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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Vukovic, Drenka. "Old age and poverty." Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no. 131 (2010): 165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn1031165v.

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The process of demographic changes in Serbia is followed by discussions on the need to provide safety at old age and solve the problems of poverty and social exclusion of older citizens. In the current state there are no mechanisms that guarantee an adequate life standard at old age, the consequence of which is a high poverty rate, deteriorating health and limited access to social programs. The results of the Survey on life standard from 2002 and 2007 show that poverty among population in general and pensioners has decreased, while the poverty risk among people older than 65 has increased twice. The restrictive methods of the reforms cause a change in the relation between the pensions and the earnings, so that more and more pensioners receive below average, i.e. minimal pensions. Not all old people are covered by pension insurance so that a significant number (around 400.000) does not have a safe monthly income at all. The state program of financial aid is of modest size and does not provide help to all of the poor. Welfare aid decreases the risk of poverty, but it do not guarantee an adequate level of material security at old age. The low level of minimal and average pensions, the decline of participation in the average earnings and the strict criteria of the social security system have brought to awareness the necessity of 'social pensions' and various help and support programs for the elderly. .

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2

Anglim, Christopher, and Brian Gratton. "Organized Labor and Old Age Pensions." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 25, no. 2 (September 1987): 91–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/lat2-p0yd-dtv8-67m9.

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Organized labor in the United States strongly supported pre-New Deal proposals for state pensions for the elderly. The idea that American labor, unlike its European counterparts, did not contribute to the rise of the welfare state is based on evidence from national organizations and their leaders. Review of the activities of the highly political state federations, and of the campaign for old age pensions in Massachusetts, indicates that labor, rather than middle-class reformers, was responsible for the promotion of new public welfare programs.

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3

Leighninger, Leslie. "Old Age Pensions Before Social Security." Journal of Progressive Human Services 18, no. 1 (April 5, 2007): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j059v18n01_06.

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4

Van Zyl, Elize. "Old Age Pensions in South Africa." International Social Security Review 56, no. 3-4 (November 2003): 101–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-246x.00172.

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5

Liu, Liqun, Andrew J. Rettenmaier, and Thomas R. Saving. "LONGEVITY AND PUBLIC OLD-AGE PENSIONS." Economic Inquiry 43, no. 2 (April 2005): 247–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ei/cbi017.

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6

Kildal, Nanna, and Stein Kuhnle. "Old Age Pensions, Poverty and Dignity." Global Social Policy: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Public Policy and Social Development 8, no. 2 (August 2008): 208–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468018108090639.

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7

Minns, Richard. "Pensions and the age-old crisis." Pensions: An International Journal 7, no. 1 (September 2001): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.pm.5940184.

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8

Vegas Sánchez, Raquel, Isabel Argimón, Marta Botella, and Clara I. González. "Old age pensions and retirement in Spain." SERIEs 4, no. 3 (June 16, 2013): 273–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13209-013-0096-0.

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9

Walker, Robert, and Meg Huby. "Escaping Financial Dependency in Old Age." Ageing and Society 9, no. 1 (March 1989): 17–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x00013349.

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ABSTRACTOne of the principal motives behind pension reform in Britain in the post-war era has been to reduce dependence on means-tested assistance. Alternating attempts have been made to attain this objective through State and occupational collectivism but with only partial success. The present Government has shifted the emphasis away from collective provision towards individual saving promoted in the form of portable pensions. However, recent research has underlined the importance of structural determinants of dependency on means-tested assistance in retirement and of other factors over which individuals have little if any control. In the light of these findings questions are raised about the potential effectiveness of portable and occupational pensions as mechanisms for reducing future dependency on means-tested supplementation.

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10

Shapiro, Daniel. "Can Old-Age Social Insurance Be Justified?" Social Philosophy and Policy 14, no. 2 (1997): 116–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052500001849.

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While in America most people think of “welfare” as means-tested programs such as Aid to Families with Dependent Children, in reality in the United States and other affluent democracies the heart of the welfare state is social insurance programs, such as health insurance, old-age or retirement pensions, and unemployment insurance. They are insurance programs in the sense that they protect against common risks of a loss of income if and/or when certain events come to pass (illness, old-age or retirement, unemployment); they are “social” because unlike market insurance they are not run on a sound actuarial basis, the premiums are not voluntarily incurred but compulsory, and there is very limited choice or flexibility concerning the type of policy one can purchase. Why have social insurance rather than market insurance? In this essay, I take up this question with regard to old-age or retirement pensions, which at present absorb around 9 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP) and 25 percent of government spending of the affluent industrial countries comprising the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). My aim is to show that old-age or retirement social insurance (henceforth “SI”) is worse in virtually every relevant normative respect than its alternative, some form of market or private pensions. By relevant normative respect, I mean those values or principles which are used by contemporary political philosophers in their discussions and justifications of welfare-state policies, and which are applicable to assessments of different systems of old-age or retirement pensions. (Although they are applicable, almost no contemporary political philosophers have in fact applied them—an amazing state of affairs which I hope to remedy here.)

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11

Breyer, Friedrich, and Stefan Hupfeld. "Fairness of Public Pensions and Old-Age Poverty." FinanzArchiv 65, no. 3 (2009): 358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1628/001522109x477813.

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12

Calciano, Filippo L., and Mario Tirelli. "Public versus private old-age pensions in Europe." European View 7, no. 2 (December 2008): 277–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12290-008-0064-4.

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13

BÖRSCH-SUPAN, AXEL, ANETTE REIL-HELD, and DANIEL SCHUNK. "Saving incentives, old-age provision and displacement effects: evidence from the recent German pension reform." Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 7, no. 3 (May 9, 2008): 295–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747208003636.

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AbstractIn response to population aging, pay-as-you-go pensions are being reduced in almost all developed countries. In many countries, governments aim to fill the resulting gap with subsidized private pensions. This paper exploits the recent German pension reform to shed new light on the uptake of voluntary, but heavily subsidized private pension schemes. Specifically, we investigate how the uptake of the recently introduced ‘Riester pensions’ depends on state-provided saving incentives, and how well the targeting at families and low-income households works in practice.We show that, after a slow start, private pension plans took off very quickly. While saving incentives were effective in reaching parents, they were less successful in attracting low-income earners, although Riester pensions exhibit a more equal pattern by income than occupational pensions and unsubsidized private pension plans.We also provide circumstantial evidence on displacement effects between saving for old-age provision and other purposes. Households who plan to purchase housing are less likely to have a Riester pension. The same holds for households who attach high importance to a bequest motive. Occupational pensions and other forms of private pensions, however, act as complements rather than as substitutes.

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14

Medaiskis, Teodoras, and Šarūnas Eirošius. "A Comparison of Lithuanian and Swedish Old Age Pension Systems." Ekonomika 98, no. 1 (April 17, 2019): 38–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/ekon.2019.1.3.

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[full article and abstract in English] The aim of this study is to compare Lithuanian and Swedish pension systems from the point of view of their design and performance in order to elaborate reasonable recommendations to Lithuanian pension policy based on the best Swedish experience. Swedish income, premium and guaranteed old-age pensions system are compared with the analogous Lithuanian system of the “first,” “second” pillars and the “social” pensions. The main features of the systems are discussed, and the performance of the systems, mainly from the point of view of adequacy, is compared. The differences in system design and performance are identified, and the possible reasons of these differences are examined. Special attention is paid to differences in financing and the approach to the definition of benefits. The Lithuanian pension points approach is compared to the Swedish Notional Defined Contribution (NDC) approach. Each system is analyzed, and the relevance of transforming the Lithuanian first pillar pensions into a NDC system is examined.

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15

Riumallo-Herl, Carlos, and Emma Aguila. "The effect of old-age pensions on health care utilization patterns and insurance uptake in Mexico." BMJ Global Health 4, no. 6 (November 2019): e001771. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001771.

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IntroductionAs old-age pensions continue to expand around the world in response to population ageing, policymakers increasingly wish to understand their impact on healthcare demand. In this paper, we examine the effects of supplemental income to older adults on healthcare use patterns, expenditures and insurance uptake in Yucatan, Mexico.MethodWe use a longitudinal survey for individuals aged 70 or older and an individual fixed-effects difference-in-difference approach to understand the effect of an income supplement on healthcare use patterns, out-of-pocket expenditures and health insurance uptake patterns.ResultsThe implementation of the old-age pension was associated with increased use of healthcare with nuanced effects on the type of care. Old-age pensions increase the use of formal healthcare by 15 percentage points (95% CI 6.1 to 23.9) for those with healthcare use at baseline and by 7.5 percentage points (95% CI 3.7 to 11.3) for those without healthcare use at baseline. We find no evidence of greater out-of-pocket expenditures, likely because old-age pensions were associated with a 4.2 percentage point (95% CI 1.5 to 6.9) increase in use of public health insurance.ConclusionOld-age pensions can shift healthcare demand towards formal services and eliminate financial barriers to basic care. Pension benefits can also increase the uptake of insurance programmes. These results demonstrate how social programmes can complement each other This highlights the potential role of old-age pensions in achieving universal health coverage for individuals at older ages.

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16

Galasso, Vincenzo, Roberta Gatti, and Paola Profeta. "Investing for the old age: pensions, children and savings." International Tax and Public Finance 16, no. 4 (April 10, 2009): 538–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10797-009-9104-5.

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17

Verschueren, Herwig. "Regulation 883/2004 and Invalidity and Old-Age Pensions." European Journal of Social Security 11, no. 1-2 (March 2009): 143–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/138826270901100107.

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18

Cao, Xuefen. "A Study of the State’s Responsibility for Pensions." Learning & Education 10, no. 3 (November 7, 2021): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.18282/l-e.v10i3.2436.

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At present, China has entered into an aging society, and the social risk brought by the aging population has become a major problem facing the country and society. Along with the weakening of the traditional-type family elderly function, the expansion of the state’s elderly responsibility has become an inevitable trend for the transformation of elderly responsibility. However, in the existing norms on old-age security, there are still problems of unbalanced distribution of responsibilities and blurred boundaries of government responsibilities.By analyzing the unreasonable aspects of the existing old-age security system, we summarize the proper contents of the state’s old-age responsibility, reasonably coordinate the state’s and individual’s old-age responsibility by applying the “subsidiarity principle”, and clarify the government’s position in the old-age responsibility, so as to construct a perfect old-age security system.

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19

Goodkind, Daniel. "Reforming the Old-Age Security System in Vietnam." Asian Journal of Social Science 27, no. 2 (1999): 139–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/030382499x00093.

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AbstractOur paper examines changing systems of state support to the elderly in Vietnam, based primarily on two recent surveys in northern and southern subregions. We focus on the pension system, the most generous source of such support. Prior to 1995, pensions were primarily available to workers in the state sector. The funding system was ostensibly pay-as-you-go, yet heavily reliant on government subsidies. Our surveys reveal distinct regional patterns in the prevalence and size of pensions (as well as age at retirement), patterns we relate to Vietnam's partition and reunification. We then describe recent policy changes enacted as part of Vietnam's transition to a more market-oriented economy. A new Social Security Administration is attempting to extend old age security to employees of non-state enterprises based on enhanced employer contributions and new payroll deductions. We identify ideological, financial and demographic rationales for these reforms as well a variety of challenges to the new system.

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20

Rossi, Pauline, and Mathilde Godard. "The Old-Age Security Motive for Fertility: Evidence from the Extension of Social Pensions in Namibia." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 14, no. 4 (November 1, 2022): 488–518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20200466.

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The old-age security motive for fertility postulates that people’s needs for old-age support raise the demand for children. We exploit the extension of social pensions in Namibia during the 1990s to provide a quasi-experimental quantification of this widespread idea. The reform eliminated inequalities in pension coverage and benefits across regions and ethnic groups. Combining differences in pre-reform pensions and differences in exposure across cohorts, we show that pensions substantially reduce fertility, especially in late reproductive life. The results suggest that improving social protection for the elderly could go a long way in fostering fertility decline in sub-Saharan Africa. (JEL H55, I38, J13, J14, O15)

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21

Budd, John W., and Timothy Guinnane. "Intentional Age-Misreporting, Age-Heaping, and the 1908 Old Age Pensions Act in Ireland." Population Studies 45, no. 3 (November 1991): 497–518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0032472031000145666.

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22

Rogers, Edmund. "A ‘most imperial’ contribution: New Zealand and the old age pensions debate in Britain, 1898–1912." Journal of Global History 9, no. 2 (May 23, 2014): 189–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022814000035.

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AbstractThe extent of imperial influences upon nineteenth- and early twentieth-century British life, including in the development of social policy, has attracted significant scholarly interest in the past decade. The bearing of New Zealand's 1898 Old-Age Pensions Act upon the British debate over elderly poverty exemplifies the contested transfer of social policy ideas from settler colony to ‘Mother Country’. Reformers in Britain hailed a model non-contributory pension system with an imperial pedigree. However, the widely acknowledged distinction between ‘old’ countries such as Britain, and ‘new’ countries of English-speaking settlement, characterized the New Zealand example's reception. While progressives identified the colony as a ‘clean slate’ lacking the obstructive historical inheritance of the Poor Law, critics of state-funded pensions warned against drawing policy-making lessons from New Zealand. Yet when a reformist Liberal government introduced an Old Age Pensions Bill in 1908, it used Britain's age to justify the legislation's relative conservatism.

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23

Elu-Terán, Alexander. "Has Social Security Policy Converged? Cross-Country Evolution of Old Age Benefits, 1890–2000." Journal of Economic History 72, no. 4 (December 14, 2012): 927–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050712000642.

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The extension of social insurance during the twentieth century did not translate into homogeneous pension provision. Using a new database, this article analyzes the evolution of pensions in the long run for a sample of welfare states. The convergence in old age benefits as a share of earnings is only found for all earnings levels between 1970 and 1990. The results also underline the role as determinants of pension policy of both domestic and external factors. In line with previous literature, income per capita and the share of old people are key drivers of pensions. However, the effect of globalization is negative, especially for low and medium earnings levels.

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24

Crossley, Thomas F., and Byron G. Spencer. "Private Pensions and Income Security in Old Age: An Uncertain FutureIntroduction." Canadian Public Policy 34, no. 4 (November 2008): Siii—Svi. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cpp.34.4.siii.

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25

Crossley, Thomas F., and Byron G. Spencer. "Private Pensions and Income Security in Old Age: An Uncertain FutureIntroduction." Canadian Public Policy 34, Supplement 1 (November 2008): Siii—Svi. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cpp.34.supplement.siii.

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26

Murphy, John. "The Poverty of Liberalism: the First Old Age Pensions in Australia." Thesis Eleven 95, no. 1 (November 2008): 33–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0725513608095799.

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27

Sterett, Susan. "Constitutionalism and Social Spending: Pennsylvania's Old Age Pensions in the 1920s." Studies in American Political Development 4 (1990): 230–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898588x00000936.

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Rather than studying only what appellate courts do, scholars of law and society have been pointing out that the interpretation of law is an enterprise many engage in—e.g., lawyers, administrative officials, and the lay public, as well as courts. Recent scholarship has broadened the analysis of constitutional law in a way that is not Supreme Court centered. Scholars have focused on constitutionalism as the idea that words written down limit and shape political practice. For example, Michael Kammen's work shows the continuing and repetitive celebrations of the Constitution in American life, celebrations that have taken the federal constitution as “a machine that would go of itself” and as a sacred text, often forgetting how much it has been remade through reinterpretation. This focus on constitutionalism rather than on appellate court decisions leads to a broader understanding of constitutions in a polity, so that scholars analyze rights claims in addition to examining the rights that courts have said people have. This effort emphasizes the meaningful elements of law, since the definition of constitutionalism focuses on what people think they should do, or on what they have a right to do. It leads to scholarship that points out the penetration of legal language, particularly claims of rights, into American culture. With this approach, one reason to analyze elite statements of law is that they state rights in ways that become part of general political consciousness.

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28

Lodahl, Maria. "Old-age pensions in Russia: more subsistence benefit than social insurance." Economic Bulletin 36, no. 12 (December 1996): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02683049.

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29

Levine, Daniel. "The Danish Connection: A Note on the Making of British Old Age Pensions." Albion 17, no. 2 (1985): 181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4049215.

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In the continuous discussion of how and how much Lloyd George was influenced by Germany in formulating Old Age Pensions and National Insurance, attention seems to have been almost wholly diverted from the degree to which the Danish example was discussed, recommended and clearly present in the consciousness of those who made the British Old Age Pension Act of 1908. There is no discussion of the issue in the standard work on the subject, Bentley B. Gilbert's The Evolution of National Insurance in Great Britain, (London, 1966) nor even any mention of “Denmark” in the index. The subject is likewise missing from Francis H. Stead's How Old Age Pensions Came to Be, (London [? 1910]), which Gilbert calls “indispensible.” Patricia Mary Williams barely mentions the subject in her detailed dissertation, “The Development of Old Age Pension Policy in Great Britain, 1878-1925” (University of London, 1970), and does not even do that much in the book she wrote under the name Pat Thane, Foundations of the Welfare State (Essex, 1982) nor in the chapter on old age pensions in the book she edited, Origins of British Social Policy (London, 1978). Hugh Heclo in Modern Social Politics in Britain and Sweden (New Haven, 1974) mentions (p. 167) that the proposals of the commission in 1899 “resembled” the Danish system, but Heclo does not say how or why, and then never mentions the subject again. John Grigg, in his biography of Lloyd George is concerned with the man more than the issue, and does not analyze the source of the ideas behind the old age pension bill of 1908 in his Lloyd George, The People's Champion (Berkeley, 1978).

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30

Verbic, Miroslav, and Rok Spruk. "Aging population and public pensions: Theory and macroeconometric evidence." Panoeconomicus 61, no. 3 (2014): 289–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan1403289v.

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Rapidly aging population in high-income countries has exerted additional pressure on the sustainability of public pension expenditure. We present a theoretical model of public pension expenditure under endogenous human capital, where the latter facilitates a substantial decrease in equilibrium fertility rate alongside the improvement in life expectancy. We demonstrate how higher life expectancy and human capital endowment facilitate a rise of net replacement rate. We then provide and examine an empirical model of old-age expenditure in a panel of 33 countries for the period 1998-2008. Our results indicate that increases in effective retirement age and total fertility rate would reduce age-related expenditure substantially. While higher net replacement rate would alleviate the risk of old-age poverty, further increases would add considerable pressure on the fiscal sustainability of public pensions.

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31

Jarosz, Dariusz. "Old Age and Poverty in Poland, 1945-1989: The Status Regarding Knowledge And Research Problems." Studia Historiae Oeconomicae 32, no. 1 (December 1, 2014): 49–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sho-2014-0003.

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Abstract The history of old age has only relatively recently become explored as a research topic in Poland. This sketch focuses on the relationship between old age and poverty in People’s Republic of Poland. Old age, however, was a significant object of interest of the PRL authorities in at least two aspects. The first was the social security system, particularly in relation to old age and disability pensions, and the second, social care for the aged.

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32

Struthers, James. "Regulating the Elderly: Old Age Pensions and the Formation of a Pension Bureaucracy in Ontario, 1929-1945." Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 3, no. 1 (February 9, 2006): 235–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/031051ar.

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Abstract This article examines the emergence of means-tested old age pensions in Ontario in the context of the Great Depression and World War II. Ontario's old age pension scheme, it argues, was launched in 1929 with weak political commitment, little bureaucratic-preparation, and an almost complete absence of administrative experience at the provincial and municipal level in assessing and responding to need on a mass scale. The article examines the complex interplay among federal, provincial, and local government authorities in the politics of pension administration throughout the 1929-1945 era, arguing that local control of pension decision-making in the early years of the Depression provided two divergent models of pension entitlement both as charity and as an earned social right. After 1933 governments at both the provincial and federal level centralized decision-making over pension administration in order to standardize and restrict pension entitlement, contain its rapidly rising costs, and enforce more efficiently the concept of parental maintenance upon children. World War II undermined the concept of pensions as charity by broadly expanding the boundaries of entitlement both for the elderly and their children. By 1945 means-tested pensions had few supporters within or outside of government, laying the basis for the emergence of a universal system of old age security in 1951.

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33

GAL, JOHN. "How well does a partnership in pensions really work? The Israeli public/private pension mix." Ageing and Society 22, no. 2 (March 2002): 161–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x02008619.

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This paper takes the old-age pension system in Israel as a test case to examine the implications of proposals for pension reform now being debated or implemented in many welfare states. For over a decade, high on the agenda of decision-makers on both national and international levels, there has been the notion of moving towards a changing ‘partnership in pensions’ or, to put it more bluntly, towards greater privatisation of social security. Virtually since its emergence in the 1950s, the Israeli old-age pension has been based primarily upon a mix of low universal state pensions and income-related private occupational pensions. This paper compares the British and Israeli social security systems for older people in the wake of the reforms recently introduced in Britain and analyses the implications of the Israeli structure on the distribution of social security spending and on the wellbeing of different categories of older individuals.

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34

Bartkus, Algirdas. "Efficient Indexation of Social Insurance Pensions." Lietuvos statistikos darbai 49, no. 1 (December 20, 2010): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/ljs.2010.13945.

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This paper tries to formulate conclusions about the indexation of old-age pensions. Pensions can be adjusted and indexed taking into consideration a wage increase. The point of indexation with regard to wages lies in the increment of pensions on to a new, higher nominal level of consumption opportunities (the pension increases), but leaving it at the same relative or potential level of consumption opportunities (the pensions-to-earnings ratio remains constant). Pensions can also be adjusted and indexed according to an increase in the price level. The adjustment of pensions with respect to the price level maintains the real level of consumption (a person is always able to buy the same set of goods). The aim of this study is to identify the conditions of efficient indexation; to summarize the methods of indexation; to draw conclusions as to which of these methods maximizes the wealth of taxpayers.

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35

Sjöberg, Ola. "Old-age pensions and population health: A global and cross-national perspective." Global Public Health 9, no. 3 (February 14, 2014): 271–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2014.882374.

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36

Guppy, Neil, and John Myles. "Old Age in the Welfare State: The Political Economy of Public Pensions." Canadian Journal of Sociology / Cahiers canadiens de sociologie 16, no. 1 (1991): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3341386.

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37

Fan, Elliott. "Who Benefits from Public Old Age Pensions? Evidence from a Targeted Program." Economic Development and Cultural Change 58, no. 2 (January 2010): 297–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/647977.

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38

Knutsen, Carl Henrik, and Magnus Rasmussen. "The Autocratic Welfare State: Old-Age Pensions, Credible Commitments, and Regime Survival." Comparative Political Studies 51, no. 5 (June 20, 2017): 659–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414017710265.

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In this article, we argue that autocratic regimes are no less likely than democracies to adopt old-age pensions, although autocratic programs are less universal in their coverage. Our theoretical argument focuses on the strong incentives that autocratic regimes have for enacting and maintaining such programs to ensure regime survival. Autocratic pension programs can be considered club goods that (a) are targeted to critical supporting groups and (b) solve credible commitment problems on promises of future distribution, thereby mitigating probability of regime breakdown. We test three implications from the argument, drawing on a novel dataset on welfare state programs and including 140 countries with time series from the 1880s. First, we find that autocracies are no less likely than democracies to have old-age pension programs. But, second, autocracies have less universal pension programs than democracies. Third, pension programs effectively reduce the probability of autocratic breakdown.

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39

Duflo, E. "Grandmothers and Granddaughters: Old-Age Pensions and Intrahousehold Allocation in South Africa." World Bank Economic Review 17, >1 (June 1, 2003): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhg013.

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40

DEWILDE, CAROLINE, and PETER RAEYMAECKERS. "The trade-off between home-ownership and pensions: individual and institutional determinants of old-age poverty." Ageing and Society 28, no. 6 (June 2008): 805–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x08007277.

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ABSTRACTThis article reports an analysis of European Community Household Panel (ECHP) data to test the hypothesis suggested by Kemeny (1981) and Castles (1998) of a trade-off between the extent of home-ownership and the generosity of old-age pensions. To this end, we evaluate the impact of a range of both pensions arrangements and housing policies on the risk of poverty in old age. The most important analytical innovation is the inclusion of social housing provision as an important policy alternative to the encouragement of home-ownership. Although we found substantial empirical support for the trade-off hypothesis, the findings raise several issues for discussion and further research. Firstly, we found that neither generous pensions nor high ownership rates had the strongest poverty-reducing potential, for this was most strongly associated with the provision of social housing for older people. Furthermore, the analysis identified a group of older people who are faced with a double disadvantage, in the sense that in high home-ownership countries, those who did not possess their own homes also tended to receive low pension benefits. Although this effect arises at least partly as a result of selection – the larger the ownership sector, the more selective the group of people who do not own their homes – the high poverty risk among ‘non-owners’ was apparently not countered by the pension system.

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Yeh, Chung-Yang, Hyunwook Cheng, and Shih-Jiunn Shi. "Public–private pension mixes in East Asia: institutional diversity and policy implications for old-age security." Ageing and Society 40, no. 3 (September 25, 2018): 604–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x18001137.

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AbstractPrevious studies of East Asian welfare regimes focus on similarities between social security schemes. In contrast, this paper explores cross-national variations in public–private pension mixes in six welfare states: China, Hong Kong, Japan, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan. Our research echoes the pension policy analysis of international organisations but takes a step forward with emphasis on the historical and institutional characteristics of the respective pension systems. The analysis identifies three institutional patterns. First, the statist pension system (Taiwan and China) primarily relies on public pensions to provide old-age security, with private pensions playing a rather minor role. Second, in the dualist pension system (Japan and Korea) both public and private pensions work in parallel to ensure retirement income, though a clear security gap exists between workers in the formal and informal economies. Finally, the individualist pension system (Hong Kong and Singapore) is characterised by genuine fully funded individual accounts, emphasising citizens’ own responsibilities for ensuring old-age security. These three types of pension systems demonstrate distinct institutional characteristics and policy outcomes, illustrated by the juxtaposition of their institutional structures as well as by the comparison of key indicators collected from government reports and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development statistics. The paper concludes with a theoretical reflection of East Asian pension policies and a diagnosis of the distinct challenges confronted by each of the various pension patterns.

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Rajevska, Olga. "Theoretical Old-Age Pension Benefits and Replacement Rates in the Baltic States: A Retrospective Simulation." Economics and Business 28, no. 1 (April 1, 2016): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eb-2016-0002.

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Abstract The author presents a comparative analysis of old-age pension systems in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania using a method of retrospective simulation run on a self-developed model. The model baseline case is a person retiring in December 2014 after 40 years of service with nationwide average salary. Other cases include low and high-earners, funded schemes participants and simulations for modified notional capital valorisation formulae. Three study countries return very dissimilar results, which is caused by differences in their pension systems’ designs. Lack of non-contributory element (basic pension) in Latvia leads to a low degree of progressivity, with inexcusably low pensions to low-earners and excessively generous pensions to high-earners. Participation in funded pillar II schemes has not brought any significant gains to pension plan sharers. Notional capital valorisation rules adopted in different countries that use the NDC-system significantly influence pension amount.

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Dhemba, Jotham Joaquim. "Dynamics of poverty in old age: The case of older persons in Zimbabwe." International Social Work 57, no. 6 (November 1, 2012): 714–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020872812454312.

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This article explores the factors associated with the syndrome of poverty in old age in developing countries in general and Zimbabwe in particular. Available data show that the majority of older persons in Zimbabwe are not covered by existing social security schemes. Furthermore, the benefits for the minority who are covered are not adequate. It is therefore necessary to adopt legislation specific to older persons through the establishment of old age pensions in order to address poverty in old age.

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Béland, Daniel, Gregory P. Marchildon, and Michael J. Prince. "Understanding Universality within a Liberal Welfare Regime: The Case of Universal Social Programs in Canada." Social Inclusion 8, no. 1 (March 18, 2020): 124–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v8i1.2445.

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<p>Although Canada is known as a liberal welfare regime, universality is a key issue in that country, as several major social programs are universal in both their core principles and coverage rules. The objective of this article is to discuss the meaning of universality and related concepts before exploring the development of individual universal social programs in Canada, with a particular focus on health care and old-age pensions. More generally, the article shows how universality can exist and become resilient within a predominantly liberal welfare regime due to the complex and fragmented nature of modern social policy systems, in which policy types vary from policy area to policy area, and even from program to program within the same policy area. The broader analysis of health care and old-age pensions as policy areas illustrates this general claim. This analysis looks at the historical development and the politics of provincial universal health coverage since the late 1950s and at the evolution of the federal Old Age Security program since its creation in the early 1950s. The main argument of this article is that universality as a set of principles remains stronger in health care than in pensions yet key challenges remain in each of these policy areas. Another contention is that there are multiple and contested universalisms in social policy.</p>

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Rajevska, O., and F. Rajevska. "Why the share of small amount pensions is so substantial in Latvia?" SHS Web of Conferences 40 (2018): 03011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20184003011.

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More than 70% of all old-age pensions in Latvia are smaller than 300 euro, which is close to the monetary value of the at-risk-of-poverty threshold. There is a number of reasons for it: the lack of non-contributory component and inadequately low minimum pensions, the absence of redistribution mechanisms in the mandatory notional defined contribution (pillar I) and funded (pillar II) schemes, an unfair conversion of pre-reform employment record into pension formula, and a high tax burden on pensioners. The authors proposed a package of measures to improve the situation: an introduction of basis pensions, linking minimum pensions to the country average wages, increasing income tax exempt for pensions, restoration of the supplements for pre-reform employment and their regular indexation, removal of the threshold in initial notional pension capital calculation or its reduction from 30 to 20 years.

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Grünewald, Aline. "From Benefits and Beneficiaries: The Historical Origins of Old-Age Pensions From a Political Regime Perspective." Comparative Political Studies 54, no. 8 (January 31, 2021): 1424–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414021989763.

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Global studies on the historical origins of old-age pensions from a political regime perspective are quite rare. Based on the novel PENLEG dataset this article shows that democratic and nondemocratic regimes had different policy priorities when designing old-age pensions for the first time. Whereas democracies had significantly higher legal pension coverage rates than nondemocratic regimes, the reverse pattern can be found for pension replacement rates. The study also shows that temporal effects and colonial legacy mattered. Longstanding democracies introduced much higher legal pension coverage rates than countries that had recently democratized. Additionally, the French colonial legacy spurred high legal pension coverage rates in African autocracies. These findings underline the importance of taking the multidimensionality of welfare programs into account when analyzing political regime differences. Moreover, due attention must be paid to the historical context when theorizing about welfare policies from a political regime perspective.

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Twine, Fred. "Citizenship: Opportunities, Rights and Routes to Welfare in Old Age." Journal of Social Policy 21, no. 2 (April 1992): 165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279400020845.

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ABSTRACTBritish debates on citizenship often start from an examination of the important work of T.H. Marshall (1950). This paper is no exception. It is argued that Marshall confuses ‘rights’ and ‘opportunities’ within his notion of civil rights. This critique is then developed in terms of Titmuss' concept of the ‘social division of welfare’ so as to distinguish different routes to welfare in old age. A distinction is made between a civil opportunity route to occupational pensions and a social rights route to a state earnings related pension. This distinction is then elaborated to tease out some social class and gender dimensions of citizenship and inequality in old age from a life course perspective.

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WERDING, MARTIN, and MARKO PRIMORAC. "Old-age provision in transition: the case of Croatia." Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 17, no. 4 (January 15, 2018): 576–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747217000166.

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AbstractLike in a number of other transition countries, the Croatian pension system comprises a traditional public pay-as-you-go scheme and a mandatory funded scheme (second pillar) that will provide increasing amounts of supplementary pensions to those entering retirement in the future. Due to the continuing economic crisis, the public scheme is currently under enormous financial strain, with a sizeable impact on central government finances. At the same time, the level of benefits deriving from the overall system is likely to become inadequately low in the long run. In this paper, we describe the existing system and project its future development under current rules. We also discuss options for further reforming the system and highlight their potential impact on pension finances, public budgets and retirement incomes, as this may provide lessons, which are of interest elsewhere.

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Gratton, Brian. "“A Triumph in Modern Philanthropy”: Age Criteria in Labor Management at the Pennsylvania Railroad, 1875–1930." Business History Review 64, no. 4 (1990): 630–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3115501.

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Labor policies based on age have been variously explained as benevolent, maliciously anti-union, rational, or prejudicial. Nineteenth-century devices to stabilize the work force set the stage for the Pennsylvania Railroad's 1900 program of age limits, mandatory retirement, and pensions, but its immediate cause was the conviction that the seniority system already in place seriously reduced the efficiency of older workers. As the following article shows, this economic calculation remained appealing to some executives in the twentieth century, even as the actual costs of pensions became painfully apparent. For others, the old fear of workers' unrest reappeared as a justification for ignoring the impending crisis of the 1930s.

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Durocher, Mary, and Gillian Gray. "Establishing a Clientele: Cases of Acceptance and Denial for Pensions in Old Age." Journal of Aging, Humanities, and the Arts 2, no. 3-4 (December 17, 2008): 175–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19325610802462147.

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