Journal articles: 'Old age pensions – Sweden'

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GUSTAFSSON, BJÖRN, MATS JOHANSSON, and EDWARD PALMER. "The welfare of Sweden's old-age pensioners in times of bust and boom from 1990." Ageing and Society 29, no. 4 (April 21, 2009): 539–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x08008167.

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ABSTRACTThis study analyses the development of the economic wellbeing of Swedes aged 65 years and older from 1990. This period was characterised by Sweden's deepest and most prolonged recession since the Great Depression, but was then followed by buoyant growth. In a series of interventions from 1991 through to 1998, pensions were cut and their full price indexation abandoned. In spite of these dramatic measures, this study shows that pensioners fared better than the working-age population, but also that poverty among older Swedes increased in absolute terms. During the following years of rapid economic growth, in contrast, the growth in pensioners' income fell behind that of workers and their relative poverty increased. The analysis shows that the limited resources of many older Swedes put them close to a social poverty line. The study also shows that income inequality among older Swedes has grown with the increasing importance of capital income for the better off. We conclude that the increasing gap between better-off and worse-off older people raises issues about the future provision of expenditures on public services for them. The paper concludes that, overall, poverty among older people in Sweden remains low by international standards and that the Swedish welfare state has maintained its resilience.

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Levine, Daniel. "The Danish Connection: A Note on the Making of British Old Age Pensions." Albion 17, no. 2 (1985): 181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4049215.

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In the continuous discussion of how and how much Lloyd George was influenced by Germany in formulating Old Age Pensions and National Insurance, attention seems to have been almost wholly diverted from the degree to which the Danish example was discussed, recommended and clearly present in the consciousness of those who made the British Old Age Pension Act of 1908. There is no discussion of the issue in the standard work on the subject, Bentley B. Gilbert's The Evolution of National Insurance in Great Britain, (London, 1966) nor even any mention of “Denmark” in the index. The subject is likewise missing from Francis H. Stead's How Old Age Pensions Came to Be, (London [? 1910]), which Gilbert calls “indispensible.” Patricia Mary Williams barely mentions the subject in her detailed dissertation, “The Development of Old Age Pension Policy in Great Britain, 1878-1925” (University of London, 1970), and does not even do that much in the book she wrote under the name Pat Thane, Foundations of the Welfare State (Essex, 1982) nor in the chapter on old age pensions in the book she edited, Origins of British Social Policy (London, 1978). Hugh Heclo in Modern Social Politics in Britain and Sweden (New Haven, 1974) mentions (p. 167) that the proposals of the commission in 1899 “resembled” the Danish system, but Heclo does not say how or why, and then never mentions the subject again. John Grigg, in his biography of Lloyd George is concerned with the man more than the issue, and does not analyze the source of the ideas behind the old age pension bill of 1908 in his Lloyd George, The People's Champion (Berkeley, 1978).

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Nilsson, Kerstin, Roland Kadefors, Per-Olof Östergren, Lars Rylander, and Maria Albin. "O3D.5 National policies and social inequalities in exit paths from working life in sweden." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, Suppl 1 (April 2019): A28.3—A29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem-2019-epi.76.

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We investigated the impact on work life exits from reduced access to disability pension (2006), and financial incentives to extend working life.Method and materialWe used labour statistics, social insurance, and income data, for all employees in Sweden, to compare occupational groups (SSYK, based on ISCO-88), and blue and white collar workers, with regard to i) lost years in working life due to death, disability pension and long-term sick-leave preceding disability pension 2007–2010, ii) granted disability pensions 2007–2011, and iii) premature age pension in 2004 and 2011.ResultsYears lost in working life were similar for men and women in the same 1-digit SSYK occupational group, somewhat higher for those born outside Sweden, but showed a clear gradient from white to blue collar occupations, e.g. on average 0.39 ys versus 2.40 ys lost for Legislators/senior officials/managers and in Elementary occupations, respectively (women born in Sweden).In 2006 the prevalence of disability pension in the age group 50–64 was 3.61% among women and 2.49% among men, with 10/10 of the highest prevalence occupations (4-digit SSYK code) in men, and 9/10 in women, being blue collar ones. Approved applications decreased 2006–2011 by 74.4% in women, and 64.3% in men; for mental disorders (ICD-10-SE; F00-F99) 64.9% in women and 48.8% in men, for musculoskeletal disorders (M00-M99) 91.1% and 90.0%, respectively.The prevalence of premature age pension increased between 2004 and 2011: men 2.5% to 6.4%, women 1.7% to 5.5%. Blue collar occupations were most affected.ConclusionsThe socioeconomic divide in lost years of working life between white and blue collars prevailed. There was an apparent flow from disability to premature age pension, in particular in female blue collars. The findings indicate the budgetary savings of disability pensions transferred the economic burden of disease to individuals, and mainly to female blue collar workers.

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Olsson, Sven E. "The people's old-age pension in Sweden: Past, present and future." International Social Security Review 40, no. 4 (October 1987): 361–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-246x.1987.tb00984.x.

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Ekberg, Jan, and Thomas Lindh. "Immigrants in the Old-Age Pension System: The Case of Sweden." International Migration 54, no. 5 (June 19, 2013): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/imig.12117.

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Ståhlberg, Ann-Charlotte. "Gender and Social Security: Some Lessons from Europe." European Journal of Social Security 4, no. 3 (September 2002): 227–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1021328903833.

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Different social security schemes affect men and women differently. This article compares the family or single earner model with the individual or dual earner model and examines their impact on gender inequality. However, even where social security schemes are designed to be gender neutral, when applied in a context that is systematically structured by gender, it points out that they will have a different impact on men and women. The article examines the ways in which supposedly gender-neutral rules, in sickness benefit, survivors' pensions and old age pensions have affected men and women in Sweden and concludes that, if countries wish to achieve equal economic outcomes for men and women, they will need to introduce measures to equalise men's and women's commitments to the home and the labour market, and to enable women to attain higher-paid jobs on the same basis as men.

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Johansson, Stina, and Shengli Cheng. "Universal old-age pension in an aging China: Can China learn from Sweden?" International Social Work 59, no. 6 (July 9, 2016): 922–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020872814531307.

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Haupt, Marlene, Werner Sesselmeier, and Aysel Yollu-Tok. "Das Nudging-Konzept und die Altersvorsorge – der Blick zu knuff und puff in Schweden." Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung 87, no. 2 (April 1, 2018): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/vjh.87.2.17.

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Zusammenfassung: Wir nehmen die Bedeutung verhaltensökonomischer Erkenntnisse für den sozialpolitisch relevanten Bereich der Alterssicherung in den Blick. Zunächst stellen wir aktuelle Daten zur Entwicklung der Altersvorsorge in Deutschland vor, insbesondere seit der Einführung der Riester-Rente, die mit einer Veränderung des Leitbilds in der Sozialpolitik verbunden war. Dabei haben sich erklärungsbedürftige Besonderheiten im Verhalten der Bürger ergeben. Mit dem Ziel, die Konsumentensouveränität zu stärken und vor dem Hintergrund wichtiger Verhaltensanomalien, die in der Forschung zur Verhaltensökonomie beschrieben werden, diskutieren wir die Einführung von Nudges in der Sozialpolitik als Unterstützung bei der Entscheidungsfindung. Dabei muss die Frage gestellt werden, wie stark die Politik das Verhalten der Bürger steuern will. Zur Beantwortung dieser Frage hilft ein Blick nach Schweden. Dort ist das System der Alterssicherung anders organisiert, und es werden verschiedene Instrumente als Nudges eingesetzt. Durch diese Analysen können Implikationen für die Einführung von Nudges in Deutschland besser bewertet werden. Summary: This article focuses on the importance of behavioral economic findings for pensions as a sociopolitically relevant field. First, current data on the development of old-age provision in Germany are presented, especially since the introduction of the Riester pension, which was associated with a change in the guiding principles in social policy. With the aim of strengthening consumer sovereignty and against the background of important behavioral anomalies described by behavioral economics research, the introduction of nudges to support decision-making is discussed. Furthermore, it is discussed how much politics should be involved in influencing the behavior of the citizens. To answer this question, we look at Sweden, where the old-age pension system is organized slightly different and nudges are implemented. By conducting these analyses implications for the introduction of nudges in Germany can be better assessed.

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Kjellberg, Katarina, Daniel Falkstedt, Anette Linnersjö, and Tomas Hemmingsson. "O8D.6 High physical workload and disability pension: a follow-up study of swedish men until 59 years of age." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, Suppl 1 (April 2019): A76.2—A76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem-2019-epi.205.

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BackgroundIn Sweden, the proportion of the population that remains in paid employment until normal retirement age of 65 years is less than 50% in blue-collar groups, compared to 60%–75% in white-collar occupations. High physical workload has been associated with early exits from the labor market through disability pensions (DP) in many studies. However, identified risk factors for DP from early life may be more prevalent among men in heavy manual occupations than in others. The aim was to investigate the association between high physical work load in middle age and DP before age 59, adjusting for social background, physical ability, psychological characteristics, lifestyle and education measured before labour market entrance.MethodsThe study is based on a Swedish conscription cohort of 49 321 men born 1949–1951. At enlistment 1969/1970 information was collected about cardiorespiratory fitness, social background, psychological characteristics and health behaviours, e.g. smoking. Physical workload was estimated with a job exposure matrix based on questions concerning heavy lifting, strenuous work postures, repetitive work and physically strenuous work from the Swedish Work Environment Surveys 1989–97. Mean values for men of a composite physical exposure variable were grouped into quartiles; high, medium-high, medium-low and low physical workload, and assigned to occupational titles from the census 1990. The study group was followed regarding DP from age 40 to 59.ResultsExposure to high (HR 2.67, CI 95% 2.42–2.95), medium-high (HR 2.43, CI 95% 2.20–2.69) and medium-low (HR 1.31, CI 95% 1.18–1.47) physical workload, compared with low, were associated with DP up to age 59. The increased risks remained, but were clearly attenuated after adjustments for pre-labour market factors, especially psychological characteristics and education.ConclusionThe results are in line with a major effect of high physical work load on disability pension, even though adjustments for pre-labour market factors clearly attenuated the risks.

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Jönson, Håkan, and Magnus Nilsson. "Are Old People Merited Veterans of Society? Some notes on a Problematic Claim." Outlines. Critical Practice Studies 9, no. 2 (September 1, 2007): 28–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/ocps.v9i2.2079.

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The article shows how merit has been used to highlight pensioners as a special population in the claims-making activities of the senior rights movement in Sweden, as well as in debates about issues concerning old age. Simply put, merit refers to the claim that pensioners have built the society and they are entitled to special treatment – for instance welfare, reverence – for this reason. Merit is concluded to be a rhetorical tool with the potential of countering images of older people as a burden to the young. It portrays seniors as a population worthy of welfare and reverence. Social movements that emphasize merit among seniors will however risk isolation, since such claims to some extent have become associated with populist attacks on immigrants, politicians and other groups labeled as non-merited.

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Righard, Erica. "Researching the Dynamics of National Social Policy in a Globalized Society. A Proposal for a De-Nationalized Analytical Framework." Swiss Journal of Sociology 47, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 137–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sjs-2021-0010.

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Abstract Epistemological hierarchies in the social sciences stipulate that sedentarism is naturalised as a normality, and that mobility is viewed as a deviation. This article sets out to propose an analytical framework that takes the analysis beyond this kind of nationalized knowledge production, and to empirically show the gains of de-nationalized frameworks for analysis of social protection and dynamics of in-/equality in the globalised society. I will do this relying on the empirical example of the public old-age pension scheme in Sweden.

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Anxo, Dominique, Thomas Ericson, and Anna Herbert. "Beyond retirement: who stays at work after the standard age of retirement?" International Journal of Manpower 40, no. 5 (August 5, 2019): 917–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-09-2017-0243.

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Purpose Drawing on a unique combination of longitudinal administrative data and a postal survey, the purpose of this paper is to identify the socio-economic factors and individual characteristics that affect senior citizens’ decision to continue working on the Swedish labour market after the standard retirement age. Design/methodology/approach By using standard econometric techniques (multinomial logit model) on a large representative sample of 20,000 senior citizens residing in Sweden, the auhtors analyse the extent to which socio-economic factors and individual characteristics including personality traits affect the decision of senior citizens to delay retirement and to continue working after the standard retirement age. Findings The results of our estimations show clearly that good health, high educational attainment/high-skilled jobs, good psychosocial work environment, employment status (to be self-employed), personality traits (extraversion, openness to experience and conscientiousness) as well as industrial sectors (agriculture, healthcare and transport) are strong predictors of the continuation of work after the standard retirement age (65 years old). Research limitations/implications High job quality and good working conditions, along with continuous improvements in public health, are seemingly essential elements for motivating senior workers to delay retirement as are preventive policy measures favouring the development of decent and sustainable working conditions across the life course. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the paper is the first attempt in Sweden to analyse jointly a large range of factors influencing the decision to remain in the labour force after the standard/normal pension age, including psychosocial working conditions and personality traits.

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Jonsson, Anders, and Henrik Jaldell. "Identifying sociodemographic risk factors associated with residential fire fatalities: a matched case control study." Injury Prevention 26, no. 2 (March 4, 2019): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2018-043062.

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ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate the association between sociodemographic factors and residential fire fatalities in Sweden. A majority of fatal fires occur in housing. An understanding of risk factors and risk groups is a must for well-founded decisions regarding targeted prevention efforts. There is a lack of consideration of the interrelation between sociodemographic factors and fire fatalities and there is a lack of high quality large-scale studies.MethodsIn this matched case-control study, residential fire fatalities (cases, n=850) (age above 19 years old) were identified in the national register on fatal fires. Four controls per case were randomly matched by gender and age. ORs were calculated to assess the association between different sociodemographic factors with residential fire fatalities using conditional logistic regression.ResultsHaving low income, receiving social allowance and receiving health-related early retirement pension were associated with an increased risk of dying in residential fires. The results also show clearly that adults dying in residential fires to a significantly lower extent were living together with a partner, were in work, were highly educated and lived in urban areas. However, contrary to previous research, living in rented apartments appeared not to influence the risk of death.ConclusionsIn this study, we show that fatalities due to residential fires in Sweden are associated with some but not all of previously published sociodemographic risk factors. The results provide valuable information that can improve the guiding and targeting of fire mortality prevention strategies in Sweden.

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Heikkilä, Katriina, Ellenor Mittendorfer-Rutz, Kristina Alexanderson, and Marianna Virtanen. "Work Participation among Women and Men in Sweden: A Register Study of 8.5 Million Individuals." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 9 (April 27, 2021): 4642. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094642.

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Observational research studies from various countries suggest that women’s working patterns across the life course are often fragmented compared to men’s. The aim of our investigation was to use nationwide register data from Sweden to examine the extent to which generation and time of entry to the work force explain the sex differences in work participation across the life course. Our analyses were based on individual-level data on 4,182,581 women and 4,279,571 men, who were 19–69 years old and resident in Sweden in 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, or 2015. Data on income and number of net days on disability pension, obtained from multiple linked registers, were used to ascertain each individual’s main activity (in paid work, on disability pension, and not in paid work) each year. Years in paid work and on disability pension were calculated as the sums of years spent in either of these states from age 19 to 69 years. We used negative binomial regression to model the associations of generation and baseline year with years in paid work and years on disability pension. All models were run separately for women and men, with the duration of follow-up constrained to one, to account for the different follow-up times between individuals. Overall, the number of years in paid work across the life course was larger among men than women, and men entered into the workforce earlier. The difference between women and men was similar across generations and time periods. Adjustment for education, income, number of children aged <18 years living at home, country of birth, and the type of residential area had minimal impact on the estimates. Our findings suggest that women spend fewer years in paid work across the life course than men, highlighting the need for continued efforts to close the gender gap in work participation.

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Lambe, Mats, Paul Lambert, Irma Fredriksson, and Anna Plym. "Loss in working years after a breast cancer diagnosis: A population-based study (Sweden)." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 5_suppl (February 10, 2017): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.5_suppl.209.

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209 Background: More than half of all women with breast cancer are diagnosed during working age. We present a new measure of clinical and public health relevance to estimate the loss in working years after a breast cancer diagnosis. Methods: Women of working age diagnosed with breast cancer between 1997 and 2012 were identified in the Breast Cancer Data Base Sweden (N = 19,661), together with a breast cancer-free comparison cohort (N = 81,303). Women were followed until permanent exit from the labour market (defined as receipt of disability pension, old-age retirement or death) or censoring. Using flexible parametric survival modelling, the loss in working years was calculated as the difference in the remaining years in the work force between women with and women without breast cancer. Results: The loss in working years was most pronounced in women of younger ages and in women with advanced stage disease. Women aged 50 years at diagnosis with stage I disease lost on average 0.6 years (95% CI, 0.4-0.8) of their remaining working time; the corresponding estimates were 1.2 years (1.0-1.5) in stage II, 3.2 years (2.7-3.7) in stage III, and 8.8 years (7.9-9.8) in stage IV disease. Type of treatment was a clear determinant in women with early stage disease, with a higher loss in working years among women treated with axillary surgery, mastectomy and chemotherapy. Conclusions: Our measure provides a new perspective of the burden of breast cancer in women of working age. The modest loss in working years in women with early stage disease is reassuring, although the economic consequences on a population-level are likely to be high given the large number of women diagnosed with breast cancer every year.

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Jansson, Catarina, Kristina Alexanderson, Göran Kecklund, and Torbjörn Åkerstedt. "Clinically Diagnosed Insomnia and Risk of All-Cause and Diagnosis-Specific Disability Pension: A Nationwide Cohort Study." Sleep Disorders 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/209832.

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Background. Insomnia and disability pension are major health problems, but few population-based studies have examined the association between insomnia and risk of disability pension.Methods. We conducted a prospective nationwide cohort study based on Swedish population-based registers including all 5,028,922 individuals living in Sweden on December 31, 2004/2005, aged 17–64 years, and not on disability or old age pension. Those having at least one admission/specialist visit with a diagnosis of disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep (insomnias) (ICD-10: G47.0) during 2000/2001–2005 were compared to those with no such inpatient/outpatient care. All-cause and diagnosis-specific incident disability pension were followed from 2006 to 2010. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated by Cox regression.Results. In models adjusted for prior sickness absence, sociodemographic factors, and inpatient/specialized outpatient care, associations between insomnia and increased risks of all-cause disability pension (IRR 1.35, 95% CI 1.09–1.67) and disability pension due to mental diagnoses (IRR 1.86, 95% CI 1.38–2.50) were observed. After further adjustment for insomnia medications these associations disappeared. No associations between insomnia and risk of disability pension due to cancer, circulatory, or musculoskeletal diagnoses were observed.Conclusion. Insomnia seems to be positively associated with all-cause disability pension and disability pension due to mental diagnoses.

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Flood, Lennart, and Nizamul Islam. "The rise of working pensioners: the Swedish case." Nordic Tax Journal 2016, no. 1 (May 1, 2016): 41–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntaxj-2016-0003.

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Abstract According to the Eurostat the old-age dependency (people aged 65 or above relative to those aged 15- 64) in the EU will rise from 28% in 2010 to 58% in 2060. During the same period total hours works are projected to fall contributing to a low projected economic growth over the next half-century. In this paper we argue that this gloomy picture might be challenged by an increase in the employment rates of older workers. Using Sweden as an illustration we show that the ratio of individuals with income from both pension and market work has increased strongly during the last decade. During the same period economic reforms have been introduced creating economic incentives in order to delay the exit from the labor market. In this paper we demonstrate the importance of these economic reforms in explaining increased working hours. The paper also evaluates the fiscal impact of the increase in the employment rates.

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Vukovic, Drenka. "Old age and poverty." Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no. 131 (2010): 165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn1031165v.

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The process of demographic changes in Serbia is followed by discussions on the need to provide safety at old age and solve the problems of poverty and social exclusion of older citizens. In the current state there are no mechanisms that guarantee an adequate life standard at old age, the consequence of which is a high poverty rate, deteriorating health and limited access to social programs. The results of the Survey on life standard from 2002 and 2007 show that poverty among population in general and pensioners has decreased, while the poverty risk among people older than 65 has increased twice. The restrictive methods of the reforms cause a change in the relation between the pensions and the earnings, so that more and more pensioners receive below average, i.e. minimal pensions. Not all old people are covered by pension insurance so that a significant number (around 400.000) does not have a safe monthly income at all. The state program of financial aid is of modest size and does not provide help to all of the poor. Welfare aid decreases the risk of poverty, but it do not guarantee an adequate level of material security at old age. The low level of minimal and average pensions, the decline of participation in the average earnings and the strict criteria of the social security system have brought to awareness the necessity of 'social pensions' and various help and support programs for the elderly. .

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Anglim, Christopher, and Brian Gratton. "Organized Labor and Old Age Pensions." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 25, no. 2 (September 1987): 91–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/lat2-p0yd-dtv8-67m9.

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Organized labor in the United States strongly supported pre-New Deal proposals for state pensions for the elderly. The idea that American labor, unlike its European counterparts, did not contribute to the rise of the welfare state is based on evidence from national organizations and their leaders. Review of the activities of the highly political state federations, and of the campaign for old age pensions in Massachusetts, indicates that labor, rather than middle-class reformers, was responsible for the promotion of new public welfare programs.

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Leighninger, Leslie. "Old Age Pensions Before Social Security." Journal of Progressive Human Services 18, no. 1 (April 5, 2007): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j059v18n01_06.

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Van Zyl, Elize. "Old Age Pensions in South Africa." International Social Security Review 56, no. 3-4 (November 2003): 101–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-246x.00172.

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Liu, Liqun, Andrew J. Rettenmaier, and Thomas R. Saving. "LONGEVITY AND PUBLIC OLD-AGE PENSIONS." Economic Inquiry 43, no. 2 (April 2005): 247–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ei/cbi017.

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Kildal, Nanna, and Stein Kuhnle. "Old Age Pensions, Poverty and Dignity." Global Social Policy: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Public Policy and Social Development 8, no. 2 (August 2008): 208–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468018108090639.

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Minns, Richard. "Pensions and the age-old crisis." Pensions: An International Journal 7, no. 1 (September 2001): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.pm.5940184.

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Vegas Sánchez, Raquel, Isabel Argimón, Marta Botella, and Clara I. González. "Old age pensions and retirement in Spain." SERIEs 4, no. 3 (June 16, 2013): 273–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13209-013-0096-0.

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Walker, Robert, and Meg Huby. "Escaping Financial Dependency in Old Age." Ageing and Society 9, no. 1 (March 1989): 17–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x00013349.

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ABSTRACTOne of the principal motives behind pension reform in Britain in the post-war era has been to reduce dependence on means-tested assistance. Alternating attempts have been made to attain this objective through State and occupational collectivism but with only partial success. The present Government has shifted the emphasis away from collective provision towards individual saving promoted in the form of portable pensions. However, recent research has underlined the importance of structural determinants of dependency on means-tested assistance in retirement and of other factors over which individuals have little if any control. In the light of these findings questions are raised about the potential effectiveness of portable and occupational pensions as mechanisms for reducing future dependency on means-tested supplementation.

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Shapiro, Daniel. "Can Old-Age Social Insurance Be Justified?" Social Philosophy and Policy 14, no. 2 (1997): 116–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052500001849.

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While in America most people think of “welfare” as means-tested programs such as Aid to Families with Dependent Children, in reality in the United States and other affluent democracies the heart of the welfare state is social insurance programs, such as health insurance, old-age or retirement pensions, and unemployment insurance. They are insurance programs in the sense that they protect against common risks of a loss of income if and/or when certain events come to pass (illness, old-age or retirement, unemployment); they are “social” because unlike market insurance they are not run on a sound actuarial basis, the premiums are not voluntarily incurred but compulsory, and there is very limited choice or flexibility concerning the type of policy one can purchase. Why have social insurance rather than market insurance? In this essay, I take up this question with regard to old-age or retirement pensions, which at present absorb around 9 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP) and 25 percent of government spending of the affluent industrial countries comprising the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). My aim is to show that old-age or retirement social insurance (henceforth “SI”) is worse in virtually every relevant normative respect than its alternative, some form of market or private pensions. By relevant normative respect, I mean those values or principles which are used by contemporary political philosophers in their discussions and justifications of welfare-state policies, and which are applicable to assessments of different systems of old-age or retirement pensions. (Although they are applicable, almost no contemporary political philosophers have in fact applied them—an amazing state of affairs which I hope to remedy here.)

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Breyer, Friedrich, and Stefan Hupfeld. "Fairness of Public Pensions and Old-Age Poverty." FinanzArchiv 65, no. 3 (2009): 358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1628/001522109x477813.

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Calciano, Filippo L., and Mario Tirelli. "Public versus private old-age pensions in Europe." European View 7, no. 2 (December 2008): 277–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12290-008-0064-4.

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BÖRSCH-SUPAN, AXEL, ANETTE REIL-HELD, and DANIEL SCHUNK. "Saving incentives, old-age provision and displacement effects: evidence from the recent German pension reform." Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 7, no. 3 (May 9, 2008): 295–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747208003636.

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AbstractIn response to population aging, pay-as-you-go pensions are being reduced in almost all developed countries. In many countries, governments aim to fill the resulting gap with subsidized private pensions. This paper exploits the recent German pension reform to shed new light on the uptake of voluntary, but heavily subsidized private pension schemes. Specifically, we investigate how the uptake of the recently introduced ‘Riester pensions’ depends on state-provided saving incentives, and how well the targeting at families and low-income households works in practice.We show that, after a slow start, private pension plans took off very quickly. While saving incentives were effective in reaching parents, they were less successful in attracting low-income earners, although Riester pensions exhibit a more equal pattern by income than occupational pensions and unsubsidized private pension plans.We also provide circumstantial evidence on displacement effects between saving for old-age provision and other purposes. Households who plan to purchase housing are less likely to have a Riester pension. The same holds for households who attach high importance to a bequest motive. Occupational pensions and other forms of private pensions, however, act as complements rather than as substitutes.

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Medaiskis, Teodoras, and Šarūnas Eirošius. "A Comparison of Lithuanian and Swedish Old Age Pension Systems." Ekonomika 98, no. 1 (April 17, 2019): 38–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/ekon.2019.1.3.

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[full article and abstract in English] The aim of this study is to compare Lithuanian and Swedish pension systems from the point of view of their design and performance in order to elaborate reasonable recommendations to Lithuanian pension policy based on the best Swedish experience. Swedish income, premium and guaranteed old-age pensions system are compared with the analogous Lithuanian system of the “first,” “second” pillars and the “social” pensions. The main features of the systems are discussed, and the performance of the systems, mainly from the point of view of adequacy, is compared. The differences in system design and performance are identified, and the possible reasons of these differences are examined. Special attention is paid to differences in financing and the approach to the definition of benefits. The Lithuanian pension points approach is compared to the Swedish Notional Defined Contribution (NDC) approach. Each system is analyzed, and the relevance of transforming the Lithuanian first pillar pensions into a NDC system is examined.

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Riumallo-Herl, Carlos, and Emma Aguila. "The effect of old-age pensions on health care utilization patterns and insurance uptake in Mexico." BMJ Global Health 4, no. 6 (November 2019): e001771. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001771.

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IntroductionAs old-age pensions continue to expand around the world in response to population ageing, policymakers increasingly wish to understand their impact on healthcare demand. In this paper, we examine the effects of supplemental income to older adults on healthcare use patterns, expenditures and insurance uptake in Yucatan, Mexico.MethodWe use a longitudinal survey for individuals aged 70 or older and an individual fixed-effects difference-in-difference approach to understand the effect of an income supplement on healthcare use patterns, out-of-pocket expenditures and health insurance uptake patterns.ResultsThe implementation of the old-age pension was associated with increased use of healthcare with nuanced effects on the type of care. Old-age pensions increase the use of formal healthcare by 15 percentage points (95% CI 6.1 to 23.9) for those with healthcare use at baseline and by 7.5 percentage points (95% CI 3.7 to 11.3) for those without healthcare use at baseline. We find no evidence of greater out-of-pocket expenditures, likely because old-age pensions were associated with a 4.2 percentage point (95% CI 1.5 to 6.9) increase in use of public health insurance.ConclusionOld-age pensions can shift healthcare demand towards formal services and eliminate financial barriers to basic care. Pension benefits can also increase the uptake of insurance programmes. These results demonstrate how social programmes can complement each other This highlights the potential role of old-age pensions in achieving universal health coverage for individuals at older ages.

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Galasso, Vincenzo, Roberta Gatti, and Paola Profeta. "Investing for the old age: pensions, children and savings." International Tax and Public Finance 16, no. 4 (April 10, 2009): 538–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10797-009-9104-5.

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Verschueren, Herwig. "Regulation 883/2004 and Invalidity and Old-Age Pensions." European Journal of Social Security 11, no. 1-2 (March 2009): 143–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/138826270901100107.

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Cao, Xuefen. "A Study of the State’s Responsibility for Pensions." Learning & Education 10, no. 3 (November 7, 2021): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.18282/l-e.v10i3.2436.

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At present, China has entered into an aging society, and the social risk brought by the aging population has become a major problem facing the country and society. Along with the weakening of the traditional-type family elderly function, the expansion of the state’s elderly responsibility has become an inevitable trend for the transformation of elderly responsibility. However, in the existing norms on old-age security, there are still problems of unbalanced distribution of responsibilities and blurred boundaries of government responsibilities.By analyzing the unreasonable aspects of the existing old-age security system, we summarize the proper contents of the state’s old-age responsibility, reasonably coordinate the state’s and individual’s old-age responsibility by applying the “subsidiarity principle”, and clarify the government’s position in the old-age responsibility, so as to construct a perfect old-age security system.

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Goodkind, Daniel. "Reforming the Old-Age Security System in Vietnam." Asian Journal of Social Science 27, no. 2 (1999): 139–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/030382499x00093.

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AbstractOur paper examines changing systems of state support to the elderly in Vietnam, based primarily on two recent surveys in northern and southern subregions. We focus on the pension system, the most generous source of such support. Prior to 1995, pensions were primarily available to workers in the state sector. The funding system was ostensibly pay-as-you-go, yet heavily reliant on government subsidies. Our surveys reveal distinct regional patterns in the prevalence and size of pensions (as well as age at retirement), patterns we relate to Vietnam's partition and reunification. We then describe recent policy changes enacted as part of Vietnam's transition to a more market-oriented economy. A new Social Security Administration is attempting to extend old age security to employees of non-state enterprises based on enhanced employer contributions and new payroll deductions. We identify ideological, financial and demographic rationales for these reforms as well a variety of challenges to the new system.

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Rossi, Pauline, and Mathilde Godard. "The Old-Age Security Motive for Fertility: Evidence from the Extension of Social Pensions in Namibia." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 14, no. 4 (November 1, 2022): 488–518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20200466.

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The old-age security motive for fertility postulates that people’s needs for old-age support raise the demand for children. We exploit the extension of social pensions in Namibia during the 1990s to provide a quasi-experimental quantification of this widespread idea. The reform eliminated inequalities in pension coverage and benefits across regions and ethnic groups. Combining differences in pre-reform pensions and differences in exposure across cohorts, we show that pensions substantially reduce fertility, especially in late reproductive life. The results suggest that improving social protection for the elderly could go a long way in fostering fertility decline in sub-Saharan Africa. (JEL H55, I38, J13, J14, O15)

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Budd, John W., and Timothy Guinnane. "Intentional Age-Misreporting, Age-Heaping, and the 1908 Old Age Pensions Act in Ireland." Population Studies 45, no. 3 (November 1991): 497–518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0032472031000145666.

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Rogers, Edmund. "A ‘most imperial’ contribution: New Zealand and the old age pensions debate in Britain, 1898–1912." Journal of Global History 9, no. 2 (May 23, 2014): 189–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022814000035.

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AbstractThe extent of imperial influences upon nineteenth- and early twentieth-century British life, including in the development of social policy, has attracted significant scholarly interest in the past decade. The bearing of New Zealand's 1898 Old-Age Pensions Act upon the British debate over elderly poverty exemplifies the contested transfer of social policy ideas from settler colony to ‘Mother Country’. Reformers in Britain hailed a model non-contributory pension system with an imperial pedigree. However, the widely acknowledged distinction between ‘old’ countries such as Britain, and ‘new’ countries of English-speaking settlement, characterized the New Zealand example's reception. While progressives identified the colony as a ‘clean slate’ lacking the obstructive historical inheritance of the Poor Law, critics of state-funded pensions warned against drawing policy-making lessons from New Zealand. Yet when a reformist Liberal government introduced an Old Age Pensions Bill in 1908, it used Britain's age to justify the legislation's relative conservatism.

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Elu-Terán, Alexander. "Has Social Security Policy Converged? Cross-Country Evolution of Old Age Benefits, 1890–2000." Journal of Economic History 72, no. 4 (December 14, 2012): 927–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050712000642.

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The extension of social insurance during the twentieth century did not translate into homogeneous pension provision. Using a new database, this article analyzes the evolution of pensions in the long run for a sample of welfare states. The convergence in old age benefits as a share of earnings is only found for all earnings levels between 1970 and 1990. The results also underline the role as determinants of pension policy of both domestic and external factors. In line with previous literature, income per capita and the share of old people are key drivers of pensions. However, the effect of globalization is negative, especially for low and medium earnings levels.

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Crossley, Thomas F., and Byron G. Spencer. "Private Pensions and Income Security in Old Age: An Uncertain FutureIntroduction." Canadian Public Policy 34, no. 4 (November 2008): Siii—Svi. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cpp.34.4.siii.

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Crossley, Thomas F., and Byron G. Spencer. "Private Pensions and Income Security in Old Age: An Uncertain FutureIntroduction." Canadian Public Policy 34, Supplement 1 (November 2008): Siii—Svi. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cpp.34.supplement.siii.

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Murphy, John. "The Poverty of Liberalism: the First Old Age Pensions in Australia." Thesis Eleven 95, no. 1 (November 2008): 33–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0725513608095799.

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Sterett, Susan. "Constitutionalism and Social Spending: Pennsylvania's Old Age Pensions in the 1920s." Studies in American Political Development 4 (1990): 230–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898588x00000936.

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Rather than studying only what appellate courts do, scholars of law and society have been pointing out that the interpretation of law is an enterprise many engage in—e.g., lawyers, administrative officials, and the lay public, as well as courts. Recent scholarship has broadened the analysis of constitutional law in a way that is not Supreme Court centered. Scholars have focused on constitutionalism as the idea that words written down limit and shape political practice. For example, Michael Kammen's work shows the continuing and repetitive celebrations of the Constitution in American life, celebrations that have taken the federal constitution as “a machine that would go of itself” and as a sacred text, often forgetting how much it has been remade through reinterpretation. This focus on constitutionalism rather than on appellate court decisions leads to a broader understanding of constitutions in a polity, so that scholars analyze rights claims in addition to examining the rights that courts have said people have. This effort emphasizes the meaningful elements of law, since the definition of constitutionalism focuses on what people think they should do, or on what they have a right to do. It leads to scholarship that points out the penetration of legal language, particularly claims of rights, into American culture. With this approach, one reason to analyze elite statements of law is that they state rights in ways that become part of general political consciousness.

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Lodahl, Maria. "Old-age pensions in Russia: more subsistence benefit than social insurance." Economic Bulletin 36, no. 12 (December 1996): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02683049.

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Verbic, Miroslav, and Rok Spruk. "Aging population and public pensions: Theory and macroeconometric evidence." Panoeconomicus 61, no. 3 (2014): 289–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan1403289v.

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Rapidly aging population in high-income countries has exerted additional pressure on the sustainability of public pension expenditure. We present a theoretical model of public pension expenditure under endogenous human capital, where the latter facilitates a substantial decrease in equilibrium fertility rate alongside the improvement in life expectancy. We demonstrate how higher life expectancy and human capital endowment facilitate a rise of net replacement rate. We then provide and examine an empirical model of old-age expenditure in a panel of 33 countries for the period 1998-2008. Our results indicate that increases in effective retirement age and total fertility rate would reduce age-related expenditure substantially. While higher net replacement rate would alleviate the risk of old-age poverty, further increases would add considerable pressure on the fiscal sustainability of public pensions.

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Jarosz, Dariusz. "Old Age and Poverty in Poland, 1945-1989: The Status Regarding Knowledge And Research Problems." Studia Historiae Oeconomicae 32, no. 1 (December 1, 2014): 49–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sho-2014-0003.

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Abstract The history of old age has only relatively recently become explored as a research topic in Poland. This sketch focuses on the relationship between old age and poverty in People’s Republic of Poland. Old age, however, was a significant object of interest of the PRL authorities in at least two aspects. The first was the social security system, particularly in relation to old age and disability pensions, and the second, social care for the aged.

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Struthers, James. "Regulating the Elderly: Old Age Pensions and the Formation of a Pension Bureaucracy in Ontario, 1929-1945." Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 3, no. 1 (February 9, 2006): 235–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/031051ar.

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Abstract This article examines the emergence of means-tested old age pensions in Ontario in the context of the Great Depression and World War II. Ontario's old age pension scheme, it argues, was launched in 1929 with weak political commitment, little bureaucratic-preparation, and an almost complete absence of administrative experience at the provincial and municipal level in assessing and responding to need on a mass scale. The article examines the complex interplay among federal, provincial, and local government authorities in the politics of pension administration throughout the 1929-1945 era, arguing that local control of pension decision-making in the early years of the Depression provided two divergent models of pension entitlement both as charity and as an earned social right. After 1933 governments at both the provincial and federal level centralized decision-making over pension administration in order to standardize and restrict pension entitlement, contain its rapidly rising costs, and enforce more efficiently the concept of parental maintenance upon children. World War II undermined the concept of pensions as charity by broadly expanding the boundaries of entitlement both for the elderly and their children. By 1945 means-tested pensions had few supporters within or outside of government, laying the basis for the emergence of a universal system of old age security in 1951.

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GAL, JOHN. "How well does a partnership in pensions really work? The Israeli public/private pension mix." Ageing and Society 22, no. 2 (March 2002): 161–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x02008619.

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This paper takes the old-age pension system in Israel as a test case to examine the implications of proposals for pension reform now being debated or implemented in many welfare states. For over a decade, high on the agenda of decision-makers on both national and international levels, there has been the notion of moving towards a changing ‘partnership in pensions’ or, to put it more bluntly, towards greater privatisation of social security. Virtually since its emergence in the 1950s, the Israeli old-age pension has been based primarily upon a mix of low universal state pensions and income-related private occupational pensions. This paper compares the British and Israeli social security systems for older people in the wake of the reforms recently introduced in Britain and analyses the implications of the Israeli structure on the distribution of social security spending and on the wellbeing of different categories of older individuals.

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Bartkus, Algirdas. "Efficient Indexation of Social Insurance Pensions." Lietuvos statistikos darbai 49, no. 1 (December 20, 2010): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/ljs.2010.13945.

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This paper tries to formulate conclusions about the indexation of old-age pensions. Pensions can be adjusted and indexed taking into consideration a wage increase. The point of indexation with regard to wages lies in the increment of pensions on to a new, higher nominal level of consumption opportunities (the pension increases), but leaving it at the same relative or potential level of consumption opportunities (the pensions-to-earnings ratio remains constant). Pensions can also be adjusted and indexed according to an increase in the price level. The adjustment of pensions with respect to the price level maintains the real level of consumption (a person is always able to buy the same set of goods). The aim of this study is to identify the conditions of efficient indexation; to summarize the methods of indexation; to draw conclusions as to which of these methods maximizes the wealth of taxpayers.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Old age pensions – Sweden'

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