Journal articles: 'Old wheat varietie'

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Løes, Anne-Kristin, Randi B. Frøseth, Jon Arne Dieseth, Josefine Skaret, and Caroline Lindö. "What should organic farmers grow: heritage or modern spring wheat cultivars?" Organic Agriculture 10, S1 (May 29, 2020): 93–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13165-020-00301-7.

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AbstractTo achieve a complete organic value chain, we need organic seed from cultivars adapted to organic growing. A separate breeding for organic growing is difficult to achieve in small markets. Many breeding goals are equal for organic and conventional cereals, and cultivars failing to qualify as a commercial variety for conventional growing may possibly perform well in organic growing, with different regimes of fertilisation and plant protection. A field trial was conducted over 2 years to compare 25 cultivars of spring wheat, ranging from one land race and some old varieties released between 1940 and 1967, to modern market varieties and breeding lines. Grain yield, agronomic characteristics and grain and flour quality, including mineral content, were recorded. The performance of the 20 most interesting cultivars in artisan bread baking was measured, as were sensory attributes in sourdough bread from six cultivars. Modern varieties and breeding lines gave higher yields and had larger kernels, better grain filling, higher falling numbers and higher SDS-sedimentation volumes compared with old cultivars. The old cultivars, on average, had higher concentrations of minerals, although the growing site had a strong effect on mineral concentrations. Bread from modern cultivars performed best in a baking test. Several sensory attributes such as juiciness, chew resistance, firmness, acid taste and vinegar odour varied significantly between the six tested cultivars. Land races and old varieties have an important cultural value, and many consumers are willing to pay a premium price for such products. This will be required since yield levels are often considerably lower, especially with humid weather conditions at harvest.

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ScottiCampos, P., J. Semedo, I. Pais, M. Oliveira, J. Passarinho, and J. Ramalho. "Heat tolerance of Portuguese old bread wheat varieties." Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture 26, no. 2 (2014): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.9755/ejfa.v26i2.16761.

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Gurova, T. A., E. A. Svezhintseva, and N. E. Chesnochenko. "Cross-adaptation of wheat seedlings in hyperthermia and infection with Bipolaris sorokiniana Shoem." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 957, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/957/1/012008.

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Abstract The article presents the results of studies of adaptive reactions of 10-day-old seedlings of wheat varieties Novosibirskaya 18, Novosibirskaya 44, Sibirskaya 21 and Omskaya 18 under combined stress. It was found that the preliminary hyperthermia of the seeds increased the resistance of seedlings by the type of cross-adaptation to the subsequent action of B. sorokiniana (decrease in EC to 71,9 %, DI to 29,7 %, inhibition of biomass accumulation and growth to 95,4 %). The varietal specificity of the formation of adaptive reactions under the combined action of stressors was revealed. The protective effect of hyperthermia is most pronounced in the varieties Novosibirskaya 18 and Omskaya 18.

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Vida, G., L. Szunics, M. Gál, O. Veisz, and Z. Bedő. "Comparison of two wheat powdery mildew differential sets in seedling tests." Plant Protection Science 38, SI 2 - 6th Conf EFPP 2002 (December 31, 2017): 417–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/10510-pps.

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Two wheat powdery mildew differential sets were tested in the seedling stage in the 2001/2002 season using 192 monoisolates. The data of genotypes carrying the same Pm gene in different genetic backgrounds were compared. Both varieties with gene Pm8 (Salzmünde14/44 and Disponent) were infected by all the isolates. Less than 10% of the isolates gave different responses on varieties with genes Pm2 and Pm3c (6 and 16, respectively). It is doubtful whether the degree of infection of genotypes carrying genes Pm1, Pm4b, Pm5, Pm6 or Pm7 can be compared, while it is completely impossible to compare the data for varieties from the old and new sets carrying genes Pm3a, Pm3b and Pm4a.

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Giacosa, Attilio, Gabriella Peroni, and Mariangela Rondanelli. "Phytochemical Components and Human Health Effects of Old versus Modern Italian Wheat Varieties: The Case of Durum Wheat Senatore Cappelli." Nutrients 14, no. 13 (July 5, 2022): 2779. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14132779.

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The Mediterranean diet has significant beneficial health effects and wheat is a major component of the Mediterranean diet, mainly in the form of bread and pasta. Modern wheat generally refers to varieties that were developed after the introduction of dwarfing genes in the 1950s, while old varieties are considered those developed before that time. Research findings on Italian wheat varieties showed that the total polyphenol content in both old and modern durum and soft wheat varieties are similar; but the old varieties have a higher number of polyphenols and of isomer forms. In particular, the durum wheat Senatore Cappelli genotype shows a very high variety of polyphenolic components. Recent studies have demonstrated healthy cardiovascular effects (favorable changes of atherosclerosis markers such as lipid parameters and hemorheological variables) as well as a marked reduction in gastrointestinal and extra-intestinal symptoms in non-celiac gluten sensitivity subjects with the consumption of pasta obtained by old durum wheat Senatore Cappelli variety, even though this type of wheat contains high amounts of gluten. In conclusion, old wheat Italian varieties, and in particular the Senatore Cappelli genotype, are characterized by multiple nutraceutical specificities that could suggest their use for health-promoting purposes. Additional research is needed to confirm these findings, focusing attention also on the effect of different environments and years.

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Austin, R. B., Margaret A. Ford, and C. L. Morgan. "Genetic improvement in the yield of winter wheat: a further evaluation." Journal of Agricultural Science 112, no. 3 (June 1989): 295–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600085749.

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SummaryField experiments comparing 13 winter wheat varieties representing very old, old, intermediate and modern groups were carried out over three seasons. The experimental sites were on soils of high fertility and weeds, diseases and pests were controlled by applications of proprietary agrochemicals. Lodging was prevented by supporting the plants with coarse-mesh netting.The average yield of all varieties over the three harvest years 1984, 1985 and 1986 was 7·7 t/ha (at 15% moisture content). Compared with the very old varieties which were grown by farmers during the 19th century, the modern varieties gave 59% more grain, had 14% more ears/m2 and 30% more grains per ear, but a similar mean grain mass. The modern varieties yielded slightly more biomass (total above-ground dry matter at harvest), were much shorter and reached anthesis about 6 days earlier than the older ones. In 1984, when the yields were greater than in 1985 and 1986, the yield advantage of the modern varieties was more in percentage and absolute terms than in the other years. Also, in 1984, the differences between the very old and the modern varieties in biomass was the greatest.The genetic gain in yield measured in these experiments is compared with those estimated for other countries and reasons for the variation are discussed.

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Herlina, Lina, and Bonjok Istiaji. "Respon Ketahanan Beberapa Varietas Gandum terhadap Hama Gudang Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae)." Buletin Plasma Nutfah 19, no. 2 (October 11, 2016): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/blpn.v19n2.2013.p89-101.

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Resistance Response of Several Wheat Varieties Against Pest of Stored Product, Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae). Lina Herlina and Bonjok Istiaji. Since Sitophilus zeamais still become the major pest of wheat as stored product. Twelve varieties of wheat were evaluated for their resistance to the infestation of S. zeamais. The study was conducted at the Laboratory of Insect Specimen Collection of Indonesian Center for Agriculture Biotechnology and Genetic Resource Research and Development (ICABIOGRAD) from September 2011 to February 2012. Grains of each 12 varieties of wheat was weighed for 5 grams and placed into a plastic bottle. Six female imagos of S. zeamais (1 week old) were introduced into the bottle contained 5 grams of wheat grains. After seven days, all the insects were removed. Observation were done to count the dead and life insects after introduction. The number of larvae emerged from eggs were calculated and weighed daily. Grain weight of each variety was also weighed, the broken and intact seeds were counted and recorded at the end of the infestation. Research were conducted in randomly complete design using one factor, that was twelve varieties of wheat each were replicated three times. The result showed that the highest mortality of the pest were in Perdix, while the lowest were that in Anemos, Combi, and Nandu (0-16.7%). The highest fertility of the pests were found in the Anemos and SW Triso, while the lowest were there in Picallo (14.33-47.67 insects). Anemos was known to be variety with the highest insects population weight, while the Picallo was the variety that inhibited insect population (0.0161-0.0544 g). The longest of insect development periods was on Combi, the shortest was on Sweta (51.33-64.33 days). The shortest median development time was in the Anemos and the longest was in the Sit Nortrend (37.33-44 days). The highest percentage of seed damage and yield loss were in the Anemos, while the lowest were Picallo and Madonna. ANOVA at 5% showed no significant different for all parameters observed on the tested varieties. Resistance classification based on the indexes of Modification, Pointe and Dobie recorded that the most resistant varieties were Picallo and Pasadena. AbstrakSitophilus zeamais masih menjadi hama utama pada produk pascapanen. Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium Koleksi Spesimen Serangga BB Biogen dari September 2011 sampai Februari 2012 untuk mengevaluasi ketahanan 12 varietas gandum terhadap infestasi S. zeamais. Biji 12 varietas masingmasing ditimbang 5 g dan dimasukkan ke dalam botol plastik, kemudian diintroduksikan enam imago betina S. zeamais berumur seminggu. Setelah tujuh hari, seluruh serangga dikeluarkan, dihitung yang mati dan yang masih hidup. Jumlah larva (progeni F1) yang muncul dari telur diamati dan dihitung setiap hari. Berat gandum tiap varietas ditimbang pada akhir percobaan. Biji yang berlubang maupun yang masih utuh dihitung dan dicatat. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap satu faktor, yaitu jenis varietas gandum sebanyak 12 varietas, masing-masing dengan tiga ulangan. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa mortalitas larva tertinggi ditemukan pada varietas Perdix, sedangkan terendah pada Anemos, Combi, dan Nandu (kisaran 0-16,7%). Fertilitas tertinggi ditemukan pada Anemos dan SW Triso, sedangkan terendah pada Picallo (kisaran 14,33-47,67 ekor). Bobot tertinggi larva serangga ditemukan pada Anemos, terendah pada Picallo (kisaran 0,0161- 0,0544 g). Perkembangan serangga terlama ditemukan pada Combi dan terpendek pada varietas Sweta (kisaran 51,33-64,33 hari). Waktu paruh terpendek pada varietas Anemos dan terpanjang pada varietas Sit Nortrend (kisaran 37,33-44 hari). Kerusakan biji maupun kehilangan hasil tertinggi pada varietas Anemos, sedangkan terendah pada Picallo dan Madonna. Hasil ANOVA pada taraf 5% menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbedaan pengaruh yang signifikan dari seluruh varietas terhadap semua parameter yang diamati. Berdasarkan indeks Modif, Pointe maupun Dobie, varietas yang paling tahan adalah Picallo dan Pasadena.

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Fiore, Maria Carola, Sebastiano Blangiforti, Giovanni Preiti, Alfio Spina, Sara Bosi, Ilaria Marotti, Antonio Mauceri, Guglielmo Puccio, Francesco Sunseri, and Francesco Mercati. "Elucidating the Genetic Relationships on the Original Old Sicilian Triticum Spp. Collection by SNP Genotyping." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 21 (November 2, 2022): 13378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232113378.

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Several Triticum species spread in cultivation in Sicily and neighboring regions over the centuries, which led to the establishment of a large genetic diversity. Many ancient varieties were widely cultivated until the beginning of the last century before being replaced by modern varieties. Recently, they have been reintroduced in cultivation in Sicily. Here, the genetic diversity of 115 and 11 accessions from Sicily and Calabria, respectively, belonging to Triticum species was evaluated using a high-density SNP array. Einkorn, emmer, and spelta wheat genotypes were used as outgroups for species and subspecies; five modern varieties of durum and bread wheat were used as references. A principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) and an unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) showed four distinct groups among Triticum species and T. turgidum subspecies. The population structure analysis distinguished five gene pools, among which three appeared private to the T. aestivum, T. turgidum subsp. Turgidum, and ‘Timilia’ group. The principal component analysis (PCA) displayed a bio-morphological trait relationship of a subset (110) of ancient wheat varieties and their wide variability within the T. turgidum subsp. durum subgroups. A discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) and phylogenetic analyses applied to the four durum wheat subgroups revealed that the improved varieties harbored a different gene pool compared to the most ancient varieties. The ‘Russello’ and ‘Russello Ibleo’ groups were distinguished; both displayed higher genetic variability compared to the ‘Timilia’ group accessions. This research represents a comprehensive approach to fingerprinting the old wheat Sicilian germplasm, which is useful in avoiding commercial fraud and sustaining the cultivation of landraces and ancient varieties.

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Annison, G. "Polysaccharide composition of Australian wheats and the digestibility of their starches in broiler chicken diets." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 30, no. 2 (1990): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9900183.

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The polysaccharide compositions of 20 wheat varieties from New South Wales and Western Australia were determined. Mean pentosan and �-glucan contents ranged from 5.7 1 to 8.18% and from 0.61 to 0.87% respectively, on a dry matter basis. Starch contents ranged from 61.5 to 68.9% and the wheat starches were between 21.1 and 31.8% amylose. The starch digestibility of the wheats was found to be independent of the levels or composition of the polysaccharides when assayed using 5-week-old broiler chickens.

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Jirillo, Emilio, Tommaso Carone, and Renato Toffanin. "Exploitation of Old Wheat Properties for Prevention of Human Disease." Natural Product Communications 12, no. 6 (June 2017): 1934578X1701200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1701200605.

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Cereals occupy an important place in the Mediterranean diet pyramid and carbohydrates derived from whole grains seem to exert a beneficial role. In this context, some ancient wheat varieties such as khorasan wheat ( Triticum turgidum ssp. turanicum) may offer unique nutritional and functional properties to prevent human disease. The current paper reviews specific features of dietary carbohydrates focussing the attention on khorasan wheat and its major potential health benefits once regularly introduced in the diet.

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Fan, Xian-Wei, Feng-Min Li, Lei Song, You-Cai Xiong, Li-zhe An, Yu Jia, and Xiang-Wen Fang. "Defense strategy of old and modern spring wheat varieties during soil drying." Physiologia Plantarum 136, no. 3 (July 2009): 310–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.2009.01225.x.

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Prandi, Barbara, Tullia Tedeschi, Silvia Folloni, Gianni Galaverna, and Stefano Sforza. "Peptides from gluten digestion: A comparison between old and modern wheat varieties." Food Research International 91 (January 2017): 92–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2016.11.034.

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Gurova, T. A. "Adaptation of wheat varieties under combined stress." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 839, no. 4 (September 1, 2021): 042024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/839/4/042024.

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Abstract The article presents the results of studies of adaptive reactions of 10-day-old seedlings of wheat varieties Novosibirskaya 18, Novosibirskaya 44, Sibirskaya 21 and Omskaya 18 under combined stress. The indices of growth, accumulation of wet and dry biomass and permeability of cell membranes by specific electrical conductivity (EC) of leaf extracts under the combined action of chloride salinity (1.3%) and hyperthermia of seeds (43 °C) were studied. Chloride salinization without preliminary heating of seeds caused mainly a decrease in adaptive capacity and a loss of cultivar resistance (a decrease in growth to 57.2%, a decrease in biomass to 35.2%, an increase in EC up to 5.7 times). The most resistant cultivar is Omskaya 18. Preliminary hyperthermia of seeds increased the resistance of seedlings to the subsequent action of chloride salinization (decrease in EC to 56.2%, inhibition of biomass accumulation and growth by up to 14 times). The protective effect of hyperthermia during the subsequent action of salinity is most pronounced in the Sibirskaya 21 variety.

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Morgun, V. V., G. A. Priadkina, and O. V. Zborivska. "Depositing ability of stem of winter wheat varieties of different periods of selection." Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems 10, no. 2 (May 3, 2019): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/021936.

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Adaptation of high-yielding winter wheat crops to changes in climatic conditions has great importance for food security of countries. The remobilization of stem assimilates for grain filling is one of the possible ways of increasing wheat yield in unfavourable environmental conditions. Field experiments in natural conditions with three old and three modern varieties of winter wheat were performed to compare depositing abilities of their stems. The objective of this study was a comparative analysis of the parameters of depositing capacity of stems of the main shoots for identification of the criteria for assessing grain productivity of winter wheat. The parameters of depositing capacity of the stem of the main shoots of three old winter wheat varieties (1997, 2003, and 2008) and three modern ones (2013, 2014 and 2016) were studied in field conditions with natural conditions of water supply (Kyiv Oblast, Ukraine). During the period of formation of reproductive organs (April and May), the amount of precipitation, respectively, was only 17% and 68% of long-term values and average monthly air temperature was 3–4 ºС higher than the climatic norm. We analyzed the variability of the parameters of depositing capacity of the stem of the main shoot and grain productivity of the ear of six wheat winter varieties which differed by time of selection. In unfavourable conditions during the period of formation of reproductive organs the modern winter wheat varieties had an 11% higher yield on average compared to the older ones. It was determined that the highest mass of grain from the ear of the main shoots (1.9–2.1 g) belonged to Odeska 267 variety, a drought-tolerant variety from earlier selection, and three modern varieties – Raihorodka, Prydniprovska and Darunok Podillia. It is demonstrated that these varieties also exceeded two old varieties (Podolianka and Yednist) by stem dry matter weight of main shoot at anthesis by 0.3–0.6 g. The highest content of non-structural carbohydrates at this phase was observed in Odeska 267, Raihorodka and Darunok Podillia varieties (273–307 mg/stem). Correlation analysis revealed the significant correlation between mass of grain from ear and dry matter of stem at anthesis and full ripeness, as well mass of grain from ear and the amount of non-structural carbohydrates at anthesis. Therefore, modern varieties of winter wheat and the drought-tolerant variety have higher yield, weight of dry matter of stem of the main shoot at anthesis and grain productivity of the ear, compared to old varieties. The results of this study indicate that the mass of dry matter of the stem of the main shoot at anthesis can be used as a marker of the grain productivity of winter wheat.

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Soofizada, Quadratullah, Antonio Pescatore, Lorenzo Guerrini, Carolina Fabbri, Marco Mancini, Simone Orlandini, and Marco Napoli. "Effects of Nitrogen plus Sulfur Fertilization and Seeding Density on Yield, Rheological Parameters, and Asparagine Content in Old Varieties of Common Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)." Agronomy 12, no. 2 (January 30, 2022): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12020351.

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Numerous epidemiological studies have highlighted the positive effects on health of wholegrain bakery products made from ‘old’ common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties. However, ‘old’ common wheat varieties display poor rheological properties, and there is limited information on its free asparagine (ASN) content, the main precursor to acrylamide during the baking process. This paper evaluates the effects of two seeding density levels (SD: 200 and 350 seed m−2), three nitrogen levels (NL: 35, 80 and 135 kg N ha−1), and two sulfur levels (SL: 0 and 6.4 kg S ha−1) towards improving the grain yield (GY), rheological characteristics, and ASN content of 14 ‘old’ common wheat varieties. SL and SD treatments significantly increased GY without decreasing the protein content (PC), while NL significantly increased the PC without affecting GY. The dough strength (W) increased significantly with increasing SL and NL but was significantly reduced with increasing SD. ASN significantly increased by 111% as NL increased from 35 to 135 kg ha−1, while ASN significantly decreased by 85.1% with the SL treatment. The findings show that 135 kg N ha−1 combined with 6.4 kg S ha−1 can improve the technical performance of ‘old’ wheat wholegrain flours while maintaining the ASN as low as possible.

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Shrestha, Rajan, and Baidya Nath Mahto. "Screening of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes for rust-resistance and assessment on prevalence and distribution of the rust diseases in wheat production fields." Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources 4, no. 2 (January 1, 2021): 186–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/janr.v4i2.33741.

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Evaluation of 45 wheat genotypes was performed to quantify genetic responses to inoculation of rust pathogens in aqueous suspension at the early vegetative stage. The study was conducted in field conditions at Plant Pathology Division, Nepal Agricultural Research Council, Lalitpur, Nepal in winter, 2013. Results showed large variations of rust resistance on wheat genotypes. Thirty-six genotypes were susceptible to yellow rust (YR), 18 had high severity, 7 had moderate severity, 6 had low severity, 5 had trace reactions, while 9 were rust-resistant. Old varieties (Lerma-52, Kalayansona, RR-21, NL-30, HD-1982, UP-262, Lumbini, Vinayak, Vaskar, Nepal-297, Nepal-251, BL-1135, Annapurna-4, Achyut, Rohini, and BL-1473) had high severities of YR, but relatively recent cultivars had medium severities. YR was severe (100S) in genotypes HD-1982, Vaskar, Vijay, and Rohini followed by RR-21, NL-30, UP-262, Nepal-297, BL-1135, and Annapurna-4 (90S). The pipeline cultivars: Aditya, NL-971, BL-3503, BL-3623, NL-1008, NL-1064, Becard#1, and Chyakhura-1 had trace to moderate reactions of YR with low severity indices. But varieties Vijay and NL-1055 showed high severity of YR (100S and 80S, respectively). Overall, leaf rust (LR) was minor while stem rust (SR) developed in traces on a single genotype (Annapurna-1). A survey of wheat rusts across 66 production fields revealed the prevalence of YR and LR at high levels, but none on SR. The occurrence of LR was higher than YR; 48.48% vs 36.36% of assessed fields, respectively. YR was a primary concern of rust diseases with most fields under high severity (62.5%) and incidence (54.16%) levels. LR had low incidence and moderate severity levels. A considerable gap exists between an extension of such research outcomes and the producers, who demonstrated little know-how on wheat rusts and varieties. These results may support and enhance varietal selection, breeding programs, and effective management and control strategies against wheat rust diseases.

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Ghazouani, Hiba, Chokri Hafsi, Roua Amami, Farooq Sher, Dorsaf Slimani, Jamel Nasri, Basma Merai, and Zaineb Arfaoui. "Effect of fungicide application on soft wheat water productivity." JOURNAL OF OASIS AGRICULTURE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 4, Special (June 16, 2022): 104–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.56027/joasd.spiss142022.

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In Tunisia, the cereal sector plays an important socio-economic role. This work is carried out to study the effect of fungicide on water use efficiency and yield components of old and new varieties of bread wheat. The final yield components as well as the water use efficiencies were statistically analyzed at the end of the experimental campaign. The results showed that the Kodss and Maktarus varieties presented better performance even in the absence of the fungicide treatment. This confirms their ability to resist the most devastating stripe rust in bread wheat. Nevertheless, the used fungicide (ogame) has proven its effectiveness in protecting crops against biotic stress and improving yields, water use efficiencies, and production quality. Thus, it is recommended to avoid fungal treatments on new varieties.

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Donini, Paolo, John R. Law, Robert M. D. Koebner, James C. Reeves, and Robert J. Cooke. "The impact of breeding on genetic diversity and erosion in bread wheat." Plant Genetic Resources 3, no. 3 (December 2005): 391–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pgr200593.

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This paper examines the fate of alleles and changes of genetic diversity in old (ca 1930s) versus more modern (ca 1990s) UK bread wheat varieties using 14 mapped DNA microsatellite (simple sequence repeat, SSR) loci and morphological markers. The allelic constitution of varieties belonging to three time periods (early, intermediate, late) was determined. While at certain loci one or more SSR alleles were gained between early and late periods, at others the allelic representation remained constant, although a shift in allelic frequencies could sometimes be detected. No locus showed a clear, net loss in the total number of alleles over the time period. In a further group of loci, there was neither clear gain nor loss, but rather a dynamic flux of alleles. A comparison of the allelic constitution of the UK variety set with a larger genetic pool (non-UK varieties) showed that some loci were rather similar in allelic constitution, while others possessed additional diversity. Certain SSR alleles appeared to be associated with old or modern varieties, possibly indicating associations with chromosome regions under selection pressure. The same exercise was conducted on the basis of 14 of the morphological characteristics recorded in the course of distinctness, uniformity and stability testing of varieties. Overall, this analysis generated a similar picture of changes in diversity to that obtained from the microsatellite data.

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Guerrini, Lorenzo, Marco Napoli, Marco Mancini, Piernicola Masella, Alessio Cappelli, Alessandro Parenti, and Simone Orlandini. "Wheat Grain Composition, Dough Rheology and Bread Quality as Affected by Nitrogen and Sulfur Fertilization and Seeding Density." Agronomy 10, no. 2 (February 5, 2020): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10020233.

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Flour from old varieties are usually considered very weak flours, and thus difficult to use in breadmaking especially when processed as Italian “Tipo 2” flour. Hence, the aim of our study was to understand if agronomic treatments can be used to improve flour processability and the quality of three old wheat varieties. An experimental strip-plot scheme was used: three old wheat varieties (Andriolo, Sieve, Verna), two seeding densities, three levels of nitrogen fertilization (N35, N80, and N135), and two levels of foliar sulfur fertilization. Analyzed parameters related to kernel composition, dough rheology and bread quality. Sulfur and nitrogen treatments significantly affected protein composition and dough alveograph strength, which increased by about 34% with nitrogen fertilization, and by about 14% with the sulfur treatment. However, only nitrogen fertilization affected bread characteristics. Crumb density significantly decreased from N35 to N135, while springiness and cohesiveness increased. On the other hand, sulfur did not improve breads. This highlight the importance of performing breadmaking tests in addition to the rheological determinations. The poor technological performance of old wheat flours can be improved with agronomical treatments designed to obtain higher-quality bread.

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MAZID, AHMED, MESUT KESER, KOFFI N. AMEGBETO, ALEXEY MORGOUNOV, AHMET BAGCI, KENAN PEKER, MUSTAFA AKIN, et al. "MEASURING THE IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH: THE CASE OF NEW WHEAT VARIETIES IN TURKEY." Experimental Agriculture 51, no. 2 (August 7, 2014): 161–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479714000209.

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SUMMARYThis paper summarizes a study initiated by the Turkish General Directorate of Agricultural Research and ICARDA/CIMMYT Wheat Improvement Program on the adoption of five new winter and spring wheat varieties developed and released by the Turkish national breeding program and through international collaboration in the past 10 years. The study results are based on a survey of 781 households selected randomly in the Adana, Ankara, Diyarbakir, Edirne, and Konya provinces of Turkey. The five new wheat varieties are compared to old improved varieties released prior to 1995 that are also still grown by farmers. Technical and biological indicators of impacts including crop productivity are measured to determine the impact of these varieties. Yield stability is assessed by comparing average yields in normal, good and dry years and by comparing the coefficients of variation of yields by variety. Profitability is measured by the gross margin generated per unit of land. Household income from wheat and for all economic activities are estimated and compared between adopters and non-adopters. Adopters of the new varieties have higher per-capita income than non-adopters as compared to the same group using old varieties. However, the overall impact of the improved varieties is generally low, mainly due to their low adoption levels. Farmers’ knowledge and perception of certain variety characteristics and unavailability of adequate and timely seed are the main reasons. Increasing adoption has the potential to improve household income and this requires revising wheat impact pathway to achieve the expected impact.

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Carranza-Gallego, Guiomar, Gloria Isabel Guzmán, David Soto, Eduardo Aguilera, Inma Villa, Juan Infante-Amate, Antonio Herrera, and Manuel González de Molina. "Modern Wheat Varieties as a Driver of the Degradation of Spanish Rainfed Mediterranean Agroecosystems throughout the 20th Century." Sustainability 10, no. 10 (October 16, 2018): 3724. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103724.

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The high grain yield of modern varieties (MV) respond to the increase in fossil-based inputs, and the widespread belief that they are more productive than old varieties (OV) is biased. This belief focuses only on marketable biomass, without considering the consequences on agroecosystem sustainability of the reductions in other portions of NPP. Additionally, field comparisons of OV and MV were normally conducted under industrialized farming conditions, which is detrimental for OV performance. Both trials carried out in this study comparing wheat OV and MV show that, under Mediterranean rainfed conditions and traditional organic management, aerial and belowground biomass production of OV is higher than that of MV, without significantly decreasing yield and enabling a better competition against weeds. From the data of our trials, bibliographic review and information from historical sources, we have reconstructed the NPP and destinations of biomass of Spanish wheat fields (1900–2000). Varietal replacement entailed the reduction in residues and unharvested biomass (UhB), which involved soil degradation in rainfed cereal fields and undermining heterotrophic trophic webs. Our results suggest that OV can increase the sustainability of rainfed Mediterranean agroecosystems at present through the improvement of soil quality, the reduction of herbicides use, and the recovery of biodiversity.

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Kuznetsova, Elena, Lyudmila Shayapova, Elena Klimova, Gyunesh Nasrullaeva, Ján Brindza, Maxim Stolyarov, Galina Zomiteva, Tatyana Bychkova, Vera Gavrilina, and Elena Kuznetsova. "Composition, quality characteristics and microstructure of the grain Triticum dicoccum." Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences 13, no. 1 (December 28, 2019): 933–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5219/1174.

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The compositional and quality characteristics of two wheat varieties Triticum dicoccum (Triticum dicoccum var. dicoccum, Triticum dicoccum var. rufum) produced in the Republic of Azerbaijan have been tested and are relatively useful in assessing their applicability to bread production. The wheat species studied, Triticum dicoccum, were found to have a higher protein and cell content, as well as essential proteins of lysine, phenylalanine, leucine and isoleucine, methionine and valine, relative to Gorbustan wheat varieties. The chromatographic method was used to determine the carbohydrate composition of the Triticum dicoccum grain. The following redistribution of low molecular weight carbohydrate fractions is noted: the maltose content is higher, and galactose, glucose and fructose are much lower than those of the modern wheat variety Gorbustan. Such a distribution of carbohydrates can reduce the formation of toxic products when baking bread. In addition, the wheat grain Triticum dicoccum is characterized by a higher content of sterols, in particular β-sitosterol. The antioxidant activity expressed as percentage inhibition of DPPG free radicals in the Triticum dicoccum grain is twice as high as this indicator for wheat of the commercial variety Gorbustan. By scanning electron microscopy, it has been established that the microstructure of the grain surface and the cross section has varietal characteristics. Grain Triticum dicoccum var. rufum has a thicker shell, tighter and tighter, unlike the grain of Triticum dicoccum var. dicoccum. With all the benefits of the wheat grain Triticum dicoccum, its technological properties were even worse. But the use of technological methods to boost gluten will ensure the production of high-quality healthy bread from old wheat grain.

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Laka, Martinus, and Emilia S. A. Wangge. "UJI KANDUNGAN PROTEIN PADA BEBERAPA VARIETAS UMBI UBI KAYU ( Manihot esculenta Crantz) YANG DIHASILKAN DI DESA RANDOTONDA, KECAMATAN ENDE, KABUPATEN ENDE." AGRICA 11, no. 1 (July 20, 2020): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.37478/agr.v11i1.21.

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This study aims to determine the protein content found in all three cassava varieties. The cassava varieties produced in Randotonda Village, namely the cassava variety, the variety of cassava Ai land, and the flour cassava varieties. Test the protein content of several cassava varieties with varied harvest ages using the Kjedhal method. Cassava varieties of Tanah ai varieties with an harvest age of 8 months, cassava tubers, 10 months old verietas, and cassava flour 12 months old.The results showed that the three types of fresh cassava tubers of White variety were 1.59%, Tanah Ai cassava varieties were 1.48% and Wheatwood sweet potato varieties were 1.18%. This is because the White yam variety is 8 months old, while the 10-month AI variety and the Wheat variety are 12 months (1Year).

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Swierstra, Tsjalling. "Does an Old Art Suffice for New Problems?" Foundations of Science 22, no. 2 (October 17, 2015): 275–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10699-015-9454-7.

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Abstract In this review I argue that Puech draws on two important currents in modern thought: the criticism of the ontological and social priority of conflict, and the rehabilitation of praxis vis-à-vis theoria. Still, his plea for a non-confrontational art of living leaves important questions unanswered. What is the problem exactly? What does exactly count as (non)confrontational? What is non-confrontation exactly meant to solve? What is the antiposition here? And: how does this new (or rather: old) art of living relate to the political and ethical varieties of Technology Assessment?

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Hachaturov, Eduard G., and Valeria V. Korobko. "The Features of Growth of the Primary Root System of Triticum durum Desf. Varieties of the Saratov Breeding." Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Chemistry. Biology. Ecology 20, no. 4 (November 23, 2020): 433–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1816-9775-2020-20-4-433-437.

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The objects of the study were plants of 14 varieties of durum wheat Triticum durum Desf. Cultivation was carried out in a climatic chamber at a temperature of 18 ± 1°C under the conditions of a sixteen-hour photoperiod. To study the growth characteristics of the root system of seedlings, the length of the main root and the length of the adventitious roots of the upper and lower tiers were measured; thus, the growth rate of the root system was determined. The cultivars, the seedlings of which are characterized by the longest root system, have been identified – Luch 25, Saratovskaya 59 and Saratovskaya zolotistaya. The varietal characteristics of the growth of the main embryonic root were revealed, the growth rate of which significantly varies among the objects of study. The length of the adventitious roots of the lower layer in plants of the studied varieties ranged from 208 mm (Elizavetinskaya) to 278 mm (Saratovskaya 57 and Annushka); the upper layer – from 105 mm (Nikolasha) to 216 mm (Luch 25). The root-to-shoot ratio was calculated. In 5-day-old seedlings of the studied varieties, this varies from 0,92 to 1,89 rel. units; the degree of variation of the trait is average. In 12-day-old seedlings, the root supply index decreases, amounting to 0,42–1,29 relative units; the degree of variation of the trait is significant (with the exception of variety Luch 25).

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Albanese, Lorenzo, Rosaria Ciriminna, Francesco Meneguzzo, and Mario Pagliaro. "Innovative beer-brewing of typical, old and healthy wheat varieties to boost their spreading." Journal of Cleaner Production 171 (January 2018): 297–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.027.

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Kirby, E. J. M., K. H. M. Siddique, M. W. Perry, D. Kaesehagen, and W. R. Stern. "Variation in skikelet initiation and ear development of old and modern Australian wheat varieties." Field Crops Research 20, no. 2 (March 1989): 113–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4290(89)90056-7.

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Gurova, T. A., O. S. Lugovskaya, and E. A. Svezhintseva. "Adaptive reactions of wheat seedlings differentiating varieties under hyperthermia." Siberian Herald of Agricultural Science 49, no. 3 (July 23, 2019): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.26898/0370-8799-2019-3-4.

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When creating varieties, adapted to temperature stress factors, it is necessary to carry out diagnostics of their resistance to stress factors. Diagnostic methods should have high differentiating ability in reliably distinguishing the resistance of closely related objects, such as varieties from the same crop or plants from the same variety population. To ensure the differentiating ability of the method, the assessment of resistance diagnostics towards stress factors should be conducted with the same strength of stress load and modes of stress factors that would enable to range varieties. In model laboratory vegetation experiments, the adaptive reactions of 10-day-old seedlings of three varieties of spring wheat were assessed according to changes in growth rates, wet and dry biomass, and permeability of cell membranes of seedlings under hyperthermia (warming the seeds) with the purpose of identifying the temperature that differentiates varieties. The seedlings were grown in roll culture on tap water in a climate chamber with preset parameters of microclimate. Before that, the seeds were pre-heated in hot water in thermostat at temperatures of 30, 43 и 54°C. The seedlings of control variety were cultivated in the same conditions without warming the seeds. The formation of adaptive reaction to hyperthermia of seeds differed across varieties of seedlings of spring wheat varieties Novosibirskaya 18, Novosibirskaya 44 and Omskaya 18. Adaptation of varieties to similar temperature factors formed in different ways, which can be explained by hereditary nature of plants. According to the results of the research, the maximum values of variation coefﬁ cient of biophysical and biometric indicators of seedlings was identiﬁ ed at the temperature of 43°C. This is the differentiating temperature in assessment of wheat crop varieties adaptation to the increased temperature. This temperature was applied in experiments to study the reaction of wheat varieties to separate and joint effects of chloride salinity, seed infection with common root rot and hyperthermia.

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Отамбекова, Мунира, Munira Otambekova, Маруфкул Махкамов, Marufkul Mahkamov, Бахриддин Солихов, Bahriddin Solihov, Махбубджон Рахматов, et al. "SUSTAINABILITY OF SOFT WHEAT GENOTYPES, GROWN IN TAJIKISTAN, TO THE RACES OF YELLOW, STEM AND LEAF RUST." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 14, no. 3 (October 30, 2019): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5db94cdfb2b254.56774175.

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One of the factors affecting wheat productivity in Tajikistan is the emergence and spread of rust diseases - yellow, stem and leaf rust. Emerging new races of pathogens virulent to existing resistance genes in wheat varieties create new challenges. The selection of rust resistant wheat genotypes is usually carried out by studying phenotypic traits in seedlings (seedling resistance) and in adult plants (adult plant resistance) and analysis using available molecular markers. It has been established that races of yellow rust affecting wheat varieties in Tajikistan are aggressive and are characterized by high temperature tolerance. According to the results of studies, it was found that the highest degree of resistance to yellow rust is observed in varieties Sarvar, Vakhdat, AIKT-20 and Fayzbakhsh, in old-grown varieties Kaboi Pandzhakent and Surkhak-5688, as well as in the line PASTOR/3/VORON. Most of the new wheat varieties have the following groups of rust resistance genes: Sr31/Yr9/Lr26, Sr38/Yr17/Lr37, Yr30/Sr2/Lr27 и Yr18/Lr34/Sr5. In this regard, it is necessary to constantly monitor the spread and development of rust diseases, as well as to select wheat varieties for resistance to rust using both traditional and modern methods using molecular markers.

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ZHENG, C. Y., J. CHEN, Z. W. SONG, A. X. DENG, L. N. JIANG, B. M. ZHANG, and W. J. ZHANG. "Differences in warming impacts on wheat productivity among varieties released in different eras in North China." Journal of Agricultural Science 153, no. 8 (May 5, 2015): 1353–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859615000118.

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SUMMARYTen leading varieties of winter wheat released during 1950–2009 in North China were tested in a free-air temperature increase (FATI) facility. The FATI facility mimicked the local air temperature pattern well, with an increase of 1·1 °C in the daily mean temperature. For all the tested varieties, warming caused a significant reduction in the total length of wheat growth period by 5 days and especially in the pre-anthesis period, where it was reduced by 9 days. However, warming increased wheat biomass production and grain yield by 8·4 and 11·4%, respectively, on an average of all the tested varieties. There was no significant difference in the warming-led reduction in the entire growth period among the tested varieties. Interestingly, the warming-led increments in biomass production and grain yield increased along with the variety release year. Significantly higher warming-led increases in post-anthesis biomass production and 1000-grain weight were found in the new varieties compared to the old ones. Meanwhile, a significant improvement in plant productivity was noted due to wheat breeding during the past six decades, while no significant difference in the length of entire growth period was found among the varieties released in different eras. The results demonstrate that historical wheat breeding might have enhanced winter wheat productivity and adaptability through exploiting the positive effects rather than mitigating the negative impacts of warming on wheat growth in North China.

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Tumanian, Natalia, Svetlana Chizhikova, Elina Papulova, Tatyana Kumeiko, and Sergey Garkusha. "Variation of rice varieties of Russian breeding by grain quality traits in growing conditions of agrolandscape zones of Krasnodar region." E3S Web of Conferences 176 (2020): 03015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017603015.

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The technological grain quality traits of varieties of the Federal Scientific Rice Centre (Rapan., Rapan 2, Favorit, Nautilus, Yakhont, Olimp, Patriot) grown in the old-delta and valley agrolandscape zones of Krasnodar region (Russia) in 2017–2019 were studied. The studied rice varieties are included in the State register of breeding achievements approved for use in the North Caucasus region in 2014-2019, Rapan 2 is under state variety testing. Most of the varieties under study showed the highest values of grain quality traits in the valley agrolandscape in 2019, in the old-delta - in 2018, which indicates the reaction of the varieties to agroclimatic conditions of vegetation. The best varieties for grain quality on the basis of low variability in the aggregate of all quality traits were recognized as Favorit for the valley agrolandscape zone of Krasnodar region (predecessor – fallow field), and Rapan 2 for the old delta agrolandscape zone (predecessor - winter wheat). According to the absolute values of the traits characterizing the yield and milled rice quality, the best variety in the valley agrolandscape was Yakhont, and in the old-delta, Nautilus. The placement of rice varieties in agrolandscape zones of Krasnodar region is recommended taking into account their reaction to agroclimatic conditions of cultivation.

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Farsi, M., VA Vanstone, JM Fisher, and AJ Rathjen. "Genetic variation in resistance to Pratylenchus neglectus in wheat and triticales." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35, no. 5 (1995): 597. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9950597.

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The root lesion nematode Pratylenchus neglectus occurs throughout the South Australian cereal belt, where it potentially contributes to yield loss. Genetic material was examined for resistance to P. neglectus, and included 2 susceptible local commercial wheat varieties (Spear, Molineux), 2 derivatives from Spear (RAC 613-27, RAC 613-47), wheat varieties varying in reaction to I? thornei, rye and rye derivatives, triticales, and 1R substitution lines in Chinese Spring. Seeds were surface-sterilised and germinated, and 3-day-old seedlings were inoculated with about 250 larvae and 150 eggs. Plants were grown in pots containing pasteurised soil and transferred to a controlled temperature waterbath at 22 � 1�C. After 7 weeks, nematodes were extracted and counted. A significant difference for the number of nematodes per plant and per gram dry root was found between the 3 main groups of genetic material: the wheat varieties, the substitution lines, and lines with the whole genome of rye (including triticales). The triticales Abacus and Muir showed the lowest number of nematodes (per gram root and per plant). None of the wheat varieties was resistant, so genetic mechanisms conferring resistance or tolerance to P. thornei are not effective against P. neglectus.

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Álvaro, Fanny, Julio Isidro, Dolors Villegas, Luis F. García del Moral, and Conxita Royo. "Old and modern durum wheat varieties from Italy and Spain differ in main spike components." Field Crops Research 106, no. 1 (February 2008): 86–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2007.11.003.

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34

Kopus, M. M., E. V. Ionova, and D. M. Marchenko. "PROLAMINS OF WHEAT GRAIN – FROM BIOCHEMISTRY TO GENETICS AND BREEDING." Grain Economy of Russia, no. 4 (September 5, 2019): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31367/2079-8725-2019-64-4-54-60.

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The paper describes the stages of studying the biochemical heterogeneity of gluten proteins of wheat grain as an important factor in the baking quality of flour. It has been shown that the biochemical heterogeneity of gluten proteins is caused by genetic factors. Modern electrophoretic methods on gel carriers make it possible to study the component protein composition of varieties, biotypes, lines, split hybrids and to identify the Mendelian units of the spectrum (genes, alleles). The application of the idea of the genetic nomenclature of the hereditary unit of gliadins (a block of components) is over 40 years old, and it was proposed by domestic scientists (Kopus, Poperelya, Sozinov). This made it possible to compile catalogs of blocks of components (alleles), to study their correlation with quality, frost resistance and other traits, to develop a scale for combining gliadin blocks in the spectrum of varieties for the breeding assessment of samples from agro-nurseries. It has been established that electrophoregrams of prolamins serve as a reliable criterion to identify seed genotypes of commercial varieties by laboratory methods.

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Bosi, Sara, Lorenzo Negri, Antonio Fakaros, Giulia Oliveti, Anne Whittaker, and Giovanni Dinelli. "GGE Biplot Analysis to Explore the Adaption Potential of Italian Common Wheat Genotypes." Sustainability 14, no. 2 (January 13, 2022): 897. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14020897.

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Given the substantial variation in global wheat yield, insufficient research in cultivar selection for climate change, and the lack of suitable germplasm in sustainable agroecosystems, there is a requisite for soft wheat genotypes, with stable grain yield as well as quality parameters. The present study was aimed at genotype evaluation (GGE biplot for “mean performance versus stability”) not only for yield, but also for technological, phytosanitary and functional quality parameters of 24 Triticum aestivum L. genotypes (eight landraces, old and modern varieties, respectively) within a single organic farm location (Argelato, Emilia-Romagna, Italy) over three consecutive years. Overall, high yield stability was shown for the landraces and old varieties. In particular, the landraces Piave and Gamba di Ferro, as well as the old variety Verna, showed high stability with above-average means for numerous quality parameters of interest. Additionally, relative stability combined with above-average mean for quality parameters was also demonstrated for the high-yielding Gentil Bianco and Guà 113. Aside from Verna, these “unrecognized” resilient genotypes were also shown to meet the requisites for suitable germplasm in sustainable agroecosystems. Future potential utilization of these more stable landraces in addressing climate change would also ultimately facilitate the survival of valuable genetic resources.

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Tran, Khoa Dang, Petr Konvalina, Ivana Capouchova, Dagmar Janovska, Magdalena Lacko-Bartosova, Marek Kopecky, and Phuong Xuan Thi Tran. "Comparative Study on Protein Quality and Rheological Behavior of Different Wheat Species." Agronomy 10, no. 11 (November 12, 2020): 1763. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10111763.

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The quantity and quality of protein and the rheological traits of wheat are crucial for processing flour in the baking industry, but there are few comparisons in the literature between old and modern wheat species. To help fill this gap, the baking quality characterization, gluten content, protein fraction composition, high molecular weight glutenin subunits, and rheological properties of ancient and modern wheat were determined and compared. These varieties were collected by the gene bank of the Crop Research Institute in Prague-Ruzyne and were grown in organically certified research areas in the Czech Republic. Results revealed differences in protein content and composition between varieties with different ploidy levels, as well as differences in development time and stability between einkorn and bread wheat varieties. Based on the proximity of their positions to the parameter quality in the principal components analysis, such as gluten content, gluten index (GI), Zeleny test, stability, dough development time (C1) and gliadin, the baking performances of cultivars were identified.

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Bainsla, Naresh Kumar, Vikram Singh, Arvind Kumar, Manjeet Kumar, Rajbir Yadav, Ambrish K. Sharma, Akshay K. Sakhare, and Ram Kumar Sharma. "Root architectural traits and yield stability in popular wheat (Triticum aestivum) varieties of India." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 90, no. 7 (October 6, 2020): 1291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v90i7.105597.

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The root system architecture has bearing on realizing the yield potential of genotypes. The 24 popular wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties released during the last 50 years for North Western Plain Zone (NWPZ) of India were used to study root traits and yield contributing traits two years and three locations. Association between the deeper root angles and yield were significant and the number of tillers is also associated with the number and angular distribution of crown roots. There is a relative adjustment in yield attributing and root architectural traits of varieties. The varieties HD3086, PBW502, WH1124, DPW621-50, PBW550 and WH1105 have largely modulated the yield through root traits while, the varieties DBW17, WH1142, HD2967, HD2009 and HD2687 have modulated yield through TGW and tillers along with roots. The other old varieties were modulating yield through aboveground traits only. There were significant genotypic effects for deeper crown root angles, days to heading, and tillers per meter square and thousand-grain weight. WH1080 has the best combination of all the traits. The genotype × environment and environmental effects were significant for other traits. Inclusion of crown root angles, mesocotyl length along with other above-ground traits in selection can help in designing better genotypes for future.

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Preiti, Giovanni, Antonio Calvi, Angelo Maria Giuffrè, Giuseppe Badagliacca, Nino Virzì, and Monica Bacchi. "A Comparative Assessment of Agronomic and Baking Qualities of Modern/Old Varieties and Landraces of Wheat Grown in Calabria (Italy)." Foods 11, no. 15 (August 6, 2022): 2359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11152359.

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The cultivation of wheat has been part of the evolution of human civilisation since ancient times. Wheat breeding has modified some of its characteristics to obtain improved varieties with high production potential that better meet the demands of the bread and pasta industry. Even today, there are still old varieties, landraces, adapted to particular environments. They are still cultivated in some areas because of the interest shown by the market in typical bakery products expressing the cultural heritage of local communities. The aim of this work was to evaluate the bio-agronomic and bakery characteristics of four modern genotypes, one old cultivar and two landraces of wheat typically grown in Calabria (Southern Italy). The experiment was carried out over two years in two different locations, during which the main bio-agronomic and quality traits related to bread making aptitude were detected. A marked difference was found between the landraces and the other genotypes in both agronomic and technological characteristics. Despite the higher protein and gluten content, landraces were found to have a significantly lower gluten index.

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Almajdoub, Abu Llbayda M. ,., Mukhtar O. ,. Agoub, Ali S. Shreidi, and Hassan E. Tantun. "Characterization and Classification of Libyan Bread Wheat Germplasm Collections (Triticum aestivum L)." Journal of Misurata University for Agricultural Sciences 1, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 450–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.36602/jmuas.2020.v01.02.33.

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A field experiment was carried out on the bread wheat crops under the supplementary irrigation system at Misurata Research Station during the agricultural season 2018/2019. It included forty-three varieties and accessions. Thirty-five of them were obtained in a germplasm collection mission in different Libyan regions in the 2017/2018 season. For comparison, eight additional old and modern local varieties from the gene bank of bread wheat crops being worked on in the breeding program at Misurata Research Station were included. Varieties and accessions were randomly planted according to the Augmented designs. The FAO certified profiling system was used to characterize samples in both the field and laboratory. The results showed that the different varieties and accessions differed greatly in their morphological characteristics, growth habits, adaptability to the environmental conditions of the study area, and resistance of major diseases and pests recorded during the growing season. The results also indicated a large variation in some key plant characteristics such as days to heading, which ranged from 41 to 93 days. A significant amount of genetic diversity was found in the fields cultivated with wheat included in the collection mission in different regions of Libya. Some of these genotypes were identified as well-known local varieties such as Sidi Al-Masry, Al-Mukhtar, Bohot 208, and Sabha. Many other genotypes are unknown and need more research so that their genetic material can be used in future breeding programs.

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Jelev, Natalia. "The influence of heat shock on the rate of reserves allocated by wheat seeds for germination and growth." Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova. Life Sciences, no. 1 (343) (January 2022): 60–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.52388/1857-064x.2021.1.08.

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We studied the accumulation and consumption of biomass by five-day-old seedlings of various wheat varieties (Triticum aestivum L.) grown from control and exposed to heat shock (HS) seeds. The suppression shoot and roots growth intensified with the temperature, which caused HS. With increasing the temperature (+50°С, +51°С, +52°С și +53°С) of HS, the biomass of the endosperm of the seeds transferred to the seedling, and spent on respiration during seed germination, and seedling growth decreased. Moreover, the effect of HS was more pronounced on the biomass of endosperm substances transferred to the seedling. To increase the resolution of separating wheat varieties according to their resistance to HS, we applied the optimal value (+52°С) of the HS temperature (HSo). The rate of dry matter transferred from the endosperm to the shoot, roots, and spent on respiration, made it possible to rank various wheat varieties following their resistance to high temperatures. The higher the resistance of a wheat cultivar to high temperatures, the higher the proportion of endosperm substances consumed by exposed to HSo seeds for seedling growth and respiration. With increasing the wheat varieties to high temperatures, the rate of endosperm biomass transferred to the seedling also increased, at the same time that spent on respiration on the contrary, decreased. After exposure to HSo, the seeds of the resistant to high temperatures varieties also showed higher metabolic efficiency than those of less resistant varieties. All parameters characterizing the resistance of leaves and roots to HS suggested that the high-temperature resistance of roots is lower than that of leaves. The method for determining the resistance of wheat varieties to high temperatures, based on the ability of seeds exposed to HSo, to mobilize reserve substances for germination and growth is fast, characterized by increased resolution, and ensures the distribution of wheat varieties according to their resistance to high temperatures.

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Carvalho, Ana, José Lima-Brito, Benvindo Maçãs, and Henrique Guedes-Pinto. "Genetic Diversity and Variation Among Botanical Varieties of Old Portuguese Wheat Cultivars Revealed by ISSR Assays." Biochemical Genetics 47, no. 3-4 (January 31, 2009): 276–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10528-009-9227-5.

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Carranza-Gallego, G., G. I. Guzmán, R. García-Ruíz, M. González de Molina, and E. Aguilera. "Contribution of old wheat varieties to climate change mitigation under contrasting managements and rainfed Mediterranean conditions." Journal of Cleaner Production 195 (September 2018): 111–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.188.

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Sirohi, Chhavi, O. P. Rao, and B. S. Rana. "Varietal Comparison of Wheat and Paddy under Populus Deltoides based Agri-Silvicultural System in Sodic Soil." Indian Journal of Forestry 35, no. 3 (September 1, 2012): 291–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2012-4gaf0i.

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The performance of three wheat varieties (NW-1067, NW-1014 and HD-2643) and three paddy varieties (Sarjoo-52, Narendra Usar-2 and Narendra Usar-3) were assessed under five year old Populus deltoides plantation at different distances from tree base (0.5m, 1.0m 1.5m and 2.5 m) and control (open condition).Under this study plant height and straw yield were found better for wheat variety HD-2643 (plant height 89.67 cm and straw yield 2.84 t ha-1)and paddy variety Narendra Usar-2 (plant height 95.00 cm and straw yield 1.54 t ha-1), when the crop was grown at 0.5 m away from tree base. However, maximum number of shoots (m-2), grain per ear/ panicle, test weight (1000 grain wt. g.) and grain yield (t ha-1) were recorded in case of wheat variety NW-1067 and paddy variety Narendra Usar-2, when the crop was grown in open area. Amongest different varieties, wheat variety NW-1067 and paddy variety Narendra Usar-2 were found most suitable for under this study.

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Dvojković, Krešimir, Ivana Plavšin, Dario Novoselović, Gordana Šimić, Alojzije Lalić, Tihomir Čupić, Daniela Horvat, and Marija Viljevac Vuletić. "Early Antioxidative Response to Desiccant-Stimulated Drought Stress in Field-Grown Traditional Wheat Varieties." Plants 12, no. 2 (January 5, 2023): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12020249.

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Extended drought affects the production and quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), one of the world’s most important food crops. Breeding for increased drought resistance is becoming increasingly important due to the rising demand for food production. Four old traditional Croatian wheat cultivars were used in the present study to examine the early antioxidant response of flag leaves to desiccant-stimulated drought stress and to identify drought-tolerant cultivars accordingly. The results indicate that the enzymatic antioxidant system plays the most significant role in the early response of adult wheat plants to drought stress and the removal of excessive H2O2, particularly GPOD and APX. Nada and Dubrava cultivars revealed the strongest activation of the enzymatic defense mechanism, which prevented H2O2 accumulation and lipid peroxidation. Additionally, the Nada cultivar also showed increased synthesis of proline and specific phenolic compounds, which both contribute to the increased stress tolerance. Among the cultivars investigated, cultivar Nada has the broadest genetic base, which may explain why it possesses the ability to activate both enzymatic and non-enzymatic defense mechanisms in an early response to drought stress. This suggests that old traditional wheat cultivars with broad genetic bases can be a valuable source of drought tolerance, which is especially important given the current climate change.

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Gurova, T. A., and N. E. Chesnochenko. "Chlorophyll fluorescence of wheat leaves when infected with Bipolaris sorokiniana, chloride salinity and seed hyperthermia." Siberian Herald of Agricultural Science 52, no. 6 (January 14, 2023): 12–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.26898/0370-8799-2022-6-2.

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Results of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (ChlF) informativity measurement and comparison of 10-d-old spring wheat seedlings under laboratory conditions under separate and combined stressors action are presented. It was found that separate and combined action of chloride salinity (1,3%), infection with cereal root rot pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana Shoem. (5000 conidia per grain) suppressed light and dark reactions of photosynthesis. The effective quantum yield Y(II), photochemical quenching qP and electron transport ETR decreased significantly in both cultivars, most significantly in the co-activated version (up to 62,7%). The maximum photochemical quantum yield of FS II Fv / Fm was less informative, no significant changes in the parameter were found. Inhibition of light-dependent reactions was accompanied by a significant increase in the values of the parameters of non-photochemical quenching ChlF - coefficient qN and quantum yield of regulated non-photochemical quenching ChlF Y (NPQ) from 24.1 to 72.1% in both varieties, most pronounced in the variety Sibirskaya 12. The parameter Y(NO), the quantum yield of unregulated non-photochemical quenching of ChlF, changed insignificantly relative to the control in both varieties. The positive effect of seed pre-heating (43 °C) on the functional activity of photosynthetic apparatus of seedlings - the reliable (p ≤ 0,05) increase of the parameter Y(II), qP, ETR (by 18,0-59,0%) and decrease of the parameter Y(NPQ), Y(NO) and qN (by 18,8-35,1%) at further infection and chloride salinization in both sorts, mainly in the variety Omskaya 18 was revealed. The informativeness of the parameters ChlF for assessment of varieties stress tolerance was established. Significant intervariety differences (from 1.2-6.2 times) were revealed for almost all parameters (except for Fv / Fm, Y(NO), Fv) for all variants of experiment. The varietal specificity was established - the least changes in ChlF parameters relative to the control were in the stable variety Omskaya 18 in all variants of the experiment. The proposed approach will make it possible to develop a noninvasive method for early diagnosis of stress tolerance (phenotyping) of new wheat genotypes to biotic and abiotic stressors.

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Kitchen, J. L., G. K. McDonald, K. W. Shepherd, M. F. Lorimer, and R. D. Graham. "Comparing wheat grown in South Australian organic and conventional farming systems. 1. Growth and grain yield." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 54, no. 9 (2003): 889. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar03039.

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Organic farming standards do not allow addition of water-soluble fertilisers and therefore it is likely that growth of organically grown crops will be limited by nutrient availability. However, in marginal rainfall conditions, when growth in conventional systems is limited by water availability, yields of organically grown crops could be comparable with those conventionally grown. Similarly, micronutrient-efficient plant varieties could be expected to perform comparatively better under organic farming conditions than they do in conventional systems, when compared with micronutrient-inefficient varieties.In this study, biomass and grain production of wheat from certified organic farming systems were compared with neighbouring conventional farming systems in 'across the fence' field trials in 1 moderate and 2 marginal rainfall areas of South Australia. Wheat varieties compared included 2 old wheat varieties developed under relatively low-input conditions (Baroota Wonder and Dirk-48) and varieties shown to be micronutrient-efficient (Janz and Trident) and inefficient (Yallaroi).The organic farming systems produced significantly less biomass than the conventional farming systems at late tillering in both the moderate and marginal rainfall areas. Grain yield was variable, but significantly lower in the organic farming system for 11 of the 14 comparisons. None of the varieties showed an adaptive advantage for 1 farming system over the other. The relative yield of the organic system, compared with the conventional system, was not associated with rainfall.

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Carucci, Federica, Giuseppe Gatta, Anna Gagliardi, Pasquale De Vita, Simone Bregaglio, and Marcella Michela Giuliani. "Agronomic Strategies to Improve N Efficiency Indices in Organic Durum Wheat Grown in Mediterranean Area." Plants 10, no. 11 (November 12, 2021): 2444. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10112444.

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Organic farming systems are often constrained by limited soil nitrogen (N) availability. Here we evaluated the effect of foliar organic N and sulphur (S), and selenium (Se) application on durum wheat, considering N uptake, utilization efficiency (NUtE), grain yield, and protein concentration as target variables. Field trials were conducted in 2018 and 2019 on two old (Cappelli and old Saragolla) and two modern (Marco Aurelio and Nadif) Italian durum wheat varieties. Four organic fertilization strategies were evaluated, i.e., the control (CTR, dry blood meal at sowing), the application of foliar N (CTR + N) and S (CTR + S), and their joint use (CTR + NS). Furthermore, a foliar application of sodium selenate was evaluated. Three factors—variety, fertilization strategies and selenium application—were arranged in a split-split-plot design and tested in two growing seasons. The modern variety Marco Aurelio led to the highest NUtE and grain yield in both seasons. S and N applications had a positive synergic effect, especially under drought conditions, on pre-anthesis N uptake, N translocation, NUtE, and grain yield. Se treatment improved post-anthesis N uptake and NUtE, leading to 17% yield increase in the old variety Cappelli, and to 13% and 14% yield increase in Marco Aurelio and Nadif, mainly attributed to NUtE increase. This study demonstrated that the synergistic effect of foliar applications could improve organic durum wheat yields in Mediterranean environments, especially on modern varieties.

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Islam, R., Abdullah Al Mamun, M. Jahangir Alam, MB Anwar, and MA Hakim. "Yield Performance and Blast Susceptibility of SomeWheat (Triticum aestivum) Varieties in Jashore." Agriculturists 16, no. 02 (December 22, 2018): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/agric.v16i02.40344.

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A trial was conducted during 2015-16 to 2017-18 at the Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS) of Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Jashore to select some tolerant varieties against wheat blast. Fourteen varieties including eight old varieties (Sonalika, Kanchan, Sourav, Gourab, Shatabdi, Sufi, Bijoy, Prodip) and six newly released varieties (BARI Gom 25, BARI Gom 26, BARI Gom 27, BARI Gom 28, BARI Gom 29 and BARI Gom 30) were evaluated. The experiments were non-replicated and were planted in two sowing dates, at optimum (mid November) and late (mid December) conditions. Three irrigations were applied, at crown root initiation (CRI), heading and grain filling stages. Plants of border rows were inoculated by Magnaporthe oryzae triticum (MoT) spores (104 conidia ml-1) for infection once per week from three weeks after sowing until primary infection was observed. The significantly higher grain yield was observed in 2016-17 (3505 kg ha-1) which was similar to 2017-18 (3448 kg ha-1) and the lowest was in 2015-16 (1680 kg ha-1). The higher grain yield was obtained due to the higher grains spike-1 (45 no.) and 1000 grain weight (36.6 g) and lower blast disease incidence (% blast index 18.1%). In all three years, there was heavy infection of wheat blast in late sowing condition (% blast index 40.7) compared to the optimum sowing condition (% blast index 1.4), resulting in very poor crop yield (1696 kg ha-1). Among the varieties, the variety Gourab produced the highest yield (3395 kg ha-1) which was similar to the newly released variety BARI Gom 28 (3196 kg ha-1) and BARI Gom 30 (3134 kg ha-1). In case of blast disease severity, old varieties were less infested with some exception in Sonalika and Kanchan. On the other hand, BARI Gom 25 and BARI Gom 26 were more susceptible (% blast index 35.3-36.5) to wheat blast compared to BARI Gom 28 and BARI Gom 30 (% blast index 20.2-22.5). The Agriculturists 2018; 16(2) 65-74

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MORGAN, C. L. "Mid-parent advantage and heterosis in F1 hybrids of wheat from crosses among old and modern varieties." Journal of Agricultural Science 130, no. 3 (May 1998): 287–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859698005334.

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Twenty-eight F1 hybrids of wheat and their parents were grown in field trials at Trumpington, Cambridge during 1986/87 and 1987/88. They were derived from crosses between seven ‘modern’ varieties, used as female parents, and either two ‘old’ (Squareheads Master and Partridge) or two ‘modern’ varieties (Bert and Motto), which were used as male parents. Grain yield, yield components, biomass and height were determined. The male parents were chosen to provide contrasting phenotypes and genetic backgrounds for the F1 hybrids. Mid-parent advantage, the increase of a hybrid for a given character above the mean of its parents, and heterosis, the increase of a hybrid above the ‘better’ parent for that character, were calculated. Most F1 hybrids showed mid-parent advantage for the characters studied. This tended to be greatest for hybrids derived from parents with the largest phenotypic differences in that character. In contrast, where heterosis occurred it tended to be greatest where the phenotypic difference between the parents was least. This suggests that the beneficial effects of hybridization, resulting from the dispersion of dominant genes between the parents, was insufficient to overcome the detrimental effects of other genes present where the ‘less good’ parent was substantially lower than the ‘better’ parent. Hybrids derived from the ‘modern’ male parents had greater heterosis for grain yield and mean grain weight than those from the ‘old’ parents. Of the yield components, positive heterosis for mean grain weight resulted in heavier seeds and was the most important yield component in determining heterosis in grain yield. Heterosis for the number of grains/ear was small or did not differ significantly from zero while number of ears/m2 showed negative heterosis resulting in fewer ears/m2 in the hybrids.

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Bánfalvi, Ágnes, Renáta Németh, Attila Bagdi, Szilveszter Gergely, Marianna Rakszegi, Zoltán Bedő, László Láng, Gyula Vida, and Sándor Tömösközi. "A novel approach to the characterization of old wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) varieties by complex rheological analysis." Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 100, no. 12 (June 10, 2020): 4409–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.10479.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Old wheat varietie'

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