Relevant bibliographies by topics / Old merchant's house

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Academic literature on the topic 'Old merchant's house'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Old merchant's house"

1

Cooney, Jerry W. "Oceanic Commerce and Platine Merchants, 1796-1806: The Challenge of War." Americas 45, no. 4 (April 1989): 509–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1007310.

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The creation of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata in 1776 by Charles III of Spain and his Edict of Free Commerce two years later brought unprecedented commercial prosperity to the port cities of Buenos Aires and Montevideo. Unlimited trade was now allowed between this region of South America and Spain. Exports—mainly silver from Alto Perú and pastoral products from the pampas—flowed in ever greater volume to the Iberian Peninsula. In return, merchants of the estuary received from Spanish commercial houses European manufactures and luxury items. This trade which spanned the South Atlantic depended upon a complex web of credit and merchant associations between the Old World and the New, and also upon the unobstructed traffic of Spain's merchant marine. In the 1780s and early 1790s with the Empire at peace Platine commerce contributed to both government revenues and the growth of a dynamic immigrant merchant community recently arrived from northern Spain. By 1794 the booming trade of the new viceroyalty justified the creation of the Real Consulado de Buenos Aires, essentially an official merchants guild to regulate the business affairs of this region.
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Alster, Bendt, and Takayoshi Oshima. "Sargonic dinner at Kaneš: The Old Assyrian Sargon legend." Iraq 69 (2007): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021088900001017.

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A very unusual literary tablet, Kt. j/k 97 from Kültepe, was published by C. Günbattı in 1997. It is inscribed with what already the first editor described as an Old Assyrian version of legends about Sargon. Since then the tablet has caused a good deal of discussion. Translations or editions have been made by M. Van De Mieroop (2000), K. Hecker (2001), B. Foster (2002, 2005), A. Cavigneaux (2005), and J. G. Dercksen (2005). These studies represent extremely different approaches: Hecker takes the text at face value and reads it as a laudatory royal inscription, whereas others see it as a kind of parody of inscriptions or legends about Sargon (Van De Mieroop 2000; Foster 2002, 2005), inspired by Mario Liverani. Dercksen (2005: 108) goes to the opposite extreme, stating that the “supposedly literary character of the text can be ignored, as this modern concept was alien to OA society”. He sees the text as “not a parody”, but instead as having “functioned to extol Sargon of Akkad during kispum celebrations that were part of the official cult of Assur”. Cavigneaux's study suggests a middle way between these extremes.The tablet was found — and probably written — in Anatolia within the community of Assyrian merchants living abroad in Kaneš, on a tablet that looks very much like a normal business letter. It was excavated in 1958 in the house of Aḫ-šalim, an ordinary merchant, from whose house a number of other texts have been published. It alludes to the legend Sargon King of Battle, in which, following M. Liverani (1993: 52–6), Cavigneaux understands an expedition of Sargon to Anatolia, aided by the merchants of Purušḫaddum, as in fact referring to the Old Assyrian colonization in Anatolia. Cavigneaux further suggests what kind of situation lies behind our text (2005: 596): “Le nouveau texte … suggère de manière très concrète que les marchands assyriens berçaient leurs soirées au coin de la cheminée, au long des hivers anatoliens, d'histoires dont les rois d'Akkad étaient les héros”. He sees the text as an unicum, with hardly any chances of ever finding a duplicate (p. 597).
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Лукин, В. Н., and А. В. Кучина. "The House of Female Merchant Maria Ivanovna Ershova. A New Life of an Old Building." Terra artis. Art and Design, no. 1 (April 26, 2024): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.53273/27128768_2024_1_65.

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Объект культурного наследия регионального значения «Дом Купчихи Марии Ивановны Ершовой», кон. XIX в. (г. Вологда, Советский пр., д. 78) соединил в себе принципы деревянного и каменного зодчества вологодского дома XIX в. Однако в нем присутствует необычная деталь — шпиль на фронтоне выступающей части дома, которая является его отличительной особенностью. В 2019–2020 гг. были проведены комплексные научные исследования здания и разработана научно-проектная документация, согласно которой дом предлагалось приспособить под гостиницу. Работы по реставрации были завершены в 2023 г. В статье рассматривается поэтапный процесс исследования, выполнения проекта и ремонтно-реставрационных работ. A cultural heritage site of regional significance, the house of female merchant Maria Ivanovna Ershova at 78, Sovetsky prospekt in Vologda dates back to the late 19th century and combines the principles of wood and stone architecture of 19th-century Vologda houses. This house, however, boasts an unusual detail: a spire on the pediment of the protruding part of the building, which is its distinctive feature. In 2019- 2020, comprehensive scientific investigations of the building were conducted, and scientific and technical documentation was developed, proposing to turn the house into a hotel. Restoration work on the building was completed in 2023. This article discusses the phased process of research, project development and repair and restoration work.
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TAYLOR, JAMES. "PRIVATE PROPERTY, PUBLIC INTEREST, AND THE ROLE OF THE STATE IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY BRITAIN: THE CASE OF THE LIGHTHOUSES." Historical Journal 44, no. 3 (September 2001): 749–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x01001832.

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Until 1836, many of England's lighthouses were privately owned. The owners levied tolls on all merchant shipping which made use of the lights, and in many cases grew rich from the proceeds. After 1815 these profits became increasingly contentious, and, under pressure from shipowners, merchants, and the radical MP Joseph Hume, the whig government abolished private ownership of lighthouses and made Trinity House the sole lighthouse authority for England. The choice of Trinity House as the central administration from a range of alternatives made a UK-wide authority impossible, however, due to the unwillingness of Irish and Scottish MPs to see their national boards replaced by an ‘inferior’ English one. The reform process sheds light on contemporary perceptions of the relationship between private property and public interest and suggests that alongside the process of post-war retrenchment, the state was acquiring a new role as guardian of the public interest, often positioning itself against certain forms of private property. Behind the ‘old corruption’ rhetoric which characterized the demand for reform lay the conviction that certain resources should be excluded from the realm of private property by the state, and that private profit made at the expense of the public interest was morally wrong.
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Al-Haroun, Yousef AbdulMohsen, and Mohammed Nasser Al-Ajmi. "UNDERSTANDING SOCIO-CULTURAL SPACES BETWEEN THE HADHAR AND BADU HOUSES IN KUWAIT." International Journal of Architectural Research: ArchNet-IJAR 12, no. 3 (November 4, 2018): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.26687/archnet-ijar.v12i3.1712.

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This study examines the socio-cultural spaces of the two major groups in Kuwait: the Hadhar and Badu. These groups are not an ethnic classification but are rooted in their historic settlements. The Hadhar refer to people who lived in old Kuwait town and were mostly merchants and artisans who made their living from the sea. The Badu on the other hand, most commonly referred to as Bedouins, are nomadic tribes who lived on the outskirts of old Kuwait town or in the Arabian Desert. This study employs cognitive maps to reveal fascinating insights into the lifestyles and cultural differences of these two groups as it relates to their domestic built environment. This study argues that house spatial organization is tightly coupled with a family’s socio-cultural traditions and values; hence, there are major spatial distinctions between the houses of the Hadhar and Badu. These differences are apparent in the houses’ main spaces such as the living hall, male guest reception space or diwaniya, and main entrance. This paper also contends that these differences are rooted historically in the traditional Hadhar mud brick courtyard houses and the traditional Badu Arabian tents. Although the oil boom and consequent impact of globalization transformed Kuwait’s houses into modern villas, on the inside they are still linked to each group’s traditional use of space.
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Van der Laarse, Rob. "Burgers op het kasteel. Elitedistinctie en representatie onder Hollandse heren buiten de ridderstand in de zeventiende en achttiende eeuw." Virtus | Journal of Nobility Studies 29 (December 31, 2022): 34–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21827/virtus.29.34-64.

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The Dutch Republic offers a remarkable picture of two parallel elites that developed side by side in the early modern period. While in other European countries high officials and merchants were eventually admitted to the peerage, here the knighthoods remained closed, even to the most powerful urban regents. How can we understand this almost hermetic and by European standards unique separation of nobility and patriciate? Why did urban aristocrats with numerous lordships and foreign noble titles copy the culture of an elite to which they never belonged? The answer to these questions is often sought in the misleading distinction between the Dutch, mainly (but not exclusively) Amsterdam merchant gentry with its hundreds of new mansions, and the rural knightly order with its old mansions in the landed provinces. This is a misleading picture. Although after the Dutch Revolt a largely feudal hierarchy of lordships did indeed persist in the countryside outside the walled cities, in the coastal regions most of it was commercialized and appropriated by this feudal-capitalist elite. Although never knighted, but often adorned with foreign titles, ‘burghers’ combined, in competition with each other, in their portraits, houses, and lifestyles an entirely unique style of princely wealth, courtly virtues, merchant spirit, and feudal simplicity.
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Staley, Lynn. "“For yet under the yerde was the mayde”: Chaucer in the House of Fiction." Chaucer Review 57, no. 2 (March 1, 2022): 190–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/chaucerrev.57.2.0190.

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Abstract In a scene near the beginning of Chaucer’s Shipman’s Tale, a maid child stands as silent witness to a conversation between a wife and a monk within the garden of a wealthy French merchant. By using her as an observer to the scene in the garden, Chaucer, perhaps for the first time in English literature, employs the gaze of a child to highlight the narrative of experience. In this article I explore the maid child as a sign of Chaucer’s experiments with perspective. Since Chaucer probably first wrote the Shipman’s Tale with the Wife of Bath as narrator, the maid child looks forward to the old hag in the Wife of Bath’s Tale. In placing or keeping her in the tale, Chaucer anticipates modernist experiments with perception, looking forward to Henry James, whose What Maisie Knew describes the gaze of another child upon the unsavory bartering of an adult world.
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Kozlova, Natalia Vadimovna. "MANUMISSION OF HOUSE SERFS: LEGISLATIVE NORMS AND EVERYDAY PRACTICES IN THE 18th CENTURY RUSSIA URBAN ENVIRONMENT." LOMONOSOV HISTORY JOURNAL 64, no. 2023, №6 (July 14, 2024): 19–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.55959/msu0130-0083-8-2023-64-6-19-33.

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From the late 15th century until Peter the Great’s tax reform, there were kabala bondmen (kholopy), who had lost their freedom by debt and service bondages (kabalas), along with the “full” bondmen that existed from ancient times. The latter were inherited, while the former had to be set free aft er the death of their owner, having formalized a manumission record in the Kholopiy prikaz. The 1649 Sobornoe Ulozhenie clearly distinguished between these two categories of bondmen. From the beginning of the Great Northern War, Peter I ordered to enroll in the army house serfs (dvorovye) fit for military service and set free aft er the death of their owners. Lord’s men could also enroll in military service at will. After the extension of the per capita tax to the “boyar men” it was forbidden to enroll them in service, and the manumission of house serfs with manumission letters was resumed. Unlike legislative norms, the practical side of this widespread social phenomenon has not been adequately studied. The manumission records of house serfs in 1717–1780, preserved in the fonds of the Office of Justice in the Russian State Archive of Ancient Documents, as well as their petitions and the minutes of the Office of Justice allow us to elucidate the circumstances and procedure of manumission of house serfs, collisions that arose in this process, as well as the prospects of their further life. Manumission letters written at home were signed and sealed with the owner’s personal seal and certified by witnesses. In this case, they had to be registered in the serfdom institutions and then submitted to a Hofgericht (nadvorny court) or provincial chancellery to decide on the fate of the manumitted serf. Peter the Great’s tax reform contributed to the erasure of the distinction between old and kabala bondmen. The term kholop (bondman) was soon replaced by the term dvorovyi (house serf), and any house serf could be manumitted. Most of those manumitted again voluntarily signed up “forever” to the old or new master. The Manifesto of 17 March 1775 oriented the manumitted serfs to enter the petty bourgeoisie or merchant state and reflected the actual need to get rid of archaic forms of personal dependence.
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Iliukhov, Aleksandr A., and Tatiana A. Pang. "The Manchu-Chinese Manuscript <i>Emu tanggû orin sakda-i gisun sarkiyan</I> 百二老人語録 in the Collection of the IOM, RAS." Written Monuments of the Orient 9, no. 2 (December 15, 2023): 33–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.55512/wmo624080.

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A unique Manchu-Chinese manuscript “The stories of one hundred and twenty old men” Emu tanggû orin sakda-i gisun sarkiyan is kept in the collection of the Institute of Oriental manuscripts. It is a rare sample of Manchu original literature that was compiled by a Mongol Sungyûn (Songyun 松筠) in 1790. The text was edited by Furentai, and in 1809 was translated into Chinese by a famous connoisseur of Manchu and Chinese literature Fugiyûn (Fujun 富俊). The bilingual manuscript from the IOM, RAS bears red personal seals of Fujun and the red seal of the printing house Shao-yi-tang 紹衣堂 that prove that the copy belonged to the translator. The text consists of 120 stories told by 120 old men. They mostly concern the life of simple Manchu bannermen, their everyday problems and financial difficulties often caused by Chinese merchants. The author solves them according to the Confucian moral teachings. Much attention is paid to training of the army and education. Descriptions of daily life in this work are of interest for historians, while its Manchu text is a good source for studies of Manchu original literature and language. The compilation history of “The stories of one hundred and twenty old men” is described in three prefaces to the manuscript. Their English translation, accompanied by a transcription of Chinese and a transliteration of Manchu originals, is given in this article.
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Klovas, Mindaugas. "VILNIAUS MIESTO PAJAMOS: SVARSTYKLĖS IR SAIKAVIMAS XV–XVIII A." Lietuvos istorijos metraštis 2020/1 (December 1, 2020): 5–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.33918/25386549-202001001.

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The article analyses Vilnius City revenues from scales and meterage in the 15th-18th century. The right of the city of Vilnius to acquire scales and thus receive income was for the first time documented in the Privilege of Grand Duke Sigismund Kęstutaitis (Žygimantas Kęstutaitis) of 23 September 1432. The city retained such right until the very end of the 18th century. The regulatory aspects of scales operations were for the first time laid down in the sovereign’s entail of 1536: the magistrate and the merchants’ community would assign a treasury steward each to monitor it. Disagreements between the magistrate and the merchants’ community were accountable for the fact that in the 1640s the issue was readdressed and on 5 August 1647 an instruction for treasury stewards used throughout the 18th century was issued. The weighing house employed two treasury stewards, a scales clerk, and loaders. On average they worked 23–25 days a month, though at times it was required to work with no days off. City revenues from the scales before the occupation of 1655–1701 could have amounted to 3,000 threescores of groschen (or 35 percent of the total annual revenue). In 1662–1701 the average of scales income was 2,784 Lithuanian auksinas (or 32 percent of the total annual revenue), in 1712–1755 it plummeted to 723 auksinas (19 percent), and in 1757–1792 soared again to 2,529 auksinas (12 percent). Starting with 1757, the amount received from scales revenues in the city treasury doubled, though in general the proportion of this type of income decreased as a new gates tax was introduced in the city and other tariffs were increased. Expenses of the city related to scales maintenance were rather small and usually confined to a dozen or so auksinas for minor repairs of the weighing house, scales maintenance, firewood, etc. Additional expenses included paper required by the scales clerk and his salary (100–300 auksinas). The scales were always directly supervised by the city’s officials and there were no possibilities to rent them. It has not been established exactly when the city was granted the right of corn and other bulk product meterage, though income of this type had been documented since the 1620s. In 1662–1701 the average of such revenues amounted to 780 auksinas (or 8.9 percent of the total annual income), in 1712–1748 it decreased to 115 auksinas (4 percent), in 1749–1767 – to 6 auksinas (1.6 percent), and at least starting with 1772 the city did not receive this type of income whatsoever. As of the 1720s, merchants started keeping barrels at their places and paying taxes. Revenues from privately kept barrels were received in 1727–1779, on average amounting to 78 auksinas. Starting with 1781, due to unknown reasons, this type of income was no longer received at the city treasury. In the second half of the 17th-18th century, expenses related to the purchase of new barrels and iron binding of old ones were episodic though could account for up to 99 auksinas and even exceed the meterage income.
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Books on the topic "Old merchant's house"

1

Fabris, Antonio. I dispacci di Francesco Vendramin, ultimo bailo a Costantinopoli (1796-1797). Venice: Edizioni Ca' Foscari, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-372-4.

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The transcripts of the 55 dispatches written by Francesco Vendramin, the last Venetian bailo of Constantinople between 1796 and 1797, appear very important to the eye of the historian. Even though they were written in Constantinople, they reflect the hardships of the political climate that the fall of the Veneta Repubblica and the establishment of the Municipalità Provvisoria brought to Venice.Moreover, they provide a unique insight into the bailo house in Constantinople. Vendramin had to explain the functioning of the bailaggio and the necessity of the diplomatic office to maintain a decorum of credibility for the State (both the Repubblica and the Municipalità). This needed to be clarified to the new rulers, who were mostly bourgeois and not experts in political issues, especially issues of an international nature, while the old rulers, the august senators, have been experts for decades in both internal and external political affairs of the Republic.The first 27 dispatches were written when the Veneta Repubblica was still alive. The remaining 28 were written after its fall (12th May 1797), when Vendramin had no official role. He was accredited with the Porta Ottomana, as the Venetian delegate of the Doge, but he never received any formal task by the Municipalità. Nevertheless the Ottoman government continued to consider Vendramin as an ambassador, not knowing how to act otherwise.The first collection of dispatches again proposes, with proper adjustments to the new situation, the schemes and the themes that characterize the Venetian-Ottoman relationship in the modern age. The second group is full of information on the Venetian colony in the Empire. As a consequence, it gives information on the functioning of the consulates and on the personal licenses given to merchants and vendors. Moreover, the figure of the French ambassador du Bayet appears strong. He stands as a supporter of many choices in the name of an effective French supremacy on Venice, that in Constantinople is shown without the shield of the Municipalità.
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation and the Environment. The Northern Spotted Owl and the Endangered Species Act: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation and the Environment of the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, second session ... July 18, 1990. Washington, DC: U.S. G.P.O., 1990.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. Subcommittee on National Parks and Public Lands. The administration's response to the spotted owl crisis: Joint oversight hearing before the Subcommittee on National Parks and Public Lands of the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, and the Subcommittee on Forests, Family Farms, and Energy of the Committee on Agriculture, and the Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation and the Environment of the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, House of Representatives, One Hundred Second Congress, second session. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1992.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation and the Environment. Olympic Experimental State Forest: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation and the Environment of the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, House of Representatives, One Hundred Second Congress, second session, on H.R. 4615 ... July 21, 1992. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1992.

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Scientific Panel on Late-Successional Forest Ecosystems (U.S.). Draft: Alternatives for management of late-successional forests of the Pacific Northwest : a report to the U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Agriculture, Subcommittee on Forests, Family Farms, and Energy, Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife, Conservation, and the Environment. [S.l: s.n., 1991.

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Scientific Panel on Late-Successional Forest Ecosystems (U.S.). Alternatives for management of late-successional forests of the Pacific Northwest: A report to the U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Agriculture, Subcommittee on Forests, Family Farms, and Energy, Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife, Conservation, and the Environment. [S.l: s.n., 1991.

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United, States Congress House Committee on Agriculture Subcommittee on Forests Family Farms and Energy. Review of the implementation of Section 318 of the 1990 Interior Appropriations Act (old-growth forests of the Pacific Northwest): Joint hearing before the Subcommittee on Forests, Family Farms, and Energy of the Committee on Agriculture, and the Subcommittee on National Parks and Public Lands of the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, and the Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation and the Environment of the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, second session, April 4, 1990. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1991.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Agriculture. Subcommittee on Forests, Family Farms, and Energy. Review of the implementation of Section 318 of the 1990 Interior Appropriations Act (old-growth forests of the Pacific Northwest): Joint hearing before the Subcommittee on Forests, Family Farms, and Energy of the Committee on Agriculture, and the Subcommittee on National Parks and Public Lands of the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, and the Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation and the Environment of the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, second session, April 4, 1990. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1991.

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An Old Merchants House Life At Home In New York City 18351865. Girandole Books, 2012.

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Jamie, McDonald. America's historic homes: Timeless beauty and design. 2018.

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Book chapters on the topic "Old merchant's house"

1

Collins, Wilkie. "Chapter VI." In Jezebel's Daughter. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780198703211.003.0008.

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On our return to home, I found Fritz Keller smoking his pipe in the walled garden at the back of the house. In those days, it may not be amiss to remark that merchants of the old-fashioned sort still lived over their counting-houses in the...
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Donzé, Pierre-Yves, and Julia S. Yongue. "Continuity, Discontinuity, and Change." In Japanese Capitalism and Entrepreneurship, 7–28. Oxford University PressOxford, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192887474.003.0002.

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Abstract Chapter 1 explores the features of business during Japan’s feudal period through three themes. The first is the institutional context for economic activities, characterized by a division of society by class and a business system comprised of merchant houses operating in large cities as well as rural capitalists engaging in the development of regional economies. The second is the continuity of business operations over time. This is illustrated by the large number of Japanese firms with a history of over 100 years, some of which have their roots in the Edo period. Many of these ‘old firms’ (chōjū kigyō) are still owned and operated by the founder’s descendants. Third is the role of the merchant houses, the most famous being the House of Mitsui, in the formation of Japanese business over time. Some emerged as major players in the Edo economy, and continued to influence business, society, and politics in the Meiji period and beyond. The chapter draws connections between the features of the Edo businesses and the nation’s preparedness to embrace global capitalism at the start of the Meiji period.
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Hahn, Steven. "Merchants, Farmers, and the Marketplace." In The Roots of Southern Populism, 170–203. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195306705.003.0006.

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Abstract The residents of Faulkner’s Frenchman’s Bend were in for a rude shock when Flem Snopes assumed his duties as a clerk in Will Varner’s store. Fittingly Varner himself, the largest landowner and “chief man of the country,” was the first to taste of the new arrangements. Commanding Flem to fetch a plug of tobacco as he entered the store, Varner found a seat, cut off a chew, and struck up a conversation with some of the regulars when he suddenly noticed Flem standing expectantly at his elbow. “Hey?” Varner said. “What?” “You ain’t paid for it,” the clerk replied, “ ... the tobacco.” Stunned, Varner could only fumble for a nickel, hand it over, and resume his chat. Soon Flem would be riding in Varner’s buggy, living in Varner’s house, owning Varner’s land, controlling Varner’s hamlet. Then on to the county seat of Jefferson, where he eventually became president of the local bank. And so the New South displaced the Old.
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"The Convoy to Nîmes." In An Old French Trilogy, translated by Catherine M. Jones, William W. Kibler, and Logan E. Whalen, 98–141. University Press of Florida, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813066462.003.0003.

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King Louis distributes fiefs to his barons but neglects William, his most loyal knight. Rejecting Louis’s subsequent offers, all of which would be detrimental to worthy families or the monarchy itself, William proposes to take Nîmes from the Saracens and hold it as Louis’s vassal. Employing a strategy reminiscent of the Trojan horse, William and his men fill barrels with knights and weapons, and prepare to smuggle them into Nîmes on carts. Disguised as a merchant, William tricks the Saracens and leads the convoy into the city, where he and his men defeat the Saracens and assume control of Nîmes. In this poem, the portrait of King Louis is increasingly unflattering, while his vassal gains in heroic stature. Despite the seriousness of its territorial and spiritual concerns, The Convoy to Nîmes contains a strong dose of the humor that permeates the cycle as a whole.
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Coffee, John C. "The Rise, Fall, and Redefinition of the Auditor: From Bookkeeper to Professional to Information Consultant." In Gatekeepers: The Professions and Corporate Governance, 108–91. Oxford University PressOxford, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199288090.003.0011.

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Abstract Accounting is an old art, but a relatively modern profession. Conventional histories of accounting usually begin with the formalization of double-entry bookkeeping, which is credited to an Italian monk, Fra Luca Pacioli, who in 1494 published the first work explaining the accounting practices that Italian merchant houses had probably already used for at least a half-century.
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Michel, Cécile. "Considerations on the Assyrian Settlement at Kanesh." In Current Research at Kultepe-Kanesh, 69–84. Lockwood Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5913/2014192.ch04.

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since the discovery, at the end of the nineteenth century Ce, of the old assyrian merchant archives in the houses of Kültepe lower city, the status of the assyrian settlement at Kanesh has been much debated. after a summary of the various translations proposed for the word kārum up to now, this chapter considers the recent suggestion of G. stein to define the assyrian kārums in anatolia as “trade diasporas.” a study of the Kültepe lower city population, its geographic distribution, and its material culture allows a new under- standing of the dynamic relations between assyrians and anatolians during the nineteenth and eighteenth centuries BCE.
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7

Hanawalt, Barbara A. "Introduction." In Growing Up In medieval London, 3–22. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195084054.003.0001.

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Abstract The priest had told the story of 1392 many times and had even written it down in a chronicle, but this time he was entertaining a diverse audience of children and servants who had gathered in his brother’s house in Cheapside on St. Nicholas’s Day to await the visit of the “boy bishop.” “King Richard,” he explained, “was no longer the dear boy-prince he was at his coronation. Those were the good old days, fifteen years ago. Most of you weren’t alive then. He turned into a spoiled tyrant and moved his law courts to York to punish London. But neither he nor London could make a profit from the legal business way up there. And, of course, he could not afford to have a conspiracy arising in London while he was at York. So in a show of contrition, the mayor, aldermen, sheriffs, and all the worthy city dressed out in their ceremonial best and went to meet the king and queen.” Here the chronicler recited the glories of the welcomers’ livery-the colors of bright red and black, the gold and silver ornaments, the hats with their badges, the fine and spirited horses.1 These were not simply merchants going out to welcome their prince; they were nobles by virtue of their wealth, if not their lineage. When these grand men had escorted the king and queen to London Bridge, they showed their magnificence by presenting the king with a milk-white steed saddled and bridled and trapped with white cloth of gold and red parted together, and the queen had a palfrey
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8

Kasatkina, Tatyana A. "Dostoevsky’s Novel The Adolescent." In Dostoevsky’s Novel The Adolescent: Current State of Research, 25–114. A.M. Gorky Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/978-5-9208-0677-2-25-114.

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This section contains both new articles and old pieces of research on the novel The Adolescent, published by the author in different years, now amended, extended, and united by common provisions that could be revealed only considering all the work of these years in its entirety. It is shown how in Dostoevsky’s works the author’s idea is revealed through the idea of the hero, developing directly in the words spoken by him, by means of the contexts which the character does not consider, but the author does. The gnostic layer of the novel The Adolescent, through which Dostoevsky creates different perceptions and interpretations of reality by the characters, is revealed. It is shown the meaning and significance of the system of the characters’ names, created as a system of double references: on the one hand, to the story of the House of David and Solomon’s Book of Wisdom, on the other hand, to the Gnostic myth of the fall of Sophia. The role of the image of the sun in the novel is explored, considering the author’s thought that a profound idea, symbol, perception, and, ultimately, the world can, at any moment, while remaining the same, become quite different — a thought that also gives form to the plot of the novel. The icon created by Dostoevsky in the epilogue of The Adolescent is described. The meaning of the syntactic technique of “only opening quotation marks” in the novel The Adolescent is explored. Versilov’s image is analyzed from the point of view of emotional and value orientations, his place as a human character in Dostoevsky’s historiosophic system is outlined. The role of the Book of Job in Dostoevsky’s worldview is investigated and its persistent presence in the story of Makar Dolgoruky about the merchant Skotoboynikov is explained. The answer offered by the novel to the old prince Sokolsky’s question about the abode of God is described.
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