturation and Psychological Health of Senior Indian Women Living in Australia” that was conducted in Sydney, Australia. Data were collected using validated instruments as well as investigator developed questions. Women completed questionnaire surveys either by themselves or through the assistance of bilingual coordinators as English was not their first language. Results: 26% of the participants had one chronic condition and 74% had multimorbidities. The prevalence of individual conditions included cardiovascular disease 67.0%, osteoarthritis 57.6%, depression 37.4%, diabetes 31.5%, chronic respiratory conditions 10.8%, cancer 4.9% and nephrological problems 1.47%. In the unadjusted model, factors such as increasing age, education level, employment status, living arrangements, low physical activity, and elements of acculturative stress were significantly associated with multimorbidity. Multi-variable analysis identified the acculturative stress factor of threat to ethnic identity as a predictor of multimorbidity. Conclusion: Identifying the key determinants of multimorbidity in older adults from a migrant community with pre-existing risk factors can assist with the development of culturally appropriate strategies to identify people at risk of health conditions and to mitigate the health effects of acculturative stress.
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Coates, Dominiek, Patrick Livermore, and Raichel Green. "The development and implementation of a peer support model for a specialist mental health service for older people: lessons learned." Mental Health Review Journal 23, no. 2 (June 11, 2018): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mhrj-09-2017-0043.
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Purpose There has been a significant growth in the employment of peer workers over the past decade in youth and adult mental health settings. Peer work in mental health services for older people is less developed, and there are no existing peer work models for specialist mental health services for older people in Australia. The authors developed and implemented a peer work model for older consumers and carers of a specialist mental health service. The purpose of this paper is to describe the model, outline the implementation barriers experienced and lesson learned and comment on the acceptability of the model from the perspective of stakeholders. Design/methodology/approach To ensure the development of the peer work model met the needs of key stakeholders, the authors adopted an evaluation process that occurred alongside the development of the model, informed by action research principles. To identify stakeholder preferences, implementation barriers and potential solutions, and gain insight into the acceptability and perceived effectiveness of the model, a range of methods were used, including focus groups with the peer workers, clinicians and steering committee, consumer and carer surveys, field notes and examination of project documentation. Findings While the model was overall well received by stakeholders, the authors experienced a range of challenges and implementation barriers, in particular around governance, integrating the model into existing systems, and initial resistance to peer work from clinical staff. Originality/value Older peer workers provide a valuable contribution to the mental health sector through the unique combination of lived experience and ageing. The authors recommend that models of care are developed prior to implementation so that there is clarity around governance, management, reporting lines and management of confidentiality issues.
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Ford, Margot. "Language Nests in New Zealand. Implications for the Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Context." Australian Journal of Indigenous Education 24, no. 2 (1996): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1326011100002416.
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In the past ten years there has been an increasing interest in early childhood education in Aboriginal communities, particularly for 4-year-olds and under. The reasons for this are varied. One of the main reasons is the existence of the Community Development Employment Project (CDEP) where Aboriginal people in remote communities receive the equivalent of the unemployment benefit in exchange for work and training, usually four hours per day for five days. Other larger communities, for example Yuendemu or Maningrida in the Northern Territory, have considerable numbers of people studying, often at Batchelor College, and therefore some type of support is needed to take care of their young children. Increasingly Aboriginal people are taking on professional jobs in communities — teachers, health care workers and office administrators. All these factors are leading to a need to re-evaluate traditional forms of child care, which in these changing times is putting an unacceptable burden on older women and the extended family generally. Other pertinent reasons are the need for a more cohesive strategy to pass on cultural knowledge, to support language maintenance and language revival and support very young mothers who need the support of older women with more experience.
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Hart, Aaron, Dina Bowman, and Shelley Mallett. "Scheduling longer working lives for older aged care workers: A time and income capability approach." Time & Society 29, no. 4 (May 3, 2020): 945–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0961463x20914099.
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Like many other countries, Australian government policy focuses on extending working life as a response to concern about the cost of an ageing population. In this article, we focus on older aged care workers and highlight how poor employment conditions hinder their capacity to work in later life. Many of these workers are at risk of time and income poverty, since they are on low wage, part-time, low-hour contracts and need to pick up extra shifts to earn a living wage. The interactions between time poverty and income poverty have been developed within a body of literature that analyses the quantities of time individuals and households allocate to paid employment, household, family and caring responsibilities, sleep and self-care. Burchardt’s notion of ‘time and income capability’ brings insights from this corpus into dialogue with the capabilities approach, a political philosophy that equates wellbeing with the breadth of realistic opportunities for people to do things that they have reason to value. This study uses Burchardt’s construct to analyse qualitative data from interviews with 20 older personal care workers. While all the workers we spoke with engaged in self-sustaining practices, there were varying levels of opportunity to pursue them. Workers with less time and income capability found it more difficult to sustain themselves and their households. Some employer practices diminished workers’ time and income capability: unrealistic workloads necessitating unpaid hours; providing little opportunity for input into rostering; and late-notice roster changes. When time and income capability was too low, workers’ informal care duties, social connections and health were compromised. In the Australian aged care sector, several changes can enable longer working lives: sufficient paid hours to perform the role, wage loading for hours in addition to those contracted, written notice for roster changes, and increased wages.
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Chen, Jing, Bruce Taylor, Andrew J. Palmer, Andrea Kirk-Brown, Pieter van Dijk, Steve Simpson, Leigh Blizzard, and Ingrid van der Mei. "Estimating MS-related work productivity loss and factors associated with work productivity loss in a representative Australian sample of people with multiple sclerosis." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 25, no. 7 (June 18, 2018): 994–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458518781971.
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Background: Little is known about the work productivity loss in multiple sclerosis (MS). Objectives: To quantify the MS-related work productivity loss and to compare factors associated with labour force participation and work productivity loss. Methods: Participants were from the Australian MS Longitudinal Study. MS-related work productivity loss included absenteeism (time missed from work) and presenteeism (reduced productivity while working). Data were analysed using log-binomial and Cragg hurdle regression. Results: Among 740 MS employees, 56% experienced any work productivity loss due to MS in the past 4 weeks. The mean total work productivity loss was 2.5 days (14.2% lost productive time), absenteeism 0.6 days (3.4%) and presenteeism 1.9 days (10.8%)), leading to AU$6767 (US$4985, EURO€4578) loss per person annually. Multivariable analyses showed that work productivity was determined most strongly by symptoms, particularly ‘fatigue and cognitive symptoms’ and ‘pain and sensory symptoms’, while older age, and lower education level were also predictive of not being in the labour force. Conclusion: MS-related presenteeism was three times higher than absenteeism, highlighting the importance of presenteeism being included in employment outcomes. The dominance of symptom severity as predictors of both work participation and productivity loss emphasises the need for improved management of symptoms.
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Hendrie, Gillian Anne, John Coveney, and David Cox. "Exploring nutrition knowledge and the demographic variation in knowledge levels in an Australian community sample." Public Health Nutrition 11, no. 12 (December 2008): 1365–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980008003042.
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AbstractObjectivesExplore the level of general nutrition knowledge and demographic influences of knowledge levels in a community sample.Design and settingA sample of volunteers, recruited from community centres in two suburbs of differing socio-economic status, in Adelaide, South Australia.SubjectsTwo hundred and one people, aged 18 years and older, completed a modified and validated version of the General Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire (113 items). The questionnaire was self-administered and completed under supervision.ResultsBasic messages about eating more fruit, vegetables and fibre, and less fatty and salty foods were best understood. Confusion was evident with more detailed nutrition information. For example, 90 % of the people were aware of the recommendations to eat more fruit and vegetables, but 56 % and 62 % knew the recommended number of servings of fruit and vegetables, respectively. Descriptive statistics showed significant demographic variation in nutrition knowledge levels; multiple regression analysis confirmed the significant independent effects of gender, age, highest level of education and employment status on nutrition knowledge level (P< 0·01 level). The model accounted for 40 % of the variance in nutrition knowledge scores.ConclusionsThere is demographic variation in nutrition knowledge levels and a broad lack of awareness of some public health nutrition recommendations. Having a detailed understanding of the deficiencies in community knowledge should allow for future nutrition education programmes to target subgroups of the population or particular areas of nutrition education, to more efficiently improve knowledge and influence dietary behaviour.
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Thompson, Fintan, Lucette A. Cysique, Linton R. Harriss, Sean Taylor, Greg Savage, Paul Maruff, and Robyn Mcdermott. "Acceptability and Usability of Computerized Cognitive Assessment Among Australian Indigenous Residents of the Torres Strait Islands." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 35, no. 8 (July 9, 2020): 1288–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acaa037.
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Abstract Objectives This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the acceptability and usability of the Cogstate Brief Battery (CBB) in a community-based sample of Australian Indigenous people from the Torres Strait region, based on a user experience framework of human–computer interaction. Methods Two-hundred community participants completed the four subtests of the CBB on an iPad platform, during a free adult health check on two islands in the region, between October and December 2016. Acceptability was defined as completing the learning trial of a task and usability as continuing a task through to completion, determined by examiner acumen and internal Cogstate completion and integrity criteria. These were combined into a single dichotomous completion measure for logistic regression analyses. Performance—measured as reaction times and accuracy of responses—was analyzed using linear regression analyses. Results CBB completion ranged from 82.0% to 91.5% across the four tasks and the odds of completing decreased with age. After adjusting for age, iPad/tablet familiarity increased the odds of completion for all tasks while level of education and employment increased the odds for some tasks only. These variables accounted for 18.0%–23.8% of the variance in reaction times on speeded tasks. Age and education had the most effect, although semipartial correlations were modest. Conclusions When administered in a health-screening context, the acceptability and usability of the CBB were greatest in young- to middle-aged participants with some education and iPad/tablet experience. Older and more vulnerable participants may have benefited from additional time and practice on the CBB prior to administration.
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Ahn, Taehyun. "Employment and health among older people: self-employment vs. wage employment." Applied Economics Letters 27, no. 19 (November 28, 2019): 1574–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2019.1697795.
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McCormack, John, Alun C. Jackson, and Shane A. Thomas. "Gambling and older people in Australia." Australasian Journal on Ageing 22, no. 3 (September 2003): 120–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6612.2003.tb00481.x.
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Ullrich, Sandra, Helen McCutcheon, and Barbara Parker. "Undernutrition in older people in Australia." British Journal of Nursing 24, no. 7 (April 9, 2015): 364–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2015.24.7.364.
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Martin, John. "Supporting Dynamic Economic Adjustment." National Institute Economic Review 250 (November 2019): R15—R21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795011925000112.
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Executive SummaryEconomic policymaking in the UK has historically focussed more on the demand side than on the supply side of the economy. Yet it is on the supply side – the way in which an economy adapts to change while growing productive capacity on a sustainable basis – that medium- to long-term economic performance largely depends. There is an urgent need now to rebalance policy by focussing, in particular, on measures to enhance labour-force productivity, including radically enhanced support for training and skills development.This does not involve wholesale structural reform of the economic framework. The UK benefits from having one of the most flexible economies in the OECD, with competitive product markets, relatively low labour costs and historically high employment levels, accompanied by a so-far-successful adoption of an escalating minimum wage. We suggest that in the post-Brexit era politicians would do well to avoid changes in the regulatory regime that would create undue misalignments with EU standards. Nevertheless, the concomitants of the UK's form of flexibility are a dismal performance on productivity and stagnating living standards. Productivity is now actually falling quarter on quarter ten years after the last economic downturn – a position unprecedented in the past 250 years. This problem must be addressed if the UK is to progress towards fulfilling its economic potential.Central to this are both so-called Active Labour Market Policies (ALMPs) to provide people who have become unemployed with new skills that help them remain in the workforce, and investments in effective upskilling of mid-career and older workers. ALMPs can help raise average per capita income over time, yet UK spending on this area is well under half the OECD average and a fraction of the sums spent in the more successful Nordic economies, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and Australia. The UK's many attempts to develop new training and apprenticeship schemes in recent decades have been dogged by poor quality and a lack of support from employers and labour unions. This needs to change: we propose a concerted effort to raise UK spending on ALMPs to the OECD average, especially for 16–24 year-olds. Improving labour-force mobility – for example by radically improving availability of affordable housing – is also critical. Structural reforms of this kind will require sustained political effort and support.
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McDonald, Peter, and Helen Moyle. "The cessation of rising employment rates at older ages in Australia, 2000-2019." Australian Population Studies 4, no. 1 (May 22, 2020): 20–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.37970/aps.v4i1.61.
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Background In the first decade of the 21st century, employment at older ages surged in Australia, benefitting the Australian economy. Subsequent to 2010, however, employment rates at older ages ceased rising for older men and the increases were much more moderate for women.
Aim The aim of this paper is to examine these older-age employment trends in more detail, particularly the association between older-age employment trends and the business cycle. Some attention is also given to alternative explanations related to changes in the characteristics of the population and industrial structure.
Data and methods Two main data sources are used: published tables from the monthly Australian Bureau of Statistics Labour Force Surveys and the Australian censuses for the years 2006, 2011 and 2016. The methods used are primarily descriptive.
Results Strong labour demand in the first decade of the 21st century stimulated the entry to employment of those out of the labour force, especially at ages 45-54 and especially for men. A cooling of labour demand following the global financial crisis terminated this process in the second decade. There were strong associations between older age employment and various socio-economic characteristics, but, in general, changes in the composition of the population or in the rates of employment by these characteristics did not contribute to the cessation of rising employment after 2010.
Conclusions Employment rates at older ages in Australia in the first two decades of the 21st century were the results of shifts in labour demand before and after the global financial crisis. Policy related to the taxation of superannuation also induced workers with adequate superannuation, especially public sector workers, to continue working to at least age 60.
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MCCORMACK, JOHN. "Acute hospitals and older people in Australia." Ageing and Society 22, no. 5 (September 2002): 637–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x02008802.
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The Australian health care system is frequently portrayed as being in crisis, with reference to either large financial burdens in the form of hospital deficits, or declining service levels. Older people, characterised as a homogeneous category, are repeatedly identified as a major contributor to the crisis, by unnecessarily occupying acute beds while they await a vacancy in a residential facility. Several enquiries and hospital taskforce management groups have been set up to tackle the problem. This article reviews their findings and strategic recommendations, particularly as they relate to older people. Short-term policy responses are being developed which specifically target older people for early discharge and alternative levels of care, and which, while claiming positive intentions, may introduce new forms of age discrimination into the health system. Few of the currently favoured proposals promote age-inclusivity and older people's rights to equal access to acute care.
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CARTWRIGHT, C. M. "Affordable Rental Housing for Older People in Australia: What Do Older People Want?" Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1114, no. 1 (October 1, 2007): 258–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/annals.1396.036.
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Morris, David, and Tony Mallier. "Employment of Older People in the European Union." Labour 17, no. 4 (December 2003): 623–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1121-7081.2003.00255.x.
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Phillips, Judith. "The employment consequences of caring for older people." Health & Social Care in the Community 2, no. 3 (June 8, 2007): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2524.1994.tb00159.x.
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Kalabina, Elena G., Maiya R. Gazizova, and Zhibek S. Khussainova. "Structural Dynamics of Employment of Older People in the Eurasian Economic Union Countries." Economy of Region 17, no. 3 (October 5, 2021): 842–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2021-3-9.
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Employment of older people can help solve problems arising from the population ageing. The growing demand for such employees creates favourable conditions for the realisation of their resource potential. In order to identify potential sectors for the employment of older workers, the study assesses structural shifts in the labour market by type of economic activity in the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). It was hypothesised that, despite labour potential differences, the EAEU countries have similar industries characterised by positive trends toward increasing employment of older workers. After identifying these trends, the research classified theoretical approaches to the study of employment opportunities for older adults. The assessment of structural differences in employment by type of economic activity was conducted based on the selected methodology. To quantify changes in the EAEU countries, employment of older workers was analysed using the integral coefficients of structural shifts of Gatev and Ryabtsev. According to statistics on the population employment for 2014–2019, older people of the EAEU countries (except Armenia) can continue to work in real estate transactions, hotels and public catering establishments, as well as in the field of health care and social services. To stimulate the employment of older workers in these areas, state measures, based on the proposed recommendations, can focus on promoting entrepreneurship and expanding the information environment for older people.
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Kalabina, Elena G., Maiya R. Gazizova, and Zhibek S. Khussainova. "Structural Dynamics of Employment of Older People in the Eurasian Economic Union Countries." Economy of Region 17, no. 3 (October 5, 2021): 842–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2021-3-9.
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Employment of older people can help solve problems arising from the population ageing. The growing demand for such employees creates favourable conditions for the realisation of their resource potential. In order to identify potential sectors for the employment of older workers, the study assesses structural shifts in the labour market by type of economic activity in the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). It was hypothesised that, despite labour potential differences, the EAEU countries have similar industries characterised by positive trends toward increasing employment of older workers. After identifying these trends, the research classified theoretical approaches to the study of employment opportunities for older adults. The assessment of structural differences in employment by type of economic activity was conducted based on the selected methodology. To quantify changes in the EAEU countries, employment of older workers was analysed using the integral coefficients of structural shifts of Gatev and Ryabtsev. According to statistics on the population employment for 2014–2019, older people of the EAEU countries (except Armenia) can continue to work in real estate transactions, hotels and public catering establishments, as well as in the field of health care and social services. To stimulate the employment of older workers in these areas, state measures, based on the proposed recommendations, can focus on promoting entrepreneurship and expanding the information environment for older people.
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Murphy, Gregory, Douglas Brown, Peter Foreman, Amanda Young, and James Athanasou. "Paraplegia, Quadriplegia and Employment in Australia." Australian Journal of Career Development 5, no. 1 (April 1996): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103841629600500107.
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The educational and vocational achievements of a sample of Australians with spinal cord injuries are described in this study. Of the 180 working-age people surveyed, 36% were holding full-time or part-time employment at the time of the survey and one-third had gone on to obtain further qualifications post-injury. The most frequent methods of finding a job post-injury were informal rather than formal, with only 5% of jobs gained through advertisements or employment services. Of those who gained work, 49% did so within 12 months of discharge, but another 14% obtained their job more than five years after initial hospital discharge. The results indicate that there is considerable scope for employment and education achievements following spinal cord injury.
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Бабышев, В. Ю., and Г. А. Барышева. "EMPLOYMENT OF OLDER PEOPLE IN THE MODERN LABOR MARKET." Успехи геронтологии, no. 3 (August 2, 2021): 409–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.34922/ae.2021.34.3.010.
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В статье рассматривается занятость лиц пожилого возраста в условиях сорвеменных технологических, медицинских и демографических изменений. Актуальность темы исследования обусловлена демографическим старением населения, современными достижениями медицины и изменением характера трудовых операций в результате научно-технического прогресса. В данной статье проверены следующие конкурирующие гипотезы: производительность работников старших возрастных групп находится ниже уровня рентабельности из-за неуклонного ухудшения здоровья или, наоборот, ценность работников старших возрастных групп на современном рынке труда возрастает из-за повышения роли опыта, навыков и квалификации. Дополнительно проанализирован вопрос влияния систем пенсионного обеспечения на мотивацию лиц пожилого возраста к продолжению трудовой деятельности. Для проверки данных гипотез на основе статистики Организации экономического сотрудничества и развития проведен анализ общего уровня занятости, участия в рабочей силе и безработицы, а также временной и неполной занятости по нескольким возрастным группам в диапазоне 15-65 лет и старше. Для оценки динамики проанализирована ситуация на 2000 и 2019 гг. В целом сделан вывод, что количественные и качественные параметры занятости у работников старших возрастных групп уступают среднему рабочему возрасту, однако во временной динамике использование человеческого капитала лиц пожилого возраста растет. В области геронтологии рекомендовано уделять повышенное внимание улучшению здоровья возрастной когорты 65 лет и старше и изменению трудового законодательства в плане стимулирования продолжения трудовой деятельности после официального наступления пенсионного возраста. The article examines the employment of older people in the context of disrupted technological, medical and demographic changes. The relevance of the research topic is due to the demographic aging of the population, modern medical advances and changes in the nature of labor operations as a result of scientific and technological progress. In this article, the following competing hypotheses are tested: the productivity of older workers is below the level of profitability due to a steady decline in health, or vice versa, the value of older workers in the modern labor market is increasing due to the increasing role of experience, skills and qualifications. Additionally, the question of the impact of pension systems on the motivation of older people to continue working is analyzed. To test these hypotheses, based on OECD statistics, we analyzed the overall level of employment, labor force participation and unemployment, as well as temporary and underemployment for several age groups in the range of 15-65+ years. To assess the dynamics, the situation for 2000 and 2019 was analyzed. In general, the author concludes that the quantitative and qualitative parameters of employment of older people are inferior to the average working age, but over time, the use of the human capital of older people is growing. In the field of gerontology, it is recommended to pay increased attention to improving the health of the 65+ age cohort and changing labor legislation in order to stimulate the continuation of work.
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Schnalzenberger, Mario, Nicole Schneeweis, Rudolf Winter-Ebmer, and Martina Zweimüller. "Job Quality and Employment of Older People in Europe." LABOUR 28, no. 2 (February 17, 2014): 141–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/labr.12028.
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Jeruszka, Urszula. "Educational Employment Support for People Aged 55+." Kwartalnik Ekonomistów i Menedżerów 53, no. 3 (October 10, 2019): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.5256.
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One of the key problems of Polish labor market is the aging of the work resources. Many employers guided by the perception about the homogeneity of the population of people 55+ does not want to employ them, believing that the older people are unproductive, work slower and their employment will result in higher absenteeism rates for employers and higher labor costs. In the article an issue of support to the employment of people over 55 is discussed. The aim of the article is an indication of the potential ways to sustain and extend their working lives. The question has become out-of-school activities in the area of professional education – training, coaching and mentoring inverted as a method of improving competence or offset the deficits of competence of older workers. The article presents the analysis of the literature, research results of GUS and personal research and other authors.
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Maritz, Alex, Bronwyn Eager, and Saskia De Klerk. "Entrepreneurship and self-employment for mature-aged people." Australian Journal of Career Development 30, no. 1 (March 24, 2021): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1038416220978971.
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Not only do Australian mature-aged entrepreneurs contribute $11.9 billion per annum to the Australian economy in over 379,000 businesses, they launch approximately 14,000 new businesses each year and actively contribute to fiscal, social, health, and active ageing outcomes in their communities. Thirty-four per cent of all young businesses in Australia are now led by mature-aged entrepreneurs, identifying mature-aged entrepreneurship as the fastest growing sector of entrepreneurship. This study is the first of its kind to examine mature-aged entrepreneurship in Australia using five pragmatic and embedded case-study examples. Aligning to Cartensen's sociomotional selection theory, we adopted an interpretivist philosphical framework of emergent enquiry action research. The paper includes benefits and challenges associated with mature-aged entrepreneurship, including contextual and theoretical foundations. We provide policy and research recommendations to enhance the development of a dedicated entrepreneurial ecosystem for mature-aged people.
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KENDIG, HAL, WATARU KOYANO, TATSUTO ASAKAWA, and TAKATOSHI ANDO. "Social support of older people in Australia and Japan." Ageing and Society 19, no. 2 (March 1999): 185–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x99007278.
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Comparable networks surveys identified the informal relationships which provide social support to older people in urban Japan, provincial Japan, and urban Australia. Spouses, daughters, and sons were major providers of expressive support in all areas. Older Australians had more expressive support from friends while older Japanese had more instrumental support from daughters-in-law. The gender of the older people and their close ties were highly significant in all areas. The many similarities in the social support patterns contrast sharply with East and West differences in cultural prescripts and living arrangements. In these two advanced countries with long life expectancies and high living standards, older people's interpersonal relationships may be converging on the basis of selective affection and choice, rather than obligation, with individuals in and beyond the household and family.
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Porcellato, Lorna, Fiona Carmichael, Claire Hulme, Barbara Ingham, and Arvin Prashar. "Giving older workers a voice: constraints on the employment of older people in the North West of England." Work, Employment and Society 24, no. 1 (March 2010): 85–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017009353659.
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This article contributes to the literature on older workers and employment, providing a regional perspective on the relationship between age and work. The study is based on interviews in conjunction with occupational-event calendars with 56 individuals in North West England. The primary aim was to gain in-depth understanding of perceived constraints that older people feel hinder their employment prospects within the context of their daily lives. Significant constraints on employment and re-employment were identified and attributed to health, negative perceptions of self, lack of formal human capital and undervaluation of experience, financial disincentives for employers to employ older workers and prevailing ageist attitudes.
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Ford, Jerry. "Employment opportunities for people with disabilities: the view from Australia." Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation 10, no. 1 (1998): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jvr-1998-10110.
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Maru, Yiheyis T., and Jocelyn Davies. "Supporting cross-cultural brokers is essential for employment among Aboriginal people in remote Australia." Rangeland Journal 33, no. 4 (2011): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj11022.
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Employment is generally considered as essential for improving individual and social livelihoods and wellbeing in Australia. Typically, employment rates are low among Aboriginal people living in remote regions of Australia. Often this is attributed to a lack of mainstream labour markets. However, Aboriginal employment participation is low even in remote places where there are employment opportunities, creating a seemingly paradoxical situation of lots of job vacancies and lots of unemployed locals. Social networks are one of the factors that contribute to this phenomenon, and that can potentially help to address it. We applied social network and social capital theory in research in the Anmatjere region of central Australia. Our findings indicate that Aboriginal people have strong and dense bonding networks but sparse bridging and linking networks. While the existence of such ties is supported by research and observation elsewhere in remote Australia, the implications for employment have not been considered from the perspective of social network theory. Dense bonding networks reinforce, and are reinforced by, Aboriginal norms of sharing and reciprocity. These underpin the Aboriginal moral economy but can have negative influence on motivation to engage with mainstream employment opportunities that are driven by workplace and market norms. Brokers who can bridge and link Aboriginal individuals and their dense social networks to potential employers are essential for Aboriginal people to be able to obtain trusted information on jobs and have entrée to employment opportunities. Brokers also foster new norms that mediate the conflicting values and expectations held by potential Aboriginal employees and employers, who are generally not Aboriginal people. Social network theory suggests that bridging and linking provides advantage to the broker. However, stress and burnout are readily suffered by the people who broker networks with divergent values in cross-cultural settings. To improve employment outcomes and expand livelihood options for Aboriginal people in remote Australia, it is essential to recognise, support and recruit brokers.
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Contreras, Natalia, Susan L. Rossell, David J. Castle, Ellie Fossey, Dea Morgan, Caroline Crosse, and Carol Harvey. "Enhancing Work-Focused Supports for People with Severe Mental Illnesses in Australia." Rehabilitation Research and Practice 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/863203.
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Persons with severe mental illness (SMI) have reduced workforce participation, which leads to significant economic and social disadvantage. This theoretical review introduces the strategies that have been implemented to address this issue. These include Individual Placement and Support (IPS) services, the most widely researched form of supported employment, to which cognitive remediation has more recently been recognised in the USA, as an intervention to improve employment outcomes by addressing the cognitive impairments often experienced by people with SMI. The authors review the international literature and discuss specifically the Australian context. They suggest that Australia is in a prime position to engage clients in such a dual intervention, having had recent success with increasing access to supported employment programs and workforce reentry, through implementation of the Health Optimisation Program for Employment (HOPE). Such programs assist withgainingandmaintainingemployment. However, they do not address the cognitive issues that oftenpreventpersons with SMI from effectively participating in work. Thus, optimising current interventions, with work-focused cognitive skills development is critical to enhancing employment rates that remain low for persons with SMI.
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Fachinger, Uwe. "Senior Entrepreneurship. Self-employment by Older People – an Uncharted Territory." Zagreb International Review of Economics and Business 22, s1 (March 1, 2019): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/zireb-2019-0007.
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Abstract An ageing population means a growing number of healthy older people with human capital, financial resources, and time available to contribute to economic activities. However, the economic potential of older people remains mostly underused, which leads to the question, how to make best use of the underused. One way would be fostering senior entrepreneurship. The paper discusses which factors may positively influence or hinder the self-employment of older people. Overall, attention will be drawn to the relevance of older people in the field of business and entrepreneurial economics. From an economic point of view, it seems necessary not only to focus on young people but also to take into account the large and still growing economic potential of the elderly. There seems to be a treasure in waiting.
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Rota-Bartelink, Alice, and Bryan Lipmann. "Causes of homelessness among older people in Melbourne, Australia." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 31, no. 3 (June 2007): 252–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-842x.2007.00057.x.
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Meltzer, Ariella, Rosemary Kayess, and Shona Bates. "Perspectives of people with intellectual disability about open, sheltered and social enterprise employment." Social Enterprise Journal 14, no. 2 (May 8, 2018): 225–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sej-06-2017-0034.
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Purpose People with intellectual disability have a low rate of employment in Australia and internationally. Their low employment rate is set within a context of limited employment choices. Further, the most common types of work currently undertaken by people with intellectual disability – open and sheltered employment – have limitations and may not be suitable for everyone. Expanding the employment choices available represents an important way forward, but evidence is needed to guide the expansion. This paper aims to contribute to the evidence required by comparing people with intellectual disability’s experience and outcomes in open and sheltered employment to their experience and outcomes working in social enterprises, which is becoming an important alternative employment option for this group. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses the qualitative accounts of 51 people with intellectual disability to compare experiences and outcomes in open, sheltered and social enterprise employment in Australia. Findings The paper finds that social enterprises combine some of the benefits of open and sheltered employment and thus expand employment choice. However, the level of business/market development and opportunities for employment in social enterprises are currently limited and require further development and scale to enable social enterprises to be an option for more people with intellectual disability. Policy implications are drawn out for expanding employment choice, in particular through social enterprise employment, for people with intellectual disability. Originality/value The paper offers the first three-way comparison of open, sheltered and social enterprise employment for people with intellectual disability, contributing to both the disability employment and social enterprise literature.
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Bartek, Jozef. "EMPLOYMENT POTENTIAL INDEX OF OLDER PEOPLE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION." Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Częstochowskiej. Zarządzanie 46, no. 1 (June 2022): 7–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17512/znpcz.2022.2.01.
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Casey, Bernard H. "The Employment of Older People: Can We Learn from Japan?" Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance - Issues and Practice 30, no. 4 (October 2005): 620–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.gpp.2510051.
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TWAMLEY, ELIZABETH W., JENILLE M. NARVAEZ, DEBORAH R. BECKER, STEPHEN J. BARTELS, and DILIP V. JESTE. "Supported Employment for Middle-Aged and Older People with Schizophrenia." American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation 11, no. 1 (March 3, 2008): 76–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15487760701853326.
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Yeh, Hsiu-shan, and Wan-I. Lin. "Disability employment services under new public management: A comparison of Australia and Taiwan." International Social Work 61, no. 3 (June 10, 2016): 437–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020872816648201.
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In the 1990s, both Australia and Taiwan were influenced by new public management (NPM) and subsequently reformed their public employment services. However, the reforms of the two countries have led to divergent results. This study assumes that the essential differences lay in the mobilization capacity of the disabled rights advocacy organizations and the disability employment benefits. Taiwan’s disability employment services (supported employment), though privatized, are limited to nonprofit organizations (NPOs), while for-profit organizations (POs) remain absent in this area. In Australia, the employment services (open employment services for people with disabilities) have been privatized, and for-profit organizations are encouraged to compete with one another to enhance the service quality and to reduce the costs. By providing job-search benefits for disabled people and implementing workfare policy, the Australian government reforms have resulted in the change of the relationship between the government and the citizens. In contrast, since the Taiwanese government never provided sufficient social welfare benefits for disabled people, they have to actively seek employment not after encouragement from the government, but as a result of their desperate need to earn a living. Despite the two countries’ differences, the force of neoliberalism, along with NPM, ostensibly continues to be a part of their employment policies for the socially underprivileged.
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Zitikytė, Kristina. "Employment at 55+: Do We Want to work Longer in Lithuania?" Ekonomika 99, no. 1 (May 7, 2020): 50–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/ekon.2020.1.3.
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The Lithuanian population is aging, and it causes many difficulties for public finances by increasing expenditures on health care, long-term care, and pensions, and also for the labor market by creating labor shortages. One of the ways to cope with demographic aging is to rise the employment rate of older people. According to Eurostat, the employment rate of the elderly aged 55–64 years increased from 49.6 percent in 2005 to 68.5 percent in 2018 in Lithuania and it is higher than the average employment rate of older workers in European Union, which was 58.7 percent in 2018. This paper focuses on older people in Lithuania, aged 55 and over, trying to answer a question whether the elderly in Lithuania willingly work or try to find alternatives such as receiving long-term social insurance benefits. The research findings show that the activity of older people in the labor market grows, and even the share of people with disabilities staying in the labor market increases. However, this analysis also shows that older people are more under risk to lose their job during an economic crisis, and this suggests that trying to find work alternatives can be closely related to one’s economic situation. Moreover, health problems remain one of the main factors limiting the activity of older people in the labor market. It is also noticeable that some labor force reserves exist among people with disabilities and this supposes that creating better adapted working conditions for older and disabled workers in Lithuania could probably contribute to meeting the needs of an aging workforce.
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Fleay, Caroline, Anita Lumbus, and Lisa Hartley. "People Seeking Asylum in Australia and their Access to Employment: Just What Do We Know?" Cosmopolitan Civil Societies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 8, no. 2 (July 26, 2016): 63–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ccs.v8i2.4969.
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Public and political claims about the employment of people from a refugee background in Australia do not always reflect the research findings in this area. For example, recent claims by a senior Coalition Government Minister about people seeking asylum who arrived to Australia by boat during the previous Labor Government’s terms in office (2007-13) posit that many have limited employment prospects. However, given there is little research or government reporting on the experiences of asylum seekers who arrived during this time, and none that focuses specifically on their employment, there is no evidence to support this. A review of research on the employment experiences of people from a refugee background, and Australian policies, suggests a more nuanced picture. This includes research that found while initially people from a refugee background are more likely to be unemployed, have temporary jobs and lower incomes than other newly arrived immigrants, over the longer term second-generation refugees have higher levels of labour market participation than the general population and refugees and their families make significant economic and community contributions to Australia. Research also highlights that refugees may experience a range of barriers to accessing employment, including discrimination, and a review of Australian policies indicates these are likely to have exacerbated some of these barriers for asylum seekers who arrived to Australia by boat. In addition, given previous findings that public attitudes can be influenced by representations made in public and political discourses, the public statements of senior Ministers may be further deepening barriers to accessing employment faced by asylum seekers who arrived by boat.
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Zitikytė, Kristina. "The Initial Impact of The Covid-19 Pandemic on Older Workers in Lithuania." Ekonomika 101, no. 2 (September 26, 2022): 53–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/ekon.2022.101.2.4.
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The Covid-19 pandemic that began in 2020 presented a new challenge for the labor market participants. This paper discusses the Covid-19 pandemic, highlighting the key challenges that older people can face trying to stay in the labor market for longer in the future, especially if such pandemics continue. Binary response models are used to identify the push-and-pull factors determining the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the employment of people aged 55–64 during the pandemic in Lithuania. As the Covid-19 pandemic still continues, most of researchers prefer statistical analysis, comparing employment rates with those of the 2009 economic crisis, to determine the potential impact of the pandemic on employment or by only theoretically discussing the potential impact of the pandemic on the elderly. This paper models the impact of the pandemic on the employment of older people in Lithuania using unique administrative micro-data of State social insurance fund (SSIF). This allows to draw deeper conclusions about how the pandemic affects workers aged 55–64 in Lithuania. The results show that the employment of older people has not been disproportionately impacted by the Covid-19 pandemic, and if such pandemics occur in the future, they may present both limitations and opportunities from the point of view of older people.
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Bowman, Dina, Michael McGann, Helen Kimberley, and Simon Biggs. "‘Rusty, invisible and threatening’: ageing, capital and employability." Work, Employment and Society 31, no. 3 (June 1, 2016): 465–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017016645732.
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Levels of mature-age unemployment and under-employment are increasing in Australia, with older jobseekers spending longer unemployed than younger jobseekers. This article focuses on two key explanations of the difficulties confronting older jobseekers: human capital theory, which focuses on the obsolescence of older workers’ job skills, and ageism in employment. Drawing upon narrative interviews with older Australians, it critically engages with both these understandings. Using a Bourdieusian analysis, it shows how ageing intersects with the deployment of different forms of capital that are valued within particular labour market fields to shape older workers’ ‘employability’. By examining how class, gender and age intersect to structure experiences of marginalization, it questions conventional analyses that see older workers as discriminated against simply because they are older.
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Cummins, Phyllis, Philip Taylor, Takashi Yamashita, and Leah Janssen. "Adult Learning and Employment Opportunities for Older Workers in Australia and the United States: Lessons for Adult Education." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.561.
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Abstract This study examined the role community colleges (U.S.) and Technical and Further Education (TAFE; Australia) institutes play in providing educational opportunities to older workers in the U.S. and Australia. Employment for adults of all ages has been impacted by job automation in recent decades. We analyzed national level data to estimate the impacts of job automation by age group. In both the U.S. and Australia, about 65% of older workers in sales occupations are at risk for job loss due to automation. Additionally, we reviewed occupational projection data and employment opportunities for workers who may be displaced by automation. Needs for health care support occupations, such as nursing assistants and occupational and physical therapy assistants are expected to grow rapidly. We will provide several recommendations based on the integration of our findings related to education/training programs and the aging workforce in the context of community colleges and TAFEs.
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McVittie, Chris, Andy McKinlay, and Sue Widdicombe. "Passive and active non-employment: Age, employment and the identities of older non-working people." Journal of Aging Studies 22, no. 3 (August 2008): 248–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2007.04.003.
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Healy, Judith. "The Care of Older People: Australia and the United Kingdom." Social Policy and Administration 36, no. 1 (February 2002): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9515.00266.
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