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1
Bickham, T. "Old World, New World: America and Europe in the Age of Jefferson." Journal of American History 98, no. 1 (June 1, 2011): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jar029.
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GILLEARD, CHRIS. "Old age in the Dark Ages: the status of old age during the early Middle Ages." Ageing and Society 29, no. 7 (September 18, 2009): 1065–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x09008630.
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ABSTRACTThis paper reviews the position of old age in the societies of post-Roman Europe, from the fifth to the 10th centuries. Drawing on both primary and secondary literary and material sources of the period, I suggest that living beyond the age of 60 years was an uncommon experience throughout the early Middle Ages. Not only was achieving old age a minority experience, it seems to have been particularly concentrated among the senior clergy. This, together with the growing importance of the Christian Church as the institution that stabilised post-Roman society, the decline of urban living and its attendant culture of leisure and literacy, and the transformation of kinship into a symbolic ‘family under God’ contributed to a more favourable status for old age, or at least one that was particularly favourable for older men. This was based not so much upon the accumulation with age of wealth and privilege, but upon the moral worth of old age as a stage of life. The early Middle Ages, the so-called ‘Dark Ages’, was in this respect a relatively distinctive period in the history of old age. With all around instability and the future uncertain and often threatening, survival into old age was a rare but frequently revered attainment.
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Wilson, Peter H. "Book Review: Europe from the Old Regime to the Age of Revolution, 1648-1815." European History Quarterly 35, no. 1 (January 2005): 151–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026569140503500118.
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EDELSTEIN, DAN. "INTELLECTUAL HISTORY AND DIGITAL HUMANITIES." Modern Intellectual History 13, no. 1 (January 21, 2015): 237–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479244314000833.
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The digital age has been a boon for intellectual historians, particularly those of us who work on early modern Europe and America. The mass digitization of old books has made research more efficient than ever: first editions are there for the downloading on Google Books, Gallica, Liberty Fund, Project Gutenberg, and elsewhere. The creation of such large-scale databases as Early English Books Online (EEBO), Eighteenth-Century Collection Online (ECCO), the Making of the Modern World (formerly Goldsmiths’–Kress), or, on a more modest level, the ARTFL project's FRANTEXT, has also breathed new life into old texts. Books that lay forgotten for generations can now be rediscovered thanks to the magic of search engines. To be sure, this power has not always been wielded for good: students today can “cite anything, but construe nothing,” stringing together KWICs (keywords in context), and reading only a surrounding sentence or two (if that). But however they are used, these tools and platforms have transformed our daily work habits.
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Martin, Benjamin G. "The Birth of the Cultural Treaty in Europe's Age of Crisis." Contemporary European History 30, no. 2 (March 19, 2021): 301–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777321000023.
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Bilateral treaties are an age-old tool of diplomacy, but before the First World War they were only rarely applied to the world of intellectual and cultural relations. This article explores the process by which diplomatic agreements on intellectual and cultural exchange came instead to be a common feature of interwar European international relations by contrasting two types of agreements identified by period observers: ‘intellectual’ accords, typified by the agreements France signed in the 1920s, and ‘cultural’ treaties, advanced by fascist Italy in the 1930s. Comparing France and Italy's use of such agreements in Central-Eastern Europe reveals that Italy's fascist regime responded to the crises and opportunities of the interwar period by developing a distinctive model of ‘cultural treaty’ that applied state power to international cultural exchange, and mobilised the idea of ‘culture’ itself, in a new and influential manner.
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Mugge, Miqueias Henrique. "Building an empire in the Age of Revolutions: Independence and immigration in the Brazilian borderlands." Topoi (Rio de Janeiro) 23, no. 51 (September 2022): 870–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2237-101x02305110.
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ABSTRACT Throughout Brazil’s Independence process, its central elites and the Crown planned what was to become of their new nation. Arguments over political systems and the continuation of slavery were at the heart of the debate, which drew in rich, poor, and the enslaved alike. As the empires of the Old World were rent at the seams by wars and conflicts, Brazil was rethinking its role in the world. In this article, inspired by the dialogue between micro-history and global history, and by the trans-imperial trajectory of the Bavarian doctor Georg von Schaeffer, I examine the political ideas that informed the consolidation of the Brazilian Empire as a de facto empire. I also situate the ideas and proposals put forth by Schaeffer, a representative of the Brazilian government in Europe, within the crisis of legitimacy sparked by the Napoleonic invasions, the subsequent independence of Portuguese America, and the array of political projects that were able to emerge as a result. Through an analysis of the diplomatic documentation produced by the Brazilian Empire’s main posts in Europe, I reveal a complex web from which the Brazilian government drew information, and the channels that carried news of alliances, clashes, and political repertoires that would go into the making of a tropical empire.
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Olstein, Diego. "Latin America in Global History: An Historiographic Overview." Estudos Históricos (Rio de Janeiro) 30, no. 60 (April 2017): 253–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2178-14942017000100014.
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Abstract World history can be arranged into three major regional divergences: the 'Greatest Divergence' starting at the end of the last Ice Age (ca. 15,000 years ago) and isolating the Old and the New Worlds from one another till 1500; the 'Great Divergence' bifurcating the paths of Europe and Afro-Asia since 1500; and the 'American Divergence' which divided the fortunes of New World societies from 1500 onwards. Accordingly, all world regions have confronted two divergences: one disassociating the fates of the Old and New Worlds, and the other within either the Old or the New World. Latin America is in the uneasy position that in both divergences it ended up on the 'losing side.' As a result, a contentious historiography of Latin America evolved from the very moment that it was incorporated into the wider world. Three basic attitudes toward the place of Latin America in global history have since emerged and developed: admiration for the major impact that the emergence on Latin America on the world scene imprinted on global history; hostility and disdain over Latin America since it entered the world scene; direct rejection of and head on confrontation in reaction the former. This paper examines each of these three attitudes in five periods: the 'long sixteenth century' (1492-1650); the 'age of crisis' (1650-1780); 'the long nineteenth century' (1780-1914); 'the short twentieth century' (1914-1991); and 'contemporary globalization' (1991 onwards).
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Pedersen, Susan. "An International Regime in an Age of Empire." American Historical Review 124, no. 5 (December 1, 2019): 1676–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhz1028.
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Abstract A century after the victorious Allied powers distributed their spoils of victory in 1919, the world still lives with the geopolitical consequences of the mandates system established by the League of Nations. The Covenant article authorizing the new imperial dispensation came cloaked in the old civilizationist discourse, entrusting sovereignty over “peoples not yet able to stand by themselves under the strenuous conditions of the modern world” to the “advanced nations” of Belgium, England, France, Japan, and South Africa. In this series of “reflections” on the mandates, ten scholars of Europe, Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and the international order consider the consequences of the new geopolitical order birthed by World War I. How did the reshuffling of imperial power in the immediate postwar period configure long-term struggles over minority rights, decolonization, and the shape of nation-states when the colonial era finally came to a close? How did the alleged beneficiaries—more often the victims—of this “sacred trust” grasp their own fates in a world that simultaneously promised and denied them the possibility of self-determination? From Palestine, to Namibia, to Kurdistan, and beyond, the legacies of the mandatory moment remain pressing questions today.
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Vopa, Anthony J. La. "The Revelatory Moment: Fichte and the French Revolution." Central European History 22, no. 2 (June 1989): 130–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000893890001147x.
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As the French Revolution lurched toward the Terror in the early 1790s, the reaction of the German educated public shifted from qualified approval to horrified condemnation. Johann Gottlieb Fichte was one of the few German intellectuals who defied the trend. In the spring of 1793, at age thirty-one, Fichte denounced the governments of Europe for their reliance on secrecy and censorship and appealed for unconditional freedom of public expression. It was a fitting irony that this brief but impassioned Zurückforderung der Denkfreiheit had to appear anonymously, with its place of publication given as “Heliopolis, in the last year of the old darkness.”
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Popescu, Mara Jidveian, Otilia-Elena Surdu, Maria Daniela Tanasescu, Irina Nita, Loredana Sabina Cornelia Manolescu, and Adela Ciobanu. "Psychological factors influencing delayed diagnosis for breast cancer patients." Romanian Medical Journal 68, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.37897/rmj.2021.1.11.
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Background. In Romania there is a discrepancy between breast cancer incidence (the 22 place in Europe) and mortality rate (the 8th place in Europe), probably determined by late diagnosis. The study aims to find associations between the delayed diagnosis in breast cancer and a series of socio-psychological and medical characteristics of the patients. Methods. 101 breast cancer patients were administered a battery of tests for depression, anxiety, stress, coping mechanism, social support, social status, medical and family history and the time between first symptoms and diagnosis. Inclusion criteria were age over 18 years old, pathologic confirmation of breast cancer, at least one type of oncologic treatment (surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy and/or targeted therapy). Exclusion criteria were altered general status, untreated brain metastases, spatial temporal disorientation, decompensated psychiatric comorbidity, severe pain. Results. Delayed presentation was positively correlated with both the age of the patients (p = 0.031) and age at diagnosis (p = 0.017), medical history (p = 0.048), low use of refocusing on planning coping style (p = 0.042). Conclusions. Coping styles, medical history of chronic illness influence delayed diagnosis of breast cancer, which is potentially contributing to a bad prognosis. Further longitudinal studies and screening procedures could contribute to a better understanding of the individual contribution of these factors to delayed diagnosis.
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Brown, Matthew, and Gabriel Paquette. "The Persistence of Mutual Influence: Europe and Latin America in the 1820s." European History Quarterly 41, no. 3 (July 2011): 387–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265691411405297.
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The independence of Latin America from colonial rule in the first decades of the nineteenth century is generally held to have broken the bonds which had linked Europe to the Americas for three centuries. This article contends that a re-examination of the decade of the 1820s reveals the persistence, as well as the reconfiguration, of connections between the Old World and the New after the dissolution of the Iberian Atlantic monarchies. Some of these multi-faceted connections are introduced and explored, most notably commercial ties, intellectual and cultural influences, immigration, financial obligations, the slave trade and its suppression, and diplomatic negotiations. Recognition and appreciation of these connections has important consequences for our understandings of the history of the Atlantic World, the ‘Age of Revolutions’, and Latin American Independence itself.
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Ganieva, Shakhnoza, and Professor Kamola Baltabayevna Akilova. "AVICENNA - HISTORY'S PRODIGY." CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF HISTORY 02, no. 06 (June 16, 2021): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/history-crjh-02-06-04.
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The earliest of the manuscripts available in the world, "Kitab al-Qanun fi-t-tibb" ("Canon of Medicine"), by the great Abu Ali ibn Sina (980-1037), dating back to the 12th century, is kept in the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg. This major work has been the most complete encyclopedia of medicine for a millennium. As early as in the 12th century, it was translated in Europe from Arabic into Latin by the Italian Gerard of Cremona (1114-1187) and then disseminated in many manuscripts. "The Canon of Medicine," Avicenna began writing when he was twenty years old and completed this work in 1020-at the age of forty, when Avicenna's medical and life experience was vast. This article is just an attempt to lift the veil over the mystery of the genius' formation, and how this priceless folio, created in the ancient Uzbek land, came to St. Petersburg.
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Chapman, John, Bisserka Gaydarska, and Emma Watson. "“What Have our Figurines Ever Done for us?” Magic and Agency in Balkan-Carpathian Prehistory." Stratum plus. Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology, no. 2 (April 30, 2022): 159–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.55086/sp222159192.
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The work of Mary Helms and Alfred Gell on cultural transformations, object colour and brilliance and their links to ritual power emphasises the most important aspect of magic for objects — its agency. The aesthetic of exotic, bright and colourful objects in the Neolithic and Copper Age of ‘Old Europe’ was central to the objects’ agency. However, the vast majority of figurines from this region was neither polished nor highly coloured, nor even decorated — sometimes showing signs of rapid production for short-term usage. Yet there is a widespread notion that figurines had the potential to produce special effects in ritual practice. Just as the agency of figurines is ‘culture-specific’ as well as context-specific, their potency depended upon a widespread underlying acceptance of what this particular class of objects could do for people. Here we pose two questions: how did figurines perform their agency? and was figurine’s agency fundamentally different from the agency of bright, colourful, exotic objects? We present four examples of the magical effects — i. e. the agency — of figurines from the Mesolithic, Neolithic and Copper Age of Old Europe: the efficacy of Lepenski Vir fish-persons; how figurines contributed to the practice of black magic in the Vinča group; the ability of the fragmentation of shiny, black Hamangia figurines to achieve significant social effects; and the arrangement of Cucuteni figurine sets to educate women about (in)fertility.
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Cavazzuti, Claudio, Tamás Hajdu, Federico Lugli, Alessandra Sperduti, Magdolna Vicze, Aniko Horváth, István Major, Mihály Molnár, László Palcsu, and Viktória Kiss. "Human mobility in a Bronze Age Vatya ‘urnfield’ and the life history of a high-status woman." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 28, 2021): e0254360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254360.
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In this study, we present osteological and strontium isotope data of 29 individuals (26 cremations and 3 inhumations) from Szigetszentmiklós-Ürgehegy, one of the largest Middle Bronze Age cemeteries in Hungary. The site is located in the northern part of the Csepel Island (a few kilometres south of Budapest) and was in use between c. 2150 and 1500 BC, a period that saw the rise, the apogee, and, ultimately, the collapse of the Vatya culture in the plains of Central Hungary. The main aim of our study was to identify variation in mobility patterns among individuals of different sex/age/social status and among individuals treated with different burial rites using strontium isotope analysis. Changes in funerary rituals in Hungary have traditionally been associated with the crises of the tell cultures and the introgression of newcomers from the area of the Tumulus Culture in Central Europe around 1500 BC. Our results show only slight discrepancies between inhumations and cremations, as well as differences between adult males and females. The case of the richly furnished grave n. 241 is of particular interest. The urn contains the cremated bones of an adult woman and two 7 to 8-month-old foetuses, as well as remarkably prestigious goods. Using 87Sr/86Sr analysis of different dental and skeletal remains, which form in different life stages, we were able to reconstruct the potential movements of this high-status woman over almost her entire lifetime, from birth to her final days. Our study confirms the informative potential of strontium isotopes analyses performed on different cremated tissues. From a more general, historical perspective, our results reinforce the idea that exogamic practices were common in Bronze Age Central Europe and that kinship ties among high-rank individuals were probably functional in establishing or strengthening interconnections, alliances, and economic partnerships.
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Horton, David R., Christelle Guédot, and Peter J. Landolt. "Attraction of male summerform pear psylla to volatiles from female pear psylla: effects of female age, mating status, and presence of host plant." Canadian Entomologist 140, no. 2 (April 2008): 184–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n08-001.
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AbstractPear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola (Förster) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), is a pest of pears, Pyrus L. (Rosaceae), throughout North America and western Europe. Previous studies in our laboratory showed that males of the overwintering form (winter morphotype) were attracted to volatile chemicals from pear shoots infested with post-diapause females. The current study shows that males of the summer morphotype also are attracted to volatiles from female-infested host material. Older females (8–10 d old) were significantly more attractive to males than younger (2–5 d old) females. Both virgin and mated females attracted male psylla. Volatiles from female summerforms attracted males even in the absence of host-plant material, and both living and freshly killed females were attractive. Our results indicate that female C. pyricola emit a volatile sex attractant, and the results of the studies further define the life-history conditions in female pear psylla that lead to male attraction.
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Vishnyatsky, Leonid B. "The Origins of Homo Bellicosus (Armed Violence and Warfare in the Stone Age)." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 66, no. 3 (2021): 845–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2021.310.
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The purpose of the present paper is to provide a review and analysis of the main archaeological and paleoanthropological markers of armed violence in the period from the emergence of the first stone tools (Lower Paleolithic, ca. 3 mya) to the appearance of metalworking (Eneolithic, ca. 5 kya). This evidence is then used as a basis for assessing the dynamics of armed violence on the chronological scale. Until now this subject has received little attention in the Russian scholarship (in contrast to the Western one). Empirically, the paper is focused on the materials from three Old World continents: Africa, Europe and Asia. Particular attention is given to the Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic human skeletal remains bearing the marks of traumas inflicted by weapons, including bones with embedded projectiles. The available evidence makes it possible to try to ascertain the main shifts in the historical dynamics of armed violence during the Stone Age. Its role appears to have substantially increased at least twice: first, at the turn of the Paleolithic and Mesolithic and, second, in the Late Neolithic / Early Eneolithic, that is at the turn of the Stone Age and Early Metal Period. It was exactly during this period that Homo bellicosus for the first time enters the arena of history not as an occasional and secondary actor, but as the main cast. Material and ideological changes and novelties serving to and associated with armed violence and warfare, that can be observed from the end of the Neolithic, are clearly indicative of the process of militarization of culture.
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Fontaine, Laurence, and Jürgen Schlumbohm. "Household Strategies for Survival: An Introduction." International Review of Social History 45, S8 (December 2000): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859000115263.
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In early modern Europe, as in developing countries today, much of the population had to struggle to survive. Estimates for many parts of pre-industrial Europe, as for several countries in the so-called Third World, suggest that the majority of the inhabitants owned so little property that their livelihood was highly insecure. Basically, all those who lived by the work of their hands were at risk, and the reasons for their vulnerability were manifold. Economic cycles and seasonal fluctuations jeopardized the livelihood of the rural and urban masses. Warfare, taxation, and other decisions by the ruling elites sometimes had far-reaching direct and indirect repercussions on the lives of the poor. This is also true of natural factors, both catastrophes and the usual weather fluctuations, which were a major factor affecting harvest yields. Equal in importance were the risks and uncertainties inherent in life and family cycles: disease, old age, widowhood, or having many young children.
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Marshall, P. J. "I. British Assessments of the Dutch in Asia in the Age of Raffles." Itinerario 12, no. 1 (March 1988): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300023330.
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The demarcation of phases of empire has a perennial fascination for historians of European expansion. One of the most elusive processes of change both to date and to define is what most scholars would recognise to be the shift from the colonial systems of ancien regime Europe to the empires of the nineteenth century. In outline, it seems that systems based on the close regulation of commercial capitalism through privileges devolved on more or less autonomous colonies and trading companies gave way to national empires under direct state authority and increasingly geared to the needs of industrial metropolitan economies. In the mid-eighteenth century the old order was generally intact; by the mid-nineteenth century it had largely been replaced. Greater precision about the timing and speed of change remains very difficult to attain, but within this wide parameter it seems reasonable to suppose that different empires moved at different speeds: the economically and politically sophisticated British are likely to have remodelled their system ahead of their competitors, probably forcing them towards modernity in the process.
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Jacobsen, Stefan Gaarsmand. "Limits to Despotism: Idealizations of Chinese Governance and Legitimizations of Absolutist Europe." Journal of Early Modern History 17, no. 4 (2013): 347–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700658-12342370.
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Abstract The term “oriental despotism” was used to describe all larger Asian empires in eighteenth century Europe. It was meaningful to use about the Ottoman, Mughal and Chinese empires. However, this did not mean that all Europeans writing on Asian empires implied that they were all tyrannies with no political qualities. The Chinese system of government received great interest among early modern political thinkers in Europe ever since it was described in the reports that Jesuit missionaries had sent back from China in the beginning of the seventeenth century. The descriptions of an ethical and political bond between emperor and administrators in China and of specific administrative organs in which age-old principles were managed made a great impression on many European readers of these reports. Although it did not remain an undisputed belief in Europe, many intellectuals held China to be a model of how the power of a sovereign could be limited or curbed within an absolutist system of government. This article investigates three cases of how the models of China were conceived by theorists reading Jesuit reports and how they subsequently strategically communicated this model to the courts of Prussia, Austria, and Russia. These three ambitious European monarchies have been regarded to give rise to a form of “enlightened absolutism” that formed a tradition different from those of England and France, the states whose administrative systems formed the most powerful models in this period. Rather than describing the early modern theories about China’s despotism as a narrative parallel, but unrelated to the development of policy programs of the respective states, this article documents how certain elements of the model of China were integrated in the political writings of Frederick II of Prussia, Joseph II of Austria, and Catherine II of Russia. Thus, in addition to the history of political thought on China, the article adds a new perspective to how these monarchs argued for fiscal reforms and a centralization and professionalization of their administrations.
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Dunlop, Jason A., Ulrich Kotthoff, Jörg U. Hammel, Jennifer Ahrens, and Danilo Harms. "Arachnids in Bitterfeld amber: A unique fauna of fossils from the heart of Europe or simply old friends?" Evolutionary Systematics 2, no. 1 (February 22, 2018): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.2.22581.
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Bitterfeld amber, sometimes referred to as Saxon or Saxonian amber, is a potentially significant but poorly known source of arthropod data for the Palaeogene of northern Europe. An important aspect is a long-standing controversy about the age of this amber: namely whether it is equivalent to, and perhaps merely a southerly extension of, the better-known Baltic amber, or whether it is a unique and geological younger deposit sampling a different fauna. Here, we briefly review the Bitterfeld arachnids with particular emphasis on how these data could be used to elucidate the age of this deposit. Five arachnid orders have been recorded from Bitterfeld amber: spiders (Araneae), acariform mites (Acariformes), parasitiform mites (Parasitiformes), harvestmen (Opiliones) and pseudoscorpions (Pseudoscorpiones). This is a lower diversity than Baltic amber, where scorpions (Scorpiones) and camel spiders (Solifugae) have also been recorded. Spiders are the most comprehensively studied group, with more than 75 described species. Other groups such as pseudoscorpions and mites appear to be very diverse, but are virtually undescribed. Morphological overlap is apparent in the arachnid fauna and 40 species are currently shared between Baltic and Bitterfeld amber whilst 50 species are unique to the Bitterfeld deposit. At the family level overlap is even higher, but in all groups Baltic amber appears more diverse than Bitterfeld. This overlap may be interpreted as evidence for temporal conspecifity of the Baltic and Bitterfeld ambers, albeit with the Bitterfeld and Baltic ambers possibly representing independent localities within a larger Eocene European amber area which also included the Rovno amber from the Ukraine. However, caution should be exercised because the taxonomic foundation for such assumptions is far from comprehensive, most of the material remains to be studied in detail using modern techniques of morphological reconstruction. There are further issues with date estimates because some arachnid groups show extraordinary morphological stasis over time, even at species level, which may bias the analyses available. Here, we review the available knowledge on Bitterfeld arachnids and discuss how a detailed assessment of this fauna, and other arthropod taxa, could be generated. Several natural history museums – including Hamburg and Berlin – as well as private collectors host major assemblages of Bitterfeld fossils which may help to clarify the debate about the age and provenance of the material, and the extent to which (morpho)-species were maintained both over geographical distances and potentially geological time.
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Najbar, Anna, Agnieszka Konowalik, Konrad Halupka, Bartłomiej Najbar, and Maria Ogielska. "Body size and life history traits of the fire salamander Salamandra salamandra from Poland." Amphibia-Reptilia 41, no. 1 (June 12, 2020): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-20191135.
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Abstract The fire salamander Salamandra salamandra is a widespread taxon in Europe, exhibiting great intraspecific diversity in phenotype and life history traits across its geographical distribution. Here, we studied body size, sexual dimorphism, age, growth rate and condition of fire salamanders from the north-eastern margin of its range. In total, 2,102 individuals from 23 populations representing the Polish parts of the Sudetes and the Carpathian Mountains were sampled between 2004 and 2016. Body traits and age showed significant differences between the western (the Sudetes) and eastern (the Carpathians) groups of populations. Salamanders from the Carpathians tended to be longer, heavier and older. Female-biased sexual size dimorphism was found only in the Carpathians. Body condition at the beginning of the season was poor, then increased to reach a peak in early June, and deteriorated toward the end of the season. Age estimated by skeletochronology on phalangeal bones ranged from 2 to 16 years in both females and males, with the highest share of 7- to 9-year-old individuals. Age of juveniles ranged from 1 to 5 years in the Sudetes and from 1 to 4 years in the Carpathians. Growth curves (fitted using von Bertalanffy’s model) were asymptotic throughout the individual lifespans, but exhibited differences between sexes and mountain ranges. Altitude did not explain differences in characteristics of populations living in the two mountain ranges, but these differences most probably resulted from habitat quality (better in the Carpathians) and adverse human impact (higher in the Sudetes).
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Borutka, Tadeusz. "The vision of a united Europe and Poland’s place and role in it in the light of St. John Paul II’s teaching." Person and the Challenges. The Journal of Theology, Education, Canon Law and Social Studies Inspired by Pope John Paul II 12, no. 2 (September 15, 2022): 37–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15633/pch.12203.
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The entire history of Europe and the awareness of a common identity formed in its course are clearly and deeply marked by Christianity and indicate a close relationship between the Church and Europe. Both in the West and in the East, the Church desires to contribute to the European Union. It feels responsible for the shape of the Old Continent and is convinced that it can also make an important contribution to the establishment of new institutional forms.In the age of pluralism and respect for all religious beliefs it is unacceptable that a tendency to discriminate against any religion should come to the fore. Since the European Union engages in dialogue with political parties, trade unions and representatives of various religions, it would be incomprehensible if the same attitude was not displayed towards Christianity.Above all, one must not ignore the transcendent dimension possessed by each human being. Indifference to this dimension may lead to tragic consequences and the European continent has seen plenty of those painful examples throughout its history. From the beginning of his pontificate, John Paul II expressed a great interest in European affairs. He showed Europeans a vision of unity in diversity, creative fidelity to Christian origins, in freedom, truth and solidarity.
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Meister, Tegtmeyer, Brüggemann, Sieme, Feige, Todt, Stang, Cavalleri, and Steinmann. "Characterization of Equine Parvovirus in Thoroughbred Breeding Horses from Germany." Viruses 11, no. 10 (October 18, 2019): 965. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11100965.
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An equine parvovirus-hepatitis (EqPV-H) has been recently identified in association with equine serum hepatitis, also known as Theiler’s disease. The disease was first described by Arnold Theiler in 1918 and is often observed with parenteral use of blood products in equines. However, natural ways of viral circulation and potential risk factors for transmission still remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of EqPV-H infections in Thoroughbred horses in northern and western Germany and aimed to identify potential risk factors associated with viral infections. A total of 392 Thoroughbreds broodmares and stallions were evaluated cross-sectionally for the presence of anti-EqPV-H antibodies and EqPV-H DNA using a luciferase immunoprecipitation assay (LIPS) and a quantitative PCR, respectively. In addition, data regarding age, stud farm, breeding history, and international transportation history of each horse were collected and analysed. An occurrence of 7% EqPV-H DNA positive and 35% seropositive horses was observed in this study cohort. The systematic analysis of risk factors revealed that age, especially in the group of 11–15-year-old horses, and breeding history were potential risk factors that can influence the rate of EqPV-H infections. Subsequent phylogenetic analysis showed a high similarity on nucleotide level within the sequenced Thoroughbred samples. In conclusion, this study demonstrates circulating EqPV-H infections in Thoroughbred horses from central Europe and revealed age and breeding history as risk factors for EqPV-H infections.
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Grímsson, Friðgeir, Guido W. Grimm, and Reinhard Zetter. "Tiny pollen grains: first evidence of Saururaceae from the Late Cretaceous of western North America." PeerJ 5 (June 13, 2017): e3434. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3434.
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Background The Saururaceae, a very small family of Piperales comprising only six species in four genera, have a relatively scanty fossil record outside of Europe. The phylogenetic relationships of the four genera to each other are resolved, with the type genus Saururus occurring in both eastern North America and East Asia. No extant species occurs in western Eurasia. The most exceptional find so far has been an inflorescence with in-situ pollen, Saururus tuckerae S.Y.Sm. & Stockey from Eocene of North America with strong affinities to extant species of Saururus. Recent dated trees suggest, however, an Eocene or younger crown age for the family. Methods Dispersed fossil pollen grains from the Campanian (82–81 Ma) of North America are compared to dispersed pollen grains from the Eocene strata containing S. tuckerae, the Miocene of Europe, and extant members of the family using combined LM and SEM imaging. Results The unambiguous fossil record of the Saururaceae is pushed back into the Campanian (82–81 Ma). Comparison with re-investigated pollen from the Eocene of North America, the Miocene of Europe, and modern species of the family shows that pollen morphology in Saururaceae is highly conservative, and remained largely unchanged for the last 80 million years. Discussion Campanian pollen of Saururaceae precludes young (Eocene or younger) estimates for the Saururaceae root and crown age, but is in-line with maximum age scenarios. Saururus-type pollen appear to represent the primitive pollen morphology of the family. Often overlooked because of its small size, dispersed Saururaceae pollen may provide a unique opportunity to map the geographic history of a small but old group of Piperales, and should be searched for in Paleogene and Cretaceous sediment samples.
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Wojnowski, Zbigniew. "An unlikely bulwark of Sovietness: cross-border travel and Soviet patriotism in Western Ukraine, 1956–1985." Nationalities Papers 43, no. 1 (January 2015): 82–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2014.953468.
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Focusing on the development of travel between the borderlands of Ukraine and Soviet satellite states in Eastern Europe, this article explores what it meant to be Soviet outside the Russian core of the USSR between the mid-1950s and the mid-1980s. The cautious opening of the Soviet border was part of a larger attempt to find fresh sources of popular support and enthusiasm for the regime's “communist” project. Before the Prague Spring of 1968 in particular, official policies and narratives of travel thus praised local inhabitants who crossed the Soviet border for supposedly overcoming age-old hatreds to build a brighter future in Eastern Europe. By the 1970s, however, smuggling and cultural consumption discredited the idea of “internationalist friendship.” This encouraged residents of Ukraine to speak and write about the continuing importance of the Soviet border. The very idea of Sovietness was defined in national terms, as narratives of travel emphasized that Soviet citizens were inherently different from ethno-national groups in the people's democracies. Eastern Europe thus emerged as an “other” that highlighted the Soviet character of territories incorporated into the USSR after 1939, helping to obscure western Ukraine's troubled past and leading to the emergence of new social hierarchies in the region.
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Venugopal, Sandhya, Ezra A. Amsterdam, Patricia Applegate, Muhammad Majid, Ali Abdulraheem Mahdi, and Pooja Prasad. "Mitral Stenosis: Making the diagnosis." International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews 8, no. 5 (October 29, 2021): 01–03. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2690-4861/159.
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The case of a 60-year-old man illustrates a number of important features of rheumatic heart disease (RHD). The patient’s age of presentation was late (>50 yo) and he had no history of predisposing condition for RHD but served in the South Pacific when he was in the US Navy. RHD was limited to mitral stenosis in this patient and his presentation of heart failure was late. His ECG revealed ample evidence of right ventricular enlargement, and echocardiography demonstrated severe mitral stenosis, enlarged right ventricle and right atrium and marked pulmonary hypertension. Because percutaneous balloon mitral valve commissurotomy was precluded by the degree of mitral valve calcification, he underwent successful surgical valve replacement with relief of symptoms. Although RHD is rarely encountered in North America and Europe, it remains a major cause of mortality in the developing nations.
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Gak, Evgenii, Ekaterina Kashina, Denis Davydov, Andrei Skorobogatov, and Maxim Eltsov. "The Dating and Historical Context around the Logboat Exhibited at the State Historical Museum, Based on the Integrated Studies." Stratum plus. Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 235–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.55086/sp212235252.
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Since 1956, the logboat was exhibited at the State Historical Museum in Red Square in Moscow. It had been discovered two years before in the floodplain of the right bank of the River Don near the village of Schuchye, Voronezh Region, Russia. It was hypothetically attributed to the end of the Neolithic — the beginning of the Bronze Age. The paper presents an integrated study, the purpose and result of which were to establish the chronology, the cultural identity and the possible functions of the Schuchye logboat. Radiocarbon dates from the wood samples are published for the first time and show the logboat age within the range of 1800—1700 BC. It was the period of the Timber Grave (Srubnaya) culture of the Late Bronze Age. The obtained 14C dates are discussed within the historical and geographical background. The archaeological sites in the area of the logboat find were re-analyzed basing on old and recent data, and the paleo-ecological context was reconstructed. The probable ways of the Schuchye logboat use were proposed basing on its dimensions, design, displacement calculation, carrying capacity, and considering the nomadic pastoralism of the Srubnaya culture people in the forest-steppe zone. As a result, the authors came to the conclusion that the Schuchye logboat could serve for the local inter-tribal communication and the wide application range, including the transportation of heavy loads, people and livestock. Now it is the most ancient logboat found in the Southern part of East Europe and the only one that can be reasonably associated with the Bronze Age nomads.
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Kontro, Titta K., Dmitriy Bondarev, Kukka-Maaria Pyykönen, Mikaela von Bonsdorff, Lauri Laakso, Harri Suominen, and Marko T. Korhonen. "Motives for competitive sports participation in masters track and field athletes: Impact of sociodemographic factors and competitive background." PLOS ONE 17, no. 11 (November 2, 2022): e0275900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275900.
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Objectives Masters athletes due to their lifelong engagement in sport represent a unique group to study motivation for regular physical activity, but there is less scientific data on the sport motives in masters athletes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the association of age, sex, education, nationality, competitive background and training amount with sport motives of masters track and field athletes. Methods 811 (254 women) athletes aged 35–89 years participated in European Veterans Athletics Championships in the year of 2000. Sport motives were assessed with a questionnaire and categorized into1) well-being, 2) competitive and performance 3) health and fitness motives. Results Men considered health and fitness motives more important than women (p = 0.022). Over 65-year-old athletes considered health and fitness motives more important than the youngest, 35-49-year age group (p<0.001). Education was not associated with sport motives, while motives varied significantly among different nationalities. Athletes from Nordic Countries considered well-being motives more important than Southern Europeans (p<0.001) or Western Europeans (p<0.05). Athletes from Nordic Countries (p = 0.003), Eastern Europe (p<0.001) and Central Europe (p<0.001) found health and fitness motives more meaningful than athletes from the British Isles. Furthermore, athletes with competitive background before the age of 35 and training amount more than 7.5 h a week found competitive and performance motives more important than athletes without a competitive history (p = 0.002). Conclusions These results suggest that age, sex, nationality and former athleticism are associated with sports motives among international level masters track and field athletes. It seems that while for masters athletes with competitive background performance motives dominate, for older adults, particularly for males, health and fitness motives are more important. In addition, when designing the exercise interventions for older adults, different sport motives across countries should be considered.
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Shinakov, Evgenii, and Arthur Chubur. "Fauna in Art and Reality: from the Early Iron Age to the Early Middle Ages (based on materials from the Middle Desna Basin)." Stratum plus. Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology, no. 5 (October 29, 2021): 129–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.55086/sp215129146.
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The authors aimed to compare the real animal world of a particular region and its reflection in the minds of people of different historical eras, represented in works of applied art and small plastic arts. The choice of the Middle Desna region was determined by its transitional character for Eastern Europe in almost all historical and archaeological periods (both in physical-geographical and ethno-cultural aspects). The authors considered materials of the Yukhnovo culture of the early Iron Age, the Great Migrations, the “antiquity of the Antae”, as well as the beginning of the authentically early Slavic period (Volyntsevo-Romny antiquities). The greatest contamination of the real animal world (first of domestic) is observed in the early Iron Age. Later, in applied art, masters gradually would withdraw from the reality into a higher degree of abstraction, into the realm of mythological and totemic-religious images, in which, however, at times, some real representatives of the fauna were fancifully reflected, both typical and exotic ones for the region. The image of horse is a continuous image in the region — from ceramic figurines and ridge attachments of the end of the 1st millennium BC to the time of the Old Rus. In addition, evolution is noted from simple images associated with a species to composite images — “chimeras”, “shapeshifters” — combining features of various animals, sometimes with the inclusion of anthropomorphic elements (binary opposition “human-animal”).
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Kynde, Iben, Kirsten S. Bjørnsbo, Inge Tetens, and Berit L. Heitmann. "Dietary carbohydrates and change in physical performance of elderly Europeans: Survey in Europe on Nutrition and the Elderly, a Concerted Action (SENECA) 1993 and 1999." Public Health Nutrition 13, no. 8 (October 7, 2009): 1186–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980009991601.
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AbstractObjectiveTo study dietary glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) in association with physical performance in elderly Europeans.DesignCross-sectional and prospective study. Physical performance was measured using the Physical Performance Test (PPT) score on a scale from 0 to 27, where high scores indicate a better physical performance. Habitual diets were measured using diet history interviews and dietary GI and GL were estimated from table values.SettingEight towns/centres from the Survey in Europe on Nutrition and the Elderly, a Concerted Action (SENECA) in 1993 and 1999.SubjectsSeven hundred and sixty-five men and women, 75–80 years old, were examined in 1993; of these, 357 (47 %) were followed up in 1999, at age 80–85 years.ResultsAt baseline, both dietary GI and GL were significantly inversely associated with PPT scores (P= 0·03 andP= 0·05, respectively). When adjusted for age, BMI, physical activity, self-perceived health, chronic diseases and town/centre, the strength of the associations was attenuated and became non-significant (GI,P= 0·08; GL,P= 0·92). Dietary GI/GL were not associated with PPT scores 6 years later.ConclusionsAmong elderly Europeans, a high glycaemic diet was associated with a low physical performance at baseline but not 6 years later. Cross-sectional associations may in part be caused by variations in age, BMI, physical activity, self-perceived health, chronic diseases and geographic location.
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Patel, I. G. "On Taking India into the Twenty-First Century (New Economic Policy in India)." Modern Asian Studies 21, no. 2 (April 1987): 209–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00013780.
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On one of his many visits to India Kingsley Martin was once asked how he saw the prospects for Western Europe. His reply was that he was very optimistic as most of the leaders of Western Europe then were very old. If the transition from age to youth in national leadership is a sufficient basis for hope, we certainly have much to be grateful for in India. And our young Prime Minister has already struck a very responsive chord among large sections of Indian society by his promise of change. His mother had won the 1980 election on the promise of a ‘Government that works’. Mr Gandhi promised in 1984 a ‘Government that works faster’—thus heralding a promise of greater efficiency in general. When asked about the objective of his new Government, he used the now famous phrase that his objective was to take India into the twenty-first century. Taken at its face value, this was a rather vacuous phrase. It is not necessary for anyone to carry India, Atlas-like, into the twenty-first century. It would arrive at our doorstep in due course, as it will at everyone else's, and most probably without even a whimper.
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Hagopian, Mark N. "The Spirit of Capitalism: Nationalism and Economic Growth. By Liah Greenfeld, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001. 541p. $45.00." American Political Science Review 96, no. 4 (December 2002): 803–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055402280466.
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In this book Liah Greenfeld tackles the problem that preoccupied Max Weber in The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1930). Like many others, she disputes Weber's claim that modern capitalism emerged uniquely in Northwest Europe because of the attitudes and behavior promoted by Protestant Christianity, especially in its Calvinist variety: The “worldly asceticism” and peculiar form of economic rationality involved spawned an economic system that eventually helped change the world. Critical of this precise argument, Greenfeld is in the Weberian camp in centering the problem where he did and in stressing the differences between modern capitalism and age-old commercial profit making found virtually in all civilizations. Similarly sound is Weber's methodological posture that sees culture, that is, ideas, ideals, and values dramatically influencing the emergence, growth, and durability of economic systems. Those who, like the whole Marxist tradition, maintain that underlying “structural” factors such as technology and environment are the prime movers of history have succumbed to untenable deterministic philosophies. History and social structures, unlike the works of simple nature, are constructed by human agency, which itself is often provided by outstanding thinkers and doers.
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Rodríguez, Juan J. Llibre, Adolfo Valhuerdi Cepero, Isis Y. Sanchez Gil, Ana M. López Medina, Juan C. Llibre-Guerra, Jorge J. Llibre-Guerra, Beatriz Marcheco Teruel, Cleusa P. Ferri, and Martin Prince. "Incidence of dementia and association with APOE genotype in older Cubans." Dementia & Neuropsychologia 8, no. 4 (December 2014): 356–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1980-57642014dn84000009.
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OBJECTIVE: In an admixed population of older Cubans, the incidence and association of APOE and socio demographic risk factors with dementia incidence was estimated. METHODS: A single-phase survey (baseline) of all over 65-year-olds residing in seven catchment areas in Cuba (n=2944) was conducted between 2003 and 2007. Dementia diagnosis was established according to DSM-IV and 10/66 criteria. APOE genotype was determined in 2520 participants. An incidence wave was conducted 4.5 years after cohort inception in order to estimate incidence and associations with sociodemographic risk factors of the APOE ε4 genotype. RESULTS: The incidence rate of DSM IV dementia was 9.0 per 1000 person-years (95% CI 7.2-11.3) and of 10/66 dementia was 20.5 per 1000 person-years (95% CI, 17.6-23.5). Older age, a family history of dementia and APOE ε4 genotype were independent risk factors for incident 10/66 dementia. APOE genotype was associated cross-sectionally with dementia prevalence, but the effect on the incidence of dementia was attenuated, and only apparent among those in the youngest age group. CONCLUSION: The incidence of dementia in the older Cuban population is relatively high and similar to levels reported in Europe and North-America. The study showed that the relationship between APOE ε4 and incident dementia is stronger in the younger-old than the older-old and that this change must be taken into account in models of dementia.
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Olafsson, Kristinn, Sigurdur M. Einarsson, John Gilbey, Christophe Pampoulie, Gudmundur O. Hreggvidsson, Sigridur Hjorleifsdottir, and Sigurdur Gudjonsson. "Origin of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) at sea in Icelandic waters." ICES Journal of Marine Science 73, no. 6 (November 19, 2015): 1525–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsv176.
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Abstract The origin and life history of 186 Atlantic salmon caught at sea within Icelandic waters were investigated using microsatellites to assess the origin and scales and otoliths to assess freshwater and sea age. A total of 184 samples were aged using scales or otolithes or both. Most of the samples were from individuals in their first year at sea (72.8%). The freshwater age varied from 1 to 5 years with an average of 2.6 years. The most common freshwater age was 2 years (42%), with a further substantial proportion of 3-year-old fish (28%). Genetic assignment of individual fish to their most likely population of origin was performed using Bayesian genetic individual assignments with a baseline consisting of 284 Eastern Atlantic rivers and 466 sample sites genotyped at the 14 microsatellite. A total of 186 samples of salmon caught at sea were assigned to their origin. Eight samples, from post-smolts and caught close to land, were assigned as having come from Iceland. Of the remaining 178 samples, 121 individuals (68%) were from the Southern Group, i.e. from mainland Europe, the UK, and Ireland, 53 individuals (30%) were from the Northern Group, i.e. Scandinavia and Northern Russia, and 4 individuals were from Iceland (2%). Stock mixture proportions were estimated for four periods using ONCOR and cBAYES. Stock mixture analysis generally supported the individual assignments, but did not suggest a seasonal component to the distribution of salmon stocks. These results indicate that the sea south and east of Iceland are important as feeding areas for migrating Atlantic salmon, particularly for salmon originating in the UK, Ireland, and southern Europe. Furthermore, the lack of adult Icelandic fish so close to Iceland is remarkable and suggests that Atlantic salmon from Icelandic stocks are using different feeding grounds.
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Miller, Joseph C. "The Numbers, Origins, and Destinations of Slaves in the Eighteenth-Century Angolan Slave Trade." Social Science History 13, no. 4 (1989): 381–419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200020526.
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The “numbers game” (Curtin, 1969: ch. 1; Darity, 1985) remains a favorite event in academic jousting over the Atlantic slave trade, not only because unexpectedly detailed quantitative records continue to turn up in archival repositories but also, more recently, because of the suppleness with which scholars have applied data discovered by the first generation of researchers to new, and increasingly more sophisticated, historical problems. Old, relatively formal, analytical categories—decades; large, internally diverse stretches of the African coast; colonial/national aggregates on the American side of the Atlantic—although comparable among themselves, now seem more revealing of the data than of the history of the trade and are very salutarily giving way to questions and issues arising more directly from the experience itself: the causes of slave mortality, the economic strategies of slavers, age and sex distinctions among the slaves, the meaning of slaving for specific regions in Africa, and the trade’s contributions to events in Europe and the Americas. Use of quantitative data now presupposes the discovery of historically relevant categories of analysis and at the same time informs the meaning of the categories employed.
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Gafoor, Rafael. "Is Cannabis Abstinence Related to Subsequent Reduced Risk of Psychosis? a Nested Retrospective Case Control Hierarchical Survival Analysis." BJPsych Open 8, S1 (June 2022): S51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2022.192.
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AimsThere is strong evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses that cannabis use is related to an elevated risk of developing a subsequent psychotic illness. It is less clear if the length of cannabis abstinence is related to the risk of developing a psychotic episode. We explore the relationship between length of cannabis abstinence and subsequent risk of a psychotic episode.MethodsWe included patients aged 18–64 years who presented to psychiatric services in 11 sites across Europe and Brazil with first-episode psychosis and recruited controls representative of the local populations. We excluded all patients who reported no past history of cannabis use. We carried out hierarchical survival analyses on probability weighted data to examine the relative hazards of cessation of cannabis abstinence between cases and controls. Data on cannabis abstinence were collected retrospectively by participant recollection. We controlled for ethnicity, age, length of education and history of cigarette smoking. Proportionality assumptions were verified using Kaplan Meier plots, log-log plots and scaled Schoenfeld residuals. There was some evidence of non-proportional hazards and the assumptions of proportionality were relaxed by introducing caseness as a time varying co-variate with time specified as its natural log.ResultsWe included 506 cases and 482 controls with a mean age of 30.12 years (sd = 9.97). Cases had an elevated hazard ratio of cannabis use versus cannabis abstinence in controls (HR = 6.11 [SE = 1.43; p = <0.001]). There was no evidence of a difference associated with ethnicity (p = 0.198) but there were statistically significant differences at the 5% level between age groups. Ages 23–27 had a hazard ratio of 0.528 (SE = 0.064; p <0.001) versus those 18–22 years old. For ages 28–32, 33–44 and 43 to 64, the hazards ratios were 0.311, 0.110 and 0.100 (all statistically significant; p<-0.001) respectively.ConclusionAbstinence of cannabis use is related to a reduced hazard of having a subsequent psychotic episode. The magnitude of the hazards for a subsequent psychotic illness is highest in those 18–22 years old and decreases with increasing age. Cannabis cessation maintenance therapies may have greater impact if targeting younger rather than older cannabis users who are at an elevated risk of developing a psychotic illness.
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Kuznetsov, Oleg. "To the 80th Anniversary of Professor V.A. Kitaev." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 5 (December 2022): 265–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2022.5.20.
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The article was prepared for the 80th anniversary of the doctor of historical sciences, professor Vladimir Anatolyevich Kitaev. Student of the outstanding soviet historian P.A. Zaionchkovsky, graduate of Gorky State University V.A. Kitaev is an authoritative expert in the field of social movement and public thought in Russia of the 19th century. V.A. Kitaev revealed and convincingly proved that the Russian thought of the 19th century sought answers to topical political and socio-economic issues on the path of ideological synthesis. Conservatism contained elements of liberalism (slavophiles); Russian liberals have not escaped the influence of conservative ideas (K.D. Kavelin, B.N. Chicherin); the journal “Bulletin of Europe” became the ancestor of social liberalism in Russia; one of the leaders of the decembrists, P.I. Pestel, in his constitutional draft attempted to combine liberalism, conservatism, and socialism. The article suggests that such an ideological synthesis could be a reflection of the ideas of the Russian people, which contained the age-old dreams of freedom and the pursuit of it, commitment to traditional national and state values, thirst for social justice. In 1983–1999 V.A. Kitaev worked at Volgograd State University. He was the first dean of the Faculty of History and permanent head of the Department of Russian History. Under his leadership the traditions of the Faculty of History (now the Institute of History, international relations and social technologies) were laid. Now V.A. Kitaev is a professor at Nizhny Novgorod State University.
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Zhao, Min, Ian Graham, Marie Therese Cooney, Diederick E. Grobbee, Ilonca Vaartjes, and Kerstin Klipstein-Grobusch. "Determinants of coronary artery disease risk factor management across three world regions." Heart Asia 11, no. 1 (March 2019): e011112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/heartasia-2018-011112.
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BackgroundThe SUrvey of Risk Factors (SURF) indicated poor control of risk factors in subjects with established coronary heart disease (CHD). The present study aimed to investigate determinants of risk factor management in patients with CHD.Methods and resultsSURF recruited 9987 consecutive patients with CHD from Europe, Asia and the Middle East between 2012 and 2013. Risk factor management was summarised as a Cardiovascular Health Index Score (CHIS) based on six risk factor targets (non-smoker/ex-smoker, body mass index <30, adequate exercise, controlled blood pressure, controlled low-density lipoprotein and controlled glucose). Logistic regression models assessed the associations between determinants (age, sex, family history, cardiac rehabilitation, previous hospital admission and diabetes) and achievement of moderate CHIS (≥3 risk factors controlled). The results are presented as OR with corresponding 95% CI. A moderate CHIS was less likely to be reached by women (OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.69 to 1.00), those aged <55 years old (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.53 to 0.76) and those with diabetes (OR 0.41, 95% CI 0.37 to 0.46). Attendance in cardiac rehabilitation was associated with better CHIS achievements (OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.42 to 1.87). Younger Asian and European patients had poorer risk factor management, whereas for patients from the Middle East age was not significantly associated with risk factor management. The availability and applicability of cardiac rehabilitation varied by region.ConclusionsOverall, risk factor management was poorer in women, those younger than 55 years old, those with diabetes and those who did not participate in a cardiac rehabilitation. Determinants of cardiovascular risk factor management differed by region.
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Moreira Júnior, Edson Duarte, Walter Jorge Bestane, Elaine Bestane Bartolo, and João Antônio Saraiva Fittipaldi. "Prevalence and determinants of erectile dysfunction in Santos, southeastern Brazil." Sao Paulo Medical Journal 120, no. 2 (March 2002): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-31802002000200005.
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CONTEXT: Recent population-based surveys suggest that the prevalence of erectile dysfunction is between 30% and 56% among men over the age of 40. Most of these studies, however, are from the United States or Europe. We need estimates of erectile dysfunction from samples of Brazilian populations, as societies that differ ethnically, culturally, and economically may also differ with respect to potential risk factors for erectile dysfunction. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of erectile dysfunction and its potential correlates. SETTING: Santos, State of São Paulo. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: A population-based sample of men aged 40-70 years. Out of 718 men invited, 342 (47.6%) returned a completed questionnaire. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Data on demographic variables, medical history, lifestyle habits and degree of erectile dysfunction. RESULTS: The prevalence of any degree of erectile dysfunction was 45.9% (minimal, 33.9%; moderate, 8.5%; complete, 3.5%) and increased with age. In bivariate age-adjusted analyses comparing men with no erectile dysfunction or minimal erectile dysfunction with those with moderate or complete erectile dysfunction, histories of diabetes or hypertension, depressive symptoms, heavy smoking and obesity were significantly associated with increased prevalence of erectile dysfunction, whereas moderate alcohol consumption was inversely associated with erectile dysfunction. In the multivariate model, age was a strong predictor of erectile dysfunction, while history of diabetes or hypertension and heavy smoking remained significantly associated with increased prevalence of erectile dysfunction. CONCLUSION: We found higher prevalence of erectile dysfunction (45.9%) among men older than 40 years old in Brazil. The variables associated with erectile dysfunction may alert physicians to patients who are at risk of erectile dysfunction as well as offer clues to the etiology of erectile dysfunction. Physicians should routinely ask their patients about sexual health and erectile dysfunction.
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SHORE, MARCI. "(The End of) Communism as a Generational History: Some Thoughts on Czechoslovakia and Poland." Contemporary European History 18, no. 3 (August 2009): 303–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777309005062.
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AbstractThis article explores communism – including its pre-history and aftermath – as a generational history. The structure is diachronic and largely biographical. Attention is paid to the roles of milieu, the Second World War, generational cleavages and a Hegelian sense of time. Nineteen sixty-eight is a turning point, the moment when Marxism as belief was decoupled from communism as practice. The arrival of Soviet tanks in Prague meant a certain kind of end of European Marxism. It also meant the coming of age of a new generation: those born in the post-war years who were to play a large role in the opposition. The anti-communist opposition was organically connected to Marxism itself: the generation(s) of dissidents active in the 1970s and 1980s should be understood as a further chapter in the generational history of communism. Nineteen eight-nine was another moment of sharp generational rupture. The new post-communist generation, Havel's great hope, possessed the virtue of openness. Openness, however, proved a double-edged sword: as eastern Europe opened to the West, it also opened a Pandora's box. Perhaps today the most poignant generational question brought about by 1989 is not who has the right to claim authorship of the revolution, but rather who was old enough to be held responsible for the choices they made under the communist regime. There remains a division between those who have to account for their actions, and those who do not, between those who proved themselves opportunists, or cowards or heroes – and those who have clean hands by virtue of not having been tested.
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HARRIS, BERNARD. "Review Article: Household, family and welfare: past, present and future." Continuity and Change 14, no. 2 (August 1999): 267–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026841609900332x.
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J. Robin, From childhood to middle age: cohort analysis in Colyton, 1851–1891. (Cambridge: Cambridge Group for the History of Population and Social Structure, Working Paper Series, no. 1, n.d.). Pages iv+83. £2.50.H. Cunningham and P. P. Viazzo (eds.), Child labour in historical perspective, 1800–1985: case studies from Europe, Japan and Colombia. (Florence: United Nations Children's Fund, International Child Development Centre, 1996.) Pages 105. US$9.00.L. Marks, Metropolitan maternity: maternal and infant welfare services in early-twentieth century London. (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1996.) Pages xxii+344.A. Walker (ed.), The new generational contract: intergenerational relations, old age and welfare. (London: UCL Press, 1996). Pages xiii+241.These four publications vary significantly in their geographical coverage and general subject matter, but it is still possible to identify a number of common themes. They are particularly important for what they reveal about the links between formal welfare provision, protective legislation, family care, and the standard of living. They also yield many individual insights into such matters as family reconstitution, migration, child labour, working conditions, municipal welfare services, the decline of infant and maternal mortality, and the possible existence of a demographic threat to the viability of modern welfare states.
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Kovács, E., B. Dömötör, and H. Naffa. "Investment decisions in crises — A study of private pension fund investments." Acta Oeconomica 61, no. 4 (December 1, 2011): 389–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aoecon.61.2011.4.1.
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Private pension funds were thought to be an important pillar of old-age provision when they were introduced throughout (Emerging) Europe. As different as these funds are in different countries with regards to their regulation, their ownership structure and operation, none were immune to the sub-prime led financial crisis. The Hungarian private pension funds are unique amongst the defined contribution (DC) funds. With their decade old recent history, they are maturing to the payout period in a few years’ time; however, their demise appears ever more realistic by means of political decision. This makes uncovering their investment policy during the crises very timely. Examining such a period is of importance in shedding light on the behaviour of traditional financial concepts in periods of stress. In this paper, we assess the optimality of diversification, hedging and short sales decision possibilities of the Hungarian pension funds in the equity investments environment. Was the net asset value (NAV) erosion suffered by the Hungarian private pension funds a result of their investment decision? We examine this question of diversification through a hypothetical simulation of model investment portfolios. Our results show that international diversification yields better risk-adjusted returns only in case of perfect hindsight of future market movements. The high correlation of the stock indices globally in times of crises limits the benefits of diversification.
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Lobanov, M. M., and N. V. Kulikova. "Country Studies of Central and Eastern Europe: How to Get Out of the Dive?" Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law 14, no. 6 (April 14, 2022): 237–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2021-14-6-11.
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The current stage of development of studies of Central and Eastern Europe is characterized by a number of specific and common problems for the whole scientific direction. Systemic transformation in the states of the region at the turn of the 1980s-1990s led to a decrease in the level of their foreign economic and foreign policy relations with Russia, which influenced the interest in the study and accumulation of knowledge about Central and Eastern Europe in our country. In particular, the demand of state bodies for regular country studies of the region decreased, which affected the publication activity of scientific centers and the training of new scientists by specialized university departments. Central-Eastern Europe ceased to be considered as a separate region as its thirteen states were involved in European integration processes, and the number of scientific institutions and research teams for its study decreased. The disunity of specialists dealing with Eastern European problems and the low level of their scientific interaction leads to the formation of an "archipelago" of research centers. On the basis of open data, we found nine, oft en small, scientific teams for the study of history (from the middle of the 20th century), economy, society, domestic and foreign policy of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and analyze the results of their activities in 2010-21 (including topics and territorial scope of works). It is worth to note that in the Russian regions, the corresponding research within the framework of research teams is not carried out, they have survived only in Moscow. Such a key characteristic of country studies as complexity is gone – in the conditions of methodological stagnation and in the absence of the possibility of conducting comprehensive country studies, scientists tackle its components separately, and some of them have been abandoned. The predominance of the reductionist approach over the holistic one also applies to geographical coverage: our analysis of the specialization of scientists shows that many countries in the region remain outside the research field, and interest in two or three of them is due to cultural and historical ties and foreign policy agenda. The training of researchers and teachers at the departments of universities is carried out in an insufficient level for personnel renewal, the age of twothirds of the specialists is over 40 years old. In order to assess the prospects for solving this problem, we analyzed the topics of dissertations defended over ten years in 24 Russian universities and academic institutes in history, politics, economics and economic geography of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe.
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Cerejeira, Rui, Rafaela Veloso-Teles, Nuno Lousan, and Carla Pinto Moura. "Prevalence of nasal polyps in Northern Portugal: a cadaver endoscopic study." Rhinology journal 52, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 386–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4193/rhino14.016.
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Background: Epidemiological studies on chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps are scarce and mostly based on questionnaires. Data obtained with such approaches can be unreliable, thus endoscopy is a prerequisite for an accurate estimate of the prevalence of nasal polyps. The objective of this study was to establish the frequency of nasal polyps in Northern Portugal, using nasal endoscopy in cadavers from a District Hospital. Methods: The cadaver specimens deposited in the mortuary room of the hospital, every early morning on week days, from December 2012 to August 2013, were submitted to a systematic endoscopic examination of both nasal cavities, using a 25°, 2.y mm rigid endoscope from R.Wolf®. A review of the medical record of the cadavers was done, to search for cause of death, co-morbidities and past ENT history. Results: A group of 200 consecutive Caucasian cadaver specimens were analyzed, 83 women and 117 men, with a mean age of death of 77.23 ± 12.29 years (range 34-97). The prevalence of nasal polyps was 5.5% (95% confidence interval, 2.34-8.66). No statistically significant association between the studied clinical variables (sex, allergic rhinitis, lower respiratory diseases and smoking) and the presence of nasal polyps was identified. Conclusion: The study provides the first endoscopic based epidemiological data on nasal polyps in Portugal, showing a prevalence for old age group in accordance with previous studies in Europe.
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Zhao, Mengzhu, Yi Luo, Di Wu, Yunjiao Yang, Yang Sun, Rongrong Wang, and Min Shen. "Clinical and genetic features of Chinese adult patients with tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic fever syndrome." Rheumatology 59, no. 8 (November 27, 2019): 1969–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/kez569.
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Abstract Objectives TNF receptor-associated periodic fever syndrome (TRAPS) is an autosomal dominant systemic autoinflammatory disease caused by mutations of TNF receptor superfamily member 1 A (TNFRSF1A) gene. TRAPS has hardly been reported in the Chinese population. We aimed to characterize the clinical and genetic features of Chinese adult patients with TRAPS. Methods Nine adult patients (≥16 years) were diagnosed during April 2015 to June 2019, at the Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital. Clinical and genetic features of these patients were evaluated and compared with those from Japan and Europe. Results The median age of disease onset was 3 (0.5–38.5) years old, and adult-onset was observed in two (22.2%) patients. The median time of diagnosis delay was 16.5 (1.5–50.5) years. One patient had a family history of TRAPS. The frequent symptoms were fever (nine, 100%), rash (seven, 77.8%), arthralgia/arthritis (five, 55.6%) and abdominal pain (five, 55.6%). Only two (22.2%) patients had periorbital oedema. Nine TNFRSF1A gene variants were detected, including C58R, G65E, F89L, C99G, V202G, V202D, c.769-23T>C, S290I and c.*64T>C. Rash was more frequently seen in Chinese than in Japanese and European patients, while chest pain and amyloidosis occurred less frequently. Conclusion This is the first and largest case series of TRAPS in Chinese adult patients. Two novel TNFRSF1A variants, S290I and V202G, have been identified. The different clinical manifestations of our patients compared with those from Japan and Europe might be related to their TNFRSF1A variants.
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Motta, Renzo, Roberta Berretti, Daniele Castagneri, Vojislav Dukić, Matteo Garbarino, Zoran Govedar, Emanuele Lingua, Zoran Maunaga, and Fabio Meloni. "Toward a definition of the range of variability of central European mixed Fagus–Abies–Picea forests: the nearly steady-state forest of Lom (Bosnia and Herzegovina)." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 41, no. 9 (September 2011): 1871–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x11-098.
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Knowledge on the range of variability of montane European forests is hampered by limited data on the natural disturbance regime and by the small size of old-growth remnants. We studied the mixed Fagus – Abies – Picea Lom forest reserve (55.8 ha) in Bosnia and Herzegovina at three different scales: a grid of 40 sampling points to describe the structural characteristics and their range of variability, three transects to analyse gap size and gap fraction, and a 1.1 ha permanent plot to reconstruct age structure and disturbance history. The forest is characterized by a high volume of living trees (763 m3·ha–1 in the 55.8 ha core area and 1160 m3·ha–1 in the permanent plot) and of coarse woody debris (327 and 383 m3·ha–1, respectively). The percentages of forest area in canopy and expanded gaps are 19% and 41%, respectively. The median canopy gap size is 76.9 m2 and ranges from 11.1 to 708.0 m2. There are large (up to 120 cm diameter at breast height) and very old trees (441, 432, and 416 years for silver fir ( Abies alba Mill.), Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.), and European beech ( Fagus sylvatica L.), respectively). During the last three centuries, the disturbance patterns have been characterized by single-tree or small group mortality. In central Europe, this forest is at the end of a gradient from forests characterized by intermediate disturbances to those where very small-scale processes predominate.
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Mustafina, Svetlana V., Oksana D. Rymar, Liliya V. Shcherbakova, Evgeniy G. Verevkin, Hynek Pikhart, Olga V. Sazonova, Yuliya I. Ragino, et al. "The Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in a Russian Population Cohort According to Data from the HAPIEE Project." Journal of Personalized Medicine 11, no. 2 (February 11, 2021): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm11020119.
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The aim of this study is to investigate the 14-year risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and develop a risk score for T2DM in the Siberian cohort. A random population sample (males/females, 45–69 years old) was examined at baseline in 2003–2005 (Health, Alcohol, and Psychosocial Factors in Eastern Europe (HAPIEE) project, n = 9360, Novosibirsk) and re-examined in 2006–2008 and 2015–2017. After excluding those with baseline T2DM, the final analysis included 7739 participants. The risk of incident T2DM during a 14-year follow-up was analysed using Cox regression. In age-adjusted models, male and female hazard ratios (HR) of incident T2DM were 5.02 (95% CI 3.62; 6.96) and 5.13 (95% CI 3.56; 7.37) for BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2; 4.38 (3.37; 5.69) and 4.70 (0.27; 6.75) for abdominal obesity (AO); 3.31 (2.65; 4.14) and 3.61 (3.06; 4.27) for fasting hyperglycaemia (FHG); 2.34 (1.58; 3.49) and 3.27 (2.50; 4.26) for high triglyceride (TG); 2.25 (1.74; 2.91) and 2.82 (2.27; 3.49) for hypertension (HT); and 1.57 (1.14; 2.16) and 1.69 (1.38; 2.07) for family history of diabetes mellitus (DM). In addition, secondary education, low physical activity (PA), and history of cardiovascular disease (CVD) were also significantly associated with T2DM in females. A simple T2DM risk calculator was generated based on non-laboratory parameters. A scale with the best quality included waist circumference >95 cm, HT history, and family history of T2DM (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.71). The proposed 10-year risk score of T2DM represents a simple, non-invasive, and reliable tool for identifying individuals at a high risk of future T2DM.
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Bordin, Dmitry S., Rustam А. Abdulkhakov, Marina F. Osipenko, Alla V. Solovyeva, Sayar R. Abdulkhakov, Nikolay P. Kirilenko, Mikhail A. Butov, et al. "Multicenter study of gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms prevalence in outpatients in Russia." Terapevticheskii arkhiv 94, no. 1 (January 15, 2022): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.26442/00403660.2022.01.201322.
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Background. Recently, there has been an increase in the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in Northern Europe, North America and East Asia. However data on GERD prevalence in Russian population are very limited.
Aim. To determine the prevalence of GERD among the population of Russia, the clinical spectrum of GERD symptoms, the main drugs used for GERD treatment, and the rate of their administration.
Materials and methods. The study was conducted from November 2015 to January 2017 in 8 cities of Russia. A survey of patients over the age of 18 years old visiting outpatient medical institutions for any reason, including patients without gastrointestinal complaints was carried out using a short version of the Mayo Clinic questionnaire.
Results. In total, 6132 questionnaires of patients aged 1890 years were analyzed [2456 men (40.1%) and 3676 women (59.9%), mean age 46.615.4 years]. The GERD prevalence among the interviewed patients was 34.2%. The incidence of GERD increased depending on body mass index and the age of the patients. Medications used by the patients for heartburn relief included proton pump inhibitors 59.96%, antacids 67.92%, H2-histamine receptor blockers 11.42%, alginates 18.41% of patients.
Conclusion. The results of this study indicate a high prevalence of GERD among residents of Russian cities applying for primary health care (34.2%). In comparison with previous studies, an increase in the proportion of GERD patients taking proton pump inhibitors was noted; in most cases the regimen of their intake was in accordance with the recommendations.
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Decroocq, Marie, Louis Rousselet, Margaux Riant, Laurène Norberciak, Guillaume Viart, Yves Guyomar, Pierre Graux, Sylvestre Maréchaux, Marysa Germain, and Aymeric Menet. "Periprocedural, early, and long-term risks of pacemaker implantation after atrioventricular nodal re-entry tachycardia ablation: a French nationwide cohort." EP Europace 22, no. 10 (August 12, 2020): 1526–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/europace/euaa151.
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Abstract Aims Pacemaker implantation (PI) after atrioventricular nodal re-entry tachycardia (AVNRT) ablation is a dreadful complication. We aimed to assess periprocedural, early, and late risks for PI. Methods and results All 27 022 patients who underwent latest AVNRT ablation in France from 2009 to 2017, were identified in the nationwide medicalization database. A control group of 305 152 patients hospitalized for arm, leg, or skin injuries with no history of AVNRT or supraventricular tachycardia were selected. After propensity score matching, both groups had mean age of 53 ± 18 years and were predominantly female (64%). During this 9-year period, 822 of 27 022 (3.0%) AVNRT patients underwent PI, with significant higher risk in propensity-matched AVNRT patients compared to propensity-matched controls [2.9% vs. 0.9%; hazard ratio 3.4 (2.9–3.9), P < 0.0001]. This excess risk was significant during all follow-up, including periprocedural (1st month), early (1–6 months), and late (>6 months) risk periods. Annualized late risk per 100 AVNRT patients was 0.2%. In comparison to controls, excess risk was 0.2% in <30-year-old AVNRT patients; 0.7% in 30–50-year-old; 1.1% in 50–70-year-old and 6.5% over 70-year-olds. Risk for PI was also significantly different according to three procedural factors: centres, experience, and ablation date, with a 30% decrease since 2015. Conclusion Periprocedural, early, and late risks for PI were higher after AVNRT ablation compared to propensity-matched controls. Longer follow-up is needed as the excess risk seems to persist late after AVNRT ablation.
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Dulal, Lok Nath. "Sculpture of Panchayan Deities of National Museum: An Illustrative Stone Work of Nepal." International Journal of Culture and History 9, no. 1 (February 3, 2022): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijch.v9i1.19534.
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Historical evidence proves the history of sculpturing art is as old as the history of human beings. The findings of stone sculpture and other forms of art from the different prehistoric sites of Europe, Africa and Asia have strongly supported the above mentioned acquaintance. It means the tradition of sculpturing stone art has evolved from the pre- historic culture in the world. Likewise, the tradition of creating stone sculpture and other forms of stone art also existed from the pre- historic age in Nepalese society. It is justified through the findings of hand axes and other different art objects which are being displayed in the National Museum. There are some noteworthy illustrations of Nepalese stone art in different museums abroad and in Nepal as well. Out of Nepalese stone sculptures, Panchayan deities of the national museum are considered an important specimen through religious, cultural, style, skill and technological perspectives. In this stone panel the figures of Shiva, Vishnu, Surya, Ganesh and goddess have been depicted. In Nepal, there are plenty of sculptures and paintings of these gods and goddess in single and with their families as well. But such a sculpture of this kind which has been exhibited in the stone work section of the national museum is very rare. Therefore, it is claimed that the panel is one of the important sculptures of Panchayan gods of Nepal. In this article, regarding the different issues of such sculptures going to be examined.